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100 years separates their reigns.
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Different eras, different societies.
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Almost different worlds.
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Two women, Elizabeth and Victoria.
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Two queens who have steered their course through periods
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of extraordinary change.
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In the British monarchy's 1,000-year history,
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their like has rarely been seen, their longevity is unrivalled.
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On the 9th of September,
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Queen Elizabeth II will become the longest-reigning monarch
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in British history. She will break the record
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set by her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria,
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who was on the throne for 63 years and seven months.
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Yet, they became monarchs unexpectedly at a young age.
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Neither Queen Victoria nor Queen Elizabeth
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were born to be Queen,
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and indeed there was no great expectation
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that either of them would be.
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I think certainly we'll look back and say
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there's been the biggest changes in society
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under these two female monarchs.
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I think history will look back on them both and compare them,
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because it's really so incredibly unique.
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And both of them symbolise their country.
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And that's what's so wonderful about monarchy,
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it is a symbol above politics.
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But what does it take to be a monarch who defines an era,
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one who has the power to capture the hearts and minds of people
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at home and abroad?
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She is just brilliant.
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At her age, to be still doing things like this, it is just fantastic.
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I never really got this whole Queen thing, to be honest,
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I really didn't.
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But I've got it now. And I just...
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OK, sorry, I posted on Facebook that I've fallen in love with the Queen!
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As the Queen reaches this milestone,
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we look at the long reigns of two extraordinary women,
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and ask how they've managed to provide such enduring stability
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in an ever-changing world.
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It's March 2015 at Canterbury Cathedral.
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And here she is, Elizabeth II,
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the face of the modern monarchy.
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She's here to unveil statues of herself and her husband,
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Prince Philip...
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..immortalised in stone next to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert,
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in this, the year Elizabeth becomes the longest-reigning monarch
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in British history.
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Though when she came into the world,
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nobody expected that.
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On April the 21st 1926,
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a child was born to the Duke and Duchess of York,
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Elizabeth and Prince Albert,
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who was the second son of King George V.
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Elizabeth Alexandra Mary came into this world a princess.
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Her popular uncle, the Prince of Wales,
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was next in line to the throne, followed by her father,
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so no-one ever expected that one day Elizabeth would become Queen.
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And she certainly wasn't born in a palace.
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In fact, she was born right here...
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..on Bruton Street in Mayfair. Now a restaurant.
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A plaque is the only reminder that, before the bombings of World War II,
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Elizabeth's home stood on this site.
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And here they are, the family at their home in 1927.
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A nanny and baby Elizabeth.
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The young princess was expected to lead a relatively quiet life,
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away from the full glare of the monarchy,
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which is just what people thought at the birth of another royal infant.
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Victoria was born in a palace, Kensington Palace,
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on May the 24th 1819.
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At birth, she was fifth in line to the throne.
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And even though her mother was fiercely ambitious,
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no-one could have known that Victoria
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was destined to become Queen.
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She too was raised quietly, away from court,
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under the care of her strong-willed German mother, Victoria Marie Luise,
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the Duchess of Kent.
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- Here she is, Victoria.
- Here she is. Victoria herself.
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Victoria spent her childhood here in Kensington and she said herself,
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"I had a very unhappy childhood."
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And she was also a long way from the throne,
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no-one thought she'd ever come anywhere near it.
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Basically, when she was born, she was intended to be married
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into other royal families, a very minor royal.
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So no-one thought anything much of it.
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By her own account, Victoria was brought up very simply
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here in a suite of rooms on the first floor of Kensington Palace.
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It was a privileged but isolated existence.
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What we do know is that she remembered later on
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this terrible, oppressive, melancholy childhood.
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- We think it was a little bit more complex than that.
- In what way?
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Well, she was lonely, but she was also very imaginative.
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She had 132 dolls
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and they're all very neatly and in a very organised way
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listed in her inventory which she kept at the time.
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She must have had a sort of very, you know...
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A dreamworld, the way she played with these dolls.
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I suppose she had a lack of friends.
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We wonder whether some of the costumes could possibly be made
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- from fabrics that made Princess Victoria's dresses.
- Really?
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That's not something we're able to prove, but it's a possibility.
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Before she was one, her grandfather and father died.
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And when her uncle, George IV, passed away,
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another uncle became King,
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which meant she was next in line to the throne at the age of 11.
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Life became even more restrictive.
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Her mother kept her under pretty much lock and key.
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They called it the Kensington System.
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They wanted control of her.
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So they kept her under 24-hour surveillance.
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She wasn't allowed to have a single minute alone,
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because what they wanted was her to come to the throne,
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at, say, 10, 12, and they be the one in the power,
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they be the one being Regent.
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She was sheltered and protected
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and she even shared a bedroom with her mother
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until the day she became Queen, at the age of 18.
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In stark contrast, Elizabeth's early life was happy and carefree.
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She had the constant companionship of her younger sister,
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Princess Margaret, and her parents,
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a family who affectionately called themselves "We Four".
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They had the common touch.
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They had ordinary Scottish nannies looking after their girls.
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When it was her birthday,
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Bobo MacDonald taught her how to iron the wrapping paper of her presents
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and put it away in a drawer so that she could reuse it.
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But she went on the bus, she went to the museums,
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and, all the time, in those early years,
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she was just being prepared
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for the life of a young lady of the middle-to-upper classes.
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But all that changed suddenly in 1936.
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It was the year of the three kings.
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In January, King George V, Elizabeth's grandfather, died.
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Her uncle took the throne as King Edward VIII.
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But his reign lasted just 325 days.
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He abdicated in order to marry
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the twice divorced American Wallis Simpson.
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By December that year,
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Elizabeth's father was King.
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Elizabeth moved here to Buckingham Palace with her family
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at the age of just ten.
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Her father was now King
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and it must have been a huge change for the young princess,
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who until then had been raised in a more modest family home,
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albeit in Mayfair.
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It was 1937,
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exactly 100 years after Queen Victoria had arrived here,
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at the age of 18.
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Victoria left Kensington Palace just weeks after becoming Queen.
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Her first requests were for time alone at last away from her mother
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and a bedroom of her own.
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She got much more than that.
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Victoria became the first monarch to make Buckingham Palace
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her official residence.
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Over the years, she transformed the place, and visitors to this day
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are still met by the paintings of her nearest and dearest.
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How much did Queen Victoria change Buckingham Palace and why?
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Well, I think she wanted to make it a centre of court life
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and court life, I think, of a very different sort.
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I mean, the thing about the monarchy in the middle of the Victorian period
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was that it became respectable for the first time.
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And really this was a palace which was going to house a court
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which was the epitome of the kind of new morality
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of the family and of society.
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Elizabeth has transformed this palace in another way.
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In 1962, she opened the Queen's Gallery
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to give the paying public access to the Royal Art Collection.
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In 1993, she opened the doors even wider -
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tens of thousands now take the chance to wander through
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the State Rooms, with ticket and gift shop sales
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going towards the upkeep of the artworks and royal residences.
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This evening, 300 guests are invited to a reception at Buckingham Palace
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for the Queen's Award for Enterprise,
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now in its 50th year.
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And each guest is greeted personally.
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It means a huge amount to these businesses.
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You could be in China, you could be in India and Brazil,
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people will see the emblem of these awards and they will know
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that you've got that because you're a very successful British business
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and it actually then leads to more business,
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which is great news for Britain.
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It's such a boost to me personally, to my confidence,
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as a businesswoman, but obviously to the business.
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I've met so many fantastic other businesses.
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So I look forward to a lot more business networking, as well.
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The questions she was asking tonight were quite interesting.
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They were very business orientated, and she obviously knows
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what's going on, which is great, you know.
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The Queen herself is such an inspiration for all of us.
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And for women in general.
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I think, you know, I mean, an inspiration of hard work,
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dedication, you know, like, what entrepreneurs should look up to.
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Buckingham Palace, it's such an iconic building.
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It's hard to imagine that it hasn't always looked like this.
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But Queen Victoria wanted to extend the palace,
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and so she sold Brighton Pavilion to pay for it
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and added on this whole frontage,
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everything you can see now,
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including of course one of the most famous balconies in the world.
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Here's Victoria in 1893,
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first photographed on the balcony.
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And Elizabeth, her great-great-granddaughter,
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making her debut, as a baby.
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Across time,
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the balcony became a sort of rallying point for the nation,
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no more so than in May 1945, when war in Europe ended,
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and the crowds called for her father, George VI,
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as Elizabeth stood proudly by him in her uniform.
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Growing up during World War II shaped the future Queen.
