Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:01,551 --> 00:00:04,586
Narrator:
PYRAMIDS, TEMPLES, TOMBS --
2
00:00:04,586 --> 00:00:07,689
THESE ANCIENT WONDERS
PROMISE EVEN GREATER SECRETS
3
00:00:07,689 --> 00:00:10,551
STILL TO BE FOUND
UNDER THE SANDS OF EGYPT.
4
00:00:10,551 --> 00:00:13,068
NOW CUTTING-EDGE SCIENCE
FINALLY DECODES
5
00:00:13,068 --> 00:00:15,793
THE MYSTERIOUS
LAND OF THE PHARAOHS.
6
00:00:15,793 --> 00:00:19,482
WITH MODERN TECHNOLOGY,
WE ARE GAINING AN INSIGHT
7
00:00:19,482 --> 00:00:21,793
INTO THE WAY
THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS LIVED
8
00:00:21,793 --> 00:00:24,931
AND THE MANNER
OF WHICH THEY DIED.
9
00:00:24,931 --> 00:00:26,344
Narrator: THIS TIME,
10
00:00:26,344 --> 00:00:29,275
THE MYSTERIES BEHIND
THE RISE OF A SUPERPOWER.
11
00:00:29,275 --> 00:00:31,724
CAN A NEW DISCOVERY
AT LAST EXPLAIN
12
00:00:31,724 --> 00:00:34,275
HOW THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
BUILT THE PYRAMIDS?
13
00:00:34,275 --> 00:00:37,827
THE PAPYRUS GIVES US
THE FINAL PIECE IN THE JIGSAW.
14
00:00:37,827 --> 00:00:39,517
Narrator:
WILL RECONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
15
00:00:39,517 --> 00:00:41,137
REVEAL THE TRUE FACE
16
00:00:41,137 --> 00:00:43,724
OF EGYPT'S POWERFUL QUEEN,
CLEOPATRA?
17
00:00:43,724 --> 00:00:47,689
OH, MY GOSH. SHE IS NOT
THIS MOST-AMAZING BEAUTY.
18
00:00:47,689 --> 00:00:49,758
Narrator:
CAN MODERN DNA ANALYSIS
19
00:00:49,758 --> 00:00:51,689
FINALLY UNCOVER
THE SURPRISING ORIGINS
20
00:00:51,689 --> 00:00:53,344
OF EGYPT'S ANCIENT PEOPLE?
21
00:00:53,344 --> 00:00:55,482
THIS IS SOMETHING
WE'VE NEVER SEEN BEFORE.
22
00:00:55,482 --> 00:00:57,413
THIS CHANGES EVERYTHING.
23
00:00:57,413 --> 00:00:59,344
Narrator:
ANCIENT CLUES UNEARTHED...
24
00:00:59,344 --> 00:01:02,103
LONG-LOST EVIDENCE
RE-EXAMINED...
25
00:01:02,103 --> 00:01:06,068
PRECIOUS ARTIFACTS BROUGHT INTO
THE LIGHT OF THE 21st CENTURY.
26
00:01:06,068 --> 00:01:09,241
THESE ARE...
EGYPT'S UNEXPLAINED FILES.
27
00:01:09,241 --> 00:01:12,241
--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
28
00:01:12,241 --> 00:01:15,241
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
29
00:01:15,241 --> 00:01:18,206
125 MILES EAST OF CAIRO,
30
00:01:18,206 --> 00:01:22,206
ARCHAEOLOGISTS DIG
ON THE SHORES OF THE RED SEA.
31
00:01:22,206 --> 00:01:23,758
THEY UNEARTH PERHAPS
32
00:01:23,758 --> 00:01:27,862
THE GREATEST EGYPTIAN DISCOVERY
OF THE 21st CENTURY --
33
00:01:27,862 --> 00:01:33,827
A HANDWRITTEN DIARY
THAT'S OVER 4,500 YEARS OLD.
34
00:01:33,827 --> 00:01:36,827
THESE ARE THE OLDEST PAPYRI
WE HAVE TO DATE.
35
00:01:36,827 --> 00:01:38,689
IT'S PROBABLY THE CLOSEST THING
WE'RE GOING TO GET
36
00:01:38,689 --> 00:01:41,172
TO HAVING A TIME MACHINE.
37
00:01:41,172 --> 00:01:43,413
Narrator: EXPERTS BELIEVE
THE ANCIENT SCROLLS
38
00:01:43,413 --> 00:01:45,517
COULD FINALLY SOLVE
ONE OF EGYPT'S
39
00:01:45,517 --> 00:01:48,448
MOST ENDURING MYSTERIES --
40
00:01:48,448 --> 00:01:51,896
HOW THE ANCIENTS TRANSPORT
VAST QUANTITIES OF STONE
41
00:01:51,896 --> 00:01:56,344
TO BUILD THE GREAT PYRAMID
IN THE ISOLATION OF A DESERT.
42
00:01:56,344 --> 00:01:58,620
♪♪
43
00:01:58,620 --> 00:02:00,655
Naunton:
WHY BUILD AT GIZA?
44
00:02:00,655 --> 00:02:04,137
THE PAPYRUS GIVES US
THE FINAL PIECE IN THE JIGSAW.
45
00:02:04,137 --> 00:02:09,517
♪♪
46
00:02:09,517 --> 00:02:11,482
Narrator:
THE GREAT PYRAMID.
47
00:02:11,482 --> 00:02:14,172
A MASTERFUL FEAT
OF ENGINEERING...
48
00:02:14,172 --> 00:02:18,931
DESIGNED TO PROVOKE AWE
AND WONDER IN ALL WHO BEHOLD IT.
49
00:02:18,931 --> 00:02:22,275
THE GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZA
IS 50 STORIES HIGH,
50
00:02:22,275 --> 00:02:25,551
AND FOR THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS,
IT'S MEANT TO BE SUNLIGHT,
51
00:02:25,551 --> 00:02:28,068
SUNLIGHT TRANSLATED INTO STONE.
52
00:02:28,068 --> 00:02:31,344
Narrator: EGYPTOLOGISTS
NOW KNOW WHAT WE SEE TODAY
53
00:02:31,344 --> 00:02:34,206
IS THE MONUMENT'S
INNER STRUCTURES.
54
00:02:34,206 --> 00:02:36,724
Cooney: WHEN THE OUTER CASING
STONE WAS ON THESE PYRAMIDS,
55
00:02:36,724 --> 00:02:38,551
THEY WERE BRIGHT WHITE,
56
00:02:38,551 --> 00:02:40,827
AND THEY WOULD HAVE
BEEN BLINDING TO LOOK UPON
57
00:02:40,827 --> 00:02:44,103
WHEN THE SUN
WAS SHINING ON THEM.
58
00:02:44,103 --> 00:02:46,965
Narrator: UNDER THE ORDERS
OF THE GREAT PHARAOH KHUFU,
59
00:02:46,965 --> 00:02:51,000
CONSTRUCTION BEGINS
AROUND 2580 BCE...
60
00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:54,137
AND TAKES DECADES TO COMPLETE.
61
00:02:54,137 --> 00:02:56,172
THERE WERE PROBABLY
20,000 TO 30,000 PEOPLE
62
00:02:56,172 --> 00:02:58,344
INVOLVED WITH BUILDING
THE GREAT PYRAMID.
63
00:02:58,344 --> 00:03:00,172
IT'S BEYOND BELIEF.
64
00:03:00,172 --> 00:03:03,275
IT'S STILL THE LARGEST
STONE STRUCTURE IN THE WORLD.
65
00:03:03,275 --> 00:03:05,310
IT IS THE GREAT PYRAMID.
66
00:03:05,310 --> 00:03:07,344
♪♪
67
00:03:07,344 --> 00:03:11,379
Narrator: WITHIN SIGHT OF THE
GREAT PYRAMID LIE TWO OTHERS.
68
00:03:11,379 --> 00:03:15,655
ALL THREE BUILT
WITHIN JUST 70 YEARS.
69
00:03:15,655 --> 00:03:18,482
Cooney: LOOKING UP AT THESE
THREE MOUNTAINS OF STONE,
70
00:03:18,482 --> 00:03:21,551
THEY SEEM IMPOSSIBLE
TO HAVE BUILT.
71
00:03:21,551 --> 00:03:26,620
IT'S SOMETHING THAT CAN'T
POSSIBLY EXIST IN THIS WORLD.
72
00:03:26,620 --> 00:03:29,103
Narrator:
IT MAKES EGYPTOLOGISTS QUESTION
73
00:03:29,103 --> 00:03:31,034
HOW THE ANCIENTS
ARE ABLE TO BUILD
74
00:03:31,034 --> 00:03:33,103
THESE VAST AND COMPLEX
STRUCTURES
75
00:03:33,103 --> 00:03:35,413
IN A DESERT WILDERNESS.
