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A wedding in Germany
Fallingbostel, May 1969
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Dear children, even though your stomachs
are full, you can stand a little speech.
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Thirty years ago,
when your mother and I married,
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the sky was blue, but dark clouds
were already looming on the horizon:
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The clouds of World War Two.
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All of us gathered here today
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hope with all our hearts
that you be spared such suffering.
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Clermont-Ferrand: 134,000 residents
in the Puy-de-D�me region.
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The capital of Auvergne is 240 miles
from Paris and 37 miles from Vichy,
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which was the capital of France
from 1940 to 1944.
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Gergovie, a nearby Gallic town, used to be
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the fortified town of Vercing�torix,
conquered by Julius Caesar.
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A father tells his children
about a more recent defeat.
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In 1939, I was 27 years old.
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I was the father of a large family,
so I hadn't been sent to the front.
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The front was the Maginot Line.
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I'd been sent to Montferrand,
near Clermont,
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and my wife's dairywoman, Mrs. Michel,
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had criticized me for not going to the front.
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So after the rout,
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I told her that there was no point
in me going to the front,
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since the front came to me.
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Was there anything other than courage
in the Resistance?
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Of course. But the two emotions
I experienced the most frequently
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were sorrow and pity.
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The Colonel was a French Action man,
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the Major was a moderate.
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The Captain was all for the diocese,
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the Lieutenant couldn't stand the church.
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THE SORROW AND THE PITY
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Chronicle of a French city
under the Occupation
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All these men made excellent Frenchmen.
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Excellent soldiers who march in time.
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Thinking that the Republic
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is still the best thing going.
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Now most of these strapping lads
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don't share the same political views.
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But they all agree,
no matter what their view...
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Part 1: THE COLLAPSE
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Two brothers, both local farmers,
live a few miles from Clermont.
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They have many memories
of German occupation.
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Is that your village?
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That's where I was born.
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I was born near that church there,
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and later I lived
on the farm facing the school.
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You can't help but love your country.
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Did you think about it in Buchenwald?
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Not much.
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� You didn't?
� No.
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� What did you think about?
� Surviving. That's it.
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00:04:55,691 --> 00:04:58,059
That's mainly what I thought about.
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But I'm talking about me,
about how I saw things.
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I'm not talking about those who...
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00:05:04,094 --> 00:05:06,763
There were some people who cried.
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When I saw them cry,
I knew that they would never make it.
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00:05:13,413 --> 00:05:16,610
No way.
You had to think about yourself first.
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00:05:16,883 --> 00:05:19,010
And think about others after.
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This politician also has
reasons to remember.
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For me, it was an experience
that I will never forget.
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This experience may have had
a few secondary effects,
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00:05:36,669 --> 00:05:40,662
but I don't believe
it has affected my attitude or behavior.
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Has it not made you feel bitter
towards certain French people?
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No, I wouldn't say that.
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It showed me that there are
certain tendencies and habits,
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which, when they are fired,
fed, or stimulated,
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crop up like weeds,
and so we must always be on the defense.
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00:06:04,189 --> 00:06:08,494
We have to protect our youth
from this type of propaganda.
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We have to talk to them about it
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more than we talked about it
a generation or two ago.
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The manager of the Philips company
also has reasons to remember.
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As I was saying, his friends would ask me
why I joined the Resistance.
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Why? Because going into a restaurant
and seeing Germans at a table,
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and being told there's only four steaks left
for the Germans and none for us
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was a little frustrating,
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seeing as that steak
came from our cows in Auvergne.
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So it was our right to eat it
before giving it away.
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That's my first reason.
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My second reason was that the Germans
were forever imposing curfews.
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It was, after all, a Nazi regime,
a totalitarian regime,
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no matter how you look at it.
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00:07:01,788 --> 00:07:03,949
It was worth fighting for,
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it was even worth dying for, rather than
to live as slaves. Hence, the Resistance.
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Lasting peace is what we need.
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There's nothing dumber than fighting.
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That's what I think.
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� Depends on what you're fighting for.
� Do you think they really knew?
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00:07:26,411 --> 00:07:28,571
� They didn't know?
� I doubt it.
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There are a few fanatics who know why.
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� Did you know why?
� Yes, I did.
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� But you weren't a fanatic?
� No, but...
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00:07:37,454 --> 00:07:40,355
But when I went off to war in 1940...
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I left in 1939, on September 2,
and I was sent to Modane.
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What could I have done?
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I knew nothing. I was going
to kill guys I'd never seen before,
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who had never harmed me.
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Later, they did harm us when they arrived
in France. They messed us up.
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Even in moments of calm,
the soldiers are ready to fight.
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Faced with the enemy,
they have the winning qualities of
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patience, courage,
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vigilance, determination,
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and confidence.
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In right-thinking circles,
in high society in Paris,
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they sympathized with our soldiers,
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00:08:38,006 --> 00:08:43,419
whose troubles were unfortunately
nothing compared to what came later.
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And consequently, during this period,
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people sought to distract them,
to entertain them,
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to relieve them from the boredom
of the Maginot Line,
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where time passed at a snail's pace.
It must've been painfully boring.
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00:09:01,774 --> 00:09:05,733
So the right-thinking women
of the Parisian bourgeoisie
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decided to form a committee
to entertain our valiant soldiers,
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to provide them
with a more pleasant view.
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00:09:15,916 --> 00:09:20,356
The idea was to plant rosebushes
on the Maginot Line,
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00:09:20,660 --> 00:09:24,391
to make it look prettier,
to create a nicer atmosphere.
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00:09:24,391 --> 00:09:28,797
And there were people who donated
money towards these rosebushes,
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00:09:28,797 --> 00:09:34,305
so that our soldiers didn't have
to look at the horrid, concrete walls,
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00:09:34,305 --> 00:09:40,744
and to give them
a flowery environment in which to live.
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00:09:41,747 --> 00:09:47,686
It's pathetic when you think
about the awful things that came later.
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00:10:03,970 --> 00:10:06,962
The infantry is advancing at great intervals.
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00:10:07,773 --> 00:10:12,676
In Oisemont, the enemy has set fire
to the tanks of an oil factory.
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00:10:23,823 --> 00:10:25,688
It took two weeks in Poland.
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We felt it would be just as quick in France,
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as we were anxious to go home.
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00:10:31,297 --> 00:10:35,063
And, indeed,
we took France in just one month.
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00:10:47,179 --> 00:10:49,875
And onwards it goes. Next stop: Paris.
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00:10:53,352 --> 00:10:56,844
Naturally,
we attacked on several occasions,
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00:10:56,844 --> 00:11:01,926
but the hardest time was in Oing,
on the Belgian border.
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00:11:01,926 --> 00:11:07,966
The Belgian blockhaus weren't ready,
but we had to take position in them.
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00:11:08,901 --> 00:11:12,769
The Germans arrived equipped with tanks.
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00:11:12,769 --> 00:11:16,672
All that we had were machine guns.
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00:11:17,810 --> 00:11:22,270
They proceeded to kill everyone inside,
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because it made such an easy target.
There were no battlements.
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00:11:28,020 --> 00:11:30,454
They hadn't even put up reinforced doors.
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00:11:30,856 --> 00:11:34,155
I'm telling you, we walked...
We withdrew,
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00:11:34,155 --> 00:11:37,592
and we must have walked
at least 20 miles,
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00:11:37,592 --> 00:11:42,361
without running across any troops.
Not one single troop.
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00:11:43,269 --> 00:11:44,998
Nothing, nothing, nothing.
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00:11:50,076 --> 00:11:54,570
First of all, I'd like to emphasize
the fact that the German staff
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was not expecting to achieve
such a quick, resounding success.
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00:12:01,053 --> 00:12:03,146
We soldiers, unlike Hitler,
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00:12:03,146 --> 00:12:09,592
were convinced that we were facing
the same adversary as in 1914-1918,
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00:12:09,592 --> 00:12:15,156
a determined, brave adversary,
prepared to fight to the bitter end.
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00:12:26,212 --> 00:12:30,239
Unfortunately, I must admit
that Hitler was right in this case.
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00:12:30,516 --> 00:12:34,179
He was always saying
how the French were incapable
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00:12:34,179 --> 00:12:37,881
of repeating their performance
in World War I,
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00:12:38,257 --> 00:12:43,058
and he never missed an opportunity
to add to this statement
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00:12:43,058 --> 00:12:48,031
a few disagreeable and derisory
remarks or comments
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00:12:48,031 --> 00:12:51,863
on the general emotional
and moral state of France.
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00:12:59,178 --> 00:13:02,238
GERMAN NEWS
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00:13:09,455 --> 00:13:14,950
Near Noyon, General Stummel,
taking the vanguard with his troops,
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00:13:14,950 --> 00:13:17,153
with his adjutant, took several prisoners.
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00:13:17,153 --> 00:13:19,356
It began with two.
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Later, many others surrendered.
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00:13:37,082 --> 00:13:41,075
The prisoners come from every nation
and every walk of life.
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So-called defenders of the great nation.
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00:13:43,944 --> 00:13:46,353
In fact, a shame for the white race.
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00:14:03,042 --> 00:14:05,704
These are the Black brothers of the French.
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00:14:22,695 --> 00:14:24,925
In the words of Chamberlain,
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�We, together with our allies,
are the guardians of civilization.�
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00:14:30,559 --> 00:14:33,433
�Together we fight medieval barbarism.�
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00:14:33,433 --> 00:14:36,997
These are the guardians of civilization.
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00:14:39,144 --> 00:14:41,169
These are the barbarians.
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00:14:52,091 --> 00:14:55,151
This is the war
of the Franco-English plutocrats.
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00:14:55,151 --> 00:15:01,232
They began this war rashly without
taking any heed of the consequences,
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00:15:01,500 --> 00:15:04,492
to fight for the English lords,
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00:15:04,492 --> 00:15:09,097
not only until the last Frenchman,
but until the last French house.
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00:15:16,815 --> 00:15:19,943
Mrs. Tausend, you stayed in Germany.
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00:15:19,943 --> 00:15:24,146
Did you read the papers?
Did you watch the German news?
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00:15:31,864 --> 00:15:34,458
Yes, we followed the events closely.
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00:15:34,458 --> 00:15:37,898
Naturally, we were a bit frightened.
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But the news of victory made us happy.
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These cars are stopped for a lack of gas.
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00:15:48,180 --> 00:15:51,240
The Jewish warmongers
and Parisian plutocrats,
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00:15:51,550 --> 00:15:56,385
with their suitcases full of gold
and precious stones, have fled.
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00:15:56,385 --> 00:16:00,286
This shortage of gas
put a crimp in their plans.
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00:16:00,726 --> 00:16:03,354
The streets were hopelessly blocked.
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Yet these English-loving
traitors and deserters
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continued their journey on foot.
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00:16:19,945 --> 00:16:23,881
These are the French people
who have been mercilessly evacuated
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00:16:24,216 --> 00:16:27,947
and dragged along in the flood
of the routed French army.
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00:16:27,947 --> 00:16:31,819
Soon, these people
will be able to go home.
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00:16:31,819 --> 00:16:35,358
The German people were spared
such a trial,
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00:16:35,627 --> 00:16:39,393
thanks to the F�hrer
and his German soldiers.
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00:16:49,274 --> 00:16:54,109
During that time,
there was an enormous upsurge
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of the people,
who were completely panicked, terrified.
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Fate willed that I should be given leave
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00:17:02,321 --> 00:17:05,085
in the last few days of the month April.
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00:17:05,424 --> 00:17:09,952
Consequently, I was in Paris in early May
when the Germans invaded.
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00:17:10,829 --> 00:17:17,166
On the roads, people were going mad,
terrified by the bombings.
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00:17:17,166 --> 00:17:20,329
With them, they brought what they could:
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00:17:20,329 --> 00:17:23,738
Children, pets, precious objects...
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Some rode on wagons, others on bicycles.
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00:17:28,570 --> 00:17:33,708
It was a mish-mash of everything
and everyone. It was awful to see.
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00:17:34,086 --> 00:17:36,554
It was all the more awful in that
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00:17:36,554 --> 00:17:41,183
the Germans, in an effort
to block and ruin the roads for the soldiers
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00:17:42,194 --> 00:17:46,756
didn't hesitate in bombing
these columns of refugees.
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00:17:46,756 --> 00:17:49,663
As a result, and I can attest to this fact,
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00:17:50,202 --> 00:17:55,936
that there were bodies strewn
all over the place: Men, women, horses.
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00:17:55,936 --> 00:18:00,101
Car wrecks sprinkled the roads.
It was a scene from hell.
199
00:18:00,646 --> 00:18:06,107
And yet this wave, this flood of people,
continued to move south.
200
00:18:11,723 --> 00:18:16,251
Our impressions?
We saw destroyed villages, burned lands...
201
00:18:16,251 --> 00:18:18,329
It did have a certain effect on us.
202
00:18:18,730 --> 00:18:22,723
� And the people on the roads?
� They were fleeing the bad guys.
203
00:18:25,938 --> 00:18:28,839
What do you mean?
Weren't you the bad guys?
204
00:18:34,246 --> 00:18:40,742
At first, we were seen as the enemy
who was set to destroy the country.
205
00:18:41,186 --> 00:18:44,417
Then they began to see
that we just wanted to help.
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00:18:44,723 --> 00:18:47,191
And that reassured them.
207
00:18:59,438 --> 00:19:03,534
The officers or the staff
were clearly out of their depth.
208
00:19:03,534 --> 00:19:09,046
Having the trains, the roads,
and all telecommunications cut off
209
00:19:09,046 --> 00:19:11,309
led to a situation in which
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00:19:11,817 --> 00:19:17,084
any plans the soldiers had made
were suddenly completely ruined.
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00:19:18,223 --> 00:19:23,024
In addition, certain military circles
212
00:19:23,428 --> 00:19:27,125
shared the attitude of many civilians,
213
00:19:27,666 --> 00:19:30,601
and tackled the war unenthusiastically.
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00:19:30,601 --> 00:19:37,266
After all, they were living in...
I'm not saying they were traitors.
215
00:19:37,266 --> 00:19:40,038
In any case, there were very few traitors.
216
00:19:40,038 --> 00:19:44,013
But this attitude
of preferring Hitler to L�on Blum
217
00:19:44,013 --> 00:19:49,644
was an attitude that had become
very popular in bourgeois circles.
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00:19:50,189 --> 00:19:55,650
And this was a circle
to which many of the soldiers belonged.
219
00:20:12,678 --> 00:20:14,168
THE GREAT BATTLE OF FRANCE
220
00:20:16,048 --> 00:20:19,415
On June 14, 1940,
the Germans occupied Paris.
221
00:20:19,985 --> 00:20:22,249
In Clermont, the papers went mad.
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00:20:22,588 --> 00:20:24,112
Le Moniteur took a stand,
223
00:20:24,112 --> 00:20:28,717
asking the people to stand up and fight,
to resist,
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00:20:28,717 --> 00:20:30,361
to remain free.
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00:20:30,696 --> 00:20:34,393
The owner of this anti-defeatist paper,
Pierre Laval,
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00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:38,969
a deputy for Auvergne, was,
at the same time, preparing for surrender.
227
00:20:39,905 --> 00:20:42,339
The last government of the Third Republic
228
00:20:42,339 --> 00:20:45,068
slowly moved southwards.
229
00:20:45,068 --> 00:20:48,010
Paul Reynaud wanted to keep fighting,
230
00:20:48,010 --> 00:20:50,946
but Philippe P�tain was already
taking charge.
231
00:20:51,316 --> 00:20:54,217
In Briare,
Winston Churchill and Anthony Eden
232
00:20:54,419 --> 00:20:57,013
met with their allies for the last time.
233
00:20:57,013 --> 00:21:01,616
I've always felt
that Reynaud wanted to continue,
234
00:21:01,616 --> 00:21:03,854
that he remained calm and firm.
235
00:21:03,854 --> 00:21:07,557
Everyone was
in a very difficult position then.
236
00:21:08,233 --> 00:21:12,795
I also believe, and this is something
he told both Churchill and me,
237
00:21:12,795 --> 00:21:19,035
that he wasn't very happy
having P�tain as a part of his government.
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00:21:19,611 --> 00:21:24,207
� He'd foreseen the difficulties?