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In 1940, she was the teenager who gave this radio broadcast
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for children forced to evacuate their homes.
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My sister, Margaret Rose, and I feel so much for you,
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as we know from experience what it means to be away
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from those we love most of all.
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You would have thought that the Royal Family would have been
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moved a long way away to safety, but instead the princesses came here.
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They lived here in Windsor Castle for much of the war.
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And the castle was stripped of all its finery,
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the paintings were removed and hidden in caves in Wales and other places.
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And it was a very much diminished castle,
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except for the magnificence of the buildings.
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There was a big air-raid shelter built under one of the towers,
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which no-one liked using, but they did when the air-raid sirens sounded.
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As the bombing raids of the Blitz hit,
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it was suggested that the princesses should be evacuated,
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to which the Queen Mother had an immediate reply.
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She said, "The children would never leave without me.
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"I would never leave without the King.
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"And the King will never leave."
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Indeed, in September 1940,
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the King and Queen were very nearly killed when a German bomber
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flew up The Mall and dropped its bombs directly on Buckingham Palace.
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They concealed how nearly they came to death.
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They realised instantly that they had to be
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the focal point of the nation at war.
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And that was transferred to Princess Elizabeth
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and we have seen that, ever since,
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duty is what has defined her and led her and inspired her.
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Elizabeth, unlike Victoria,
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was able to learn the art of being a monarch from her parents.
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But both entered public life in the same way and in the same place,
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each showing their commitment to the Armed Forces.
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Queen Victoria came here to Windsor Castle
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to review her troops for the first time when she was just 18.
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A century later, Elizabeth, then still a princess,
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followed in her footsteps on her 16th birthday.
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It was her first official engagement.
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NEWSREEL: The British Grenadiers
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then marched past her Royal Highness, the Colonel.
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She's back. It's April 2015.
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Now 89, the Queen is presenting new colours
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to the 1st Battalion, the Welsh Guards.
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OFFICER GIVES ORDER
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She knows the military inside out,
254
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and played her part in the war effort
255
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when she joined the Auxiliary Territorial Service
256
00:15:42,400 --> 00:15:44,240
at the age of 18.
257
00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:48,240
One of the things she did was to learn how to strip down a truck.
258
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And there are famous pictures of her doing so.
259
00:15:50,960 --> 00:15:53,680
And she worked with other people who had been called up,
260
00:15:53,680 --> 00:15:55,680
who were serving, from all walks of life.
261
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And I think that was her first proper introduction
262
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to life outside of the family.
263
00:16:01,160 --> 00:16:04,800
And these were all sort of incremental steps in her training,
264
00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:08,480
if you like, towards being the monarch.
265
00:16:08,480 --> 00:16:11,600
OFFICER GIVES ORDER
266
00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:14,480
Her Majesty the Queen knows absolutely everything
267
00:16:14,480 --> 00:16:17,960
that's happening in the ceremonial state occasion.
268
00:16:17,960 --> 00:16:19,360
But she knows that I'm there
269
00:16:19,360 --> 00:16:24,840
to just make sure those people that don't know are led and guided
270
00:16:24,840 --> 00:16:28,480
so that they can give the best performance.
271
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I'm inspired by her. An absolutely wonderful lady.
272
00:16:35,040 --> 00:16:37,200
I mean, the Queen is what we fight for,
273
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fighting for the country
274
00:16:38,800 --> 00:16:41,080
and she's sort of the head of the Army
275
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and our regiment, so it's extremely special for the boys.
276
00:16:44,920 --> 00:16:47,760
Do you think that the Queen really does understand what you do,
277
00:16:47,760 --> 00:16:49,400
- what you go through?
- 100%. 100%.
278
00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:52,520
She... I think she probably knows more than anyone in her time
279
00:16:52,520 --> 00:16:55,880
of understanding what sacrifice for the country is,
280
00:16:55,880 --> 00:17:00,240
and she's an extremely, extremely special person.
281
00:17:00,240 --> 00:17:04,440
Recognition from the monarch has always been highly prized.
282
00:17:04,440 --> 00:17:08,320
At the end of the Crimean War, in 1856,
283
00:17:08,320 --> 00:17:12,520
Queen Victoria introduced the Victoria Cross for bravery.
284
00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:17,720
A medal has been created in Elizabeth's name, too,
285
00:17:17,720 --> 00:17:19,360
the Elizabeth Cross,
286
00:17:19,360 --> 00:17:22,400
for the next of kin of British servicemen and women
287
00:17:22,400 --> 00:17:25,360
killed on military operations or by terrorism.
288
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:32,440
Two recent tours of Afghanistan have seen the Welsh Guards lose nine men.
289
00:17:32,440 --> 00:17:34,760
Lieutenant Mark Evison was one of them.
290
00:17:36,520 --> 00:17:39,400
- You have been awarded the Elizabeth Cross...
- Yeah.
291
00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:40,720
- ..in memory of your son.
- Yes.
292
00:17:40,720 --> 00:17:42,840
Just explain what the Elizabeth Cross is
293
00:17:42,840 --> 00:17:44,520
and how important it is to you.
294
00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:47,200
Most awards that are given are given to soldiers,
295
00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:49,560
but this is something for the families,
296
00:17:49,560 --> 00:17:51,920
which is actually saying, you know,
297
00:17:51,920 --> 00:17:54,800
the families are involved in this, as well.
298
00:17:54,800 --> 00:17:59,800
However prepared one is for soldier death,
299
00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:03,720
it leaves a huge hole in families everywhere,
300
00:18:03,720 --> 00:18:07,400
Afghanistan and the Falklands and everywhere.
301
00:18:07,400 --> 00:18:10,200
And it's really important to acknowledge that.
302
00:18:10,200 --> 00:18:13,600
And so, erm, this memory,
303
00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:17,560
this little cross, signifies that, really.
304
00:18:17,560 --> 00:18:22,320
Elizabeth is the daughter, mother and wife of military men.
305
00:18:22,320 --> 00:18:26,520
By her side today, as he has been for every step of her reign,
306
00:18:26,520 --> 00:18:28,800
is Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh.
307
00:18:35,600 --> 00:18:39,280
They got to know one another in 1939,
308
00:18:39,280 --> 00:18:42,680
as Elizabeth accompanied her parents on an official visit
309
00:18:42,680 --> 00:18:46,360
to the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth.
310
00:18:46,360 --> 00:18:50,400
The cadet assigned to show her around was Philip,
311
00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:53,440
a prince by birth of Greece and Denmark,
312
00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:58,120
also a great-great-grandchild of Victoria's.
313
00:18:58,120 --> 00:19:02,520
The Queen saw him, this handsome, young Viking,
314
00:19:02,520 --> 00:19:05,640
with his sense of humour.
315
00:19:05,640 --> 00:19:09,600
I think right at the start his lack of reverence,
316
00:19:09,600 --> 00:19:12,680
his sense of informality appealed to her,
317
00:19:12,680 --> 00:19:14,840
as well as his stunning good looks.
318
00:19:17,480 --> 00:19:19,240
They became pen pals,
319
00:19:19,240 --> 00:19:22,440
with Elizabeth keeping a photo of a bearded Philip,
320
00:19:22,440 --> 00:19:25,360
as he fought for his adopted country, Britain.
321
00:19:25,360 --> 00:19:26,680
It was a love match.
322
00:19:29,240 --> 00:19:33,120
And in 1946, after a holiday at Balmoral,
323
00:19:33,120 --> 00:19:35,480
they got engaged and...
324
00:19:35,480 --> 00:19:38,000
Though secretly,
325
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:41,200
because the King and Queen asked them to postpone the public announcement
326
00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:42,600
until the following year.
327
00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:45,440
- NEWSREEL:
- The Royal Family and Princess Elizabeth's fiance
328
00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:47,480
have permitted these special film studies
329
00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:50,320
to be made in response to the rapidly mounting worldwide interest
330
00:19:50,320 --> 00:19:52,760
in the forthcoming royal wedding on the 20th of November
331
00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:54,160
in Westminster Abbey.
332
00:19:54,160 --> 00:19:56,280
I, Elizabeth Alexandra Mary...
333
00:19:56,280 --> 00:19:58,760
- ..take thee, Philip...
- ..take thee, Philip...
334
00:19:58,760 --> 00:20:01,160
- ..to my wedded husband...
- ..to my wedded husband...
335
00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:02,800
..to have and to hold...
336
00:20:02,800 --> 00:20:05,400
They wed when Elizabeth was 21.
337
00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:07,560
After 67 years,
338
00:20:07,560 --> 00:20:11,720
the marriage of the Queen and Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh,
339
00:20:11,720 --> 00:20:15,440
is longer than that of any other British sovereign.