76
00:03:35,413 --> 00:03:39,137
Naunton: WHY IS IT THAT THEY
COME TO BE BUILT SO FAR AWAY
77
00:03:39,137 --> 00:03:43,000
IN SUCH AN INHOSPITABLE
ENVIRONMENT?
78
00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:47,931
THIS IS ONE OF THE DRIEST,
HOTTEST PLACES ON EARTH.
79
00:03:47,931 --> 00:03:49,620
Narrator:
THE QUEST FOR AN ANSWER
80
00:03:49,620 --> 00:03:52,655
TRIGGERS DECADES OF RESEARCH,
81
00:03:52,655 --> 00:03:55,517
YET A MYSTERY REMAINS.
82
00:03:55,517 --> 00:03:58,172
ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE LONG KNOWN
THAT SOME OF THE ROCK
83
00:03:58,172 --> 00:04:00,413
USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF THE PYRAMIDS
84
00:04:00,413 --> 00:04:03,655
IS SOURCED
FROM TWO REMOTE SITES --
85
00:04:03,655 --> 00:04:06,689
TURA, ABOUT 15 MILES
FROM THE PYRAMIDS,
86
00:04:06,689 --> 00:04:11,000
AND ASWAN,
A PHENOMENAL 500 MILES AWAY.
87
00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:12,896
♪♪
88
00:04:12,896 --> 00:04:17,379
EXPERTS DOUBT THE ANCIENTS COULD
DRAG SLEDS ACROSS THE DESERT,
89
00:04:17,379 --> 00:04:20,068
SO THEY INVESTIGATE
HOW ELSE THEY COULD TRANSPORT
90
00:04:20,068 --> 00:04:24,724
VAST AMOUNTS OF STONE
HUNDREDS OF MILES.
91
00:04:24,724 --> 00:04:28,724
CLUES EMERGE USING
A NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOOL --
92
00:04:28,724 --> 00:04:33,172
IMAGES CAPTURED FROM HIGH ABOVE
THE EARTH OF THE RIVER NILE.
93
00:04:33,172 --> 00:04:34,620
♪♪
94
00:04:34,620 --> 00:04:36,482
Naunton:
SATELLITE IMAGERY IS PROVING
95
00:04:36,482 --> 00:04:39,689
TO BE SOMETHING OF A REVELATION.
96
00:04:39,689 --> 00:04:43,655
WE HAD BEEN THINKING THAT
THE RIVER NILE IS WHERE IT IS
97
00:04:43,655 --> 00:04:46,000
AND THAT THAT IS WHERE
IT ALWAYS WAS,
98
00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:47,551
BUT THE SATELLITE IMAGES
99
00:04:47,551 --> 00:04:49,655
ARE SHOWING US
THAT THAT'S NOT THE CASE
100
00:04:49,655 --> 00:04:53,379
AND THAT ACTUALLY
IT MIGHT HAVE MOVED OVER TIME.
101
00:04:53,379 --> 00:04:57,172
IF THAT RIVER
IS MOVING HUNDREDS OF METERS,
102
00:04:57,172 --> 00:05:00,068
THEN HOW WE UNDERSTAND
THE RELATIONSHIP
103
00:05:00,068 --> 00:05:02,793
BETWEEN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS
AND THE RIVER
104
00:05:02,793 --> 00:05:05,482
IS COMPLETELY TRANSFORMED.
105
00:05:05,482 --> 00:05:07,620
Narrator:
EGYPTOLOGISTS BEGIN TO CONSIDER
106
00:05:07,620 --> 00:05:10,241
AN ASTONISHING POSSIBILITY --
107
00:05:10,241 --> 00:05:12,827
THE STONES
OF THE GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZA
108
00:05:12,827 --> 00:05:16,758
COULD BE TRANSPORTED
VAST DISTANCES BY BOAT
109
00:05:16,758 --> 00:05:18,758
ALONG THE NILE.
110
00:05:18,758 --> 00:05:22,655
♪♪
111
00:05:22,655 --> 00:05:24,965
TO EXPLORE
THIS REMARKABLE NEW THEORY,
112
00:05:24,965 --> 00:05:29,689
SCIENTISTS PEER BENEATH
THE SANDS OF THE GIZA PLATEAU.
113
00:05:29,689 --> 00:05:32,000
WE'RE USING
REMOTE-SENSING TECHNIQUES,
114
00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:33,517
INCLUDING DRILL CORING.
115
00:05:33,517 --> 00:05:37,517
IT'S A KIND OF KEYHOLE-SURGERY
FORM OF ARCHAEOLOGY
116
00:05:37,517 --> 00:05:39,931
WHICH ALLOWS US TO SEE
DEEP BENEATH THE GROUND
117
00:05:39,931 --> 00:05:42,965
IN AREAS WHERE WATER
WOULD HAVE BEEN.
118
00:05:42,965 --> 00:05:44,655
Narrator:
THE ANALYSIS CONFIRMS
119
00:05:44,655 --> 00:05:47,000
THAT THE ANCIENT PATH
OF THE RIVER NILE
120
00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:49,068
RUNS CLOSE TO THE PYRAMIDS.
121
00:05:49,068 --> 00:05:51,137
♪♪
122
00:05:51,137 --> 00:05:54,931
IN AREAS WHICH ARE COMPLETELY
DRY IN THE 21st CENTURY,
123
00:05:54,931 --> 00:05:57,172
WE NOW KNOW WOULD HAVE BEEN
FILLED WITH WATER
124
00:05:57,172 --> 00:06:00,586
IN THE OLD KINGDOM AT THE TIME
OF BUILDING OF THE PYRAMIDS.
125
00:06:00,586 --> 00:06:02,172
♪♪
126
00:06:02,172 --> 00:06:03,758
Narrator:
WHEN ARCHAEOLOGISTS DIG
127
00:06:03,758 --> 00:06:06,034
TO FIND PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
OF A HARBOR,
128
00:06:06,034 --> 00:06:09,689
THEY DISCOVER SOMETHING
ON A TRULY GRAND SCALE.
129
00:06:09,689 --> 00:06:14,827
♪♪
130
00:06:14,827 --> 00:06:18,931
A MARINA ESTIMATED
AT OVER 1,500 FEET LONG
131
00:06:18,931 --> 00:06:21,689
AND 1,300 FEET WIDE.
132
00:06:21,689 --> 00:06:24,241
Dash: IT WAS REALLY
WATERFRONT PROPERTY BACK THEN.
133
00:06:24,241 --> 00:06:26,000
THE HARBOR AT GIZA WAS PROBABLY
134
00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:29,034
THE LARGEST HARBOR IN THE WORLD
AT ITS TIME.
135
00:06:29,034 --> 00:06:31,689
Naunton: THE IDEA THAT
THERE'S A HARBOR AT GIZA
136
00:06:31,689 --> 00:06:36,310
IS SO FAR REMOVED FROM THE IDEA
WE PREVIOUSLY WOULD HAVE HAD.
137
00:06:36,310 --> 00:06:39,448
WE NOW KNOW THEY WOULD
HAVE ARRIVED ON WATER, ON BOATS.
138
00:06:39,448 --> 00:06:44,344
♪♪
139
00:06:44,344 --> 00:06:46,413
Narrator:
YET, IF ALL THIS IS TRUE,
140
00:06:46,413 --> 00:06:48,724
ANOTHER RIDDLE EMERGES --
141
00:06:48,724 --> 00:06:51,379
PRECISELY HOW DID
THE PYRAMID BOATMEN
142
00:06:51,379 --> 00:06:55,724
TRANSPORT STONE
SOMETIMES WEIGHING UP TO 10 TONS
143
00:06:55,724 --> 00:06:58,275
HUNDREDS OF MILES
ALONG THE NILE?
144
00:06:58,275 --> 00:07:01,724
♪♪
145
00:07:01,724 --> 00:07:06,448
IN 2013 COMES THE FINAL PIECE
OF THE PUZZLE.
146
00:07:06,448 --> 00:07:08,965
EXCAVATING MORE THAN
30 HONEYCOMBED CAVES
147
00:07:08,965 --> 00:07:11,413
ON THE BANKS OF THE RED SEA,
148
00:07:11,413 --> 00:07:15,310
ARCHAEOLOGISTS UNCOVER
BEAUTIFULLY PRESERVED SCROLLS,
149
00:07:15,310 --> 00:07:19,448
THE OLDEST-KNOWN PAPYRI
IN THE WORLD.