� Yes, already in Briare.
239
00:21:24,207 --> 00:21:29,777
Now, I was a young soldier in World War I,
240
00:21:30,455 --> 00:21:34,482
and for me, P�tain was the hero of Verdun.
241
00:21:35,227 --> 00:21:40,324
But his character had changed.
That's to be expected with age.
242
00:21:40,599 --> 00:21:44,933
I'm sure he was opposed to the idea
of your cities being destroyed,
243
00:21:45,203 --> 00:21:47,228
because he spoke of it at dinner,
244
00:21:47,439 --> 00:21:51,205
saying, �It's awful seeing
our lovely cities destroyed.�
245
00:21:51,443 --> 00:21:54,071
And I had to answer, �Yes, I understand.
246
00:21:54,279 --> 00:21:59,546
�It's hard for an Englishman to say this,
but there are worse things
247
00:21:59,818 --> 00:22:02,048
�than the destruction of cities.�
248
00:22:02,048 --> 00:22:04,418
But I don't think he was convinced.
249
00:22:14,866 --> 00:22:17,630
We flew over France at a very low altitude.
250
00:22:18,036 --> 00:22:19,401
� Hedgehopping?
� Yes.
251
00:22:19,401 --> 00:22:24,441
In June, there's nothing quite like
the Norman and Breton countryside.
252
00:22:25,444 --> 00:22:29,278
And I remember,
as if it only happened yesterday,
253
00:22:29,514 --> 00:22:34,508
I remember thinking it was lovely,
but would I ever see it again?
254
00:22:34,886 --> 00:22:37,047
And it seemed rather unlikely that I would.
255
00:22:38,223 --> 00:22:43,889
Then the political climate changed
and became unbearable in Bordeaux.
256
00:22:45,397 --> 00:22:47,957
Suddenly, treason was everywhere.
257
00:22:47,957 --> 00:22:50,660
There was a will to surrender,
258
00:22:50,660 --> 00:22:55,864
and a desire to get along
with the victors at any price.
259
00:22:56,341 --> 00:23:02,109
Anglophobia, ever-present in France,
resurfaced with new vigor.
260
00:23:02,748 --> 00:23:06,980
And all this went hand in hand
with a horrible kind of cynicism.
261
00:23:07,686 --> 00:23:13,886
The military leaders, the ones who had
messed up, weren't even mentioned.
262
00:23:14,292 --> 00:23:18,854
Instead, people blamed
absolutely everything on L�on Blum,
263
00:23:18,854 --> 00:23:21,931
the Front Populaire and so forth.
264
00:23:21,931 --> 00:23:28,336
And so we consoled ourselves
for the downfall of our nation
265
00:23:28,336 --> 00:23:33,672
by getting petty revenge
in matters of internal affairs,
266
00:23:33,912 --> 00:23:37,643
a trend which, as you know,
continued long afterwards.
267
00:23:39,851 --> 00:23:42,979
On June 16,
the government met in Bordeaux.
268
00:23:42,979 --> 00:23:48,390
Paul Reynaud was defeated by
the deputies who refused to leave France
269
00:23:48,660 --> 00:23:50,685
and P�tain became
the head of government.
270
00:23:58,603 --> 00:24:03,506
Adolf Hitler's elite S.S. Troops
have invaded Vichy.
271
00:24:20,358 --> 00:24:22,485
I felt terribly humiliated,
272
00:24:22,485 --> 00:24:27,496
as I had been sent on a mission
on an English motorcycle
273
00:24:27,799 --> 00:24:32,793
and was heading to Paris, when I saw
the Germans going the other way.
274
00:24:33,004 --> 00:24:35,370
Now, being rather absent-minded,
275
00:24:35,774 --> 00:24:39,733
I saw there were some people
following these German troops,
276
00:24:40,111 --> 00:24:42,579
and assumed it was the English.
277
00:24:42,579 --> 00:24:47,344
So they were going one way,
and I was going the other.
278
00:24:47,552 --> 00:24:50,146
I saw the swastikas on their helmets,
279
00:24:50,422 --> 00:24:52,822
and I thought I should go no further.
280
00:25:04,035 --> 00:25:05,866
But no one asked me to stop.
281
00:25:05,866 --> 00:25:09,532
Everyone was too busy
going their own way.
282
00:25:09,774 --> 00:25:11,401
If I didn't like it, tough.
283
00:25:14,546 --> 00:25:17,674
The Resistance in Clermont
was quickly crushed.
284
00:25:19,084 --> 00:25:22,349
But the struggle,
albeit subdued, continued.
285
00:25:22,687 --> 00:25:26,851
Hitler's S.S. Division
conquered Clermont-Ferrand.
286
00:25:27,058 --> 00:25:30,186
German troops occupied
the city for three days.
287
00:25:30,529 --> 00:25:34,795
Zepp Dietrich, division commander,
declared victory on Jaude Square,
288
00:25:34,795 --> 00:25:38,597
as his troops polished their boots
in front of the locals,
289
00:25:39,004 --> 00:25:41,939
before heading off to new victories.
290
00:25:41,939 --> 00:25:46,272
The Germans didn't return
to Clermont until November 1942.
291
00:25:46,272 --> 00:25:50,109
Our aim now is to take
the arms depot in Etienne.
292
00:25:52,117 --> 00:25:55,518
An entire infantry regiment has
simply surrendered.
293
00:25:55,720 --> 00:25:59,850
At first, I did the same as everyone.
I hadn't understood.
294
00:26:00,425 --> 00:26:02,450
On the morning of June 24,
295
00:26:03,094 --> 00:26:08,623
the lieutenant declared that
Marshal P�tain had requested an armistice.
296
00:26:09,034 --> 00:26:13,937
I knew what he meant by armistice,
but I wasn't sure about �Marshal.�
297
00:26:14,506 --> 00:26:19,068
I was never particularly
in favor of P�tain's regime.
298
00:26:19,578 --> 00:26:24,038
Nonetheless,
like the other 40,000,000 Frenchmen
299
00:26:24,038 --> 00:26:26,743
who experienced that same moment,
300
00:26:27,652 --> 00:26:32,612
when I saw the rout, when I saw
that the Germans were in Biarritz,
301
00:26:32,857 --> 00:26:36,554
and that France had been
completely invaded,
302
00:26:36,861 --> 00:26:39,193
I thought, like everyone else,
303
00:26:39,464 --> 00:26:42,558
�Will anyone be able
to end this massacre?�
304
00:26:42,558 --> 00:26:48,229
People of France, as requested
by the President of the Republic,
305
00:26:48,229 --> 00:26:54,279
I shall henceforth be the leader
of the French government.
306
00:26:54,946 --> 00:26:58,347
Convinced of the affection
of our admirable army,
307
00:26:58,717 --> 00:27:03,245
whose heroism stands as testimony
to our long military tradition
308
00:27:03,922 --> 00:27:07,551
as they fight an enemy
which outnumbers them,
309
00:27:07,959 --> 00:27:10,484
convinced that our army's resistance
310
00:27:10,962 --> 00:27:14,227
has fulfilled our duty towards our allies,
311
00:27:14,766 --> 00:27:19,794
convinced of the support
pledged by the former soldiers I led,
312
00:27:20,071 --> 00:27:22,631
convinced of the French people's
faith in me,
313
00:27:23,308 --> 00:27:26,277
I give France the gift of myself,
314
00:27:26,745 --> 00:27:28,713
to ease its troubles.
315
00:27:29,547 --> 00:27:34,041
In these difficult times,
I think of the poor refugees,
316
00:27:34,041 --> 00:27:38,213
who, in the depths of despair,
trudge across our roads.
317
00:27:38,213 --> 00:27:42,089
I extend my compassion
and concern for them.
318
00:27:42,089 --> 00:27:47,756
My heart is heavy as I tell you today
that the fight must end.
319
00:27:48,366 --> 00:27:51,426
Last night, I spoke with our adversary
320
00:27:51,426 --> 00:27:56,439
and asked if they were prepared
to help me, between soldiers,
321
00:27:56,741 --> 00:27:59,209
after the fight, with honor intact,
322
00:27:59,611 --> 00:28:03,274
to find a way to end the hostilities.
323
00:28:05,116 --> 00:28:08,950
From the F�hrer headquarters
a historical piece of news:
324
00:28:09,187 --> 00:28:13,180
The prime minister
of the new French government, P�tain
325
00:28:13,180 --> 00:28:16,351
has declared,
in a broadcast to the French people,
326
00:28:16,695 --> 00:28:19,789
that France should lay down its arms.
327
00:29:05,910 --> 00:29:08,811
Of course, I was happy to hear we'd won.
328
00:29:10,882 --> 00:29:17,117
The defeat gave me the same feeling
I would get when I played rugby.
329
00:29:18,790 --> 00:29:22,590
I don't like losing,
especially when it's 60 to 0.
330
00:29:22,794 --> 00:29:24,523
I hate drawn-out defeats.
331
00:29:25,196 --> 00:29:27,289
This stone is a reminder
332
00:29:27,289 --> 00:29:31,459
of the humiliation of Germany
on November 11, 1918.
333
00:29:36,207 --> 00:29:38,141
Is it true
334
00:29:38,376 --> 00:29:43,177
that France had given England
its word of honor
335
00:29:43,815 --> 00:29:46,784
that it wouldn't agree to a separate truce?
336
00:29:48,887 --> 00:29:52,550
I think we... That was before
I was a member of government.
337
00:29:53,224 --> 00:29:55,624
I think we had reached an agreement
338
00:29:56,761 --> 00:29:59,787
whereby neither party
would cease fighting.
339
00:29:59,787 --> 00:30:02,696
� Without the other party's consent.
� Right.
340
00:30:02,934 --> 00:30:05,630
But we didn't discuss that at all
341
00:30:05,837 --> 00:30:08,670
when Churchill and I were there,
342
00:30:08,907 --> 00:30:12,900
because we accepted
the position France had taken.
343
00:30:13,211 --> 00:30:17,204
� In Briare, he said...
� That he'd accept an armistice?
344
00:30:17,482 --> 00:30:21,851
No, he said we accepted the fact
that you may not be able to go on.
345
00:30:22,120 --> 00:30:24,953
Nothing was said about an armistice.
346
00:30:25,557 --> 00:30:30,460
It's clear that between a ceasefire
and an armistice, there's a big difference.
347
00:30:30,460 --> 00:30:31,688
Exactly.
348
00:30:32,130 --> 00:30:37,864
He simply said, �We understand
that you cannot go on any longer.�
349
00:30:39,304 --> 00:30:40,794
That was clear.
350
00:30:40,794 --> 00:30:44,898
The question was quite simply,
�What are you going to do?�
351
00:30:44,898 --> 00:30:50,071
I even sent Churchill a short letter
after we returned from Briare,
352
00:30:50,071 --> 00:30:52,149
which has since been published,
353
00:30:52,149 --> 00:30:55,413
saying that we must make
a clear distinction.
354
00:30:56,054 --> 00:30:59,114
If the French can no longer fight,
that's one thing.
355
00:30:59,424 --> 00:31:02,916
But if they make it easy for the enemy,
that's another.
356
00:31:04,495 --> 00:31:09,762
La Madeleine. Early today in Paris,
the F�hrer made an unexpected visit.
357
00:31:09,762 --> 00:31:13,736
During his tour of Paris,
he also visited this building.
358
00:31:39,797 --> 00:31:41,560
Place de la Concorde.
359
00:31:46,638 --> 00:31:48,162
The Arc de Triomphe.
360
00:32:07,325 --> 00:32:08,883
Trocad�ro.
361
00:32:17,669 --> 00:32:20,137
A look at the Eiffel Tower.
362
00:32:20,471 --> 00:32:22,905
On the F�hrer's left, Professor Speer.
363
00:32:32,717 --> 00:32:34,582
One thing we should remember
364
00:32:35,119 --> 00:32:38,054
is that when France agreed to an armistice,
365
00:32:38,054 --> 00:32:43,252
even though we didn't want to lose,
how many Frenchmen said,
366
00:32:43,252 --> 00:32:47,125
�All's well that ends well.
So much the better.�
367
00:32:47,966 --> 00:32:51,902
As for Marshal P�tain,
he knew what he was doing in Vichy.
368
00:32:51,902 --> 00:32:55,733
In every canton and every town,
369
00:32:56,040 --> 00:32:58,634
he formed what was called
the French Legion.
370
00:32:58,634 --> 00:33:02,839
� The Legion of Companions.
� It was meant for us veterans
371
00:33:02,839 --> 00:33:04,642
who'd fought in World War I.
372
00:33:04,642 --> 00:33:08,274
Everyone, except me, went on Sundays.
373
00:33:08,519 --> 00:33:11,784
I'm the only one
who never set foot in there.
374
00:33:11,990 --> 00:33:13,287
It's true.
375
00:33:14,292 --> 00:33:18,626
They would attend the raising
of the colors on the market place
376
00:33:18,626 --> 00:33:23,133
every Sunday, wearing their hammer
and sickle. No, not hammer.
377
00:33:23,133 --> 00:33:27,397
I don't mean the hammer and sickle.
What was it called again?
378
00:33:27,397 --> 00:33:29,029
� The sword.
� Whatever.
379
00:33:29,307 --> 00:33:32,708
They'd all been given a beret.
Can you imagine?
380
00:33:33,778 --> 00:33:38,272
Of course, I never set foot there.
Not on your life.
381
00:33:38,750 --> 00:33:41,583
But when I saw what happened,
I understood.
382
00:33:42,220 --> 00:33:44,120
So suddenly, this old marshal
383
00:33:44,120 --> 00:33:48,818
suggests an armistice
with French honor intact and so forth.
384
00:33:49,027 --> 00:33:53,623
As a young Frenchman,
do you feel the defeat was justified?
385
00:33:53,623 --> 00:33:55,824
Does it not disgust you?
386
00:33:56,100 --> 00:34:01,936
No, defeat was the inevitable consequence
of French politics.
387
00:34:01,936 --> 00:34:06,670
In fact, this was the theme
propagated by the Vichy government.
388
00:34:09,047 --> 00:34:13,177
If we were defeated, they claimed,
389
00:34:13,177 --> 00:34:17,845
it was because for so many years,
we had to put up with party politics,
390
00:34:18,056 --> 00:34:21,389
which is the reason
France is in this situation today.
391
00:34:21,389 --> 00:34:23,790
How did that phrase go?
392
00:34:23,995 --> 00:34:27,658
�The parties which have
harmed us so much...�
393
00:34:27,658 --> 00:34:30,323
It was... No, that's not it.
394
00:34:30,635 --> 00:34:33,968
� Something about lies.
� The lies that harmed us.
395
00:34:33,968 --> 00:34:37,906
Right. �I hate the lies
that have harmed us so much.�
396
00:34:39,377 --> 00:34:44,041
At the same time, there was
another appeal launched by de Gaulle,
397
00:34:44,315 --> 00:34:49,150
an appeal which apparently
very few people in France heard.
398
00:34:50,088 --> 00:34:52,022
I certainly didn't hear it.
399
00:34:52,323 --> 00:34:55,952
But as a pilot,
weren't you slightly tempted to...
400
00:34:55,952 --> 00:35:01,191
I imagine that a certain number of people
in the same unit as you
401
00:35:01,191 --> 00:35:04,359
chose to �continue the struggle,�
as they said.
402
00:35:04,359 --> 00:35:06,730
There weren't many who did.
403
00:35:07,305 --> 00:35:09,273
Let's get it straight.
404
00:35:09,273 --> 00:35:15,039
It's true that some people
attempted to flee to North Africa.
405
00:35:15,039 --> 00:35:18,808
Later, the situation stabilized.
Not so many fled.
406
00:35:18,808 --> 00:35:21,077
Did it ever cross your mind to flee?
407
00:35:21,077 --> 00:35:25,246
Of course.
But I didn't think about it for long.
408
00:35:26,591 --> 00:35:31,085
My father quickly made me understand
409
00:35:33,131 --> 00:35:37,966
that Marshal P�tain guaranteed
a new order, renewed honor, etc.
410
00:36:02,026 --> 00:36:05,325
The victor of Verdun guaranteed
France's honor
411
00:36:05,630 --> 00:36:08,428
and the establishment of a new order.