340
00:20:15,440 --> 00:20:18,000
It's a cornerstone of Elizabeth's reign.
341
00:20:20,720 --> 00:20:23,400
As she's said in several tributes to him,
342
00:20:23,400 --> 00:20:27,840
he is the rock on which her work as a monarch has been based.
343
00:20:29,120 --> 00:20:34,080
He has quite simply been my strength and stay all these years,
344
00:20:34,080 --> 00:20:39,760
and I and his whole family, and this and many other countries,
345
00:20:39,760 --> 00:20:43,960
owe him a debt greater than he would ever claim or we shall never know.
346
00:20:47,360 --> 00:20:50,360
Queen Victoria had her rock, too.
347
00:20:53,120 --> 00:20:56,640
For Victoria and now Elizabeth, a vital thread through their lives
348
00:20:56,640 --> 00:20:59,240
has been the love and support of their husbands.
349
00:20:59,240 --> 00:21:01,240
Both married European princes,
350
00:21:01,240 --> 00:21:04,440
both met their husbands-to-be when they were very young
351
00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:07,480
and then got to know them slowly through letters.
352
00:21:07,480 --> 00:21:09,560
He also looked like a film star.
353
00:21:09,560 --> 00:21:14,560
I mean, there's something very romantic in the fact that both
354
00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:17,280
Prince Albert and Prince Philip were both sort of
355
00:21:17,280 --> 00:21:21,480
gorgeous to look at, you know. That builds up the whole fairy tale.
356
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:28,400
Victoria was 16 when she met Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
357
00:21:28,400 --> 00:21:31,040
He was her first cousin from Germany.
358
00:21:32,320 --> 00:21:35,320
It was determined more or less from childhood onwards
359
00:21:35,320 --> 00:21:38,360
that Victoria would marry one of those Coburg children.
360
00:21:38,360 --> 00:21:40,720
There were some other candidates for her to marry,
361
00:21:40,720 --> 00:21:43,400
but that was the obvious one.
362
00:21:43,400 --> 00:21:49,000
And it was her great luck that she fell in love with him, besottedly,
363
00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:53,760
it was a real love affair, and love match, from the beginning.
364
00:21:53,760 --> 00:21:57,440
They kept in touch by letters and she described him
365
00:21:57,440 --> 00:22:03,040
as "so sensible, so kind and so good, and so amiable too."
366
00:22:03,040 --> 00:22:05,760
She really hadn't had a chance to have anyone to love.
367
00:22:05,760 --> 00:22:07,920
She and her mother had been at loggerheads,
368
00:22:07,920 --> 00:22:09,680
she had no sister, no friend,
369
00:22:09,680 --> 00:22:12,400
no father, so she had been a very lonely child
370
00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:15,560
and all this passion had really pent up inside her.
371
00:22:18,360 --> 00:22:20,600
Obviously, Victoria's wedding to Albert
372
00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:24,120
on a grisly February day is essentially
373
00:22:24,120 --> 00:22:25,920
a private service.
374
00:22:25,920 --> 00:22:29,200
Victoria herself said that she noted every detail - indeed,
375
00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:33,440
she does appear to have noted every detail in her journal afterwards.
376
00:22:33,440 --> 00:22:39,160
I think for Victoria it was a wonderful day in every way.
377
00:22:39,160 --> 00:22:42,280
The couple were married in 1840.
378
00:22:42,280 --> 00:22:46,960
Victoria was already Queen, so she had to propose to him.
379
00:22:46,960 --> 00:22:49,880
They went on to have nine children.
380
00:22:49,880 --> 00:22:55,120
Albert brought an experience of the world Victoria had never known.
381
00:22:55,120 --> 00:22:58,720
He developed a strong interest in arts and culture,
382
00:22:58,720 --> 00:23:01,720
and built the Italian Gardens in Kensington
383
00:23:01,720 --> 00:23:04,040
as a testimony of his love for her.
384
00:23:05,520 --> 00:23:07,920
She rejoiced in her marriage to Albert
385
00:23:07,920 --> 00:23:12,000
and it had for her a significance only rivalled by her coronation day.
386
00:23:13,680 --> 00:23:18,280
Victoria's coronation came after the death of her uncle, William IV.
387
00:23:18,280 --> 00:23:20,680
It's one of the quirks of the hereditary system
388
00:23:20,680 --> 00:23:23,600
that one is expected both to mourn and rejoice at the same time -
389
00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:27,200
mourn the death of one sovereign, rejoice in the accession of the next.
390
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:29,960
I think in 1837 there is a definite imbalance.
391
00:23:29,960 --> 00:23:32,640
There is notably more rejoicing than mourning.
392
00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:36,000
She loves being Queen at the age of 18.
393
00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:39,360
She tells the wife of her courtier that she woke up one morning
394
00:23:39,360 --> 00:23:41,400
afraid it might all turn out to be a dream.
395
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:43,360
She thoroughly enjoys the dream.
396
00:23:44,880 --> 00:23:49,320
400,000 people flocked to London for her coronation,
397
00:23:49,320 --> 00:23:52,840
helped by the transport revolution, the railways,
398
00:23:52,840 --> 00:23:57,200
and the hopes of a nation resting on youthful shoulders,
399
00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:01,760
something shared by only two women in more than 100 years.
400
00:24:04,360 --> 00:24:09,680
Elizabeth's path to accession came in 1952. In January,
401
00:24:09,680 --> 00:24:13,320
she and Philip were waved off at the airport by her father,
402
00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:17,600
King George VI, as they began a Commonwealth tour in his name.
403
00:24:19,160 --> 00:24:22,200
It was the last time they would see one another.
404
00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:25,880
He was only 56.
405
00:24:28,040 --> 00:24:31,680
- ARCHIVE:
- On February 6th, 4,000 miles away from London,
406
00:24:31,680 --> 00:24:35,520
Princess Elizabeth was brought the news the world was soon to hear.
407
00:24:35,520 --> 00:24:39,480
It was announced from Sandringham at 10:45 today
408
00:24:39,480 --> 00:24:44,640
that the King, who retired to rest last night in his usual health,
409
00:24:44,640 --> 00:24:49,160
passed peacefully away in his sleep earlier this morning.
410
00:24:49,160 --> 00:24:51,520
People were shocked by the death of the King.
411
00:24:51,520 --> 00:24:53,640
It wasn't anticipated,
412
00:24:53,640 --> 00:24:56,880
except in an inner circle, who knew just how ill he was.
413
00:24:59,160 --> 00:25:02,640
Elizabeth returned to London in mourning,
414
00:25:02,640 --> 00:25:07,320
a young woman who now held the future of the monarchy in her hands.
415
00:25:10,120 --> 00:25:14,360
For four days, King George VI lay in state in Westminster.
416
00:25:14,360 --> 00:25:21,960
I remember walking past the catafalque of King George VI.
417
00:25:21,960 --> 00:25:28,320
My mother took me and my brother Rory, and I was only three,
418
00:25:28,320 --> 00:25:32,920
and we queued for hours - you can't imagine that now, can you?
419
00:25:32,920 --> 00:25:35,840
Queuing for hours outside Westminster Hall,
420
00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:40,400
but she said, "You will remember, you will remember this all your life,
421
00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:42,560
"and this is something we owe him."
422
00:25:44,120 --> 00:25:48,760
The nation mourned for the man who had saved the British monarchy.
423
00:25:48,760 --> 00:25:53,080
He passed on the essential value of duty to his daughter,
424
00:25:53,080 --> 00:25:57,720
something his great-grandmother Victoria understood well herself.
425
00:26:00,880 --> 00:26:04,720
In 1838, Queen Victoria, at the age of 19,
426
00:26:04,720 --> 00:26:08,200
came here to Westminster Abbey for her coronation.
427
00:26:08,200 --> 00:26:09,880
Just over a century later,
428
00:26:09,880 --> 00:26:14,000
her great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth followed in her footsteps
429
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:17,240
and was crowned right here in the very same place.
430
00:26:17,240 --> 00:26:20,800
More than 8,000 people packed the abbey that day
431
00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:24,320
and millions were watching on the television around the world.
432
00:26:24,320 --> 00:26:29,320
Elizabeth was 27 years old and the mother of two young children.
433
00:26:29,320 --> 00:26:34,000
ORCHESTRA PLAYS AND CHOIR SINGS: I Was Glad by CHH Parry
434
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:46,960
How was Elizabeth received at the Coronation?