150
00:07:19,448 --> 00:07:21,448
Manuelian:
YOU MAY HAVE GOLD STATUES
151
00:07:21,448 --> 00:07:24,241
OR COLOSSAL FIGURES
IN OTHER PLACES,
152
00:07:24,241 --> 00:07:27,413
AND SO SCRAPS OF PAPYRI
MAY NOT SEEM THAT EXCITING,
153
00:07:27,413 --> 00:07:29,551
BUT IT'S THE WORDS --
IT'S WHAT THEY TELL US
154
00:07:29,551 --> 00:07:31,275
THAT BRINGS SO MUCH.
155
00:07:31,275 --> 00:07:33,034
Narrator:
TRANSLATING THE WRITINGS,
156
00:07:33,034 --> 00:07:37,862
EXPERTS CONCLUDE THIS IS
THE DIARY OF A MAN NAMED MERER,
157
00:07:37,862 --> 00:07:39,379
A TRANSPORT INSPECTOR
158
00:07:39,379 --> 00:07:41,724
IN CHARGE OF A TEAM
OF 40 BOATMEN
159
00:07:41,724 --> 00:07:44,000
WORKING ON THE GREAT PYRAMID.
160
00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:47,793
THESE ARE REALLY
DAY-TO-DAY RECORDS OF A PERSON
161
00:07:47,793 --> 00:07:50,724
WHO CLEARLY PARTICIPATED IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF THE PYRAMIDS.
162
00:07:50,724 --> 00:07:52,413
IT'S REALLY REMARKABLE
AND NOT SOMETHING
163
00:07:52,413 --> 00:07:55,724
THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN EXPECTED.
164
00:07:55,724 --> 00:07:58,655
Narrator: MERER'S DIARIES
REVEAL IN INTRICATE DETAIL
165
00:07:58,655 --> 00:08:00,206
HOW THE PYRAMID STONES
166
00:08:00,206 --> 00:08:04,275
MAKE THEIR LONG JOURNEY
FROM THE QUARRY.
167
00:08:04,275 --> 00:08:06,241
Naunton:
MERER IS TRAVELING
168
00:08:06,241 --> 00:08:08,931
FROM THE RED SEA
WESTWARDS TOWARDS GIZA,
169
00:08:08,931 --> 00:08:11,482
AND HE STOPS
IN THE AREA OF TURA,
170
00:08:11,482 --> 00:08:15,000
WHICH IS A PLACE
WELL-KNOWN FOR THE QUARRYING
171
00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:17,448
OF THE VERY FINEST KIND
OF LIMESTONE
172
00:08:17,448 --> 00:08:21,655
TO PROVIDE THE FINAL LAYER,
THE CASING ON THE PYRAMIDS.
173
00:08:21,655 --> 00:08:23,655
IT CONFIRMS THAT IT IS THE NILE
174
00:08:23,655 --> 00:08:26,896
THAT ALLOWS THE STONE
TO BE CONVEYED TO THE SITE,
175
00:08:26,896 --> 00:08:31,793
AND THAT EXPLAINS
WHY GIZA IS CHOSEN
176
00:08:31,793 --> 00:08:35,551
AS THE PLACE
FOR PYRAMID BUILDING.
177
00:08:35,551 --> 00:08:38,586
Narrator: AS THE ONLY KNOWN
FIRSTHAND RECORD IN EXISTENCE
178
00:08:38,586 --> 00:08:40,586
OF HOW THE PYRAMIDS
ARE CONSTRUCTED,
179
00:08:40,586 --> 00:08:43,965
THE SCROLLS PROVE THAT
WITHOUT THE WATERS OF THE NILE,
180
00:08:43,965 --> 00:08:46,862
ONE OF THE WORLD'S
GREATEST ARCHITECTURAL FEATS
181
00:08:46,862 --> 00:08:49,000
WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE.
182
00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:57,655
♪♪
183
00:08:57,655 --> 00:08:59,379
CLEOPATRA.
184
00:08:59,379 --> 00:09:03,000
ANCIENT EGYPT'S
MOST FAMOUS QUEEN
185
00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:05,689
AND ULTIMATE SEDUCTRESS.
186
00:09:05,689 --> 00:09:08,965
SHE IS THIS EXTRAORDINARY
FEMME FATALE.
187
00:09:08,965 --> 00:09:11,241
Narrator: NOW
FACIAL-RECONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
188
00:09:11,241 --> 00:09:12,862
MAY FINALLY SHED LIGHT
189
00:09:12,862 --> 00:09:17,172
ON A DISCOVERY THAT
BAFFLES EXPERTS FOR DECADES,
190
00:09:17,172 --> 00:09:19,517
TO REVEAL THE REAL CLEOPATRA --
191
00:09:19,517 --> 00:09:22,413
A GREAT BEAUTY
OR HARDENED LEADER.
192
00:09:22,413 --> 00:09:25,103
Fletcher: WE HAVE
THESE TWO OPPOSING FACES.
193
00:09:25,103 --> 00:09:27,965
SO WHICH ONE
IS THE REAL CLEOPATRA?
194
00:09:27,965 --> 00:09:31,758
♪♪
195
00:09:36,310 --> 00:09:38,172
♪♪
196
00:09:38,172 --> 00:09:41,344
Narrator: SHE IS THE NAME
ON EVERYBODY'S LIPS,
197
00:09:41,344 --> 00:09:46,379
IMMORTALIZED BY THE WORLD'S
MOST GLAMOROUS ACTRESS.
198
00:09:46,379 --> 00:09:50,758
CLEOPATRA, FOR US,
IS ELIZABETH TAYLOR,
199
00:09:50,758 --> 00:09:53,724
A VERY GLAMOROUS,
SENSUAL WOMAN.
200
00:09:53,724 --> 00:09:55,482
PLAYED FAST AND LOOSE
WITH THE HEARTS
201
00:09:55,482 --> 00:09:58,379
OF ANY ROMAN
WHO HAPPENS TO PASS BY.
202
00:09:58,379 --> 00:10:00,862
BUT IS THAT HOW
SHE REALLY LOOKED?
203
00:10:00,862 --> 00:10:05,000
♪♪
204
00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:08,413
Narrator: A TWIST OF FATE
MEANS, FOR EGYPTOLOGISTS,
205
00:10:08,413 --> 00:10:11,448
THIS IS NOT AN EASY QUESTION
TO ANSWER.
206
00:10:11,448 --> 00:10:13,655
WE DON'T KNOW
WHAT CLEOPATRA LOOKS LIKE
207
00:10:13,655 --> 00:10:15,310
BECAUSE WE DON'T HAVE HER BODY.
208
00:10:15,310 --> 00:10:17,068
WE'VE NEVER FOUND HER.
209
00:10:17,068 --> 00:10:19,413
Narrator: TO EXPLORE
THE TRUTH BEHIND THE LEGEND,
210
00:10:19,413 --> 00:10:21,517
EXPERTS FIRST TRACE THE ORIGIN
211
00:10:21,517 --> 00:10:24,517
OF CLEOPATRA'S IMAGE
AS A SEDUCTRESS
212
00:10:24,517 --> 00:10:27,310
AND FIND IT STEMS
FROM ROMAN WRITINGS
213
00:10:27,310 --> 00:10:28,896
DETAILING HER RELATIONSHIP
214
00:10:28,896 --> 00:10:32,379
WITH TWO OF ROME'S
MOST INFAMOUS MEN --
215
00:10:32,379 --> 00:10:34,586
THE EMPEROR JULIUS CAESAR
216
00:10:34,586 --> 00:10:37,896
AND MARK ANTONY,
A MILITARY GENERAL.
217
00:10:37,896 --> 00:10:39,551
THESE HISTORICAL RECORDS
218
00:10:39,551 --> 00:10:42,793
DESCRIBE CLEOPATRA
AS A GREAT BEAUTY,
219
00:10:42,793 --> 00:10:45,137
YET EGYPTOLOGISTS ARE RELUCTANT
220
00:10:45,137 --> 00:10:49,344
TO RELY UPON ROMAN TESTIMONY
AS UNBIASED.
221
00:10:49,344 --> 00:10:52,517
WE HAVE TO REMEMBER
THAT HISTORY IS WRITTEN BY MEN.
222
00:10:52,517 --> 00:10:54,896
THERE'S A ROMAN PROPAGANDA
CAMPAIGN AGAINST HER
223
00:10:54,896 --> 00:11:00,034
TO JUST FRAME HER
AS A SEDUCTRESS.
224
00:11:00,034 --> 00:11:02,482
Narrator:
AND THEN, BY COMPLETE CHANCE,
225
00:11:02,482 --> 00:11:05,862
ANOTHER CLUE TO CLEOPATRA'S
APPEARANCE EMERGES,
226
00:11:05,862 --> 00:11:10,931
ONE WHICH LEADS RESEARCHERS IN
AN ENTIRELY DIFFERENT DIRECTION.