412
00:36:08,833 --> 00:36:13,236
This seemed not only desirable,
but necessary, to many Frenchmen.
413
00:36:13,236 --> 00:36:16,670
They respected
and had faith in the Marshal.
414
00:36:16,670 --> 00:36:21,336
In Clermont, the spirit of renewal filled
Pierre Laval's Le Moniteur.
415
00:36:21,946 --> 00:36:26,406
Editorials sought those responsible
for defeat and found them.
416
00:36:26,406 --> 00:36:27,812
�Let's be French.
417
00:36:28,219 --> 00:36:31,450
�Too much foreign influence
has led to many problems.�
418
00:36:31,450 --> 00:36:34,081
On June 26, 1940,
in the magistrate's court,
419
00:36:34,292 --> 00:36:38,626
Ren� Mons was sentenced
to three months in jail for defeatism.
420
00:36:38,626 --> 00:36:39,855
Editorial.
421
00:36:39,855 --> 00:36:45,128
We demand that those responsible be tried
and an analysis of our problems ensue.
422
00:36:46,137 --> 00:36:50,471
This quickly led to xenophobia,
Anglophobia and anti-Semitism.
423
00:36:51,509 --> 00:36:54,342
Gaining French nationality became harder.
424
00:36:54,679 --> 00:36:56,340
Vichy came out with the decree:
425
00:36:56,948 --> 00:36:59,348
�The French elite must be restored.�
426
00:36:59,348 --> 00:37:01,247
On that day, July 29, 1940,
427
00:37:01,452 --> 00:37:05,047
Clermont butcher Antoine Labronne
was tried
428
00:37:05,047 --> 00:37:08,647
and given a large fine
for having sold rotting ham.
429
00:37:11,862 --> 00:37:16,162
Did you ever speak about
what the papers said back then?
430
00:37:16,162 --> 00:37:17,733
� Never.
� Never?
431
00:37:18,102 --> 00:37:20,570
We were totally cut off from the world,
432
00:37:20,570 --> 00:37:25,267
because there was one value
that we all shared,
433
00:37:25,267 --> 00:37:27,172
and that was caution.
434
00:37:27,172 --> 00:37:31,146
We didn't know what the butcher thought,
or the milkman,
435
00:37:31,146 --> 00:37:34,740
or the engineer or the intellectual.
We had no idea.
436
00:37:34,740 --> 00:37:37,912
Like everyone else,
we stayed on our guard.
437
00:37:37,912 --> 00:37:41,650
What do you think
people's main concern was back then?
438
00:37:41,926 --> 00:37:43,086
Food.
439
00:37:45,763 --> 00:37:47,890
That took up most of your time?
440
00:37:47,890 --> 00:37:50,968
Definitely.
Animals were illicitly butchered.
441
00:37:50,968 --> 00:37:53,659
One needed a bit of meat to survive.
442
00:37:54,238 --> 00:37:57,696
As you know,
the French are very good at cheating.
443
00:37:58,242 --> 00:38:02,178
One had to have a bit more bread
than the usual ration,
444
00:38:02,413 --> 00:38:06,372
or a bit more tobacco
by smiling nicely at the tobacconist.
445
00:38:06,372 --> 00:38:08,280
A bit more of everything.
446
00:38:08,519 --> 00:38:14,480
So every weekend, a regular parade
of cyclists would go for supplies.
447
00:38:14,825 --> 00:38:19,922
They had devised a system
based on tickets, on ration cards.
448
00:38:20,131 --> 00:38:22,065
Personally, I was a smoker,
449
00:38:22,065 --> 00:38:24,690
and it was awful not having cigarettes.
450
00:38:25,136 --> 00:38:27,161
It was a horrible situation.
451
00:38:27,161 --> 00:38:30,000
People would do anything, even steal.
452
00:38:30,408 --> 00:38:35,607
I got so desperate that I even rolled
artichoke leaves and smoked them.
453
00:38:35,880 --> 00:38:39,714
The children who were born
during that time,
454
00:38:39,714 --> 00:38:41,978
between 1942 and 1944,
455
00:38:42,386 --> 00:38:46,755
should have suffered from rickets,
and I say this as a doctor.
456
00:38:47,158 --> 00:38:49,683
In our family, it was ironic.
457
00:38:49,683 --> 00:38:52,829
These young ladies have a brother,
458
00:38:52,829 --> 00:38:56,990
who is 27 years old, and was born in 1942.
459
00:38:57,435 --> 00:38:59,300
He's six foot one!
460
00:38:59,637 --> 00:39:04,438
We fed him so much to avoid rickets
that he turned into a giant.
461
00:39:04,809 --> 00:39:09,109
He's a great tennis player,
an architect, and a giant to boot.
462
00:39:09,109 --> 00:39:14,947
Are you what they call �a bourgeois�
in a large provincial town?
463
00:39:15,686 --> 00:39:20,055
If being bourgeois means eating properly,
hunting in Sologne,
464
00:39:20,324 --> 00:39:23,418
having a hunting ground
in Sanscoin and in S�rye,
465
00:39:23,661 --> 00:39:27,119
and a son-in-law
who owns Lake Montcini�re,
466
00:39:27,398 --> 00:39:28,797
then I'm a bourgeois.
467
00:39:29,500 --> 00:39:33,459
When did you first begin to experience
468
00:39:34,271 --> 00:39:39,231
the consequences of the times,
in other words, persecution?
469
00:39:39,477 --> 00:39:42,537
How did you feel about that?
Did anything happen?
470
00:39:43,748 --> 00:39:45,113
Not before 1942.
471
00:39:45,950 --> 00:39:48,919
The only extraordinary event that occurred
472
00:39:49,186 --> 00:39:52,280
is that before the children were born,
473
00:39:52,923 --> 00:39:54,584
once again,
474
00:39:55,726 --> 00:40:01,790
in September 1942,
the hunting season was re-opened.
475
00:40:03,267 --> 00:40:04,495
What an event.
476
00:40:04,495 --> 00:40:06,797
It was important to the hunters.
477
00:40:07,638 --> 00:40:12,632
Game had been untouched for two years
so there was an abundance of it.
478
00:40:13,310 --> 00:40:17,474
It was a very satisfying experience
for those who owned a gun.
479
00:40:24,588 --> 00:40:30,288
In their little nests in the backyard,
my little rabbits are so sweet.
480
00:40:30,528 --> 00:40:32,826
Until recently, I hated hutches,
481
00:40:32,826 --> 00:40:36,798
and I despised and insulted
our gentle little friends,
482
00:40:37,034 --> 00:40:39,400
now the center of our attention.
483
00:40:39,603 --> 00:40:41,571
Just think, a rabbit!
484
00:40:41,571 --> 00:40:43,640
Firstly, it will delight the cook.
485
00:40:43,640 --> 00:40:48,371
And as its skin dries in the wind,
the whole family rejoices.
486
00:40:48,371 --> 00:40:52,209
Follow my example
and give rabbit breeding a try.
487
00:40:52,983 --> 00:40:58,182
As you can see, I love, you love,
we all love rabbits in every form!
488
00:40:58,182 --> 00:41:00,984
In reality, the French
489
00:41:01,292 --> 00:41:04,261
aren't normally very involved in politics.
490
00:41:04,795 --> 00:41:09,823
Once in a blue moon, they decide
to take action and storm the Bastille,
491
00:41:10,167 --> 00:41:12,727
or to fight religious wars for 50 years,
492
00:41:12,727 --> 00:41:17,968
or to initiate the French Revolution,
or to set off to conquer Europe.
493
00:41:18,275 --> 00:41:22,439
But, normally speaking,
they're just as peaceable as anyone else.
494
00:41:22,780 --> 00:41:26,045
One thing is for sure:
The French, in general,
495
00:41:26,045 --> 00:41:31,213
like a peaceful regime,
a regime which has authority,
496
00:41:31,213 --> 00:41:33,880
but is preferably humane.
497
00:41:33,880 --> 00:41:37,757
In any case,
they feel the need to be protected.
498
00:41:37,757 --> 00:41:39,919
They're quite paternalistic.
499
00:41:39,919 --> 00:41:42,794
Does this explains P�tain's popularity?
500
00:41:42,794 --> 00:41:47,768
Definitely. I might add that,
as a sergeant in the French army,
501
00:41:47,972 --> 00:41:51,931
I've seen a routed army.
And it's not a pretty sight.
502
00:41:52,776 --> 00:41:58,737
There's no denying that, for some time,
P�tain was extremely popular.
503
00:41:58,737 --> 00:42:03,547
He was viewed as one of
the good old guys, perhaps a bit senile,
504
00:42:03,547 --> 00:42:06,178
but after all,
he had given himself to France.
505
00:42:06,178 --> 00:42:11,489
That was a clever way of putting it.
He gave the gift of himself.
506
00:42:11,695 --> 00:42:15,927
So everyone thought that an old guy
like him couldn't do any harm.
507
00:42:15,927 --> 00:42:20,366
He could only help France.
At his age, what harm could he do?
508
00:42:20,366 --> 00:42:26,501
These arguments, albeit feeble,
were how people justified P�tain.
509
00:42:28,312 --> 00:42:30,075
THE MARSHAL'S VISIT
510
00:44:42,146 --> 00:44:44,774
I missed Mers-el-K�bir.
511
00:44:44,774 --> 00:44:48,283
I only heard about what happened
two weeks later.
512
00:44:48,886 --> 00:44:50,979
I never understood Mers-el-K�bir.
513
00:44:50,979 --> 00:44:55,718
Even now, having read many books
on the subject of Mers-el-K�bir,
514
00:44:55,718 --> 00:44:57,953
I still don't understand.
515
00:45:00,130 --> 00:45:01,757
It was always a mystery to me.
516
00:45:02,332 --> 00:45:04,800
Mers-el-K�bir was a mystery indeed.
517
00:45:05,035 --> 00:45:10,473
Do you mean you don't understand
why the English did what they did?
518
00:45:10,473 --> 00:45:13,509
No, I never really understood the English.
519
00:45:14,945 --> 00:45:19,405
After leaving Churchill,
I was a member in the House of Commons,
520
00:45:20,317 --> 00:45:23,047
I went to the House of Commons,
got my car,
521
00:45:23,721 --> 00:45:27,521
and drove myself through Hyde Park.
522
00:45:28,892 --> 00:45:32,953
In the middle of the park,
I saw a group of French sailors,
523
00:45:32,953 --> 00:45:36,429
with their little red pompons
on their kepis.
524
00:45:38,535 --> 00:45:44,064
They were running and playing
with an equal number of girls,
525
00:45:45,476 --> 00:45:47,740
or �young ladies� rather.
526
00:45:48,645 --> 00:45:51,944
They were running
and playing and screaming.
527
00:45:51,944 --> 00:45:56,576
They couldn't understand a word
of what the other was saying.
528
00:45:57,254 --> 00:46:00,451
Then a horrible feeling swept over me.
529
00:46:01,425 --> 00:46:04,724
It was sheer luck
that I didn't crash the car,
530
00:46:05,362 --> 00:46:10,664
because suddenly I remembered
Churchill's ultimatum I'd just read,
531
00:46:11,068 --> 00:46:14,629
and I thought of those French boats
in Mers-el-K�bir,
532
00:46:14,629 --> 00:46:16,968
where there were other sailors,
533
00:46:16,968 --> 00:46:21,374
also wearing kepis with little red pompons,
534
00:46:21,374 --> 00:46:25,073
and I wondered what was going
to happen to them tomorrow.
535
00:46:37,494 --> 00:46:42,761
These are the victims of the most base
and loathsome attack ever.
536
00:46:52,676 --> 00:46:58,706
Clearly, France's former ally only attacks
those who cannot fight back.
537
00:46:59,550 --> 00:47:01,711
On the morning of the attack,
538
00:47:01,711 --> 00:47:04,720
Admiral Gensoul received
the English ultimatum.
539
00:47:05,122 --> 00:47:09,183
Admiral Somerville proceeded
to send several delegations,
540
00:47:09,183 --> 00:47:14,025
in order to explain to Gensoul
the options proposed by Churchill:
541
00:47:14,565 --> 00:47:19,002
They could join the Free French,
allow themselves to be disarmed,
542
00:47:19,236 --> 00:47:23,468
or head to a neutral port
which was out of German reach.
543
00:47:23,740 --> 00:47:26,402
Admiral Gensoul refused all three options,
544
00:47:26,610 --> 00:47:30,546
as he considered them
dishonorable solutions.
545
00:47:36,153 --> 00:47:38,951
What we didn't dare to risk happening
546
00:47:39,156 --> 00:47:42,592
was letting the boats
fall into enemy hands.
547
00:47:42,592 --> 00:47:45,058
We simply couldn't take the risk.
548
00:47:56,039 --> 00:47:59,406
But wasn't there also a psychological risk?
549
00:47:59,406 --> 00:48:01,408
Yes, a considerable risk.
550
00:48:02,646 --> 00:48:06,047
It allowed the Germans
to spread propaganda.
551
00:48:07,284 --> 00:48:10,720
And Vichy, too.
Lord knows they used the opportunity.
552
00:48:11,021 --> 00:48:14,184
I think we understood that, but at the time,
553
00:48:14,184 --> 00:48:16,725
we had very little choice in the matter.
554
00:48:18,395 --> 00:48:21,330
There were 1,600 sailors
555
00:48:22,399 --> 00:48:24,526
killed by the British Navy.
556
00:48:24,526 --> 00:48:28,435
The British Navy attempted
to take over the French Navy.
557
00:48:28,435 --> 00:48:30,938
That was clear to us at the time.
558
00:48:31,508 --> 00:48:32,736
We thought that...
559
00:48:32,736 --> 00:48:38,746
We believed the armistice
would be respected by the Germans.
560
00:48:39,182 --> 00:48:43,915
In France, we thought,
as the Vichy government had told us,
561
00:48:44,655 --> 00:48:48,591
that the French Navy would
never be given over to the Germans.
562
00:48:48,926 --> 00:48:50,655
For us, that was a fact.
563
00:48:50,655 --> 00:48:54,822
I was brought up to believe
that promises were kept,
564
00:48:55,098 --> 00:48:59,364
and I just couldn't imagine
that there could be political dealings
565
00:48:59,364 --> 00:49:03,769
that would eventually lead
to the French Navy being given away.
566
00:49:04,341 --> 00:49:05,968
There was no way.
567
00:49:05,968 --> 00:49:08,611
So we viewed it as a brutal attack.
568
00:49:08,611 --> 00:49:12,545
There was also
an additional moral problem,
569
00:49:12,849 --> 00:49:16,080
in that, according to many testimonies,
570
00:49:16,353 --> 00:49:21,086
the sailors whose boats were shelled
by the British
571
00:49:21,892 --> 00:49:25,828
believed at that moment
they were going to cast off
572
00:49:25,828 --> 00:49:29,124
in order to join the British fleet.
573
00:49:31,535 --> 00:49:33,093
That's terrible.
574
00:49:33,637 --> 00:49:38,506
Had we felt there was any hope of that,
we would never have attacked.
575
00:49:38,506 --> 00:49:40,576
But there was no hope.
576
00:49:40,944 --> 00:49:45,347
Everything we said about the Germans
577
00:49:46,049 --> 00:49:49,348
was proved in Bizerta,
578
00:49:49,720 --> 00:49:55,022
where the Germans proceeded to give
the French admiral
579
00:49:55,292 --> 00:49:57,385
twenty minutes to surrender,
580
00:49:57,995 --> 00:50:01,761
to surrender boats and all,
581
00:50:01,999 --> 00:50:05,730
on pain of an immediate bombing attack,
582
00:50:06,003 --> 00:50:09,370
or of being taken prisoner.
583
00:50:11,541 --> 00:50:14,009
Our predictions all came true.
584
00:50:15,212 --> 00:50:17,874
We knew who we were dealing with.
585
00:50:27,190 --> 00:50:31,149
It was then, shortly after these events,
586
00:50:31,149 --> 00:50:36,893
that the French, whose faith in the English
had been greatly shaken,
587
00:50:36,893 --> 00:50:41,664
made contact with us for the first time,
through General Huntziger
588
00:50:41,664 --> 00:50:44,434
at the Armistice Commission
in Wiesbaden,
589
00:50:44,434 --> 00:50:49,103
to discuss the possibility
of changing the armistice clauses
590
00:50:49,103 --> 00:50:52,214
to allow military collaboration.