435
00:26:46,960 --> 00:26:50,560
We all became romantics on a huge, collective scale
436
00:26:50,560 --> 00:26:54,240
and of course, the setting in this abbey, where the very stones talk,
437
00:26:54,240 --> 00:26:56,760
with the old statesmen in marble looking down on her,
438
00:26:56,760 --> 00:26:58,600
Disraeli, Gladstone, Peel,
439
00:26:58,600 --> 00:27:01,920
we were right in the middle of this wonderful combination
440
00:27:01,920 --> 00:27:05,560
which the Brits pride themselves on, or did, of juxtaposing
441
00:27:05,560 --> 00:27:08,560
tradition and modernity and making the two work together,
442
00:27:08,560 --> 00:27:11,840
but above all, the young woman sitting just over there.
443
00:27:11,840 --> 00:27:14,240
FANFARE PLAYS
444
00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:18,880
It's seared across the Velcro of memory
445
00:27:18,880 --> 00:27:20,800
and it's a very dazzling searing
446
00:27:20,800 --> 00:27:24,120
because post-war London was very drab.
447
00:27:24,120 --> 00:27:26,480
We had lost a third of our wealth in the war
448
00:27:26,480 --> 00:27:30,840
and there was still rationing. Very few people had any new clothes
449
00:27:30,840 --> 00:27:35,040
and yet suddenly in amidst this heroic drabness,
450
00:27:35,040 --> 00:27:37,520
there was the starburst of the Coronation,
451
00:27:37,520 --> 00:27:39,120
of the new beautiful young queen.
452
00:27:39,120 --> 00:27:42,160
CHOIR: Zadok The Priest
453
00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:47,920
I remember it. I was on Victoria Embankment
454
00:27:47,920 --> 00:27:54,320
and it was a kind of magic moment when the great golden coach went by
455
00:27:54,320 --> 00:27:57,720
and then this smiling figure,
456
00:27:57,720 --> 00:28:02,120
it was one of the moments of the reawakening of the country
457
00:28:02,120 --> 00:28:06,080
after a long and tense and deprived period.
458
00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:09,000
And for those who weren't there,
459
00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:14,320
thanks to the revolution of television, the nation could watch from their living rooms.
460
00:28:14,320 --> 00:28:18,440
27 million people in Britain in June 1953
461
00:28:18,440 --> 00:28:21,760
watch at least half a day's television coverage.
462
00:28:21,760 --> 00:28:26,200
The number of BBC licence holders doubles that day, so there is
463
00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:30,800
this sense of what newspapers referred to as "Coronation fever".
464
00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:34,000
We've only known in recent years that it was in fact the Queen
465
00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:36,840
who said yes, it ought to be televised,
466
00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:38,720
an acknowledgement that the...
467
00:28:40,120 --> 00:28:42,840
..the monarchy, as it were, belongs to the people,
468
00:28:42,840 --> 00:28:46,280
you've got to, with the new means of communication.
469
00:28:46,280 --> 00:28:48,480
CROWD CHEERS
470
00:28:49,880 --> 00:28:51,960
And then this smiling figure,
471
00:28:51,960 --> 00:28:56,480
just all the diamonds refracting and with the Duke of Edinburgh, I mean,
472
00:28:56,480 --> 00:28:59,080
I remember it so absolutely vividly.
473
00:29:02,960 --> 00:29:05,440
Five months after her coronation,
474
00:29:05,440 --> 00:29:09,040
Elizabeth returned to the Commonwealth tour she had begun
475
00:29:09,040 --> 00:29:10,880
before her father's death.
476
00:29:10,880 --> 00:29:15,240
Now she was Queen, and also Head of the Commonwealth of Nations,
477
00:29:15,240 --> 00:29:19,480
which from small beginnings has expanded during her reign
478
00:29:19,480 --> 00:29:22,280
to take in 53 countries.
479
00:29:22,280 --> 00:29:25,040
She has visited almost all of them.
480
00:29:25,040 --> 00:29:27,400
I think historians will look back
481
00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:30,480
on the reign and achievements of Elizabeth II
482
00:29:30,480 --> 00:29:33,080
and pick out the Commonwealth.
483
00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:35,000
The Commonwealth is a real family.
484
00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:39,680
It's so successful that countries that are not former British colonies
485
00:29:39,680 --> 00:29:42,160
have asked to join and been allowed to join.
486
00:29:43,800 --> 00:29:46,840
For Victoria, she was Empress of India,
487
00:29:46,840 --> 00:29:51,120
with the reach of a global superpower, the British Empire.
488
00:29:51,120 --> 00:29:53,520
Not that she saw much of it.
489
00:29:53,520 --> 00:29:58,200
Britain did rule half the world and it stretched everywhere,
490
00:29:58,200 --> 00:29:59,600
from Canada to Australia
491
00:29:59,600 --> 00:30:02,360
and included great tracts of Asia and Africa,
492
00:30:02,360 --> 00:30:07,000
and it's true that Queen Victoria didn't visit any of these places.
493
00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:11,080
She was very much in touch and thinking about them a lot.
494
00:30:11,080 --> 00:30:16,400
She became besotted with India and Indian culture in her later years.
495
00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:18,800
She taught herself Hindustani
496
00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:22,600
and she could speak a little bit of Urdu.
497
00:30:22,600 --> 00:30:25,960
She would have loved to go to India but they didn't let her,
498
00:30:25,960 --> 00:30:28,760
so in her mind and her spirit, she travelled,
499
00:30:28,760 --> 00:30:32,760
completely unlike Queen Elizabeth, who actually travels.
500
00:30:34,240 --> 00:30:38,840
Queen Elizabeth II has crisscrossed the globe for more than 60 years.
501
00:30:41,120 --> 00:30:44,920
Here and abroad, she has shaken the hands of history.
502
00:30:46,920 --> 00:30:49,520
It's June 2015 and once again
503
00:30:49,520 --> 00:30:52,840
the red carpet is laid out on foreign soil.
504
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:57,120
This is Berlin's Tegel Airport, where the Queen's plane is
505
00:30:57,120 --> 00:31:01,160
touching down at the start of her four-day state visit to Germany.
506
00:31:01,160 --> 00:31:03,120
It's been pouring with rain here all day.
507
00:31:03,120 --> 00:31:04,880
It's going to be a soggy reception,
508
00:31:04,880 --> 00:31:09,000
but that will not faze the most well-travelled monarch in history.
509
00:31:11,240 --> 00:31:16,200
The Queen first came to Germany on a state visit in 1965.
510
00:31:16,200 --> 00:31:20,400
It was a country still divided by Cold War Communism.
511
00:31:20,400 --> 00:31:24,440
Her visit was a gesture of solidarity and a step towards
512
00:31:24,440 --> 00:31:28,480
normalising relations with Germany in the decades after World War II.
513
00:31:30,720 --> 00:31:34,520
People still remember the impact of that historic visit.
514
00:31:36,280 --> 00:31:38,800
I thank you warmly for your welcome.
515
00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:44,480
For my husband and me, it is a deeply moving experience
516
00:31:44,480 --> 00:31:48,520
to be with you here in this courageous and famous city.
517
00:31:48,520 --> 00:31:50,240
CHEERING
518
00:31:52,040 --> 00:31:57,400
50 years on, Germany, now a unified country, has changed dramatically.
519
00:32:00,960 --> 00:32:03,360
The welcome for the Queen hasn't.
520
00:32:07,280 --> 00:32:08,560
- WOMAN IN CROWD:
- Oh, my God!
521
00:32:08,560 --> 00:32:10,080
CHEERING
522
00:32:10,080 --> 00:32:13,520
Wherever the Queen goes, she brings with her a sense of occasion, and
523
00:32:13,520 --> 00:32:17,080
there's been real excitement here in Germany in the run-up to this visit.
524
00:32:17,080 --> 00:32:20,240
She's on every front page today and the papers are full
525
00:32:20,240 --> 00:32:22,680
of what to do, what to wear if you meet her,
526
00:32:22,680 --> 00:32:25,920
and German television has been running British-themed programmes,
527
00:32:25,920 --> 00:32:29,040
and that's the thing about the Queen - wherever she goes,
528
00:32:29,040 --> 00:32:33,640
she brings with her an indefinable something that no-one else can.
529
00:32:37,680 --> 00:32:41,360
The Queen is our big differentiator in the eyes of many
530
00:32:41,360 --> 00:32:43,520
of our foreign partners and friends.
531
00:32:43,520 --> 00:32:46,840
They deal with other governments, they deal with other heads of state,
532
00:32:46,840 --> 00:32:49,600
but the Queen is something completely unique
533
00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:53,880
and you see that in the reaction of the crowds lining the streets.