227
00:11:10,931 --> 00:11:14,448
EXPERTS REDISCOVER
A HOARD OF ROMAN COINS
228
00:11:14,448 --> 00:11:19,103
LONG FORGOTTEN IN A BANK VAULT
IN NEWCASTLE, ENGLAND.
229
00:11:19,103 --> 00:11:21,931
Johnston: IN AMONGST THAT
HUGE COLLECTION OF COINS,
230
00:11:21,931 --> 00:11:25,068
THERE IS A COIN,
A SILVER DENARIUS.
231
00:11:25,068 --> 00:11:29,034
Narrator:
THE COIN DATES BACK TO 32 BCE.
232
00:11:29,034 --> 00:11:31,931
IT IS MINTED IN ARMENIA
WHEN UNDER THE CONTROL
233
00:11:31,931 --> 00:11:34,793
OF THE ROMAN GENERAL
MARK ANTONY.
234
00:11:34,793 --> 00:11:37,448
ON ONE SIDE,
IT SHOWS MARK ANTONY,
235
00:11:37,448 --> 00:11:39,379
BUT ON THE REVERSE,
WE HAVE A REPRESENTATION
236
00:11:39,379 --> 00:11:41,655
OF QUEEN CLEOPATRA.
237
00:11:41,655 --> 00:11:45,103
-SHE HAS A HOOKED NOSE.
-AND A PUGNACIOUS CHIN.
238
00:11:45,103 --> 00:11:46,862
Fletcher:
MASCULINE, IF YOU LIKE.
239
00:11:46,862 --> 00:11:49,379
Johnston: IT'S NOT THE CLEOPATRA
THAT WE'VE COME TO LEARN
240
00:11:49,379 --> 00:11:51,758
FROM FILMS
AND TELEVISION SERIES.
241
00:11:51,758 --> 00:11:55,931
OH, MY GOSH. SHE IS NOT
THIS MOST-AMAZING BEAUTY.
242
00:11:55,931 --> 00:11:58,827
♪♪
243
00:11:58,827 --> 00:12:00,413
Narrator:
EGYPTOLOGISTS BELIEVE
244
00:12:00,413 --> 00:12:02,758
CLEOPATRA'S
UNFLATTERING DEPICTION
245
00:12:02,758 --> 00:12:05,448
MAY BE EVIDENCE
SHE DEMANDS A QUALITY
246
00:12:05,448 --> 00:12:07,551
WITH HER MALE COUNTERPART,
247
00:12:07,551 --> 00:12:10,862
AN IMAGE OF HER OWN CREATION.
248
00:12:10,862 --> 00:12:12,620
Fletcher: SO, ON ONE SIDE,
YOU HAVE MARK ANTONY,
249
00:12:12,620 --> 00:12:14,137
THE FAMOUS SOLDIER.
250
00:12:14,137 --> 00:12:15,896
ON THE OTHER,
YOU HAVE CLEOPATRA,
251
00:12:15,896 --> 00:12:18,482
THE EQUALLY FAMOUS SOLDIER.
252
00:12:18,482 --> 00:12:20,482
Johnston:
REPRESENTED AS EQUALS.
253
00:12:20,482 --> 00:12:22,000
SHE PORTRAYING HERSELF
254
00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:26,413
AS THE CORRECT AND GENUINE
RULER OF EGYPT.
255
00:12:26,413 --> 00:12:27,965
♪♪
256
00:12:27,965 --> 00:12:29,758
Narrator:
THE COIN NOT ONLY SUGGESTS
257
00:12:29,758 --> 00:12:32,068
THE MODERN STEREOTYPE
OF CLEOPATRA
258
00:12:32,068 --> 00:12:35,793
AS A SEDUCTRESS
IS DEEPLY FLAWED,
259
00:12:35,793 --> 00:12:39,206
BUT THAT SHE IS A MASTER
OF POLITICAL SPIN.
260
00:12:39,206 --> 00:12:41,724
STILL, EXPERTS HAVE A PROBLEM.
261
00:12:41,724 --> 00:12:45,517
♪♪
262
00:12:45,517 --> 00:12:49,172
NEITHER THE HISTORICAL RECORDS
NOR HER IMAGE ON COINS
263
00:12:49,172 --> 00:12:51,172
CAN BE FULLY TRUSTED.
264
00:12:51,172 --> 00:12:54,344
SO EGYPTOLOGISTS DEVISE
AN INNOVATIVE WAY
265
00:12:54,344 --> 00:12:59,172
TO INVESTIGATE THE FACE
OF EGYPT'S MOST FAMOUS QUEEN.
266
00:12:59,172 --> 00:13:02,517
THEY EXAMINE RECORDS
OF CLEOPATRA'S FAMILY.
267
00:13:02,517 --> 00:13:05,241
ONE TRAGIC SIBLING STANDS OUT.
268
00:13:05,241 --> 00:13:08,241
WE KNOW THAT
CLEOPATRA'S SISTER, ARSINOE,
269
00:13:08,241 --> 00:13:11,275
IS MURDERED IN EPHESUS.
270
00:13:11,275 --> 00:13:14,482
♪♪
271
00:13:14,482 --> 00:13:16,275
Narrator:
HISTORICAL RECORDS REVEAL
272
00:13:16,275 --> 00:13:18,655
ARSINOE IS BURIED IN TURKEY.
273
00:13:18,655 --> 00:13:21,448
SOME EXPERTS BELIEVE
HER TOMB RESEMBLES
274
00:13:21,448 --> 00:13:23,724
THE GREAT LIGHTHOUSE
OF ALEXANDRIA
275
00:13:23,724 --> 00:13:27,379
IN HER NATIVE EGYPT.
276
00:13:27,379 --> 00:13:30,068
IF ARCHAEOLOGISTS
CAN PINPOINT HER REMAINS,
277
00:13:30,068 --> 00:13:31,620
THEY MAY BE ABLE TO DETERMINE
278
00:13:31,620 --> 00:13:34,655
WHAT ARSINOE LOOKS LIKE
FROM HER SKULL
279
00:13:34,655 --> 00:13:37,551
AND, FROM THERE,
PAINT A RELIABLE PICTURE
280
00:13:37,551 --> 00:13:39,965
OF HER OLDER SISTER, CLEOPATRA.
281
00:13:39,965 --> 00:13:43,482
♪♪
282
00:13:43,482 --> 00:13:47,517
EXPERTS RE-EXAMINE
A TOMB IN TURKEY.
283
00:13:47,517 --> 00:13:51,068
ALTHOUGH THE BONES WITHIN
ARE DISCOVERED DECADES BEFORE,
284
00:13:51,068 --> 00:13:53,275
ONLY RECENTLY
HAVE EXPERTS CONSIDERED
285
00:13:53,275 --> 00:13:56,793
THE POTENTIAL IMPORTANCE
OF THE FIND.
286
00:13:56,793 --> 00:13:59,448
Johnston:
IN 1926, IN EPHESUS,
287
00:13:59,448 --> 00:14:01,758
WE FIND A SKELETON OF A GIRL
288
00:14:01,758 --> 00:14:05,206
WHO IS BETWEEN
15 AND 18 YEARS OF AGE.
289
00:14:05,206 --> 00:14:07,793
Narrator: THE TOMB APPEARS
TO MATCH THE DESCRIPTIONS
290
00:14:07,793 --> 00:14:10,517
OF ARSINOE'S
FINAL RESTING PLACE.
291
00:14:10,517 --> 00:14:11,931
Fletcher:
AND BECAUSE THE TOMB
292
00:14:11,931 --> 00:14:13,965
HAS CERTAIN
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
293
00:14:13,965 --> 00:14:16,137
THAT RELATE TO
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE,
294
00:14:16,137 --> 00:14:19,275
THEY ASSUME THE PERSON
BURIED INSIDE MUST BE EGYPTIAN.
295
00:14:19,275 --> 00:14:21,758
Narrator: MANY RESEARCHERS
BELIEVE THE GRAVE YIELDS
296
00:14:21,758 --> 00:14:26,137
AN INCREDIBLE LINK TO EGYPT'S
MOST ENIGMATIC QUEEN.
297
00:14:26,137 --> 00:14:29,103
THIS MAY WELL BE
THE SISTER OF CLEOPATRA.
298
00:14:29,103 --> 00:14:32,724
IT MAY WELL BE ARSINOE.
299
00:14:32,724 --> 00:14:35,689
Narrator: BUT THERE IS A PROBLEM
WITH THE SKELETON.
300
00:14:35,689 --> 00:14:39,655
SADLY, WE NO LONGER
HAVE THE SKULL.