591
00:51:05,996 --> 00:51:09,193
And it was the discussion of such options,
592
00:51:09,193 --> 00:51:14,259
for which each side undoubtedly
had its own personal motivations,
593
00:51:14,704 --> 00:51:17,537
that initiated the negotiations,
594
00:51:17,808 --> 00:51:21,073
which are now known as �collaboration.�
595
00:51:30,253 --> 00:51:32,721
While the talks were beginning,
596
00:51:32,956 --> 00:51:37,757
Hitler and P�tain agreed
to meet in Montoire.
597
00:51:59,983 --> 00:52:04,044
In our first meeting,
Laval told me he was a Germanophile.
598
00:52:04,044 --> 00:52:06,155
And as he had known me for years,
599
00:52:06,423 --> 00:52:10,826
he asked me to put in a good word
for him with Hitler. And I did.
600
00:52:14,531 --> 00:52:17,625
I think Hitler felt Laval was sincere,
601
00:52:17,868 --> 00:52:21,360
at least in one aspect:
When he spoke of collaboration.
602
00:52:23,507 --> 00:52:26,874
And that was the main issue
at the second meeting.
603
00:52:32,315 --> 00:52:36,251
In such cases, the defeated want to know
what will become of them.
604
00:52:36,953 --> 00:52:40,184
What will the peace treaty be like?
605
00:52:40,891 --> 00:52:43,485
Whereas the victors I've often seen
606
00:52:43,727 --> 00:52:49,290
generally don't know what's next
and cannot answer such questions.
607
00:52:55,438 --> 00:52:57,303
That's how it went in Montoire.
608
00:52:57,574 --> 00:53:00,907
Hitler didn't know
how to answer P�tain's questions
609
00:53:00,907 --> 00:53:04,276
about boundaries or the fate of prisoners.
610
00:53:04,681 --> 00:53:07,912
So it ended with everything up in the air.
611
00:53:09,085 --> 00:53:12,350
Ah, Montoire... Now that was quite a story.
612
00:53:12,956 --> 00:53:15,049
Where was this Montoire, anyhow?
613
00:53:15,926 --> 00:53:19,760
Everyone was looking it up in the atlas
to see where it was.
614
00:53:19,963 --> 00:53:23,694
When we heard what had transpired,
it was depressing.
615
00:53:24,201 --> 00:53:26,101
Some even cried the next day.
616
00:53:26,101 --> 00:53:28,136
� People were crying?
� Yes.
617
00:53:28,136 --> 00:53:31,900
Soon afterwards,
a new slogan became popular,
618
00:53:32,609 --> 00:53:34,474
�Collaboration is:�
619
00:53:35,278 --> 00:53:38,304
�Give me your watch,
I'll give you the time.�
620
00:53:38,682 --> 00:53:40,206
That was the slogan.
621
00:53:41,551 --> 00:53:43,212
That was collaboration.
622
00:53:44,421 --> 00:53:47,982
He often said, also in my presence,
623
00:53:48,758 --> 00:53:50,692
that he hadn't yet decided
624
00:53:50,692 --> 00:53:54,787
whether England or France
should pay for the war.
625
00:53:54,998 --> 00:53:58,934
On the basis of his �race ideology,�
626
00:53:58,934 --> 00:54:03,597
or whatever you can call this point of view,
627
00:54:03,597 --> 00:54:08,803
many felt much more related
to the English than to the French.
628
00:54:09,112 --> 00:54:14,550
I am convinced that France,
as Hitler saw it,
629
00:54:14,550 --> 00:54:17,711
could only play a minor role
630
00:54:17,711 --> 00:54:21,757
in a National Socialist Europe.
631
00:54:22,492 --> 00:54:28,692
He had never been in France
or anywhere else in Europe.
632
00:54:29,032 --> 00:54:33,765
Whatever knowledge he had
was derived from books,
633
00:54:33,970 --> 00:54:38,703
which had first been adapted
to his point of view.
634
00:54:38,703 --> 00:54:43,973
In his mind,
he felt that a decline of the French people
635
00:54:43,973 --> 00:54:53,546
was unavoidable. And this idea
was confirmed by the French defeat.
636
00:55:02,299 --> 00:55:07,464
During his travels, Hitler sometimes
shared his thoughts with others.
637
00:55:07,937 --> 00:55:10,303
April 5, 1942. Suppertime.
638
00:55:10,607 --> 00:55:15,203
The F�hrer says that if one plans on
ignoring the terms of a contract,
639
00:55:15,203 --> 00:55:17,337
no use quibbling over details.
640
00:55:17,337 --> 00:55:21,712
Hence, we must assure ourselves
that the French are sincere.
641
00:55:22,018 --> 00:55:27,046
No point in trying to pickpocket
an experienced pickpocketer
642
00:55:27,046 --> 00:55:29,057
like the F�hrer himself.
643
00:55:29,492 --> 00:55:33,121
In any case,
France's main task for the next 50 years
644
00:55:33,330 --> 00:55:36,959
is to repair the damage done at Versailles.
645
00:55:36,959 --> 00:55:39,865
April 24, 1942. Suppertime.
646
00:55:39,865 --> 00:55:43,734
The F�hrer says he is against
marriages between
647
00:55:43,734 --> 00:55:46,967
the Wehrmacht and foreigners
in occupied lands.
648
00:55:46,967 --> 00:55:50,807
Such demands are generally based on
sexual frustration,
649
00:55:50,807 --> 00:55:52,811
which is common in troops abroad.
650
00:55:52,811 --> 00:55:58,115
He is struck by the contrast
between the photos of the German men,
651
00:55:58,655 --> 00:56:02,216
and those of the women,
who are very shabby looking.
652
00:56:02,659 --> 00:56:06,686
The F�hrer feels that such marriages
are doomed from the start,
653
00:56:06,963 --> 00:56:10,990
both in terms of individual happiness
and racial purity.
654
00:56:11,301 --> 00:56:14,862
He is more in favor
of harmless passing fancies,
655
00:56:14,862 --> 00:56:18,303
which are inevitable
in this type of situation.
656
00:56:28,885 --> 00:56:33,049
The conditions created by
National Socialism
657
00:56:33,049 --> 00:56:36,022
within German structures at that time
658
00:56:36,292 --> 00:56:41,559
made it impossible for us to respect
the clauses of the armistice.
659
00:56:44,801 --> 00:56:47,395
We couldn't help what happened,
660
00:56:47,395 --> 00:56:51,633
any more than we could have helped
all the other horrible things
661
00:56:51,633 --> 00:56:55,905
which continue to haunt
any rational human being.
662
00:56:56,112 --> 00:57:01,709
We couldn't stop Hitler and company
from invading Alsace and Lorraine,
663
00:57:01,709 --> 00:57:04,376
making them a part of the Third Reich,
664
00:57:04,376 --> 00:57:10,392
and eventually incorporating their youth
into the Wehrmacht.
665
00:57:12,429 --> 00:57:14,897
This was all out of our hands.
666
00:57:14,897 --> 00:57:18,399
We can reproach ourselves
until kingdom come,
667
00:57:18,399 --> 00:57:20,867
but there was nothing we could do.
668
00:57:57,607 --> 00:58:02,510
You say that after Russia,
you were sent to Alsace, and then France.
669
00:58:04,080 --> 00:58:06,310
Why? Was Alsace not France?
670
00:58:11,688 --> 00:58:17,923
No. For us, it wasn't French territory.
The people were pro-German.
671
00:58:17,923 --> 00:58:20,086
I even brought my whole family.
672
00:58:25,568 --> 00:58:28,469
There were some people
with bad intentions,
673
00:58:28,469 --> 00:58:31,631
some patriots who were ready
to do anything.
674
00:58:32,041 --> 00:58:33,599
But there weren't many.
675
00:58:33,599 --> 00:58:37,577
So I felt like
I was in a country of German origin.
676
00:58:44,721 --> 00:58:45,881
And now?
677
00:58:46,089 --> 00:58:48,080
I've never gone back.
678
00:58:49,025 --> 00:58:51,550
No, but what do you think of it now?
679
00:58:51,794 --> 00:58:55,821
I think it's true.
I think it belongs to Germany.
680
00:58:56,866 --> 00:59:00,427
Here a show is being put on for the S.S.
681
00:59:00,427 --> 00:59:03,404
Bruno Fritz's amusing ice hockey report.
682
00:59:12,215 --> 00:59:16,618
The German player is taken by surprise
and falls down on...
683
00:59:22,692 --> 00:59:24,216
on the ice!
684
00:59:26,229 --> 00:59:29,926
He stands up again. It feels too cold.
685
00:59:45,648 --> 00:59:48,742
Thanks to Franco-German
economic collaboration,
686
00:59:49,085 --> 00:59:52,020
100,000 French workers now work
in Germany.
687
00:59:52,221 --> 00:59:54,621
Four trains leave the capital weekly
688
00:59:54,621 --> 00:59:57,386
and head for German industrial regions.
689
00:59:57,386 --> 01:00:00,758
Today, at North Station,
the war councilor Michel
690
01:00:00,758 --> 01:00:06,062
has come to shake the hand of worker
number 110,000: Edouard Lef�bvre.
691
01:00:07,437 --> 01:00:10,531
Tell us, Mr. Lef�bvre,
were you unemployed?
692
01:00:10,531 --> 01:00:13,234
� That's right.
� For how long?
693
01:00:14,243 --> 01:00:15,972
It's been two years now.
694
01:00:16,546 --> 01:00:19,014
� Are you married?
� With children.
695
01:00:25,822 --> 01:00:29,519
This vast organization has already had
good results:
696
01:00:29,519 --> 01:00:33,960
Lower unemployment rates,
and understanding between workers.
697
01:00:41,537 --> 01:00:47,032
I'd worked for the Finance Minister
and the State Secretary since 1923.
698
01:00:47,032 --> 01:00:51,671
In 1940, Mr. Lansfried requested
that I go to Paris,
699
01:00:51,914 --> 01:00:56,681
as head of the military-controlled
finance division in occupied France.
700
01:00:57,387 --> 01:01:02,154
He didn't want a National Socialist
party member in this position.
701
01:01:05,428 --> 01:01:07,988
Were you not a member of the party?
702
01:01:14,103 --> 01:01:18,005
Yes, shortly before, I had joined the party,
703
01:01:18,474 --> 01:01:21,307
again at the request of Mr. Lansfried.
704
01:01:22,211 --> 01:01:27,672
We tried to be as reasonable as possible,
and as fair as possible,
705
01:01:27,672 --> 01:01:31,948
not only in our own interests,
but in those of France as well.
706
01:01:39,829 --> 01:01:43,230
This famous democracy,
in the past 20 years,
707
01:01:43,230 --> 01:01:46,893
has proved itself incapable
of eliminating such poverty.
708
01:01:56,179 --> 01:02:00,172
The Third Reich, however,
aims to provide its workers
709
01:02:00,172 --> 01:02:03,946
everywhere in Germany
with healthy and beautiful hometowns.
710
01:02:04,387 --> 01:02:08,289
This is a new settlement
in a small industrial town,
711
01:02:08,925 --> 01:02:11,723
which naturally has a daycare center,
712
01:02:11,723 --> 01:02:17,128
a clinic, a center for mothers and children
and an X-ray lab.
713
01:02:17,128 --> 01:02:20,760
One gets the impression from such reports
714
01:02:20,760 --> 01:02:26,672
that German propaganda was
quite open in its racial prejudice,
715
01:02:26,672 --> 01:02:30,268
and often implied
that German discipline and structure
716
01:02:30,613 --> 01:02:34,572
were necessary qualities to clean up
what was considered
717
01:02:34,572 --> 01:02:36,878
to be �the French mess.�
718
01:02:45,962 --> 01:02:49,261
Yes, there is some truth in what you say.
719
01:02:49,465 --> 01:02:54,835
In our offices in Paris,
we also had a propaganda department.
720
01:02:54,835 --> 01:02:57,997
But it received orders directly from Berlin.
721
01:03:04,213 --> 01:03:08,650
And I would like to point out that,
from the outset of my job...
722
01:03:08,650 --> 01:03:14,723
It was the first ministerial-level
visit from the French government,
723
01:03:14,723 --> 01:03:18,089
the Minister of Transport
visited in September 1940.
724
01:03:18,361 --> 01:03:21,728
He was accompanied
by the owner of a racing stable,
725
01:03:21,728 --> 01:03:25,733
who wanted permission
to begin horse racing again,
726
01:03:25,733 --> 01:03:30,828
as it was a very popular national pastime.
727
01:03:39,982 --> 01:03:41,711
The races are ever-popular.
728
01:03:42,185 --> 01:03:45,586
One thing is clear,
Paris has become Paris once again.
729
01:03:55,164 --> 01:03:58,895
I listened to my collaborators
and said, �Why not?�
730
01:03:58,895 --> 01:04:04,132
And so the races started up again,
and continued until 1944.
731
01:04:39,275 --> 01:04:43,575
Thanks to us, the theaters were able
to open their doors again.
732
01:04:43,913 --> 01:04:47,212
We often went to the theater,
alone or with friends.
733
01:04:47,212 --> 01:04:50,308
The Germans also attended the races,
734
01:04:50,308 --> 01:04:54,787
which is how the different parties
made contact quite spontaneously.
735
01:04:55,258 --> 01:04:59,957
Personal relationships developed
between the different sides,
736
01:05:00,162 --> 01:05:02,289
probably for various reasons.
737
01:05:06,836 --> 01:05:11,466
I'm sure you're aware there has been
a tendency in France since the war
738
01:05:11,674 --> 01:05:14,643
to deny that such contact ever existed.
739
01:05:14,643 --> 01:05:16,608
Yes, but it did exist.
740
01:05:18,981 --> 01:05:23,543
Germany was triumphant,
and there wasn't a single front
741
01:05:24,086 --> 01:05:27,385
from which it failed
to come home victorious.
742
01:05:27,385 --> 01:05:31,586
There's no denying that the German army
made quite an impression
743
01:05:32,061 --> 01:05:34,723
on the youth in France.
Seeing that army of young men,
744
01:05:34,723 --> 01:05:37,492
stripped to the waist...
745
01:05:38,234 --> 01:05:43,831
After all, I'm the son of a soldier
and I was a soldier myself.
746
01:05:44,340 --> 01:05:48,936
A sense of responsibility,
hierarchy and discipline mean a lot.
747
01:05:50,046 --> 01:05:54,847
A well-disciplined army was important
to people like us.
748
01:05:55,851 --> 01:05:59,810
This was the first time
we had seen such an ideal army.
749
01:06:00,022 --> 01:06:03,150
The French army was nothing compared to
750
01:06:04,126 --> 01:06:09,462
this army who could put
the fear of God into an entire people.
751
01:06:09,665 --> 01:06:14,068
It sounds awful to say,
but it's the truth of the matter.
752
01:06:16,105 --> 01:06:18,164
We solemnly swear
753
01:06:19,775 --> 01:06:21,140
to unite
754
01:06:22,745 --> 01:06:24,940
and to place our forces,
755
01:06:27,550 --> 01:06:28,881
our faith,
756
01:06:29,652 --> 01:06:30,914
our ardor,
757
01:06:31,954 --> 01:06:33,888
at the service of the Marshal,
758
01:06:36,959 --> 01:06:38,859
at the service of France.
759
01:06:41,330 --> 01:06:44,697
This campfire draws
a three-day meeting to an end,
760
01:06:44,697 --> 01:06:49,032
during which the discipline
and dedication of these young men
761
01:06:49,032 --> 01:06:51,571
were proved once again.
762
01:07:08,124 --> 01:07:12,788
The French believe servicemen
should be tough as nails,
763
01:07:13,896 --> 01:07:18,492
and at the end of the day,
they always turn to servicemen,
764
01:07:19,135 --> 01:07:23,834
whether it be to restore order,
to prevent a coup-d'�tat,
765
01:07:23,834 --> 01:07:26,430
or to organize a coup-d'�tat.
766
01:07:26,809 --> 01:07:29,141
But the serviceman is omnipresent,
767
01:07:29,378 --> 01:07:32,347
with his cap, his pompon, his saber,
768
01:07:32,347 --> 01:07:36,144
no matter what his rank may be.