534
00:32:53,880 --> 00:32:55,760
CHEERING AND APPLAUSE
535
00:32:58,520 --> 00:33:02,360
Two of the most powerful women in the world - one a monarch,
536
00:33:02,360 --> 00:33:06,560
the other the German Chancellor, who has been dubbed the Queen of Europe,
537
00:33:06,560 --> 00:33:11,080
and given the question mark over the future of Britain in the EU,
538
00:33:11,080 --> 00:33:13,280
the timing of this state visit
539
00:33:13,280 --> 00:33:16,240
is being seen as something of a diplomatic coup.
540
00:33:19,320 --> 00:33:21,880
CAMERAS CLICK
541
00:33:23,840 --> 00:33:27,640
I think for many people, for many different reasons,
542
00:33:27,640 --> 00:33:31,320
this is a very important visit, a very important moment,
543
00:33:31,320 --> 00:33:35,560
and it brings Britain and Germany closer together
544
00:33:35,560 --> 00:33:37,360
at a time which is, for us,
545
00:33:37,360 --> 00:33:42,000
actually, very important for there to be good and close relationships.
546
00:33:44,320 --> 00:33:46,440
As a constitutional monarch,
547
00:33:46,440 --> 00:33:49,240
the Queen must remain politically neutral.
548
00:33:49,240 --> 00:33:51,520
Hers is more of a personal power.
549
00:33:53,360 --> 00:33:57,960
Arriving at the state banquet, she is wearing Queen Victoria's rubies
550
00:33:57,960 --> 00:34:02,240
as she delivers words echoing a lifetime of experience.
551
00:34:03,640 --> 00:34:08,320
We know that division in Europe is dangerous and that we must guard
552
00:34:08,320 --> 00:34:12,720
against it in the west as well as in the east of our continent.
553
00:34:13,920 --> 00:34:16,760
That remains a common endeavour.
554
00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:22,160
Flying the flag for the United Kingdom at the British Ambassador's
555
00:34:22,160 --> 00:34:23,920
residence in Berlin.
556
00:34:23,920 --> 00:34:27,600
Every year a garden party is held to honour the Queen,
557
00:34:27,600 --> 00:34:29,080
but this is the first time
558
00:34:29,080 --> 00:34:32,800
she and the Duke of Edinburgh have actually been able to attend.
559
00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:38,840
The interest in Germany in the Queen is already big.
560
00:34:38,840 --> 00:34:42,440
People have been thinking about the institution of the monarchy
561
00:34:42,440 --> 00:34:44,160
and about the overall relationship
562
00:34:44,160 --> 00:34:46,160
between Germany and the United Kingdom.
563
00:34:46,160 --> 00:34:49,640
In diplomatic speak, we would call it "soft power".
564
00:34:49,640 --> 00:34:54,520
It's what the Queen stands for, it's the values that she embodies,
565
00:34:54,520 --> 00:34:56,960
and that has deep impact.
566
00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:01,040
With all those disputes we do have at the moment in Europe
567
00:35:01,040 --> 00:35:04,320
about Britain and Europe and the rest of the world,
568
00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:08,920
it's important that we do have this unifying personality.
569
00:35:08,920 --> 00:35:11,280
She's there and she stands for something
570
00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:15,480
and a value that is not changing, so it's like an authority.
571
00:35:15,480 --> 00:35:19,600
All the emotions here at this garden party that show that there is
572
00:35:19,600 --> 00:35:24,440
a very strong belief in Germany that, "Please stay in the EU, we need you."
573
00:35:24,440 --> 00:35:26,800
- I never...
- Very smiley and talkative, actually.
574
00:35:26,800 --> 00:35:29,200
Yeah, and I never really got this whole Queen thing,
575
00:35:29,200 --> 00:35:33,160
to be honest, I really didn't, but I've got it now and I just...
576
00:35:33,160 --> 00:35:34,880
OK, sorry, I posted on Facebook
577
00:35:34,880 --> 00:35:37,160
that I've fallen in love with the Queen!
578
00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:45,680
In Germany's modern democracy,
579
00:35:45,680 --> 00:35:49,880
sections of the wall which once separated East from West
580
00:35:49,880 --> 00:35:54,200
in the Cold War now stand only as symbolic fragments.
581
00:35:56,760 --> 00:36:00,600
And this is a country which remembers its deeper past,
582
00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:05,200
those who were killed in one of the most dreadful persecutions in history.
583
00:36:13,880 --> 00:36:17,600
70 years ago, British forces liberated this camp
584
00:36:17,600 --> 00:36:20,880
and they discovered, much to their horror, that on this very soil,
585
00:36:20,880 --> 00:36:25,600
tens of thousands of people had died in a most horrific fashion.
586
00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:32,760
It was liberated by World War II Allied troops in April 1945.
587
00:36:32,760 --> 00:36:36,400
70 years later, it is the Queen's request that
588
00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:40,880
she and the Duke of Edinburgh end their German state visit by paying
589
00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:44,960
their respects at the site of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.
590
00:36:46,240 --> 00:36:49,160
And for some, the memories are very personal.
591
00:36:50,720 --> 00:36:56,200
To me, it was just one huge horror story...
592
00:36:57,720 --> 00:37:04,000
..how any human beings could treat other human beings in this way.
593
00:37:05,640 --> 00:37:07,160
Just incredible.
594
00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:12,400
I don't think there was a sort of screaming of joy,
595
00:37:12,400 --> 00:37:15,560
because everybody thought, "We must be dreaming.
596
00:37:15,560 --> 00:37:18,760
"We hear an English voice. What?" You know, that wasn't...
597
00:37:18,760 --> 00:37:23,080
That wasn't what we were preparing us for, we were preparing us to die.
598
00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:41,720
Her visit shows that she takes human suffering seriously,
599
00:37:41,720 --> 00:37:46,240
she identifies with the pain and deep suffering of the Jewish people,
600
00:37:46,240 --> 00:37:48,360
and together with so many other people,
601
00:37:48,360 --> 00:37:51,320
she's absolutely determined to guarantee that the horrors
602
00:37:51,320 --> 00:37:55,400
that took place here in Belsen will never happen anywhere else again.
603
00:38:09,920 --> 00:38:14,560
In Britain, religion and the monarchy are forever intertwined.
604
00:38:14,560 --> 00:38:18,840
Since King Henry VIII famously separated the English Church
605
00:38:18,840 --> 00:38:22,560
from Rome, every monarch has become Defender of the Faith
606
00:38:22,560 --> 00:38:24,800
and Head of the Church of England.
607
00:38:29,400 --> 00:38:35,080
Victoria - she was devout, outspoken on church matters,
608
00:38:35,080 --> 00:38:39,240
she even wrote about her views on sermons in her diaries.
609
00:38:40,760 --> 00:38:43,000
I think that sincerity of faith
610
00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:46,800
is something that Queen Victoria shares with Elizabeth II.
611
00:38:46,800 --> 00:38:50,680
I feel absolutely sure that both women, in what is unquestionably
612
00:38:50,680 --> 00:38:55,840
a very lonely position, have felt upheld at moments,
613
00:38:55,840 --> 00:38:58,480
many moments, possibly, in their reign,
614
00:38:58,480 --> 00:39:00,280
by a very strong Christian faith.
615
00:39:00,280 --> 00:39:04,560
Many have found the practice of quiet personal reflection
616
00:39:04,560 --> 00:39:06,560
surprisingly rewarding,
617
00:39:06,560 --> 00:39:10,880
even discovering greater spiritual depth to their lives.
618
00:39:10,880 --> 00:39:16,160
In her Christmas broadcasts, she talks often about how
619
00:39:16,160 --> 00:39:20,440
the teachings of Christ are what inform and inspire her.
620
00:39:20,440 --> 00:39:25,680
The Christmas message shows us that this love is for everyone.
621
00:39:25,680 --> 00:39:28,720
There is no-one beyond its reach.
622
00:39:28,720 --> 00:39:32,880
Elizabeth II has always had her feet very firmly on the ground,
623
00:39:32,880 --> 00:39:36,160
but spiritually she's got this dimension in which
624
00:39:36,160 --> 00:39:39,720
her personal faith is linked to her duty as a monarch.
625
00:39:41,400 --> 00:39:43,240
And each monarch also has
626
00:39:43,240 --> 00:39:47,160
formal duties in relation to the government of the day.