301
00:14:39,655 --> 00:14:41,655
Narrator: ARCHAEOLOGISTS
SEARCH THE RECORDS
302
00:14:41,655 --> 00:14:43,448
COLLECTED AT THE TIME
OF THE DIG,
303
00:14:43,448 --> 00:14:47,241
HOPING TO UNCOVER INFORMATION
ABOUT THE MISSING SKULL.
304
00:14:47,241 --> 00:14:48,689
Johnston:
WE DO HAVE PHOTOGRAPHS,
305
00:14:48,689 --> 00:14:50,137
WE DO HAVE MEASUREMENTS
THAT WERE TAKEN
306
00:14:50,137 --> 00:14:51,862
AT THE TIME OF ITS DISCOVERY.
307
00:14:51,862 --> 00:14:53,689
Narrator:
FROM THESE MEASUREMENTS,
308
00:14:53,689 --> 00:14:55,896
SCIENTISTS GENERATE
A LIKENESS OF THE WOMAN
309
00:14:55,896 --> 00:14:59,206
THEY BELIEVE
IS CLEOPATRA'S SISTER.
310
00:14:59,206 --> 00:15:00,931
Johnston:
USING FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION,
311
00:15:00,931 --> 00:15:04,310
WE'RE ABLE TO BUILD UP THE
LAYERS OF MUSCLE ON THE BONE,
312
00:15:04,310 --> 00:15:06,241
WE'RE ABLE TO GET
A CLEARER INDICATION
313
00:15:06,241 --> 00:15:09,689
OF HOW TO FLESH UP THAT SKULL
314
00:15:09,689 --> 00:15:13,586
SO THAT WE CAN SEE WHAT THE FACE
MIGHT HAVE LOOKED LIKE.
315
00:15:13,586 --> 00:15:15,103
Narrator:
IF RESEARCHERS ARE RIGHT
316
00:15:15,103 --> 00:15:17,862
AND THIS IS THE FACE
OF CLEOPATRA'S SIBLING,
317
00:15:17,862 --> 00:15:19,517
THEN THIS PROCESS WILL REVEAL
318
00:15:19,517 --> 00:15:22,620
THE MOST ACCURATE LIKENESS
OF CLEOPATRA YET.
319
00:15:22,620 --> 00:15:25,068
♪♪
320
00:15:25,068 --> 00:15:27,827
Johnston: YOU SEE A FACE
WHICH IS MUCH YOUNGER,
321
00:15:27,827 --> 00:15:29,344
MUCH MORE FEMININE
322
00:15:29,344 --> 00:15:32,827
THAN THE COIN PORTRAIT
THAT WE HAVE OF CLEOPATRA.
323
00:15:32,827 --> 00:15:36,068
IT'S HARD TO SEE
ANY RESEMBLANCE AT ALL.
324
00:15:36,068 --> 00:15:37,896
Narrator:
IT IS SO DIFFERENT, IN FACT,
325
00:15:37,896 --> 00:15:41,655
THAT SOME EGYPTOLOGISTS
ARE SKEPTICAL OF ITS ACCURACY.
326
00:15:41,655 --> 00:15:44,137
♪♪
327
00:15:44,137 --> 00:15:46,551
Fletcher: THE EXPERTS
WHO ARE RECONSTRUCTING THE FACE
328
00:15:46,551 --> 00:15:49,448
HAVE TO WORK WITH THE LIMITED
DATA THAT THEY DO HAVE --
329
00:15:49,448 --> 00:15:52,310
A SET OF MEASUREMENTS
OF THE SKULL --
330
00:15:52,310 --> 00:15:57,034
AND THEY CAN ONLY HOPE
TO CREATE A PARTIAL LIKENESS.
331
00:15:57,034 --> 00:15:59,206
♪♪
332
00:15:59,206 --> 00:16:03,241
Narrator: OTHERS BELIEVE THERE
CAN BE AN EVEN BIGGER PROBLEM,
333
00:16:03,241 --> 00:16:07,965
A QUESTION SURROUNDING
THE IDENTITY OF THE REMAINS.
334
00:16:07,965 --> 00:16:10,758
Anthony: THE SKELETON,
THE BODY THAT WAS FOUND THERE
335
00:16:10,758 --> 00:16:12,965
WAS THAT OF A 15-YEAR-OLD GIRL.
336
00:16:12,965 --> 00:16:15,758
AND THERE IS A SLIGHT PROBLEM
IN THAT WE UNDERSTAND
337
00:16:15,758 --> 00:16:20,862
THAT ARSINOE WAS PROBABLY
IN HER MID-20's WHEN SHE DIED.
338
00:16:20,862 --> 00:16:23,793
Narrator:
EGYPTOLOGISTS REMAIN DIVIDED.
339
00:16:23,793 --> 00:16:26,068
Johnston: I THINK
IT'S SAFE TO SAY, AT THIS TIME,
340
00:16:26,068 --> 00:16:28,551
THE QUESTION OF
CLEOPATRA'S APPEARANCE
341
00:16:28,551 --> 00:16:31,344
STILL WAITS TO BE ANSWERED.
342
00:16:31,344 --> 00:16:33,655
Narrator:
2,000 YEARS AFTER HER DEATH,
343
00:16:33,655 --> 00:16:38,103
THE LEGEND OF THE MOST FAMOUS
QUEEN IN HISTORY LIVES ON.
344
00:16:38,103 --> 00:16:47,620
♪♪
345
00:16:47,620 --> 00:16:50,448
BUILT BY THE ICONIC PHARAOH
AKHENATEN,
346
00:16:50,448 --> 00:16:54,413
THE UTOPIAN CITY OF AMARNA
IS LEGENDARY.
347
00:16:54,413 --> 00:16:57,206
AKHENATEN WANTS IT TO BE
AN INCREDIBLE CITY,
348
00:16:57,206 --> 00:17:01,068
SOMETHING THAT PEOPLE
ARE GOING TO REMEMBER.
349
00:17:01,068 --> 00:17:04,206
Narrator: NOW A NEW DISCOVERY
COULD EXPLAIN WHY THE CITY
350
00:17:04,206 --> 00:17:08,172
IS ABANDONED LESS THAN TWO
DECADES AFTER ITS CONSTRUCTION,
351
00:17:08,172 --> 00:17:13,448
TO REVEAL A DEEPLY SINISTER SIDE
TO AKHENATEN'S PARADISE.
352
00:17:13,448 --> 00:17:17,448
WAS AMARNA A GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
OR WAS IT HELL ON EARTH?
353
00:17:17,448 --> 00:17:20,896
♪♪
354
00:17:26,551 --> 00:17:29,172
Narrator: 1350 BCE.
355
00:17:29,172 --> 00:17:32,517
A NEW PHARAOH ASCENDS
THE THRONE OF EGYPT,
356
00:17:32,517 --> 00:17:36,206
HIS NAME, AMENHOTEP IV.
357
00:17:36,206 --> 00:17:38,310
AMENHOTEP IV COMES IN,
AND HE SAYS,
358
00:17:38,310 --> 00:17:41,379
"WE'RE GOING TO COMPLETELY
CHANGE THINGS UP."
359
00:17:41,379 --> 00:17:43,275
Narrator:
HE CONSTRUCTS A NEW ORDER,
360
00:17:43,275 --> 00:17:46,896
STARTING WITH HIS OWN PERSONA.
361
00:17:46,896 --> 00:17:50,724
HE CHANGES HIS NAME
TO AKHENATEN.
362
00:17:50,724 --> 00:17:52,517
Fletcher: THE NAME CHANGE
IS LIKE A COMPLETE
363
00:17:52,517 --> 00:17:54,379
REBRANDING OF THE PHARAOH.
364
00:17:54,379 --> 00:17:56,931
Narrator: HIS NEW NAME
365
00:17:56,931 --> 00:18:00,689
MAKES HIM CHIEF REPRESENTATIVE
TO THE SUN GOD.
366
00:18:00,689 --> 00:18:05,586
♪♪
367
00:18:05,586 --> 00:18:07,931
WITH HIS WIFE, NEFERTITI,
AT HIS SIDE,
368
00:18:07,931 --> 00:18:10,551
HE REVOLUTIONIZES
EGYPT'S RELIGION
369
00:18:10,551 --> 00:18:15,620
BY ELIMINATING EVERY GOD
HIS PEOPLE HOLD DEAR, BAR ONE.
370
00:18:15,620 --> 00:18:17,310
IN THIS RADICAL STEP,
371
00:18:17,310 --> 00:18:21,689
AKHENATEN REWRITES
A NATION'S ENTIRE BELIEF SYSTEM.
372
00:18:21,689 --> 00:18:23,517
McGinn:
AKHENATEN ANNOUNCES TO EVERYONE
373
00:18:23,517 --> 00:18:25,689
THAT THEY'RE GOING TO
COMPLETELY CHANGE THE RELIGION,
374
00:18:25,689 --> 00:18:29,000
AND THEY'RE GOING TO CHANGE FROM
WORSHIPPING HUNDREDS OF GODS
375
00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:30,965
TO JUST WORSHIPPING ONE.