769
01:07:37,219 --> 01:07:38,481
The French love their army.
770
01:07:44,560 --> 01:07:47,552
Poem by Officer C. Languillon,
771
01:07:47,552 --> 01:07:52,623
published on the front page of
Le Moniteur on November 24, 1940.
772
01:07:52,935 --> 01:07:55,267
�His name rings as a gunshot.
773
01:07:55,267 --> 01:07:59,933
�P�tain ready for the challenge?
The soul is willing.
774
01:07:59,933 --> 01:08:02,135
�But goodness is ever aloof.
775
01:08:02,344 --> 01:08:05,279
�The great victor, even greater in defeat.
776
01:08:05,279 --> 01:08:08,350
�Schemers, foreigners, buffoons and fools,
777
01:08:08,551 --> 01:08:11,884
�have brought you to your knees, O France.
778
01:08:11,884 --> 01:08:14,854
�The hero of Verdun, cleaning the slate,
779
01:08:14,854 --> 01:08:18,016
�Is setting our house in order
from top to bottom.
780
01:08:18,227 --> 01:08:21,924
�A Herculean labor, a difficult recovery.
781
01:08:21,924 --> 01:08:24,726
�From the ruins come muffled groans.
782
01:08:25,000 --> 01:08:28,231
�Former profiteers writhe in the rubble.�
783
01:08:36,112 --> 01:08:41,448
P�tain, in a series of speeches,
drew conclusions from this defeat.
784
01:08:41,951 --> 01:08:45,648
And he did so with skill.
He could woo his audience.
785
01:08:45,648 --> 01:08:50,191
If one was to read the texts now,
I haven't read them in years,
786
01:08:52,061 --> 01:08:56,430
but I bet if you read them now,
you would be quite surprised.
787
01:08:56,732 --> 01:09:02,329
Yes, the texts relied heavily
on the people's collective unconscious.
788
01:09:02,571 --> 01:09:04,004
Absolutely right.
789
01:09:04,373 --> 01:09:10,005
� He blamed the parliament.
� Yes, the parliamentary system...
790
01:09:11,647 --> 01:09:17,017
Certain employers were suspect... foreign...
791
01:09:17,486 --> 01:09:20,717
cosmopolitan, not to mention dark-skinned.
792
01:09:21,157 --> 01:09:24,092
And of course,
he blamed the Communist Party.
793
01:09:24,426 --> 01:09:27,418
The Communist Party was the cause
of all evils.
794
01:09:27,796 --> 01:09:29,991
All hotels were requisitioned,
795
01:09:29,991 --> 01:09:36,834
and the Park Hotel was occupied
by Marshal P�tain and his staff.
796
01:09:38,040 --> 01:09:42,272
This is where I met up with my friend,
Colonel Gorosse-Tardou,
797
01:09:42,578 --> 01:09:44,341
who lived with P�tain.
798
01:09:44,341 --> 01:09:48,940
He was the chief of staff
for his aviation department.
799
01:09:51,887 --> 01:09:55,152
Consequently,
I was often at the Park Hotel.
800
01:09:57,593 --> 01:10:01,962
It was always busy,
with lots of people milling around.
801
01:10:01,962 --> 01:10:07,728
Everyone kept their voices down
and spied on their neighbors.
802
01:10:08,337 --> 01:10:11,329
Personally, I wasn't used to their system,
803
01:10:11,607 --> 01:10:15,134
but when I spoke,
I followed everyone's example.
804
01:10:15,134 --> 01:10:18,372
They were forever shushing one another.
805
01:10:19,515 --> 01:10:25,920
� Everyone was very suspicious.
� Of the enemy or of one another?
806
01:10:28,657 --> 01:10:30,249
A bit of both.
807
01:10:31,060 --> 01:10:33,494
Are you a Republican?
808
01:10:36,932 --> 01:10:38,024
Not really.
809
01:10:39,602 --> 01:10:40,899
� Not really?
� No.
810
01:10:40,899 --> 01:10:42,970
You're more of a Monarchist?
811
01:10:43,339 --> 01:10:44,863
Yes, that's right.
812
01:10:45,341 --> 01:10:47,206
French news. Late 1940.
813
01:10:47,206 --> 01:10:51,006
Pilot-sergeant Gonthier de Basse,
veteran of WWI,
814
01:10:51,006 --> 01:10:53,638
volunteer in '39, hurt in Dunkirk,
815
01:10:53,916 --> 01:10:58,250
has, of his own free will,
agreed to make the following declaration.
816
01:10:58,250 --> 01:11:03,824
Ever since my return from England
aboard The Sphinx on October 5,
817
01:11:04,059 --> 01:11:09,258
I've been surprised by the number
of my compatriots who still believe
818
01:11:09,258 --> 01:11:14,132
the wounded in Narvik and Dunkirk
were all well-treated by our ex-ally
819
01:11:14,570 --> 01:11:19,234
and this is why I've decided
to share my memories with you.
820
01:11:19,908 --> 01:11:22,138
When we arrived in England,
821
01:11:22,411 --> 01:11:26,177
we harbored no grudge
against our English comrades.
822
01:11:26,882 --> 01:11:28,713
But after the tragedy in June,
823
01:11:28,951 --> 01:11:32,216
when we were invited
to come serve under a new flag,
824
01:11:32,521 --> 01:11:37,049
when they offered
to pay us our dues in pounds sterling,
825
01:11:37,259 --> 01:11:40,922
we could only reply
with disdain and indignation.
826
01:11:41,163 --> 01:11:44,724
We French soldiers can only serve
under our own colors.
827
01:11:44,724 --> 01:11:46,993
Anything else would be treason.
828
01:11:47,469 --> 01:11:49,994
Fellow Frenchmen, comrades,
829
01:11:50,439 --> 01:11:55,399
our duty is to stand side by side
behind our leader, Marshal P�tain,
830
01:11:55,678 --> 01:11:59,444
to guarantee France a place of honor
in a new Europe,
831
01:11:59,444 --> 01:12:03,483
and to allow the prisoners
to return home immediately.
832
01:12:03,719 --> 01:12:05,243
It is a difficult task.
833
01:12:05,454 --> 01:12:08,082
Those who try to divide us are enemies.
834
01:12:08,324 --> 01:12:11,122
United we stand, divided we fall.
835
01:12:12,161 --> 01:12:15,255
The idea was to get out of the war,
come what may,
836
01:12:15,255 --> 01:12:18,458
as quickly as possible.
837
01:12:18,834 --> 01:12:23,897
There were 15,000 French sailors
in Liverpool.
838
01:12:25,307 --> 01:12:27,070
I went and spoke to them.
839
01:12:27,643 --> 01:12:31,010
I tried to persuade them
to continue the war.
840
01:12:31,480 --> 01:12:33,209
But there was no way.
841
01:12:33,716 --> 01:12:39,586
We were so low on people
that we needed them to dig the trenches,
842
01:12:39,586 --> 01:12:42,657
and we offered them wages to do so.
843
01:12:43,092 --> 01:12:44,320
They said no.
844
01:12:46,795 --> 01:12:50,424
They said, �France is no longer in the war.
845
01:12:52,801 --> 01:12:56,100
�We no longer have the right
to dig trenches.�
846
01:12:57,506 --> 01:13:02,205
You see... the kind of attitude they had.
847
01:13:03,812 --> 01:13:09,182
Their desire to get out was almost spiteful.
848
01:13:13,088 --> 01:13:17,684
As for what would become of England,
they didn't give a care.
849
01:13:23,932 --> 01:13:26,628
That's the kind of attitude they had.
850
01:13:27,803 --> 01:13:30,067
They felt that it was inconceivable
851
01:13:30,806 --> 01:13:36,210
that the English succeed
where the French army had been beaten.
852
01:13:37,513 --> 01:13:40,482
On June 17, 1940,
the steam liner Le Massilia
853
01:13:40,482 --> 01:13:43,073
headed from Bordeaux to Morocco.
854
01:13:43,485 --> 01:13:46,147
Several parliamentarians were aboard.
855
01:13:46,455 --> 01:13:48,855
This event caused much ink to flow.
856
01:13:49,124 --> 01:13:54,221
I boarded Le Massilia
without suspecting that it was a big trap.
857
01:13:55,764 --> 01:14:00,326
Those who stayed behind in Bordeaux
quickly understood
858
01:14:01,336 --> 01:14:06,364
that they could exploit the circumstances,
859
01:14:06,364 --> 01:14:11,707
and influence the public
to think that the departure of the boat
860
01:14:12,014 --> 01:14:15,814
and the fact that
a number of politicians were aboard,
861
01:14:15,814 --> 01:14:21,082
was a sign we were panicking,
running away, abandoning them.
862
01:14:21,082 --> 01:14:23,784
In other words, deserting.
863
01:14:23,784 --> 01:14:29,397
The people aboard Le Massilia
who actually wanted to fight
864
01:14:29,665 --> 01:14:34,898
were quickly judged to be cowards
who were fleeing the fight.
865
01:14:35,637 --> 01:14:38,299
It was paradoxical that some of us,
866
01:14:38,299 --> 01:14:41,171
including Vi�not, Jean Zay, Wiltzer and I,
867
01:14:41,171 --> 01:14:44,768
were tried for desertion,
868
01:14:45,747 --> 01:14:50,707
when in fact their original plan
had been to go fight.
869
01:14:50,707 --> 01:14:55,085
And as far as I was concerned,
I was almost obliged to go,
870
01:14:55,085 --> 01:14:59,456
seeing as my unit had gone,
and it was my duty to follow them.
871
01:15:00,062 --> 01:15:04,123
Everyone wound up in Rabat.
There were tons of people.
872
01:15:07,836 --> 01:15:10,805
Once there, I went to lunch
873
01:15:11,707 --> 01:15:15,734
at �Balima,� Rabat's best restaurant,
where everyone met.
874
01:15:15,944 --> 01:15:21,143
One of my cousins,
Du Jonchay, a pilot, was there,
875
01:15:21,683 --> 01:15:25,346
and naturally we discussed
what had happened.
876
01:15:25,346 --> 01:15:27,615
He showed me Pierre Mend�s-France,
877
01:15:27,615 --> 01:15:33,923
who was sitting at a table
with a lovely woman, who was his wife.
878
01:15:35,664 --> 01:15:37,996
My cousin turned to me and said,
879
01:15:38,700 --> 01:15:42,898
�Our State Secretary there
is responsible for our defeat.�
880
01:15:42,898 --> 01:15:48,169
There he sat, our little lieutenant,
drinking champagne.
881
01:15:48,169 --> 01:15:52,179
That champagne completely infuriated me.
882
01:15:52,179 --> 01:15:54,144
I walked up to him,
883
01:15:54,144 --> 01:15:59,016
and told him this was no attitude to have,
after being defeated,
884
01:15:59,016 --> 01:16:03,148
drinking champagne in public
as if he was delighted
885
01:16:04,626 --> 01:16:06,526
about what had happened.
886
01:16:07,529 --> 01:16:08,518
Then what?
887
01:16:09,498 --> 01:16:11,659
I told him
888
01:16:12,534 --> 01:16:16,061
if I saw him again, I would kick him out.
889
01:16:17,339 --> 01:16:19,102
And I gave him my card.
890
01:16:21,009 --> 01:16:25,139
� It caused quite a stir.
� You were picking a fight.
891
01:16:25,139 --> 01:16:29,183
No, I simply gave him my card
to let him know who I was.
892
01:16:29,183 --> 01:16:31,309
Not to hide my identity.
893
01:16:31,309 --> 01:16:33,615
How did he react?
894
01:16:34,122 --> 01:16:39,116
He got up, stood to attention,
and said nothing.
895
01:16:39,328 --> 01:16:42,126
I was a captain, he was a lieutenant.
896
01:16:42,664 --> 01:16:44,029
I see.
897
01:16:44,600 --> 01:16:46,727
There was surrender and treason.
898
01:16:46,727 --> 01:16:51,432
But anti-Semitism had also begun
to rear its ugly head.
899
01:16:51,432 --> 01:16:56,442
Many who used to hide their feelings
openly declared their anti-Semitism
900
01:16:56,442 --> 01:17:01,812
to the point that France began adopting
certain German values,
901
01:17:01,812 --> 01:17:05,511
and sought to get closer to Hitler,
902
01:17:05,511 --> 01:17:10,649
in the hope of creating a Europe where
France and Germany would collaborate
903
01:17:10,649 --> 01:17:14,557
and obviously anti-Semitism
became a common element
904
01:17:14,557 --> 01:17:17,564
between many Germans and Frenchmen.
905
01:17:17,564 --> 01:17:22,899
And, of course, Jean Zay and I
had the misfortune of being Jewish.
906
01:17:22,899 --> 01:17:28,204
Actually, I was Jewish.
Jean Zay was only partly Jewish.
907
01:17:28,204 --> 01:17:32,803
He had converted, as had his father,
but he was of Jewish origin.
908
01:17:34,416 --> 01:17:38,250
This didn't detract from
the atrocious campaign against him,
909
01:17:38,250 --> 01:17:41,811
which, as you know,
ended in his being killed.
910
01:17:44,426 --> 01:17:48,385
Jean Zay was arrested.
His pregnant wife was in Casablanca.
911
01:17:48,597 --> 01:17:52,260
She had a very tough time
to find a hospital bed,
912
01:17:52,260 --> 01:17:55,666
or even someone
willing to help her give birth.
913
01:17:55,871 --> 01:17:58,362
There was such hatred.
914
01:17:58,362 --> 01:18:03,103
When clinics or hospitals heard
that she was Jean Zay's wife,
915
01:18:03,311 --> 01:18:06,439
they didn't have the courage to admit her.
916
01:18:06,439 --> 01:18:10,814
You can't imagine how rampant
sectarianism had become.
917
01:18:11,820 --> 01:18:17,087
In any case, Mrs. Zay's pregnancy
was certainly a very trying time.
918
01:18:17,087 --> 01:18:22,162
She lived with my wife
and they spent many long hours together
919
01:18:22,162 --> 01:18:26,030
during which they were
abused and insulted.
920
01:18:26,030 --> 01:18:30,503
My wife also had a very rough time of it.
921
01:18:30,839 --> 01:18:32,397
Anyhow,
922
01:18:34,009 --> 01:18:39,106
Madeleine Zay eventually gave birth
to this baby,
923
01:18:39,106 --> 01:18:40,772
whom I had the opportunity to meet,
924
01:18:40,772 --> 01:18:44,409
as I was arrested
shortly after the baby's birth.
925
01:18:44,720 --> 01:18:48,417
And when I was transferred
to Clermont-Ferrand,
926
01:18:48,417 --> 01:18:53,392
where I met up with Jean Zay,
I'd seen his daughter and he hadn't.
927
01:18:54,029 --> 01:18:56,589
JEAN ZAY
To Appear In Court Tomorrow
928
01:19:05,807 --> 01:19:09,436
The committing magistrate was
Colonel Lepr�tre.
929
01:19:09,644 --> 01:19:14,911
I don't want to name names,
but this man's reputation lives on today.
930
01:19:15,150 --> 01:19:21,248
The man was very intelligent,
very bright, clever and cunning,
931
01:19:22,224 --> 01:19:25,625
but he had a very perverse side to him,
932
01:19:26,094 --> 01:19:29,154
in that he harbored great hate
for the accused,
933
01:19:29,154 --> 01:19:31,892
especially if the accused was left-wing.
934
01:19:32,567 --> 01:19:38,267
He got a certain morbid pleasure
from seeing an important man accused.
935
01:19:40,742 --> 01:19:46,476
Even outside of cross-examination,
he would sometimes visit the prison,
936
01:19:47,349 --> 01:19:50,682
just to sit and chat with the prisoners.
937
01:19:50,952 --> 01:19:54,149
He would go in their cells,
and sit on their beds,
938
01:19:54,456 --> 01:19:57,016
pretending to speak with them simply.
939
01:19:57,016 --> 01:20:01,357
He clearly got a great deal of pleasure
out of holding the fates
940
01:20:01,357 --> 01:20:04,762
of such formerly important men
in his hands.
941
01:20:05,100 --> 01:20:08,934
There was something very sick,
very odd about it.
942
01:20:09,304 --> 01:20:10,362
A strange man.