627
00:39:47,160 --> 00:39:48,840
It was during Victoria's reign
628
00:39:48,840 --> 00:39:51,600
that political power moved away from the sovereign,
629
00:39:51,600 --> 00:39:55,200
but she still kept a keen interest in the details of political life,
630
00:39:55,200 --> 00:39:58,680
as does Queen Elizabeth, who at the start of her reign
631
00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:01,680
decided to change the monarch's regular meetings
632
00:40:01,680 --> 00:40:05,640
with the Prime Minister into a weekly affair, the Audience.
633
00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:10,080
When Parliament sits, the Prime Minister arrives for
634
00:40:10,080 --> 00:40:13,720
their regular meeting, where the Queen has what has been described
635
00:40:13,720 --> 00:40:18,200
as "the right to be consulted, to encourage and to warn"
636
00:40:18,200 --> 00:40:20,080
with an accumulated wisdom
637
00:40:20,080 --> 00:40:23,560
gained over the course of 12 British Prime Ministers.
638
00:40:24,600 --> 00:40:27,040
The Prime Minister, Your Majesty.
639
00:40:27,040 --> 00:40:28,280
Good evening, ma'am.
640
00:40:29,720 --> 00:40:32,080
Her first PM was Winston Churchill,
641
00:40:32,080 --> 00:40:35,960
who'd known Elizabeth since she was a child, and was the only
642
00:40:35,960 --> 00:40:41,200
elected Member of Parliament under both Victoria and Elizabeth.
643
00:40:41,200 --> 00:40:44,400
Well, Churchill was in love with her. There's no other way of putting it.
644
00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:47,360
A member of his private office said that he was dotty about her,
645
00:40:47,360 --> 00:40:49,480
and felt very protective of her
646
00:40:49,480 --> 00:40:53,400
and wanted to ease her into the duties of monarchy.
647
00:40:54,640 --> 00:40:57,040
And she receives the red boxes daily
648
00:40:57,040 --> 00:41:00,640
containing cabinet and foreign and Commonwealth papers.
649
00:41:00,640 --> 00:41:03,960
She's been terribly well informed. When you think about it,
650
00:41:03,960 --> 00:41:06,360
the first weekly intelligence summary
651
00:41:06,360 --> 00:41:10,160
she got from the Joint Intelligence Committee in February 1952
652
00:41:10,160 --> 00:41:13,000
would have had at least a section on it, I'm sure,
653
00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:16,920
of Stalin's capabilities and military intentions. Can you imagine it?
654
00:41:16,920 --> 00:41:21,360
The long reigns of Elizabeth and Victoria mean they have
655
00:41:21,360 --> 00:41:25,560
had to steer their way through periods of extraordinary change.
656
00:41:27,680 --> 00:41:31,600
Queen Victoria's reign saw the Industrial Revolution,
657
00:41:31,600 --> 00:41:35,240
economic progress and the growth of the British Empire.
658
00:41:35,240 --> 00:41:38,960
Scores of grand buildings went up during the Victorian age,
659
00:41:38,960 --> 00:41:42,040
many of which are still with us today, like this one,
660
00:41:42,040 --> 00:41:44,280
the Victoria and Albert Museum.
661
00:41:44,280 --> 00:41:47,560
It houses one of the largest collections of decorative
662
00:41:47,560 --> 00:41:49,480
art and design in the world.
663
00:41:56,560 --> 00:42:02,360
So, what is Victoria and Albert's legacy in terms of art and culture?
664
00:42:02,360 --> 00:42:05,360
It's fundamental. I mean, this museum, as you know,
665
00:42:05,360 --> 00:42:09,400
is the Victoria and Albert Museum, and that name is not an accident.
666
00:42:10,680 --> 00:42:14,480
It was renamed the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1899
667
00:42:14,480 --> 00:42:18,200
and it was one of Queen Victoria's last public appearances
668
00:42:18,200 --> 00:42:22,800
when she came to lay the foundation stone of the front of our museum.
669
00:42:22,800 --> 00:42:25,880
How big a role did Victoria and Albert have in
670
00:42:25,880 --> 00:42:28,320
bringing the arts to the people?
671
00:42:28,320 --> 00:42:32,200
Throughout her life, and indeed throughout Albert's life,
672
00:42:32,200 --> 00:42:36,440
they were actively promoting education and culture,
673
00:42:36,440 --> 00:42:41,200
art and science. This whole complex at South Kensington
674
00:42:41,200 --> 00:42:47,560
is thanks to the way they supported and promoted these activities.
675
00:42:49,320 --> 00:42:53,680
So much so that this area became known as Albertopolis,
676
00:42:53,680 --> 00:42:56,400
also taking in the Albert Memorial,
677
00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:59,960
Victoria's vast tribute to the man she adored,
678
00:42:59,960 --> 00:43:02,320
who died at the age of 42.
679
00:43:05,240 --> 00:43:08,160
The great expansion seen in the Victorian age
680
00:43:08,160 --> 00:43:10,520
has not been repeated during Elizabeth's reign.
681
00:43:10,520 --> 00:43:14,080
Instead there have been huge leaps in science, technology,
682
00:43:14,080 --> 00:43:18,680
medicine, even space travel, and far greater freedom and tolerance.
683
00:43:20,920 --> 00:43:25,120
In an age of rapid innovation and cultural change,
684
00:43:25,120 --> 00:43:28,480
the Queen recognises pioneers from every field.
685
00:43:29,880 --> 00:43:31,200
At Windsor Castle,
686
00:43:31,200 --> 00:43:34,800
she has a gathering of the holders of the Order of Merit.
687
00:43:34,800 --> 00:43:39,160
It's a celebration of the elite from music, art, medicine,
688
00:43:39,160 --> 00:43:41,480
astronomy, architecture, theatre.
689
00:43:45,080 --> 00:43:48,960
Queen Victoria may have been the first monarch to try the telephone
690
00:43:48,960 --> 00:43:53,320
with none other than the inventor, Alexander Graham Bell,
691
00:43:53,320 --> 00:43:56,560
but it was Elizabeth who in 1958
692
00:43:56,560 --> 00:44:01,040
made the first direct-dialled long-distance telephone call.
693
00:44:01,040 --> 00:44:03,600
PHONE RINGS DOWN THE LINE
694
00:44:03,600 --> 00:44:06,280
This is the Queen speaking from Bristol.
695
00:44:06,280 --> 00:44:08,360
Good afternoon, Lord Provost.
696
00:44:08,360 --> 00:44:10,280
Good afternoon, Your Majesty.
697
00:44:10,280 --> 00:44:16,320
She was the first British monarch to send an e-mail, in 1976,
698
00:44:16,320 --> 00:44:21,040
and has a Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and Flickr account in her name.
699
00:44:21,040 --> 00:44:26,000
CROWD CHANTS: We want the Queen! We want the Queen!
700
00:44:27,720 --> 00:44:32,720
In the monarchy's 1,000-year history, only two British sovereigns
701
00:44:32,720 --> 00:44:37,080
have marked their Silver, Golden and Diamond Jubilees...
702
00:44:37,080 --> 00:44:39,920
CHEERING
703
00:44:41,720 --> 00:44:43,720
..Victoria and Elizabeth.
704
00:44:46,560 --> 00:44:51,160
To mark her 60 years on the throne, Elizabeth chose to be photographed
705
00:44:51,160 --> 00:44:54,040
in front of the Queen Victoria Memorial
706
00:44:54,040 --> 00:44:58,280
with the diamonds worn by Victoria more than a century earlier.
707
00:45:00,440 --> 00:45:04,120
And if a Jubilee celebration is a test of popularity,
708
00:45:04,120 --> 00:45:07,120
it's one the Queen easily passed.
709
00:45:07,120 --> 00:45:10,320
Hundreds of thousands turned out to celebrate.
710
00:45:10,320 --> 00:45:13,640
BAND PLAYS: God Save The Queen
711
00:45:13,640 --> 00:45:15,000
Her speech that year
712
00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:17,920
seemed to recognise her unique place in the world.
713
00:45:19,200 --> 00:45:22,560
I have been privileged to witness some of that history
714
00:45:22,560 --> 00:45:25,040
and, with the support of my family,
715
00:45:25,040 --> 00:45:30,440
rededicate myself to the service of our great country and its people
716
00:45:30,440 --> 00:45:33,040
now and in the years to come.
717
00:45:33,040 --> 00:45:34,160
Hip-hip!
718
00:45:34,160 --> 00:45:35,640
Hurray!
719
00:45:35,640 --> 00:45:37,520
- Hip-hip!
- Hurray!
720
00:45:37,520 --> 00:45:38,840
Hip-hip!
721
00:45:38,840 --> 00:45:40,080
Hurray!