376
00:18:30,965 --> 00:18:35,620
♪♪
377
00:18:35,620 --> 00:18:37,413
Narrator:
HE BUILDS AN ENTIRE CITY
378
00:18:37,413 --> 00:18:41,241
DEDICATED TO THE WORSHIP
OF THIS ONE GOD, THE SUN,
379
00:18:41,241 --> 00:18:44,965
A NEW SPIRITUAL EPICENTER.
380
00:18:44,965 --> 00:18:48,344
ONE OF THE MAJOR
PHYSICAL MANIFESTATIONS
381
00:18:48,344 --> 00:18:50,517
OF HIS RELIGIOUS REVOLUTION
382
00:18:50,517 --> 00:18:54,517
IS MOVING THE RELIGIOUS CAPITAL
OF EGYPT FROM THEBES
383
00:18:54,517 --> 00:18:58,103
TO A CITY NOW CALLED AMARNA.
384
00:18:58,103 --> 00:19:00,137
THIS IS A MASSIVE OPERATION.
385
00:19:00,137 --> 00:19:02,551
Maca: HE WAS MOVING
THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE
386
00:19:02,551 --> 00:19:04,620
TO A COMPLETELY NEW AREA
OF EGYPT,
387
00:19:04,620 --> 00:19:07,862
HUNDREDS OF MILES AWAY
FROM TRADITIONAL CAPITALS.
388
00:19:07,862 --> 00:19:09,379
Narrator:
FOR OVER A DECADE,
389
00:19:09,379 --> 00:19:13,103
AMARNA FLOURISHES,
A THRIVING UTOPIA.
390
00:19:13,103 --> 00:19:18,896
AND THEN RECORDS SHOW
IT MYSTERIOUSLY COLLAPSES.
391
00:19:18,896 --> 00:19:22,000
NOW EGYPTOLOGISTS
ARE TRYING TO FIGURE OUT
392
00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:25,724
WHAT DISASTER
MAY HAVE TAKEN PLACE HERE.
393
00:19:25,724 --> 00:19:28,758
♪♪
394
00:19:28,758 --> 00:19:33,586
SEARCHING FOR CLUES, THEY DIG IN
THE RUINS OF THE ABANDONED CITY.
395
00:19:33,586 --> 00:19:37,689
OVER A CENTURY, THEY UNEARTH
EVIDENCE OF GREAT WEALTH --
396
00:19:37,689 --> 00:19:41,241
OPULENCE THAT IS OFF THE SCALE.
397
00:19:41,241 --> 00:19:43,655
Darnell:
WE KNOW THAT THE ELITES,
398
00:19:43,655 --> 00:19:46,586
THEY'RE BUILDING
VERY LARGE VILLAS
399
00:19:46,586 --> 00:19:49,896
AND PROBABLY MAINTAINED
A VERY LAVISH LIFESTYLE.
400
00:19:49,896 --> 00:19:52,586
ABSOLUTELY NO EXPENSE
IS BEING SPARED
401
00:19:52,586 --> 00:19:54,620
IN THE BUILDING OF THIS CITY.
402
00:19:54,620 --> 00:19:59,000
♪♪
403
00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:01,103
Narrator:
THE FINDINGS SEEM TO CONFIRM
404
00:20:01,103 --> 00:20:02,965
THE LIVES
OF THE PEOPLE OF AMARNA
405
00:20:02,965 --> 00:20:06,448
ARE EXACTLY
HOW THE LEGEND SUGGESTS.
406
00:20:06,448 --> 00:20:09,103
Fletcher: WE KNOW FROM THE TEXTS
AND THE IMAGES FROM THE TIME,
407
00:20:09,103 --> 00:20:11,551
AKHENATEN AND NEFERTITI
ARE GIVING HUNDREDS
408
00:20:11,551 --> 00:20:13,758
AND HUNDREDS
OF INDIVIDUAL OFFERINGS
409
00:20:13,758 --> 00:20:15,551
TO THE SUN GOD
ON A DAILY BASIS --
410
00:20:15,551 --> 00:20:18,482
THE BEST FOOD, THE BEST WINE,
THE BEST OF EVERYTHING.
411
00:20:18,482 --> 00:20:21,275
AKHENATEN WANTS IT TO BE
AN INCREDIBLE CITY,
412
00:20:21,275 --> 00:20:25,413
SOMETHING THAT PEOPLE
ARE GOING TO REMEMBER.
413
00:20:25,413 --> 00:20:28,551
Narrator: BUT SOMETHING
PUZZLES ARCHAEOLOGISTS.
414
00:20:28,551 --> 00:20:30,517
IT IS COMMON
FOR PHARAOHS TO DISPLAY
415
00:20:30,517 --> 00:20:34,000
THEIR MILITARY CONQUESTS
IN CARVINGS AND PAINTINGS,
416
00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:36,379
BUT DEPICTIONS IN AMARNA
APPEAR TO SHOW
417
00:20:36,379 --> 00:20:39,482
A VERY DIFFERENT
MILITARY PRESENCE.
418
00:20:39,482 --> 00:20:42,310
WHEN YOU START TO LOOK AT THE
ART THAT'S CREATED AT AMARNA,
419
00:20:42,310 --> 00:20:45,000
YOU'RE VERY STRUCK
BY THE NUMBER OF SOLDIERS.
420
00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:47,344
THIS IS A ROYAL COUPLE
WHO HAVE TO MAINTAIN
421
00:20:47,344 --> 00:20:52,724
A VERY HIGH MILITARY PRESENCE
TO GUARD AGAINST REBELLION.
422
00:20:52,724 --> 00:20:57,827
THESE ARE PEOPLE
WHO NEED THEIR BODYGUARDS.
423
00:20:57,827 --> 00:20:59,620
Narrator:
IT SUGGESTS AKHENATEN
424
00:20:59,620 --> 00:21:02,482
MAY BE AT RISK
FROM HIS OWN PEOPLE.
425
00:21:02,482 --> 00:21:04,413
Darnell: THERE COULD BE SOME
RELIGIOUS REASONS FOR THIS,
426
00:21:04,413 --> 00:21:06,482
BUT IT COULD'VE ALSO
BEEN PURELY FOR SECURITY,
427
00:21:06,482 --> 00:21:11,172
THAT HE WAS NOT BELOVED
BY MUCH OF HIS POPULATION.
428
00:21:11,172 --> 00:21:12,896
Narrator:
IF THIS THEORY IS CORRECT,
429
00:21:12,896 --> 00:21:15,172
THEN LIFE FOR REGULAR EGYPTIANS
430
00:21:15,172 --> 00:21:18,655
IS STARKLY DIFFERENT
FROM AKHENATEN'S LEGEND...
431
00:21:18,655 --> 00:21:23,172
AND AMARNA IS NOT THE UTOPIA
HE PROCLAIMS IT TO BE.
432
00:21:23,172 --> 00:21:26,758
Maca: AKHENATEN RE-CREATES
EGYPTIAN SOCIETY IN AMARNA,
433
00:21:26,758 --> 00:21:28,793
A UTOPIAN SOCIETY.
434
00:21:28,793 --> 00:21:30,551
BUT WERE THE PEOPLE TREATED
435
00:21:30,551 --> 00:21:35,068
AS WELL AS A UTOPIAN SOCIETY
INTENDS?
436
00:21:35,068 --> 00:21:37,517
Narrator:
IN 2006, ARCHAEOLOGISTS
437
00:21:37,517 --> 00:21:40,931
BEGIN TO DIG
AT A CEMETERY IN AMARNA.
438
00:21:40,931 --> 00:21:43,758
THEY KNOW THE BONES
MAY YIELD VITAL CLUES
439
00:21:43,758 --> 00:21:46,655
TO THE LIVING CONDITIONS
OF THE PEOPLE.
440
00:21:46,655 --> 00:21:49,137
HUMAN REMAINS ARE
AN EXTREMELY EFFECTIVE WAY
441
00:21:49,137 --> 00:21:50,620
TO TRULY UNDERSTAND
442
00:21:50,620 --> 00:21:53,482
HOW PEOPLE LIVED THEIR LIVES
IN THE ANCIENT PAST.
443
00:21:53,482 --> 00:21:56,310
EVERYTHING THEY DID
SHOWS UP IN THEIR BONES.
444
00:21:56,310 --> 00:21:57,931
Narrator:
ARCHAEOLOGISTS UNCOVER
445
00:21:57,931 --> 00:22:00,551
HUNDREDS OF
PARTIALLY INTACT SKELETONS
446
00:22:00,551 --> 00:22:03,931
PRESERVED BY
THE DRY DESERT HEAT.
