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getting comfortable with Kali Linux Kali
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Linux is developed funded and maintained
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by offensive security it contains
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several hundred tools that are geared
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towards various information security
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tasks such as penetration testing
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security research computer forensics and
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reverse engineering the goal of this
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module is to provide a baseline and
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prepare you for the upcoming modules
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regardless of your skill level take time
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to appropriately focus on this module
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and accept Abraham Lincoln's advice he
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once said give me six hours to chop down
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a tree and I will spend the first four
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sharpening the axe
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booting up kali linux for best results
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and consistency with the lab guide be
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sure to use the 64-bit Kali Linux
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virtual machine any deviation from the
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standard build could create a work
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environment that is inconsistent with
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the course training material on first
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boot it's important to change all
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default passwords from a terminal using
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the password command let's do that now
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throughout the course we will use the
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callee user account it may be tempting
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to log in as the root user but this is
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not recommended the root user has
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unrestricted access and using it
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increases the risk of accidentally
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damaging our system
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for commands that require elevated
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privileges we'll use pseudo followed by
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the command we wish to run and provide
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our password when prompted
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the callee menu the Kali Linux menu
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includes categorical links for many of
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the tools present in the distribution
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this structure helps clarify the primary
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role of each tool and provides context
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for its usage take some time to navigate
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the Kali Linux menus to help familiarize
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yourself with the available tools and
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their categories
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Kellee documentation as a full-blown
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operating system Kali Linux offers so
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many features and capabilities that we
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cannot possibly explore them all in this
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module to supplement the information in
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this module and help sharpen your axe
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there are several official kali linux
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resources available for further research
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and study let's take a look at some of
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them now
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this is the official Kali Linux
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documentation this site contains the
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most current Kali documentation details
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many common procedures and should be
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considered your first stop for Kali
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Linux troubleshooting and support the
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next stop for troubleshooting and
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support is the Kali Linux support forum
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before posting on this forum read the
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rules and guidelines non-compliant posts
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are often moderated or ignored before
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creating a new thread be sure to
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thoroughly search the forum's for a
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previously posted solution
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as you already know Cali features many
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penetration testing and forensics tools
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the Cali tools site lists most of these
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and provides a quick reference for each
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here we can track the versions of the
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tools against their upstream sources and
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view information about each of the meta
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packages meta packages provide the
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flexibility to install specific subsets
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of tools based on our particular needs
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including wireless web applications
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forensics software-defined radio and
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more
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occasionally certain tools may crash or
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produce unexpected results when this
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happens we can search for the given
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error message on the kali linux bug
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tracker to determine whether or not the
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issue is a bug and if it is how it can
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be resolved
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the Kali Linux training site hosts the
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official Kali Linux manual and training
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course the site hosts the Kali Linux
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revealed book exercises designed to test
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your understanding a dedicated support
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forum and an abundance of useful
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information to help better acquaint
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yourself with Kali Linux
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finding your way around Cali
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the Linux file system Kali Linux adheres
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to the file system hierarchy standard
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which provides a familiar and universal
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layout for all Linux users the
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directories you'll find most useful are
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slash bin which contains basic programs
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like LS CD and cap
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/ Espen which contains system programs
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such as fdisk make FS and cysts ETL
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/sco figuration files
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slash temp which contains temporary
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files that are typically deleted on boot
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slash user slash bin which contains
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applications like apt and cat an nmap
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and slash user slash share which
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contains application support and data
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files there are many other somewhat more
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obscure directories which you'll rarely
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need to explore but make sure you
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understand these basics before
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continuing
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basic Linux commands next let's dig into
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Kali Linux usage and explore some basic
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Linux commands man pages most Linux
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command line executable programs provide
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a formal piece of documentation called
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manual or man pages man pages generally
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have a name a synopsis a description of
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the commands purpose and the
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corresponding options parameters or
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switches man pages contain not only
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information about user commands but also
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documentation regarding system
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administration commands programming
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interfaces and more if you're unsure
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which manual section you want to read
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from you can do a keyword search for
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example let's assume we're interested in
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learning a bit more about the format of
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the etsy password file typing man
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password at the command line shows
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information regarding the password
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command which is not what we're
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interested in
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however if we use the - K option we can
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perform a keyword search we can further
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narrow the search with the help of a