722
00:45:40,080 --> 00:45:41,720
APPLAUSE
723
00:45:47,280 --> 00:45:50,360
And then, that same year, for the London Olympics,
724
00:45:50,360 --> 00:45:53,680
the Queen was cast in a brand-new light.
725
00:45:53,680 --> 00:45:55,400
Mr Bond, Your Majesty.
726
00:46:01,880 --> 00:46:04,560
The first royal Bond girl.
727
00:46:04,560 --> 00:46:06,160
CLOCK CHIMES
728
00:46:07,520 --> 00:46:09,280
HE CLEARS HIS THROAT
729
00:46:11,400 --> 00:46:14,040
Good evening, Mr Bond.
730
00:46:14,040 --> 00:46:16,000
Good evening, Your Majesty.
731
00:46:17,560 --> 00:46:20,280
A long reign can bring challenges.
732
00:46:20,280 --> 00:46:24,520
Unlike Elizabeth, Victoria had to spend almost four decades
733
00:46:24,520 --> 00:46:27,640
without her beloved husband by her side.
734
00:46:27,640 --> 00:46:32,680
Queen Victoria did flag after the death of Prince Albert,
735
00:46:32,680 --> 00:46:35,920
not for the rest of her reign, as some people mistakenly think,
736
00:46:35,920 --> 00:46:40,480
it was really for about ten years that she was much more in retirement,
737
00:46:40,480 --> 00:46:42,920
and she worked all the way through it. I mean,
738
00:46:42,920 --> 00:46:46,320
there's a fantasy that she was just lying on her day bed in sobs.
739
00:46:46,320 --> 00:46:48,320
I mean, in fact, she did work,
740
00:46:48,320 --> 00:46:52,440
but she found the public, the performance role of the monarch
741
00:46:52,440 --> 00:46:55,280
too difficult in those years.
742
00:46:55,280 --> 00:46:59,480
The politicians constantly feared, because she was so reclusive and shy
743
00:46:59,480 --> 00:47:03,400
and didn't like waving from balconies and didn't wear crowns,
744
00:47:03,400 --> 00:47:06,520
that somehow or another she was out of touch,
745
00:47:06,520 --> 00:47:10,160
and in a very mysterious way, she wasn't.
746
00:47:10,160 --> 00:47:15,640
In June 1897, Queen Victoria was persuaded to make an effort
747
00:47:15,640 --> 00:47:17,640
for her Diamond Jubilee.
748
00:47:17,640 --> 00:47:20,080
She was captured in this rare footage
749
00:47:20,080 --> 00:47:23,640
and she had an empire to call upon.
750
00:47:23,640 --> 00:47:26,680
London had never seen anything like it,
751
00:47:26,680 --> 00:47:32,280
the Bengal Lancers, people from all over the world, African warriors,
752
00:47:32,280 --> 00:47:34,080
parading through the streets
753
00:47:34,080 --> 00:47:36,680
with all their wonderful costumes and uniform.
754
00:47:36,680 --> 00:47:39,680
It was partly a demonstration of this extraordinary
755
00:47:39,680 --> 00:47:42,840
political stability, that this...
756
00:47:42,840 --> 00:47:47,000
institution which had been so fragile in 1837 was now
757
00:47:47,000 --> 00:47:49,960
going stronger than ever in 1897,
758
00:47:49,960 --> 00:47:54,640
thanks to this very eccentric, clever but strange woman sitting in
759
00:47:54,640 --> 00:47:58,720
an open carriage riding through the streets of London in a black bonnet.
760
00:47:58,720 --> 00:48:02,480
The whole place was alive with excitement.
761
00:48:05,320 --> 00:48:09,160
Both Victoria and then Elizabeth came here to St Paul's Cathedral
762
00:48:09,160 --> 00:48:12,280
to mark their Diamond Jubilees.
763
00:48:12,280 --> 00:48:17,120
For Victoria, who by then was 78, it was a rare public appearance.
764
00:48:17,120 --> 00:48:21,000
She was still mourning Albert decades after his death,
765
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:25,320
and she was frail, too - too frail to climb these stairs and go inside,
766
00:48:25,320 --> 00:48:29,960
so instead, when her carriage drew up here in front of jubilant crowds,
767
00:48:29,960 --> 00:48:33,840
she remained in it and the whole service came out to her.
768
00:48:40,160 --> 00:48:43,960
But we do know what Queen Victoria thought about her Diamond Jubilee.
769
00:48:43,960 --> 00:48:46,080
She wrote about it in her journals
770
00:48:46,080 --> 00:48:50,200
and just a few years ago, Queen Elizabeth had them all put online.
771
00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:53,920
Victoria wrote, "A never to be forgotten day.
772
00:48:53,920 --> 00:48:57,400
"No-one ever, I believe, has met with such an ovation
773
00:48:57,400 --> 00:49:01,160
"as was given to me passing through those six miles of streets,
774
00:49:01,160 --> 00:49:05,720
"including Constitution Hill. The crowds were quite indescribable
775
00:49:05,720 --> 00:49:09,640
"and their enthusiasm truly marvellous and deeply touching.
776
00:49:09,640 --> 00:49:11,880
"The cheering was quite deafening,
777
00:49:11,880 --> 00:49:15,360
"and every face seemed to be filled with real joy.
778
00:49:15,360 --> 00:49:17,720
"I was much moved and gratified."
779
00:49:23,960 --> 00:49:25,840
As well as being visible,
780
00:49:25,840 --> 00:49:30,560
the monarch must connect with every part of the United Kingdom.
781
00:49:30,560 --> 00:49:32,280
OFFICER GIVES ORDER
782
00:49:34,000 --> 00:49:38,960
Today the Queen, a direct descendant of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots,
783
00:49:38,960 --> 00:49:42,200
arrives in Edinburgh for Holyrood Week.
784
00:49:42,200 --> 00:49:45,320
It starts with the ancient Ceremony of the Keys,
785
00:49:45,320 --> 00:49:47,680
unchanged since Victoria's time.
786
00:49:49,680 --> 00:49:52,080
I think it's a very significant process
787
00:49:52,080 --> 00:49:55,680
because it's the presentation of the city's keys to the monarch
788
00:49:55,680 --> 00:49:59,160
but also, you know, for people of the city, it's a meaningful event
789
00:49:59,160 --> 00:50:02,240
because it's about the Queen's authority in the city.
790
00:50:05,120 --> 00:50:08,600
It's also about a welcome for garden party guests
791
00:50:08,600 --> 00:50:11,320
in the spectacular grounds of the palace.
792
00:50:11,320 --> 00:50:14,600
Royal garden parties were introduced by Victoria
793
00:50:14,600 --> 00:50:17,760
at Buckingham Palace in the 1860s
794
00:50:17,760 --> 00:50:22,440
and brought here to Scotland by Elizabeth's grandfather, George V.
795
00:50:25,680 --> 00:50:28,560
This is the Queen attending as a child.
796
00:50:30,320 --> 00:50:33,360
8,000 people have been invited to this garden party
797
00:50:33,360 --> 00:50:36,320
at the Palace of Holyroodhouse. It's an annual event
798
00:50:36,320 --> 00:50:39,520
that has been hosted here throughout the Queen's long reign
799
00:50:39,520 --> 00:50:43,560
and it's all about celebrating Scottish achievement and heritage.
800
00:50:46,520 --> 00:50:50,440
BAND PLAYS: God Save The Queen
801
00:50:54,000 --> 00:50:55,560
She's just brilliant.
802
00:50:55,560 --> 00:50:59,320
At her age to be still doing things like this, it is just fantastic.
803
00:50:59,320 --> 00:51:01,840
I think today has been a very good example of exactly what
804
00:51:01,840 --> 00:51:04,720
we as a country do well and I think she's at the very heart of that.
805
00:51:04,720 --> 00:51:09,240
And the fact she visits our islands, you know, she embraces it all,
806
00:51:09,240 --> 00:51:10,960
the parts of Scotland that we love.
807
00:51:10,960 --> 00:51:14,560
Her and the Duke have done a marvellous job over the years
808
00:51:14,560 --> 00:51:16,560
and I hope they'll have many more.
809
00:51:16,560 --> 00:51:18,480
APPLAUSE
810
00:51:18,480 --> 00:51:21,520
What, over the six decades of her reign, has been done
811
00:51:21,520 --> 00:51:24,240
is the knitting together, I think,
812
00:51:24,240 --> 00:51:28,800
of an extraordinarily, ever richer tapestry of Scottish life.
813
00:51:28,800 --> 00:51:31,520
My lot are part of the older threads
814
00:51:31,520 --> 00:51:34,240
but every year, through this great gathering,
815
00:51:34,240 --> 00:51:36,440
new, fresh threads are added.