447
00:22:03,931 --> 00:22:07,137
BUT THE GRAVES
ARE NOT WHAT EXPERTS EXPECT.
448
00:22:07,137 --> 00:22:09,517
♪♪
449
00:22:09,517 --> 00:22:12,965
McGinn: THE BONES ARE FOUND
BURIED DIRECTLY IN THE SAND.
450
00:22:12,965 --> 00:22:14,965
IT BECOMES CLEAR
TO THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS
451
00:22:14,965 --> 00:22:16,413
WORKING AT THIS SITE
452
00:22:16,413 --> 00:22:19,517
THAT THEY ARE FINDING
THE BONES OF VERY POOR PEOPLE,
453
00:22:19,517 --> 00:22:22,482
BECAUSE THE RICH
WOULD HAVE BEEN BURIED IN TOMBS.
454
00:22:22,482 --> 00:22:25,206
♪♪
455
00:22:25,206 --> 00:22:27,931
Narrator: FINDING INTACT REMAINS
OF EVERYDAY PEOPLE
456
00:22:27,931 --> 00:22:29,689
IS EXTREMELY RARE.
457
00:22:29,689 --> 00:22:31,724
WHEN EXPERTS
EXAMINE THE CONDITION
458
00:22:31,724 --> 00:22:33,482
OF THE BONES AND TEETH,
459
00:22:33,482 --> 00:22:37,172
THEY FIND EVIDENCE
OF CATASTROPHE.
460
00:22:37,172 --> 00:22:40,827
NOT A NATURAL DISASTER,
FAMINE, OR DROUGHT,
461
00:22:40,827 --> 00:22:43,827
BUT SOMETHING FAR MORE OMINOUS.
462
00:22:43,827 --> 00:22:47,793
THE BONES AT AMARNA
REALLY TELL US A HORRIFIC STORY.
463
00:22:47,793 --> 00:22:49,827
McGinn:
WE CAN SEE FROM THESE BONES
464
00:22:49,827 --> 00:22:51,965
THAT THE WORKING-CLASS
PEOPLE OF AMARNA
465
00:22:51,965 --> 00:22:55,000
ARE DOING HARD MANUAL LABOR
DAY IN AND DAY OUT.
466
00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:57,241
Maca: THESE PEOPLE
DIDN'T HAVE ENOUGH FOOD.
467
00:22:57,241 --> 00:23:00,000
McGinn: THEY HAD DENTAL
ABSCESSES, CAVITIES,
468
00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:01,517
SO THE DIET WAS POOR.
469
00:23:01,517 --> 00:23:03,551
THERE WERE HIGH LEVELS
OF ANEMIA.
470
00:23:03,551 --> 00:23:06,896
CHILDREN WERE SICK.
MALNUTRITION WAS PREVALENT.
471
00:23:06,896 --> 00:23:08,655
♪♪
472
00:23:08,655 --> 00:23:11,517
Narrator: THEN, IN ONE OF
AKHENATEN'S TEMPLES,
473
00:23:11,517 --> 00:23:13,448
ARCHAEOLOGISTS
EXAMINE THE REMAINS
474
00:23:13,448 --> 00:23:16,586
OF 1,700 RITUAL OFFERING TABLES,
475
00:23:16,586 --> 00:23:20,793
ONCE SEEN AS EVIDENCE OF THE
TREMENDOUS WEALTH IN THE CITY.
476
00:23:20,793 --> 00:23:24,655
NOW THE FOOD ALTARS POINT
TO A VERY DIFFERENT REALITY.
477
00:23:24,655 --> 00:23:27,068
♪♪
478
00:23:27,068 --> 00:23:28,724
Fletcher:
HUNDREDS OF ALTARS
479
00:23:28,724 --> 00:23:32,068
OPEN TO THE SUN,
TO THE OPEN AIR,
480
00:23:32,068 --> 00:23:36,758
CRAMMED WITH THE FINEST CUTS
OF MEAT, BREAD, BEER --
481
00:23:36,758 --> 00:23:40,000
ALL THE STANDARD OFFERINGS --
ALL LEFT OUT IN THE SUN
482
00:23:40,000 --> 00:23:44,551
FOR THE SUN
TO ABSORB THEIR GOODNESS...
483
00:23:44,551 --> 00:23:46,931
AND YET THE WORKERS
WHO BUILT THIS PLACE
484
00:23:46,931 --> 00:23:49,931
ARE RECEIVING SO VERY LITTLE.
485
00:23:49,931 --> 00:23:52,344
YOU WOULD THINK
THAT HE'S ALMOST GOING TO CREATE
486
00:23:52,344 --> 00:23:55,517
A KIND OF UTOPIAN SOCIETY
AND TREAT HIS PEOPLE VERY WELL.
487
00:23:55,517 --> 00:23:57,724
BUT THAT'S NOT WHAT
THE EVIDENCE SHOWS.
488
00:23:57,724 --> 00:23:59,862
♪♪
489
00:23:59,862 --> 00:24:02,931
Narrator: THE FINDS AT AMARNA
ARE REWRITING THE STORY
490
00:24:02,931 --> 00:24:06,689
OF AKHENATEN
AND HIS LEGENDARY UTOPIA.
491
00:24:06,689 --> 00:24:08,137
Fletcher:
MODERN ARCHAEOLOGY,
492
00:24:08,137 --> 00:24:11,068
IT'S REVEALING AKHENATEN
FOR THE MAN HE WAS --
493
00:24:11,068 --> 00:24:15,172
A DICTATOR,
A BRUTAL, BRUTAL KING
494
00:24:15,172 --> 00:24:18,482
WHO WORKED HIS PEOPLE
ALMOST TO DEATH.
495
00:24:18,482 --> 00:24:21,206
IT MUST HAVE BEEN HELL ON EARTH.
496
00:24:21,206 --> 00:24:23,827
Narrator: AND NOW EGYPTOLOGISTS
HAVE AN EXPLANATION
497
00:24:23,827 --> 00:24:26,448
FOR WHY, WHEN AKHENATEN DIES,
498
00:24:26,448 --> 00:24:29,068
HIS CITY IS ABANDONED
BY HIS PEOPLE,
499
00:24:29,068 --> 00:24:31,344
ALLOWING AMARNA'S TRAGIC SECRETS
500
00:24:31,344 --> 00:24:36,068
TO LIE HIDDEN BENEATH THE SAND
FOR OVER 3,000 YEARS.
501
00:24:36,068 --> 00:24:44,965
♪♪
502
00:24:44,965 --> 00:24:46,862
THE MIGHTY PYRAMIDS AT GIZA
503
00:24:46,862 --> 00:24:51,827
HIDE AN ENDURING SECRET
ABOUT THE MEN WHO BUILD THEM.
504
00:24:51,827 --> 00:24:55,896
WHO DID THE LABOR?
WHO ACTUALLY MOVED THE STONES?
505
00:24:55,896 --> 00:24:58,379
Narrator: NOW A SET OF
REMARKABLE DISCOVERIES
506
00:24:58,379 --> 00:25:01,068
MAY FINALLY SHED LIGHT
ON THE MYSTERY
507
00:25:01,068 --> 00:25:03,310
TO REVEAL
IF THE PYRAMIDS ARE BUILT
508
00:25:03,310 --> 00:25:07,206
BY TORMENTED SLAVES
OR WILLING ARTISANS.
509
00:25:14,137 --> 00:25:16,344
♪♪
510
00:25:16,344 --> 00:25:20,724
Narrator: IT IS A POWERFUL IMAGE
MADE POPULAR BY HOLLYWOOD.
511
00:25:20,724 --> 00:25:24,896
THOUSANDS OF PYRAMID BUILDERS
TOIL UNDER THE DESERT SUN,
512
00:25:24,896 --> 00:25:27,620
SLAVES TO AN OPPRESSIVE PHARAOH.
513
00:25:27,620 --> 00:25:29,896
♪♪
514
00:25:29,896 --> 00:25:33,000
EGYPTOLOGISTS TRACE THIS IDEA
OF SLAVE LABOR
515
00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:35,172
TO AN ANCIENT GREEK HISTORIAN,
516
00:25:35,172 --> 00:25:38,931
WRITING ABOUT THE
FOURTH DYNASTY PHARAOH KHUFU,
517
00:25:38,931 --> 00:25:42,000
THE KING WHO COMMISSIONS
THE GREAT PYRAMID.
518
00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:43,931
Darnell:
HERODOTUS TELLS US
519
00:25:43,931 --> 00:25:47,413
2,000 YEARS AFTER
THE GREAT PYRAMID IS BUILT
520
00:25:47,413 --> 00:25:49,137
THAT 100,000 PEOPLE
521
00:25:49,137 --> 00:25:51,241
PARTICIPATED
IN ITS CONSTRUCTION.