943
01:20:10,362 --> 01:20:15,705
So he would confess to certain things
in moments of relaxation?
944
01:20:15,911 --> 01:20:19,642
One day, he said to me,
�I know what you think of me.�
945
01:20:19,642 --> 01:20:23,775
The man was bright enough to understand.
Very intelligent.
946
01:20:24,085 --> 01:20:27,077
He said to me,
�I know what you think of me,
947
01:20:27,522 --> 01:20:31,856
�but in an organized society,
there are certain tasks,
948
01:20:31,856 --> 01:20:37,262
�tasks which must be done,
and which require people to do them.�
949
01:20:37,933 --> 01:20:41,369
�Every society needs garbage men.�
He chose that word.
950
01:20:41,937 --> 01:20:43,802
Were you able to emphasize
951
01:20:43,802 --> 01:20:49,844
the racial and political background
and motives to the trial?
952
01:20:51,413 --> 01:20:55,543
No, our main concern was
to obtain satisfying results,
953
01:20:55,543 --> 01:21:01,155
and we knew that these judges
wouldn't appreciate such arguments.
954
01:21:01,389 --> 01:21:05,189
Even if we had said that his being Jewish
955
01:21:05,189 --> 01:21:07,284
should have nothing to do with the trial,
956
01:21:07,284 --> 01:21:11,523
we knew perfectly well
that it would be a major issue.
957
01:21:11,766 --> 01:21:14,701
The hearing was extremely tense.
958
01:21:15,170 --> 01:21:19,072
It began at 9.00 a.m. With an introduction
by Pierre Mend�s-France,
959
01:21:19,274 --> 01:21:22,300
which the Colonel received
with obvious contempt.
960
01:21:23,578 --> 01:21:26,513
He had been given a table
and a jug of water.
961
01:21:26,781 --> 01:21:29,306
He began with the following
introductory statement:
962
01:21:29,306 --> 01:21:34,878
�Colonel and gentlemen,
I am Jewish, I am a Freemason,
963
01:21:34,878 --> 01:21:37,856
�but I am not a deserter.
May the trial begin.�
964
01:21:38,126 --> 01:21:43,928
The court was presided over
by a rather frenzied man,
965
01:21:43,928 --> 01:21:46,091
called Colonel Perret,
966
01:21:47,469 --> 01:21:50,029
a colonel in charge of tanks,
967
01:21:50,972 --> 01:21:54,373
who harbored a particular hatred
for General de Gaulle,
968
01:21:56,177 --> 01:22:01,513
because they had served in Saint Cyr
together and were both competitive.
969
01:22:02,684 --> 01:22:07,883
He hated anything to do with de Gaulle,
Gaullism or Gaullists.
970
01:22:07,883 --> 01:22:11,152
Furthermore,
he was a very frenzied character,
971
01:22:12,027 --> 01:22:15,519
who ran the hearings
in an atrocious manner.
972
01:22:16,965 --> 01:22:22,130
My sentence was nothing compared to
the death sentences he gave out.
973
01:22:22,130 --> 01:22:28,369
He was responsible for executions,
which is considerably worse
974
01:22:28,369 --> 01:22:30,671
than the sentence he gave me.
975
01:22:31,246 --> 01:22:37,116
I must say that those present
at the hearing were extremely hostile.
976
01:22:37,419 --> 01:22:40,547
The audience had been rigged,
no two ways about it.
977
01:22:41,256 --> 01:22:43,554
Women whose faces were filled with hate.
978
01:22:43,554 --> 01:22:45,990
I won't name any names,
979
01:22:46,628 --> 01:22:49,188
but they were hateful people,
980
01:22:49,188 --> 01:22:54,030
people who were hoping
for the cruelest of sentences,
981
01:22:54,030 --> 01:22:57,434
who were hoping I'd be killed immediately,
982
01:22:57,434 --> 01:23:01,439
who didn't think I should even
be allowed to defend myself.
983
01:23:02,344 --> 01:23:05,939
Some 300 or 400 entry cards
had been delivered,
984
01:23:05,939 --> 01:23:08,038
but only six were for the defense.
985
01:23:08,416 --> 01:23:10,976
The cards were quite a story.
986
01:23:11,186 --> 01:23:15,623
As only a limited number existed,
and they were in high demand,
987
01:23:15,623 --> 01:23:18,225
a new black market developed.
988
01:23:18,225 --> 01:23:22,456
There were bistros in Clermont
that hawked the cards.
989
01:23:23,131 --> 01:23:26,692
Flatteringly enough,
they were very expensive,
990
01:23:26,692 --> 01:23:30,464
twenty francs for the show.
It cost more than the movies.
991
01:23:30,464 --> 01:23:35,236
There's no denying
that public opinion was strongly influenced
992
01:23:35,236 --> 01:23:37,038
by the papers at that time,
993
01:23:37,038 --> 01:23:41,013
which felt that the politicians
who were accused
994
01:23:41,013 --> 01:23:43,743
should automatically be declared guilty.
995
01:23:44,285 --> 01:23:48,016
My colonel, my lieutenant-colonel
and my general
996
01:23:48,016 --> 01:23:52,321
all took the stand
and said, �He didn't desert.�
997
01:23:52,727 --> 01:23:56,527
When the commissioner,
whose name I won't give either,
998
01:23:56,965 --> 01:24:00,162
stood up and announced in a choked voice
999
01:24:00,468 --> 01:24:03,596
that he was sentenced
to six years for desertion,
1000
01:24:04,139 --> 01:24:07,768
Mend�s told him,
�Sir, I'm sure you'll be rewarded.
1001
01:24:07,768 --> 01:24:10,344
�You've served the master well.�
1002
01:24:11,212 --> 01:24:15,808
Former State Secretary
Sentenced to six Years in Jail for Desertion
1003
01:24:16,851 --> 01:24:22,187
I don't know if Rochat told you
that a man came to see him the next day.
1004
01:24:22,624 --> 01:24:26,526
And this man told him,
�I'm a P�tain supporter,
1005
01:24:26,526 --> 01:24:31,156
�and I am appalled by what happened
yesterday. It's scandalous.
1006
01:24:31,156 --> 01:24:35,669
�The Marshal must not be aware
that such things are happening.
1007
01:24:36,304 --> 01:24:40,263
�The Marshal must be informed
of such goings-on.
1008
01:24:42,110 --> 01:24:46,979
�I saw you stenograph the hearing.�
Which indeed he had.
1009
01:24:47,749 --> 01:24:52,516
�Could you get a copy for me
to bring to the Marshal himself?�
1010
01:24:53,455 --> 01:24:57,858
Rochat gave him a copy
which he took to the Marshal.
1011
01:24:57,858 --> 01:25:00,018
Naturally, nothing ever came of it.
1012
01:25:00,018 --> 01:25:03,723
And the man who took the copy
was a certain Mr. Giscard d'Estaing.
1013
01:25:08,002 --> 01:25:12,166
It is these children,
the pupils of French schools,
1014
01:25:12,674 --> 01:25:15,666
in whom the Marshal sees hope
for our country.
1015
01:25:15,877 --> 01:25:18,903
He has come to speak simply,
as only he can,
1016
01:25:18,903 --> 01:25:22,413
in a modest school in the town of P�rigny.
1017
01:25:22,413 --> 01:25:24,485
You may sit down now.
1018
01:25:24,485 --> 01:25:26,554
You don't have to stand to listen.
1019
01:25:30,525 --> 01:25:33,892
Young pupils of our French schools,
1020
01:25:35,296 --> 01:25:39,027
the reason I wanted to speak to you today
1021
01:25:39,367 --> 01:25:42,359
on this day
as you begin a new school year,
1022
01:25:42,359 --> 01:25:46,974
is that it's important for you
to know that I am counting on you
1023
01:25:47,509 --> 01:25:50,637
to help me rebuild our country, France.
1024
01:25:51,112 --> 01:25:54,309
So work hard, stand firm,
and do your best.
1025
01:25:54,983 --> 01:25:56,280
All rise.
1026
01:26:16,905 --> 01:26:20,841
I had to pass through Vichy
to reach my posting in Billancourt
1027
01:26:20,841 --> 01:26:23,570
in the first two weeks of August 1940.
1028
01:26:23,912 --> 01:26:27,404
Many people told me
that Marshal P�tain was very tired,
1029
01:26:27,404 --> 01:26:30,415
and was only lucid for two hours a day.
1030
01:26:31,686 --> 01:26:34,416
Imagine my surprise when I met this man,
1031
01:26:34,416 --> 01:26:38,025
who, although elderly, stood bolt upright,
1032
01:26:38,359 --> 01:26:43,319
with his look of steel,
which many people have commented on,
1033
01:26:43,731 --> 01:26:47,292
and with the greatest of ease,
1034
01:26:47,292 --> 01:26:52,030
politely asked me to sit down
and make myself comfortable,
1035
01:26:52,373 --> 01:26:56,776
then said, �Mr. Lamirand,
there's been much talk about you here.�
1036
01:26:57,579 --> 01:27:01,481
The secretary general of youth,
Mr. Georges Lamirand
1037
01:27:01,883 --> 01:27:05,785
recently visited Lavalette camp,
the main goal of which
1038
01:27:05,785 --> 01:27:09,914
is to train the men of tomorrow.
He visited these young men
1039
01:27:09,914 --> 01:27:13,255
who are united by a common ideal,
and live life
1040
01:27:13,528 --> 01:27:17,328
in continual contact with nature,
work and simplicity,
1041
01:27:17,699 --> 01:27:21,726
these values upon which
we must rebuild our country.
1042
01:27:22,170 --> 01:27:24,104
We talked and I thought to myself,
1043
01:27:24,104 --> 01:27:26,173
�What bad luck.
1044
01:27:26,173 --> 01:27:30,938
�They say he's only lucid two hours a day,
and I chance upon those two hours.�
1045
01:27:31,279 --> 01:27:34,305
The problems of youth are fascinating,
1046
01:27:34,515 --> 01:27:36,813
but I had absolutely no idea that,
1047
01:27:37,151 --> 01:27:42,521
in the position
Marshal P�tain wanted to grant me,
1048
01:27:42,521 --> 01:27:46,956
there were so many fascinating
subjects and problems to solve.
1049
01:27:47,195 --> 01:27:49,720
Repeat after me: Long live France!
1050
01:27:51,499 --> 01:27:53,399
Long live the Marshal!
1051
01:27:55,803 --> 01:28:00,831
Louis Renault finally agreed
to give me leave,
1052
01:28:01,676 --> 01:28:06,613
saying to P�tain,
�I'll lend him to you for a month.�
1053
01:28:06,914 --> 01:28:10,941
And Marshal P�tain,
in his infinite cleverness,
1054
01:28:10,941 --> 01:28:12,814
�Fine, one month.
1055
01:28:12,814 --> 01:28:16,753
�But if you don't mind,
let's make the job renewable.�
1056
01:28:16,753 --> 01:28:18,653
And he renewed it 30 months.
1057
01:28:18,653 --> 01:28:21,317
Mr. Lamirand is inaugurating
1058
01:28:21,529 --> 01:28:25,659
an exhibition of drawings
sent to P�tain by French schoolchildren.
1059
01:28:27,535 --> 01:28:30,993
The little ones wanted
to answer the Marshal's call,
1060
01:28:30,993 --> 01:28:35,803
they wanted to show the Marshal
their towns, villages and homes,
1061
01:28:36,010 --> 01:28:39,411
hence sharing a piece
of their daily lives with him.
1062
01:28:39,647 --> 01:28:43,845
A school girl, perhaps the youngest
in France, had the luck
1063
01:28:43,845 --> 01:28:48,911
of being allowed to give P�tain
her lovingly written letter in person.
1064
01:28:49,290 --> 01:28:51,918
It was about adding a new element
1065
01:28:52,193 --> 01:28:58,564
to the famous triptych of the time:
Work, Family, Nation.
1066
01:28:58,900 --> 01:29:02,392
Honor your work, your family,
and your nation.
1067
01:29:03,137 --> 01:29:04,968
A national revolution?
1068
01:29:05,673 --> 01:29:06,765
You said it.
1069
01:29:07,108 --> 01:29:10,509
Marshal P�tain has already told you
several times
1070
01:29:10,978 --> 01:29:13,538
what he meant by social revolution.
1071
01:29:13,948 --> 01:29:18,885
He feels that our social system is unfair.
1072
01:29:19,187 --> 01:29:22,054
There is too much poverty,
too much injustice.
1073
01:29:22,390 --> 01:29:24,790
And that is what he wants to change.
1074
01:29:24,790 --> 01:29:29,794
He is bound and determined
to bring happiness to France,
1075
01:29:30,098 --> 01:29:33,761
and asks us all
to join in a communal effort.
1076
01:29:34,068 --> 01:29:37,629
Dear friends, this is his social revolution.
1077
01:29:37,629 --> 01:29:41,366
That was when he started
planning his escape.
1078
01:29:41,366 --> 01:29:44,841
He grew his beard, shaved it off,
grew it out again,
1079
01:29:44,841 --> 01:29:46,811
and one fine day, he left.
1080
01:30:00,895 --> 01:30:03,420
I must admit I'm not very athletic,
1081
01:30:03,420 --> 01:30:08,025
but I prepared myself by working out
for several months beforehand.
1082
01:30:08,669 --> 01:30:12,036
I was high up,
so I had to jump off a high wall.
1083
01:30:12,240 --> 01:30:13,639
But I had to run the risk.
1084
01:30:13,639 --> 01:30:18,110
And once I had jumped,
I would be a free man again.
1085
01:30:18,679 --> 01:30:21,147
Just as I was about to jump...
1086
01:30:21,147 --> 01:30:24,183
There were trees planted along the avenue.
1087
01:30:25,019 --> 01:30:28,819
I heard the unexpected sound of voices.
1088
01:30:29,056 --> 01:30:31,854
I tried to see in the semi-darkness.
1089
01:30:32,794 --> 01:30:35,661
There was a couple sitting under a tree.
1090
01:30:36,631 --> 01:30:39,464
You can imagine
what they were discussing.
1091
01:30:40,134 --> 01:30:44,935
He knew what he wanted,
but she hadn't decided yet.
1092
01:30:45,673 --> 01:30:48,870
It seemed to last an eternity to me.
1093
01:30:50,178 --> 01:30:52,043
She ended up saying yes,
1094
01:30:52,043 --> 01:30:57,140
but I had the impression
she had put up a great deal of resistance.
1095
01:30:59,120 --> 01:31:02,487
Finally, they left. And so I jumped.
1096
01:31:03,024 --> 01:31:07,927
And let me assure you
that I was even happier than he was.
1097
01:31:08,830 --> 01:31:12,857
I'd really like to meet him someday
and let him know
1098
01:31:13,734 --> 01:31:17,864
how much I experienced
with the two of them that night.
1099
01:31:18,072 --> 01:31:20,597
How you admired his audacity.
1100
01:31:21,108 --> 01:31:25,568
Yes, and how her lack of audacity
struck me as being so untimely.
1101
01:31:26,380 --> 01:31:27,540
Anyway,
1102
01:31:28,115 --> 01:31:32,347
love, fate and escape
eventually won the day.
1103
01:31:34,388 --> 01:31:36,049
Did you disguise yourself?
1104
01:31:36,958 --> 01:31:40,325
I was disguised, but not very well.
1105
01:31:40,528 --> 01:31:42,962
You see, many people back then
1106
01:31:42,962 --> 01:31:47,524
who wanted to disguise themselves
would let their beards grow.
1107
01:31:47,524 --> 01:31:51,763
So, bearded men
automatically arose suspicion!
1108
01:31:52,039 --> 01:31:54,030
I let my moustache grow,
1109
01:31:54,030 --> 01:32:00,808
I gave myself a new hairstyle,
parted straight down the middle.
1110
01:32:00,808 --> 01:32:02,678
I got a pair of glasses.
1111
01:32:03,551 --> 01:32:06,987
And of course,
I changed the way I dressed and so forth.
1112
01:32:07,255 --> 01:32:11,589
The next day,
I went for my daily visit with him,
1113
01:32:11,926 --> 01:32:14,121
to see if he had escaped or not.
1114
01:32:14,362 --> 01:32:19,026
I arrived and saw all these people
with decameters in hand,
1115
01:32:19,026 --> 01:32:22,864
taking all sorts of measurements.