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regular expression it's important to
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understand regular expressions so refer
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to the lab guide for additional
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resources and information
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we can now look at the exact password
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manual page we're interested in by
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referencing the appropriate section
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man pages are typically the quickest way
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to find documentation on a given command
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so take some time to explore them in a
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bit more detail
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apropos with the apropos command we can
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search the list of man page descriptions
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for a possible match based on a keyword
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although this is a bit crude it's often
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helpful for finding a particular command
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based on the description suppose we want
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to partition a hard drive but can't
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remember the name of the command we can
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figure this out with an apropos search
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for partition notice that apropos seems
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to perform the same function as man - K
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this is because they are in fact
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equivalent
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listing files the LS command prints a
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basic file listing to the screen we can
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modify the output results with various
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wildcards
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the - a option is used to display all
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files including hidden ones and the -
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one option displays each file on a
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single line which is very useful for
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automation
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moving around Linux does not use windows
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style drive letters instead all files
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folders and devices are children of the
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root directory represented by the
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forward slash character we can use the
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CD command followed by a path to change
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to the specified directory the PWD
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command will print the current directory
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which is helpful if you get lost
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running CD followed by the tilde
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character will return to the home
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directory
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creating directories the mate directory
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command followed by the name of a
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directory creates the specified
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directory
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directory names and Linux may contain
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spaces but this is considered bad form
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since spaces are used to separate
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commands and parameters consider this
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example
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as we can see a directory named with
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spaces can create confusion unless we
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wrap it in quotes
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instead many users choose hyphens or
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underscores instead of spaces in
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directory and file names these
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characters also make autocompletes
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which are executed with a tab key much
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easier we can create multiple
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directories at once with the incredibly
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useful - P option which will also create
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any required parent directories this can
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be combined with brace expansion to
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efficiently create complex directory
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structures for example let's create a
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directory called test and within that
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directory create three sub directories
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called recon exploit and report
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again refer to the lab guide for more
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information about regular expressions
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and brace expansions
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finding files in Kali Linux three of the
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most common commands used to locate
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files in Kali Linux include find locate
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and which these utilities have
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similarities but work and return data in
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different ways and are useful in
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different circumstances which the which
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command searches through directories
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defined in the path environment variable
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for a given file name this variable
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contains a listing of directories that
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Kali searches when a command is issued
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without its path if a match is found
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which returns the full path to the file
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locate the locate command is the
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quickest way to find the location of
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files and directories within the file
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system in order to provide a much
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shorter search time locate searches a
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built in database named locate DB rather
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than the entire hard disk itself this
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database is automatically updated on a
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regular basis by the cron scheduler but
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it can be updated manually with the
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update DB command to search for a given
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file pass its name to locate
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find the find command is the most
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complex and flexible search tool among
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the three mastering its syntax can
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sometimes be tricky but its capabilities
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go well beyond a normal file search as a
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basic example let's perform a recursive
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search starting from the root filesystem
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directory and look for any file that
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starts with the letters s BD
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the main advantage of find over locate
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is that it can search for files and
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directories by more than just the name
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with find we can search by file age size
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owner file type
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I'm stamping xand more
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managing Kali Linux services Kali Linux
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is a specialized Linux distribution
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aimed at security professionals and
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contains several non-standard features
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the default Kali installation ships with
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several services pre-installed such as
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SSH HTTP and MySQL to maintain a low
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profile Kali prevents network services
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from starting by default unless we
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explicitly enable them
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SSH service the secure shell service is
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most commonly used to remotely access a
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computer using a secure encrypted
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protocol the SSH service is TCP based
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and listens by default on port 22 to
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start the SSH service run systemctl with
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the start option followed by the service
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name in this case SSH
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when the command completes successfully
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it doesn't return any output but we can
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verify that the SSH service is running
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and listening on TCP port 22 by issuing
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the SS command and piping the output
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into grep to search the output for sshd
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to start the SSH service automatically
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at boot time after changing the default
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Cali password we pass systemctl the
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enable parameter
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we can use systemctl to enable and
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disable most services within Kali Linux