816
00:51:41,120 --> 00:51:44,040
The Queen has deep personal connections to Scotland.
817
00:51:44,040 --> 00:51:47,800
Her mother grew up here. Her sister, Princess Margaret, was born here.
818
00:51:47,800 --> 00:51:51,240
In fact, she was the first royal baby to be born in Scotland
819
00:51:51,240 --> 00:51:54,440
for more than 300 years, and since she was a child,
820
00:51:54,440 --> 00:51:58,760
Scotland is where the Queen has always come on her family holidays.
821
00:51:58,760 --> 00:52:01,240
NO SOUND
822
00:52:01,240 --> 00:52:05,400
During late summer and autumn, the Queen still enjoys her longest
823
00:52:05,400 --> 00:52:09,240
spell of privacy in the place she has visited since childhood.
824
00:52:14,880 --> 00:52:19,720
It's a tradition started by Victoria, who in her 20s was only
825
00:52:19,720 --> 00:52:23,760
the second reigning British monarch to venture north of the border
826
00:52:23,760 --> 00:52:25,760
since the days of Charles I.
827
00:52:28,480 --> 00:52:31,920
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert fell in love with Scotland.
828
00:52:31,920 --> 00:52:36,720
Prince Albert saw Germany in it, he was reminded of Germany,
829
00:52:36,720 --> 00:52:40,440
the sort of forests of firs and all that kind.
830
00:52:40,440 --> 00:52:46,360
Queen Victoria was privy to a kind of ordinary life up there
831
00:52:46,360 --> 00:52:50,560
that was more difficult in Windsor or in London.
832
00:52:52,280 --> 00:52:55,640
Victoria did deerstalking and watercolours
833
00:52:55,640 --> 00:53:00,680
and long walks in the heather and getting rained upon and all that.
834
00:53:00,680 --> 00:53:03,600
I think there is something about its sort of vastness
835
00:53:03,600 --> 00:53:05,640
when you get up into the Highlands,
836
00:53:05,640 --> 00:53:12,280
that sense of being far away in this kind of mountain kingdom.
837
00:53:13,640 --> 00:53:16,200
Victoria and Albert bought land here
838
00:53:16,200 --> 00:53:20,760
which they developed, building the magnificent Balmoral Castle.
839
00:53:20,760 --> 00:53:23,800
Balmoral was very carefully chosen up on a bluff
840
00:53:23,800 --> 00:53:28,320
with the forest quite far back and the water very much below and so on,
841
00:53:28,320 --> 00:53:30,960
and it became their own place,
842
00:53:30,960 --> 00:53:34,480
you know, it wasn't a house of the British monarchy,
843
00:53:34,480 --> 00:53:38,240
it was the house of Victoria and Albert,
844
00:53:38,240 --> 00:53:41,880
and that meant a great deal to her.
845
00:53:43,960 --> 00:53:47,640
The home lovingly designed by Albert for Victoria
846
00:53:47,640 --> 00:53:50,000
now belongs to Elizabeth.
847
00:53:50,000 --> 00:53:53,680
A private residence but no longer just a royal idyll,
848
00:53:53,680 --> 00:53:57,400
for 18 weeks of the year, it's open to the paying public.
849
00:53:58,640 --> 00:54:03,440
As she grew older, Victoria spent much of her life at Balmoral.
850
00:54:03,440 --> 00:54:08,800
She was here on Wednesday the 23rd of September 1896,
851
00:54:08,800 --> 00:54:13,680
the day she overtook her grandfather King George III's record.
852
00:54:13,680 --> 00:54:16,120
She wrote, "Today is the day
853
00:54:16,120 --> 00:54:21,440
"on which I have reigned longer by a day than any English sovereign."
854
00:54:24,160 --> 00:54:27,800
Just days after Victoria had become the longest-reigning monarch,
855
00:54:27,800 --> 00:54:32,000
she was pictured right here beneath the terrace at Balmoral.
856
00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:34,840
It was a very special moment and that's because
857
00:54:34,840 --> 00:54:39,640
it was the first time that Victoria had ever been captured on film.
858
00:54:46,040 --> 00:54:50,440
Here she is, surrounded by dogs, children and grandchildren,
859
00:54:50,440 --> 00:54:53,960
Victoria, a focus of national unity,
860
00:54:53,960 --> 00:54:57,040
who chose to mark her momentous day quietly.
861
00:54:58,560 --> 00:55:01,200
Elizabeth will also be in Scotland
862
00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:03,920
but will carry out some official engagements.
863
00:55:10,360 --> 00:55:13,800
This is where Queen Victoria was on the day that she became
864
00:55:13,800 --> 00:55:16,880
the longest-reigning monarch in British history,
865
00:55:16,880 --> 00:55:20,320
and this is also where her great-great-granddaughter,
866
00:55:20,320 --> 00:55:23,680
Queen Elizabeth, will be when she passes that record
867
00:55:23,680 --> 00:55:26,880
on the evening of Wednesday September the 9th.
868
00:55:26,880 --> 00:55:32,840
She will have been on the throne for 23,226 days.
869
00:55:32,840 --> 00:55:35,600
There will be no fuss, no grand celebration,
870
00:55:35,600 --> 00:55:39,680
it's business as usual, we're told, but all the same, it is a remarkable
871
00:55:39,680 --> 00:55:44,440
achievement and something none of us will ever again see in our lifetime.
872
00:55:50,280 --> 00:55:52,720
Even for those that don't think about the monarchy
873
00:55:52,720 --> 00:55:55,320
or don't follow it particularly, the fact that she is there
874
00:55:55,320 --> 00:55:59,200
and it's there as an institution and she never puts a foot wrong...
875
00:55:59,200 --> 00:56:01,440
CHEERING
876
00:56:02,440 --> 00:56:07,160
I don't think we should withhold our gratitude to both women
877
00:56:07,160 --> 00:56:10,600
for keeping this institution, which I think many people cherish
878
00:56:10,600 --> 00:56:13,160
in spite of all the jokes they make about it.
879
00:56:14,680 --> 00:56:21,400
By being inscrutable, untouchable, unfashionable and unfaddish,
880
00:56:21,400 --> 00:56:26,240
the Queen remains a concept that all people potentially can connect with
881
00:56:26,240 --> 00:56:29,120
and I think that's a very important
882
00:56:29,120 --> 00:56:31,680
and valuable aspect of our national life.
883
00:56:33,000 --> 00:56:36,360
And she simply is always out there, meeting people,
884
00:56:36,360 --> 00:56:39,880
speaking to people and very much identifying herself with
885
00:56:39,880 --> 00:56:43,760
the whole population, not just one certain group of it.
886
00:56:43,760 --> 00:56:46,880
Politicians come and go when they talk about the big society.
887
00:56:46,880 --> 00:56:49,400
The Queen and the Royal Family have practised it
888
00:56:49,400 --> 00:56:54,080
and continue to practise it in all sorts of ways, and that stems
889
00:56:54,080 --> 00:56:56,280
totally from the sense of duty
890
00:56:56,280 --> 00:56:59,600
and religious convictions of Elizabeth II.
891
00:57:01,280 --> 00:57:05,080
This is a great country and one of the reasons it's great
892
00:57:05,080 --> 00:57:09,640
is because we have had this continuity of kings and queens
893
00:57:09,640 --> 00:57:13,800
for so many centuries, and this queen is probably going to be seen
894
00:57:13,800 --> 00:57:15,600
as one of the greatest of all.
895
00:57:17,080 --> 00:57:20,960
I think what she has done is
896
00:57:20,960 --> 00:57:25,840
she has made us all believe again in the viability of the institution
897
00:57:25,840 --> 00:57:30,080
she represents, and to me, that's a great achievement.
898
00:57:32,160 --> 00:57:36,080
I declare before you all that my whole life,
899
00:57:36,080 --> 00:57:41,320
whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service
900
00:57:41,320 --> 00:57:44,840
and to the service of our great imperial family
901
00:57:44,840 --> 00:57:47,320
to which we all belong.
902
00:57:47,320 --> 00:57:52,120
But I shall not have strength to carry out this resolution alone
903
00:57:52,120 --> 00:57:54,640
unless you join in it with me
904
00:57:54,640 --> 00:57:56,480
as I now invite you to do.
905
00:57:57,880 --> 00:58:01,280
I know that your support will be unfailingly given.
906
00:58:02,600 --> 00:58:05,600
God help me to make good my vow
907
00:58:05,600 --> 00:58:09,400
and God bless all of you who are willing to share in it.
79318
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