They were hysterical.
1116
01:32:22,864 --> 01:32:26,337
They asked me what I wanted.
I said I was there to see my client.
1117
01:32:26,337 --> 01:32:30,570
They asked if I knew
Pierre Mend�s-France had left. I said no.
1118
01:32:31,012 --> 01:32:34,072
I burst out laughing,
which made them angry.
1119
01:32:34,382 --> 01:32:39,342
They carried out a huge security check
of all the roads and trains.
1120
01:32:39,720 --> 01:32:44,680
But my plan was to not contact anyone,
to not count on anyone,
1121
01:32:44,680 --> 01:32:49,489
to be cut off from everything and everyone.
1122
01:32:49,489 --> 01:32:53,829
I must say that life in France at that time
1123
01:32:54,168 --> 01:32:58,605
is very difficult to imagine,
and even more so to describe.
1124
01:32:58,605 --> 01:33:01,731
You had an old pair of shoes
you hoped would last.
1125
01:33:01,943 --> 01:33:05,379
If they got a hole,
there was no leather to fix them.
1126
01:33:05,379 --> 01:33:09,482
There were no plates,
there were no matches, there was nothing.
1127
01:33:11,552 --> 01:33:16,512
It is very difficult, in hindsight, to describe
1128
01:33:16,512 --> 01:33:20,287
what it was like living in a country
1129
01:33:20,494 --> 01:33:23,463
where everyone was always
searching for everything.
1130
01:33:24,699 --> 01:33:29,159
The new rage in Paris
is silk stockings without the silk.
1131
01:33:29,159 --> 01:33:32,501
All you have to do, ladies, is dye your legs.
1132
01:33:32,501 --> 01:33:35,599
It's easy and practical. A great idea.
1133
01:33:35,843 --> 01:33:39,370
The ladies are trading in
their garters for paintbrushes.
1134
01:33:40,748 --> 01:33:43,740
Worried about what will happen
when you bathe?
1135
01:33:44,118 --> 01:33:48,179
No problem.
Paint-on stockings are waterproof.
1136
01:33:48,179 --> 01:33:52,555
On top of that,
Elizabeth Arden guarantees they won't run!
1137
01:34:02,436 --> 01:34:05,462
That's a Parisian habit
which will disappear.
1138
01:34:08,909 --> 01:34:12,345
Where is France headed?
Where is Europe headed?
1139
01:34:13,014 --> 01:34:15,448
Some 3,000 people in Chaillot will hear
1140
01:34:15,650 --> 01:34:20,087
Mr. Alphonse de Chateaubriant
discuss The French Drama.
1141
01:34:20,755 --> 01:34:25,488
At this very moment,
a huge continental unit
1142
01:34:25,488 --> 01:34:28,460
is slowly taking shape.
1143
01:34:28,996 --> 01:34:32,830
It will be one gigantic geographical piece
in the puzzle,
1144
01:34:32,830 --> 01:34:36,800
with one single political
and economical doctrine,
1145
01:34:36,800 --> 01:34:40,134
stretching to the very tip of Europe,
1146
01:34:40,374 --> 01:34:43,866
the very tip of which is France.
1147
01:34:45,346 --> 01:34:50,283
Therein the importance of France
becomes clear,
1148
01:34:50,951 --> 01:34:56,412
as France becomes,
in this new division, the outer edge,
1149
01:34:56,412 --> 01:35:02,622
the last bastion on the Atlantic
of this immense continent,
1150
01:35:02,622 --> 01:35:07,632
faced with another large continent,
America,
1151
01:35:08,669 --> 01:35:13,129
which is ready to take over
the ancient order of things,
1152
01:35:13,607 --> 01:35:17,043
the ancient riches and capitalist creeds,
1153
01:35:17,378 --> 01:35:20,814
the ancient gold and the ancient man,
1154
01:35:20,814 --> 01:35:23,677
in order to make it their last refuge,
1155
01:35:23,918 --> 01:35:26,648
their last fortress,
1156
01:35:26,854 --> 01:35:29,118
and their last army.
1157
01:35:30,291 --> 01:35:34,022
I sincerely hope
that everything I have said tonight
1158
01:35:34,729 --> 01:35:40,531
will give the word �collaboration�
new meaning in your eyes.
1159
01:35:41,001 --> 01:35:43,799
It's not surprising that, at first,
1160
01:35:43,799 --> 01:35:47,533
such poison won over many new converts.
1161
01:35:49,143 --> 01:35:53,136
Little by little,
people began to realize it was propaganda,
1162
01:35:53,136 --> 01:35:58,651
and to see that
the government was practicing a policy,
1163
01:35:58,651 --> 01:36:02,052
which they themselves called
collaboration with the enemy.
1164
01:36:02,052 --> 01:36:05,683
Slowly but surely,
people began to open their eyes,
1165
01:36:05,683 --> 01:36:08,090
and change their minds.
1166
01:36:09,597 --> 01:36:14,933
But this propaganda
still won over many new converts.
1167
01:36:15,136 --> 01:36:19,038
You know as well as I do
that anti-Semitism and Anglophobia
1168
01:36:19,240 --> 01:36:22,300
are never hard to stir up in France.
1169
01:36:23,210 --> 01:36:29,410
Even if reactions to such things
are dormant or stifled,
1170
01:36:29,984 --> 01:36:32,714
all it takes is one event, one incident,
1171
01:36:32,714 --> 01:36:36,551
one international crisis
or one Dreyfus affair,
1172
01:36:36,824 --> 01:36:42,319
for feelings we thought long gone
to suddenly re-emerge in full force,
1173
01:36:42,319 --> 01:36:46,593
for beliefs we thought dead
to be simply dormant.
1174
01:36:47,168 --> 01:36:51,867
Edouard Drumont was the first in France
to examine the Jewish question.
1175
01:36:51,867 --> 01:36:57,205
The Institute of Jewish Questions
celebrates his memory today.
1176
01:36:57,205 --> 01:37:00,678
Mr. Laville has agreed to say a few words.
1177
01:37:01,448 --> 01:37:04,144
Out of 100 Frenchmen of old stock,
1178
01:37:04,144 --> 01:37:08,517
at least 90 are pure white,
free of any other racial mixture.
1179
01:37:08,517 --> 01:37:10,351
This isn't true of the Jews.
1180
01:37:10,351 --> 01:37:15,417
The Jews are born of a mixture
which dates back thousands of years,
1181
01:37:15,417 --> 01:37:18,498
between Aryans, Mongols and Negroes.
1182
01:37:18,766 --> 01:37:24,295
Therefore, Jews have unique faces,
bodies, attitudes and gestures.
1183
01:37:24,572 --> 01:37:28,633
It is reassuring to see
that the public is interested
1184
01:37:28,633 --> 01:37:30,972
in studying the characteristics presented
1185
01:37:30,972 --> 01:37:35,071
in the morphological section
of �Jews and France.�
1186
01:37:36,183 --> 01:37:39,175
In October '40,
when I came home on leave,
1187
01:37:39,175 --> 01:37:42,016
I heard that a good friend of mine,
a teacher,
1188
01:37:42,223 --> 01:37:45,386
wasn't allowed to keep teaching that fall,
1189
01:37:45,386 --> 01:37:49,360
because his mother was Jewish,
making him half-Jewish.
1190
01:37:49,830 --> 01:37:51,320
I'd met Jews before,
1191
01:37:51,320 --> 01:37:54,993
but I treated them
the same as Catholics, Protestants,
1192
01:37:54,993 --> 01:37:58,332
or people with no religion in particular.
1193
01:37:59,073 --> 01:38:03,703
It wasn't a revolution yet,
but it did give me food for thought.
1194
01:38:04,278 --> 01:38:08,772
� Did you have any Jewish teachers?
� Let me see...
1195
01:38:09,950 --> 01:38:11,542
We did have one.
1196
01:38:13,153 --> 01:38:15,018
Yes, he was fired.
1197
01:38:17,725 --> 01:38:22,424
The same old story.
No one ever told us anything.
1198
01:38:22,863 --> 01:38:26,856
Listen, I think we should
make a little nuance here.
1199
01:38:27,101 --> 01:38:32,664
I think that when you take cases
like this teacher we mentioned,
1200
01:38:33,073 --> 01:38:38,204
I think that we tried,
to the best of our ability,
1201
01:38:38,512 --> 01:38:42,778
to get these people some work
tutoring and so forth.
1202
01:38:42,778 --> 01:38:45,716
We did that for another colleague, too.
1203
01:38:45,953 --> 01:38:50,720
Like you say, it wasn't much,
but we did have sympathy for them.
1204
01:38:52,059 --> 01:38:54,527
Did you really try?
1205
01:38:54,995 --> 01:38:59,227
Did every single teacher in Clermont
give in their resignation?
1206
01:38:59,227 --> 01:39:02,996
No way. You've no idea
what the mentality was like back then.
1207
01:39:02,996 --> 01:39:05,537
A collective resignation? Come on!
1208
01:39:07,441 --> 01:39:10,706
In 1940, Vichy came out
with the Jewish decrees.
1209
01:39:10,706 --> 01:39:14,871
In the small ads of Le Moniteur,
a local merchant announced
1210
01:39:14,871 --> 01:39:17,177
that he was 100% pure French.
1211
01:39:18,385 --> 01:39:20,080
Sir, are you Marius?
1212
01:39:20,080 --> 01:39:22,121
Yes, I'm Marius.
1213
01:39:22,389 --> 01:39:24,357
You're weighed down with medals.
1214
01:39:24,591 --> 01:39:27,583
I fought in World War I.
1215
01:39:27,962 --> 01:39:30,954
� They're all medals from WW I?
� That's right.
1216
01:39:31,298 --> 01:39:32,925
You must be a very brave man.
1217
01:39:32,925 --> 01:39:36,867
I followed the others. I did my duty.
1218
01:39:37,137 --> 01:39:40,573
When France was demobilized,
1219
01:39:41,642 --> 01:39:46,272
when France was defeated in the 2nd war,
how did you react?
1220
01:39:46,814 --> 01:39:49,305
We certainly weren't very happy.
1221
01:39:49,305 --> 01:39:54,945
As veterans of World War I,
the defeat affected us deeply.
1222
01:39:56,023 --> 01:39:59,925
Were there many Jewish stores?
1223
01:39:59,925 --> 01:40:01,153
Yes, there were.
1224
01:40:01,153 --> 01:40:03,319
So you must have seen a lot?
1225
01:40:03,319 --> 01:40:07,901
You could say that.
They all packed up their bags and left.
1226
01:40:07,901 --> 01:40:10,502
They went into exile.
1227
01:40:10,502 --> 01:40:13,333
And there weren't any arrests?
1228
01:40:13,333 --> 01:40:15,806
There were arrests everywhere.
1229
01:40:16,043 --> 01:40:17,203
And you saw them?
1230
01:40:17,203 --> 01:40:18,608
Yes, unfortunately.
1231
01:40:19,513 --> 01:40:25,452
Tell me, when what were called
�the Jewish decrees� came out,
1232
01:40:27,721 --> 01:40:30,519
apparently you took out an ad.
1233
01:40:30,724 --> 01:40:31,884
That's correct.
1234
01:40:32,893 --> 01:40:34,827
It was an ad in Le Moniteur.
1235
01:40:34,827 --> 01:40:37,123
You're certainly well-informed.
1236
01:40:37,598 --> 01:40:40,726
You see, sir, we were four brothers.
1237
01:40:40,726 --> 01:40:44,804
It was the solution I found,
as people thought we were Jews.
1238
01:40:44,804 --> 01:40:48,705
My name, Klein, sounds quite Jewish.
1239
01:40:50,210 --> 01:40:52,178
But I'm a Catholic.
1240
01:40:52,513 --> 01:40:57,507
And this was a real source of concern.
I had some problems because of that.
1241
01:40:57,918 --> 01:41:02,651
Four of my brothers fought in the war.
It was important that I tell people
1242
01:41:03,023 --> 01:41:05,014
that I am really French.
1243
01:41:05,793 --> 01:41:11,959
In other words, you wanted
your clients to know you weren't Jewish.
1244
01:41:11,959 --> 01:41:13,224
That is correct.
1245
01:41:13,934 --> 01:41:15,162
Why?
1246
01:41:15,502 --> 01:41:17,197
Because some said I was Jewish.
1247
01:41:17,197 --> 01:41:21,263
Jews were being arrested,
and they said we were Jewish.
1248
01:41:21,542 --> 01:41:24,602
Do you see?
I couldn't very well allow myself
1249
01:41:24,602 --> 01:41:27,805
to be labeled as a Jew since I'm a Catholic.
1250
01:41:29,283 --> 01:41:32,912
So that's why, as you said,
I took out an ad.
1251
01:41:32,912 --> 01:41:37,149
Four of my brothers fought in the war.
One was killed.
1252
01:41:37,424 --> 01:41:42,657
� The other three were imprisoned.
� But Jews fought in World War I, too.
1253
01:41:42,657 --> 01:41:45,061
That's true. I realize that.
1254
01:41:45,061 --> 01:41:48,032
I've never been a racist.
1255
01:41:48,836 --> 01:41:51,634
Jewish or Mahometan,
all that mattered to me
1256
01:41:51,634 --> 01:41:54,571
was that the man did his duty,
1257
01:41:54,571 --> 01:41:57,768
in which case,
he was as French as the rest of us.
1258
01:41:58,312 --> 01:41:59,802
You understand?
1259
01:42:02,082 --> 01:42:05,745
You weren't high on the priority list
1260
01:42:06,220 --> 01:42:09,246
of those persecuted by Hitler's regime.
1261
01:42:09,246 --> 01:42:14,349
But did you know any Jews,
Communists, or Freemasons who were?
1262
01:42:14,661 --> 01:42:18,290
I met more Jews than I'll ever meet again.
1263
01:42:18,290 --> 01:42:21,401
I had two girls working at the pharmacy,
1264
01:42:21,602 --> 01:42:26,835
who were considered to be evil
just because they were Jewish.
1265
01:42:26,835 --> 01:42:31,239
One was the daughter of an amazing man,
a Parisian polytechnician.
1266
01:42:31,239 --> 01:42:34,837
She was a pretty amazing girl herself.
1267
01:42:35,282 --> 01:42:40,276
The other was the daughter of Hirsch,
a colleague in Strasbourg.
1268
01:42:40,276 --> 01:42:44,220
Nobody wanted anything
to do with these girls.
1269
01:42:44,458 --> 01:42:49,157
He had warned every pharmacy
in Clermont not to hire these girls.
1270
01:42:51,198 --> 01:42:54,065
� Who is �he?�
� The pharmacy inspector.
1271
01:42:54,368 --> 01:42:58,805
The movie industry gave them a chance
to steal billions of francs.
1272
01:42:59,773 --> 01:43:04,540
Tannenzaft, better known as Nathan,
who in the eyes of the world,
1273
01:43:04,540 --> 01:43:08,341
was the ultimate symbol of French cinema,
1274
01:43:08,341 --> 01:43:11,679
has cost the public
nearly 700,000,000 francs.
1275
01:43:13,720 --> 01:43:18,748
Mr. Pierre Mend�s-France, did you enjoy
going to the movies back then?
1276
01:43:20,194 --> 01:43:23,357
I went to the movies because I enjoyed it,
1277
01:43:23,357 --> 01:43:27,559
but I had yet another reason,
as I had quickly discovered
1278
01:43:28,268 --> 01:43:34,207
that movie houses provided a refuge
which was both fun and comfortable,
1279
01:43:35,409 --> 01:43:39,641
you could sit down in a movie theater
at 3:00 in the afternoon,
1280
01:43:39,913 --> 01:43:44,316
and stay there in the darkness
for hours on end,
1281
01:43:44,316 --> 01:43:46,648
without anyone ever seeing you.
1282
01:43:46,648 --> 01:43:51,452
It was a great hiding place.
In many pre-war French movies,
1283
01:43:51,452 --> 01:43:55,220
there were Jewish actors
or Jewish directors.
1284
01:43:55,529 --> 01:44:01,058
And in the credits of these movies,
the Jewish names had been erased.