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HTTP service the apache HTTP service is
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often used during a penetration test
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either for hosting a site or providing a
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platform for downloading files to a
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victim machine the HTTP service is TCP
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based and listens by default on port 80
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to start the HTTP service in Kali we can
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use systemctl as we did when starting
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the SSH service replacing the service
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name with apache 2 as with the SSH
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service we can verify that the HTTP
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service is running and listening on TCP
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port 80 with SS and grep to have the
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HTTP service start at boot time much
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like with the SSH service we need to
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explicitly enable it with systemctl and
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it's enable option most services and
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Kali Linux are operated in much the same
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way as SSH and HTTP through their
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service or init scripts to see a table
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of all available services run systemctl
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with the list unit files option
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for additional information regarding
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service management in Kali Linux
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including the use of systemctl refer to
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the Kali training site
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searching installing and removing tools
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the default Cali release contains the
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most common tools used in the field of
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penetration testing however it's not
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practical to include every single tool
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present in the Cali repository in the
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default release in this section we'll be
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exploring the advanced package tool
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toolset as well as other commands to
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search for install or remove tools apt
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is a set of tools that helps manage
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packages or applications on a Debian
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based system since Cali is based on
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Debian we can use apt to install and
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remove applications update packages and
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even upgrade the entire system the magic
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of apt lies in the fact that it is a
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complete package management system that
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installs or removes the requested
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package by recursively satisfying its
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requirements and dependencies
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apt update information regarding apt
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packages is cached locally to speed up
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any operation that queries the apt
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database it's good practice to update
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the list of available packages including
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information related to their versions
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descriptions etc each time we perform an
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apt operation we can do this with the
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apt update command as follows
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apt upgrade after updating the apt
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database we can upgrade the installed
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packages and course system to the latest
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versions using the apt upgrade command
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in order to upgrade a single package
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supply the package name as an option to
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the apt upgrade command
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while you can fully upgrade your Kali
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Linux installation at any time it's a
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good idea to take a snapshot of the
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virtual machine in a clean state before
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doing so this gives you the ability to
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rollback the VM if the upgrade causes
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unexpected results
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search an apt show the apt cache search
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command displays much of the information
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stored in the internal cached package
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database for example let's say we'd like
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to install the pure FT PD application
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the first thing we have to do is to find
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out whether or not the application is
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present in the kali linux repositories
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to do this we simply provide the search
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term to apt cache search the output
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00:18:25,370 --> 00:18:30,770
reveals that the application is in fact
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present in the Kali repository there are
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also a few authentication extensions for
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the pure FTP application that we could
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install if needed
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interestingly enough the resource agents
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package is showing up in our search even
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though its name does not contain the
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pure FTP D keyword this is because apt
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cache search looks for the requested
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keyword in the packages description
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rather than in the package name itself
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to confirm that the resource agents
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package description really contains the
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pure FTP D keyword pass the package name
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to apt show
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00:19:08,620 --> 00:19:13,720
the output reveals why the resource
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00:19:11,140 --> 00:19:15,820
agents application was mysteriously
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showing up in the previous search for
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pure FTP D
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apt install we can use the apt install
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command to add a package to the system
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let's continue with the installation of
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pure FTP D
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you
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apt remove - - purge the apt remove - -
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purge command completely removes
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packages from Kali it's important to
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note that removing a package with a PT
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remove removes all package data but
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leaves user configuration files behind
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adding the purge option removes all the
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leftovers including configuration files
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good you're now able to search install
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and remove tools in Kali Linux with apt
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let's explore one last command in this
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module
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dpkg dpkg
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is the core tool used to install a
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package either directly or indirectly
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through apt it is also the preferred
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tool to use when operating offline since
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it does not require an internet
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connection
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note that dpkg will not install any
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dependencies that the package might
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require to install a package provide the
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- I option and the path to the package
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file
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wrapping up in this module we set a
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baseline for the upcoming modules we
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explored tips and tricks for new users
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and reviewed some standards that more
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advanced users may appreciate all
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students are encouraged to review the
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free online training on the Kali
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training site this site includes the
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kali linux revealed book exercises
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designed to test your understanding a
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dedicated support forum and more these
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free resources provide valuable insight
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to users of all skill levels and serve
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as an excellent companion to the
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training presented in this course
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