1285
01:44:01,568 --> 01:44:05,629
Today World News was able to film
a part of the trial
1286
01:44:05,629 --> 01:44:08,299
of the Jew Tannenzaft, Bernard Nathan.
1287
01:44:08,709 --> 01:44:14,545
Our presence clearly disturbed the accused
who wanted his privacy.
1288
01:44:14,545 --> 01:44:18,106
He raises an objection,
but is overruled by the court.
1289
01:44:35,435 --> 01:44:38,029
Go away. Leave me alone.
1290
01:44:38,405 --> 01:44:40,737
This is a tragedy, not a comedy!
1291
01:44:45,779 --> 01:44:51,274
The Germans were discreet about it,
but they wanted to see their movies.
1292
01:44:51,752 --> 01:44:55,552
There were operettas.
There were the first movies in color.
1293
01:44:55,552 --> 01:45:01,628
Some, like La Ville Dor�e,
weren't propaganda, others were.
1294
01:45:01,628 --> 01:45:05,664
Films like Le Juif Suss
were pure propaganda.
1295
01:45:06,033 --> 01:45:09,662
And the thing that I found most revolting
1296
01:45:09,662 --> 01:45:13,103
was that they weren't
only German productions,
1297
01:45:13,103 --> 01:45:15,834
which would have been understandable
1298
01:45:15,834 --> 01:45:18,069
since they had occupied us,
1299
01:45:18,612 --> 01:45:24,608
but that they were made with the blessing
of the French authorities,
1300
01:45:24,608 --> 01:45:30,156
on behalf of French organizations,
dubbed by French actors.
1301
01:46:13,333 --> 01:46:18,930
The events in this film
are based on historical fact.
1302
01:46:19,706 --> 01:46:24,575
At first, movie-goers probably thought
these movies were
1303
01:46:24,575 --> 01:46:27,202
just like any other German movie.
1304
01:46:27,202 --> 01:46:30,340
But people very quickly began to realize
1305
01:46:31,118 --> 01:46:34,952
that it was just typical propaganda,
1306
01:46:34,952 --> 01:46:37,990
in the worst sense of the word.
1307
01:46:38,291 --> 01:46:42,022
This led to a kind of strike among viewers.
1308
01:46:42,022 --> 01:46:46,361
Even those who weren't
especially interested in the Free French,
1309
01:46:46,361 --> 01:46:51,836
who had gotten into the habit
of seeing normal German movies,
1310
01:46:53,507 --> 01:46:58,274
were extremely revolted
and refused to have any part in it.
1311
01:46:58,512 --> 01:47:02,642
Gentlemen,
this Jew's criminal record shows nothing
1312
01:47:02,642 --> 01:47:06,617
of the suffering of our people
during his tyranny.
1313
01:47:07,187 --> 01:47:12,591
This is why I give the floor to the person
who has suffered most.
1314
01:47:13,293 --> 01:47:16,922
I ask for nothing.
You are the judges, not me.
1315
01:47:16,922 --> 01:47:21,933
Please, Sturm, you are the one
with the most right to judge him.
1316
01:47:22,502 --> 01:47:24,595
It is not my decision to take.
1317
01:47:25,872 --> 01:47:29,103
Suffering is too subjective.
1318
01:47:29,576 --> 01:47:31,407
It would be unfair.
1319
01:47:32,045 --> 01:47:36,379
However, I see an ancient article
of criminal law which applies:
1320
01:47:37,851 --> 01:47:40,752
�If ever a Jew commits a sin...
1321
01:47:40,987 --> 01:47:45,048
�If ever a Jew commits a sin of the flesh
with a Christian woman,
1322
01:47:45,048 --> 01:47:48,457
�he shall be publicly hung
without further ado.�
1323
01:47:49,095 --> 01:47:52,428
�If ever a Jew commits a sin of the flesh
with a Christian,
1324
01:47:52,799 --> 01:47:55,893
�he shall be publicly hung
without further ado,
1325
01:47:55,893 --> 01:48:00,666
�as punishment,
and as an example for all others.�
1326
01:48:09,616 --> 01:48:12,107
Have mercy! I've done nothing wrong!
1327
01:48:12,107 --> 01:48:15,416
I've always acted in the name of my savior!
1328
01:48:18,592 --> 01:48:23,552
It's not my fault
that your duke wanted to betray you!
1329
01:48:26,900 --> 01:48:30,063
I can fix everything, I swear. Everything!
1330
01:48:30,770 --> 01:48:34,729
Take all that I own. Take all my money.
But don't take my life!
1331
01:48:35,342 --> 01:48:37,902
I am innocent!
1332
01:48:38,111 --> 01:48:41,877
I'm just a poor Jew. Let me live.
1333
01:48:42,382 --> 01:48:43,474
I want to live!
1334
01:48:43,717 --> 01:48:45,685
I want to live! Live!
1335
01:49:01,501 --> 01:49:06,370
The State Council and I speak
for all Wurtemburgers in decreeing
1336
01:49:06,840 --> 01:49:10,401
that all Jews must leave Wurtemberg
in the next three days.
1337
01:49:10,810 --> 01:49:13,745
This is valid across the entire country.
1338
01:49:13,745 --> 01:49:18,578
This decree has been taken in Stuttgart
on February 4, 1738.
1339
01:49:19,920 --> 01:49:22,889
May our descendants remember this,
1340
01:49:23,189 --> 01:49:27,489
for in doing so, they will spare themselves
much pain and suffering,
1341
01:49:28,061 --> 01:49:33,294
and will keep their blood pure
of the influence of this accursed race.
1342
01:49:36,269 --> 01:49:37,109
THE END
1343
01:49:43,777 --> 01:49:49,841
There were only certain people
who actually enjoyed Le Juif Suss,
1344
01:49:50,116 --> 01:49:54,678
the anti-Semites who saw
their beliefs confirmed in the movie.
1345
01:49:55,789 --> 01:49:58,314
The collaborators would also see it.
1346
01:49:58,314 --> 01:50:01,916
Then there were those
who were taken by surprise.
1347
01:50:02,162 --> 01:50:08,692
I'd say that 80% of the people
who came to see Le Juif Suss
1348
01:50:09,302 --> 01:50:13,898
assumed it would be just like
any other light-hearted movie.
1349
01:50:14,441 --> 01:50:17,433
The German films weren't
particularly good.
1350
01:50:18,878 --> 01:50:25,340
However,
they featured many French film stars,
1351
01:50:25,340 --> 01:50:31,014
as Continental had made
many French films before the war.
1352
01:50:31,224 --> 01:50:34,318
Tino Rossi and the like
filmed at Continental.
1353
01:50:35,161 --> 01:50:39,188
As an artistic endeavor,
several actors are off to Germany.
1354
01:50:39,188 --> 01:50:42,462
At East Station,
we've spotted Albert Pr�jean.
1355
01:50:43,803 --> 01:50:45,361
Danielle Darrieux.
1356
01:50:48,341 --> 01:50:49,808
Suzy Delair.
1357
01:50:50,110 --> 01:50:51,668
Junie Astor.
1358
01:50:58,018 --> 01:50:59,315
Viviane Romance.
1359
01:50:59,315 --> 01:51:04,379
Dr. Karl Fr�hlich, president
of the German Cinema Corporation,
1360
01:51:04,379 --> 01:51:10,452
has invited them on a 12-day studio tour
of Vienna, Munich and Berlin.
1361
01:51:17,303 --> 01:51:21,433
Today Mr. Heydrich,
general of the S.S. And head of security,
1362
01:51:21,641 --> 01:51:26,578
was sent to Paris by Mr. Himmler,
chief of the S.S. And the police,
1363
01:51:27,347 --> 01:51:32,944
to officially install Mr. Oberg
in his new post in occupied territory.
1364
01:51:33,553 --> 01:51:37,819
Mr. Heydrich is president
of the International Criminal Police,
1365
01:51:37,819 --> 01:51:41,519
a commission to which
France has always belonged.
1366
01:51:45,098 --> 01:51:50,764
Mr. Heydrich visited Mr. Bousquet,
secretary general of the police,
1367
01:51:50,764 --> 01:51:54,203
and Mr. Hiller,
secretary general of administration.
1368
01:51:56,776 --> 01:52:00,872
He also had a chance
to see Mr. Dartier de Pellepoix,
1369
01:52:00,872 --> 01:52:05,280
in charge of Jewish Questions,
as well as Mr. De Brinon.
1370
01:52:11,825 --> 01:52:14,419
What was Paris like back then?
1371
01:52:15,695 --> 01:52:18,220
There were two sides to Paris.
1372
01:52:18,220 --> 01:52:21,060
There were those struggling to survive,
1373
01:52:21,060 --> 01:52:23,931
and there was high-society.
1374
01:52:25,071 --> 01:52:27,562
All we were missing was R�gine.
1375
01:52:28,808 --> 01:52:30,708
There's no doubt about it.
1376
01:52:30,708 --> 01:52:33,505
Everyone's ashamed to say it today,
1377
01:52:33,505 --> 01:52:37,411
but for some, life in Paris was great.
1378
01:53:01,141 --> 01:53:06,101
Maxim's and Le Boeuf sur le Toit
did a booming business.
1379
01:53:06,579 --> 01:53:10,515
The movie industry was in full swing.
1380
01:53:10,950 --> 01:53:16,013
From what I've heard,
actually, or so they say,
1381
01:53:16,013 --> 01:53:18,555
French films were so good then
1382
01:53:18,925 --> 01:53:23,828
because a certain category
of producers had fled to the States.
1383
01:53:24,864 --> 01:53:29,426
Many directors have gone on
to do very well in their careers,
1384
01:53:29,426 --> 01:53:32,162
but they forget what they said then.
1385
01:53:32,162 --> 01:53:35,273
Paris was a fun and crazy place.
1386
01:53:35,273 --> 01:53:41,541
Let me assure you that there were
some wild and crazy times back then.
1387
01:53:46,886 --> 01:53:49,753
All right, boys. This way.
1388
01:53:49,753 --> 01:53:55,156
We'll go straight to the source
to whet our whistles.
1389
01:53:57,797 --> 01:54:00,231
What happened to you in 1937?
1390
01:54:01,067 --> 01:54:04,332
You can't even begin to imagine.
1391
01:54:05,205 --> 01:54:08,231
� It's a long story.
� Be careful...
1392
01:54:08,231 --> 01:54:12,141
First give us a drink,
then we'll see what's up.
1393
01:54:12,378 --> 01:54:16,041
I think we're going to earn our drink today.
1394
01:54:16,041 --> 01:54:20,880
� Is that red wine?
� Yes, it's as Red as I am.
1395
01:54:22,589 --> 01:54:24,557
So what happened in here?
1396
01:54:24,557 --> 01:54:27,217
This cellar has seen everything.
1397
01:54:28,361 --> 01:54:31,023
The Resistance in Auvergne began here.
1398
01:54:31,264 --> 01:54:36,395
The night the first weapons arrived,
we met in this very cellar.
1399
01:54:37,003 --> 01:54:40,734
And we sang the Internationale.
We weren't Communists,
1400
01:54:40,734 --> 01:54:45,970
but as P�tain sang the Marseillaise,
we had to sing the Internationale.
1401
01:54:47,747 --> 01:54:53,549
You see, people attended
the raising of the colors reluctantly.
1402
01:54:53,549 --> 01:54:56,315
� Yet they still came?
� They had no choice.
1403
01:54:56,315 --> 01:55:00,950
It is in times like those
when you begin to realize
1404
01:55:03,529 --> 01:55:05,690
what people are really like.
1405
01:55:07,133 --> 01:55:09,966
� How do you mean?
� They were scared stiff.
1406
01:55:10,703 --> 01:55:12,762
With only a few exceptions.
1407
01:55:13,172 --> 01:55:19,372
� Was it really a risk not to come?
� Risk or no risk, they still came.
1408
01:55:19,372 --> 01:55:23,176
� So they thought there was a risk?
� They thought so.
1409
01:55:26,552 --> 01:55:32,081
I was under the impression
that there were quite a few students here
1410
01:55:32,325 --> 01:55:35,988
who ardently supported General de Gaulle.
1411
01:55:36,362 --> 01:55:40,423
For example,
there was the son of a colleague
1412
01:55:40,667 --> 01:55:43,966
whose name escapes me, among others.
1413
01:55:43,966 --> 01:55:46,128
What about among the teachers?
1414
01:55:46,906 --> 01:55:51,070
I really can't say
how many teachers supported him.
1415
01:55:51,344 --> 01:55:55,041
We were sympathetic
to the young people's cause,
1416
01:55:55,648 --> 01:56:00,711
but there wasn't the same enthusiasm...
1417
01:56:00,711 --> 01:56:05,018
the same enthusiasm
which was gaining momentum
1418
01:56:06,125 --> 01:56:07,990
among the young people.
1419
01:56:07,990 --> 01:56:12,394
Why do you think that is?
It often seems to be the case in life.
1420
01:56:12,966 --> 01:56:19,530
Young people are, in general,
more sincere and more dynamic.
1421
01:56:19,530 --> 01:56:21,630
They don't think things through.
1422
01:56:21,630 --> 01:56:26,440
I think it would be fair to say
that they are less cautious.
1423
01:56:26,440 --> 01:56:29,515
They are more open and friendly.
What do you think?
1424
01:56:29,916 --> 01:56:32,077
� They're not as scared.
� True.
1425
01:56:32,418 --> 01:56:38,618
Some of my students got caught.
1426
01:56:39,525 --> 01:56:43,393
I can't really say who.
Not so many, just a few of them.
1427
01:56:43,763 --> 01:56:48,166
In fact, many of them now have
streets named after them here.
1428
01:56:48,166 --> 01:56:50,030
There was Bacaud.
1429
01:56:50,470 --> 01:56:54,099
The street going to Fontvi�ge
is named after him.
1430
01:56:54,099 --> 01:56:58,268
� I taught this charming boy.
� He was in the Resistance?
1431
01:56:58,911 --> 01:57:00,708
These people,
1432
01:57:01,581 --> 01:57:05,244
as Dionnet was saying earlier,
had created a network.
1433
01:57:05,244 --> 01:57:07,945
We only found out about it later.
1434
01:57:07,945 --> 01:57:11,888
They continued to pretend
they were just your average students.
1435
01:57:12,925 --> 01:57:16,156
But we only found out about this later.
1436
01:57:16,156 --> 01:57:19,493
Perhaps Dionnet,
who was in the Resistance, knew.
1437
01:57:19,799 --> 01:57:22,097
What was it like for the others?
1438
01:57:22,097 --> 01:57:27,002
How did the others react
when someone's desk was empty?
1439
01:57:27,473 --> 01:57:30,533
I don't know. I can't remember.
1440
01:57:31,511 --> 01:57:34,537
When a student's parents were arrested,
1441
01:57:34,537 --> 01:57:40,517
and the son showed up at school
the next day, how did they react?
1442
01:57:41,287 --> 01:57:43,619
� I can't remember.
� How can you forget?
1443
01:57:43,856 --> 01:57:44,982
Can you remember?
1444
01:57:45,291 --> 01:57:46,690
No, I can't.
1445
01:57:46,690 --> 01:57:48,226
No specific examples.
1446
01:57:49,362 --> 01:57:51,330
I see some examples on the wall.
1447
01:57:51,731 --> 01:57:54,529
Those are our former students...
1448
01:57:54,834 --> 01:57:58,565
Aren't those the students
who died in World War I?
1449
01:57:59,072 --> 01:58:01,063
It says World War II.
1450
01:58:02,642 --> 01:58:05,839
I'm trying to remember, but I can't.
1451
01:58:06,813 --> 01:58:10,476
Clermont-Ferrand is giving
Marshal P�tain a warm welcome.
1452
01:58:10,983 --> 01:58:15,044
He has come to approve
the constitution of the Peasants' Union,
1453
01:58:15,044 --> 01:58:18,885
and the end of the winter crusade
for National Aid.
1454
01:58:24,964 --> 01:58:29,333
The head of state will then receive
the donations to National Aid
1455
01:58:29,602 --> 01:58:32,435
brought by peasants
from all over the region.
1456
01:58:32,435 --> 01:58:37,999
It is a symbolic ceremony
for the French mutual aid campaign.
1457
01:58:38,444 --> 01:58:44,280
A great day for France as our hearts
beat together in collective hope.
126755
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