522
00:25:51,241 --> 00:25:53,689
Dash: HERODOTUS
WAS THE FIRST HISTORIAN.
523
00:25:53,689 --> 00:25:55,862
HE'S CALLED
THE FATHER OF HISTORY.
524
00:25:55,862 --> 00:25:57,896
HE LIVED DURING
IN THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE.
525
00:25:57,896 --> 00:25:59,827
HE TRAVELED THE WORLD
AND THEN WOULD WRITE STORIES
526
00:25:59,827 --> 00:26:02,068
ABOUT WHAT HE HAD SEEN.
527
00:26:02,068 --> 00:26:05,034
Cooney: HE TALKS ABOUT KHUFU
AS BEING WICKED,
528
00:26:05,034 --> 00:26:08,620
ALMOST EVIL,
AND EXPLOITING HIS OWN PEOPLE,
529
00:26:08,620 --> 00:26:11,931
LIVING SO LONG AND DEMANDING
SUCH A LARGE STRUCTURE,
530
00:26:11,931 --> 00:26:13,758
THAT HE PUSHED THEM TOO FAR.
531
00:26:13,758 --> 00:26:16,034
AND WHEN WE LOOK
AT THAT STRUCTURE TODAY,
532
00:26:16,034 --> 00:26:19,586
IT'S NO SURPRISE THAT SLAVERY
MIGHT POP INTO OUR HEAD.
533
00:26:19,586 --> 00:26:22,137
♪♪
534
00:26:22,137 --> 00:26:25,551
Narrator: IN 2002,
ARCHAEOLOGISTS UNCOVER SOMETHING
535
00:26:25,551 --> 00:26:28,689
THAT COULD SHED LIGHT
ON THE POPULAR BELIEF.
536
00:26:28,689 --> 00:26:31,172
THEY DIG ON THE GIZA PLATEAU,
537
00:26:31,172 --> 00:26:34,551
UNCOVERING WALLS
AND OUTLINES OF BUILDINGS.
538
00:26:34,551 --> 00:26:38,000
EGYPTOLOGISTS BELIEVE
IT IS A WORKERS' VILLAGE
539
00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:41,379
JUST 1,300 FEET
FROM THE PYRAMIDS.
540
00:26:41,379 --> 00:26:43,172
Darnell:
ON THE GIZA PLATEAU ITSELF,
541
00:26:43,172 --> 00:26:48,103
ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE DISCOVERED
THE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURES
542
00:26:48,103 --> 00:26:51,068
WHERE THE WORKMEN
WHO CONSTRUCTED THE PYRAMIDS
543
00:26:51,068 --> 00:26:54,413
BOTH LIVED AND CONSTRUCTED
THEIR OWN TOMBS.
544
00:26:54,413 --> 00:26:57,379
♪♪
545
00:26:57,379 --> 00:26:59,896
Narrator: THEY ALSO UNEARTH
ARTIFACTS THAT REVEAL
546
00:26:59,896 --> 00:27:05,620
THE WORKERS' DIET AND LIFESTYLE,
EVIDENCE OF HOW THEY LIVE.
547
00:27:05,620 --> 00:27:08,241
THE MOST COMMON POTTERY TYPES
WE FIND AT GIZA
548
00:27:08,241 --> 00:27:10,275
ARE BREAD MOLDS AND BEER JARS.
549
00:27:10,275 --> 00:27:12,103
WE FIND THOUSANDS OF THEM.
550
00:27:12,103 --> 00:27:15,379
SO THEY WERE EATING BREAD
AND DRINKING BEER.
551
00:27:15,379 --> 00:27:17,034
Narrator:
ALONG WITH BEER JARS,
552
00:27:17,034 --> 00:27:21,172
ARCHAEOLOGISTS FIND SOMETHING
ENTIRELY UNEXPECTED --
553
00:27:21,172 --> 00:27:24,827
FRAGMENTS OF OVER 150,000
ANIMAL BONES
554
00:27:24,827 --> 00:27:28,862
FROM FISH, BIRDS,
AND, REMARKABLY, FROM CATTLE.
555
00:27:28,862 --> 00:27:31,172
Dash: AT THE CITY
OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS,
556
00:27:31,172 --> 00:27:32,965
WE HAVE FOUND ENOUGH CATTLE BONE
557
00:27:32,965 --> 00:27:37,448
TO HAVE FED 7,000 PEOPLE MEAT
EVERY DAY FOR 20 YEARS.
558
00:27:37,448 --> 00:27:39,172
Darnell:
BEEF WOULD HAVE BEEN
559
00:27:39,172 --> 00:27:41,482
A FAIRLY EXPENSIVE MEAT
IN ANCIENT EGYPT.
560
00:27:41,482 --> 00:27:43,655
AND THE FACT THAT
THAT'S ONE OF THE THINGS
561
00:27:43,655 --> 00:27:45,172
THAT THEY WERE EATING
562
00:27:45,172 --> 00:27:49,586
SHOWS THAT THIS IS A MAJOR
STATE-SPONSORED ACTIVITY,
563
00:27:49,586 --> 00:27:52,137
AND THEY INTENDED THE WORKERS
564
00:27:52,137 --> 00:27:56,517
WHO CONSTRUCTED THE PYRAMIDS
TO BE WELL-FED.
565
00:27:56,517 --> 00:27:58,586
Narrator: THE EVIDENCE
FROM THE WORKERS' VILLAGE
566
00:27:58,586 --> 00:28:00,793
SUGGESTS A NEW THEORY --
567
00:28:00,793 --> 00:28:04,275
THAT THE PYRAMID BUILDERS
AREN'T SLAVES AT ALL...
568
00:28:04,275 --> 00:28:06,655
BUT ARE LIVING
IN TAILOR-MADE HOUSING,
569
00:28:06,655 --> 00:28:10,724
GETTING PAID IN BEER AND BREAD
AND THE FINEST CUTS OF MEAT.
570
00:28:10,724 --> 00:28:13,931
♪♪
571
00:28:13,931 --> 00:28:19,379
THEN, INSIDE THE GREAT PYRAMID,
MORE EVIDENCE EMERGES.
572
00:28:19,379 --> 00:28:24,758
ARCHAEOLOGISTS STUDY WRITINGS IN
A CHAMBER ABOVE THE KING'S TOMB.
573
00:28:24,758 --> 00:28:26,275
WHILE IT'S COMMON PRACTICE
574
00:28:26,275 --> 00:28:28,724
FOR EXPLORERS
TO LEAVE THEIR NAMES,
575
00:28:28,724 --> 00:28:31,551
CREATING A UNIQUE RECORD
OF EXPLORATION,
576
00:28:31,551 --> 00:28:34,517
AMONG THE MODERN MARKS
ARE STRANGE SYMBOLS.
577
00:28:34,517 --> 00:28:36,551
♪♪
578
00:28:36,551 --> 00:28:39,034
WRITTEN ON ONE OF
THE MASSIVE ROOF SLABS --
579
00:28:39,034 --> 00:28:43,758
A HIEROGLYPH
FROM 4,500 YEARS AGO.
580
00:28:43,758 --> 00:28:47,758
RED MARKINGS DENOTE
WHICH CREW WAS RESPONSIBLE
581
00:28:47,758 --> 00:28:50,517
FOR DRAGGING THAT GIANT BLOCK.
582
00:28:50,517 --> 00:28:52,000
Narrator:
THIS HIEROGLYPH REVEALS
583
00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:54,931
THE WORKERS' RELATIONSHIP
TO THE PHARAOH.
584
00:28:54,931 --> 00:28:58,620
IT IS A CREW NAME --
"THE FRIENDS OF KHUFU."
585
00:28:58,620 --> 00:29:01,793
♪♪
586
00:29:01,793 --> 00:29:05,896
IT SUGGESTS A CREW
UNITED IN THEIR TASK,
587
00:29:05,896 --> 00:29:08,137
WORKING FOR THE KING.
588
00:29:08,137 --> 00:29:10,586
Darnell: WE SHOULD REALLY
IMAGINE THESE WORK CREWS
589
00:29:10,586 --> 00:29:13,413
WITH A SPIRIT OF TOGETHERNESS.
590
00:29:13,413 --> 00:29:15,068
AND YOU GET MORE OF THAT SENSE
591
00:29:15,068 --> 00:29:18,379
OF HIGHLY ORGANIZED,
CONCENTRATED LABOR
592
00:29:18,379 --> 00:29:23,655
AS OPPOSED TO OUR IMAGININGS
OF SLAVES BEING WHIPPED
593
00:29:23,655 --> 00:29:27,827
AS THEY BRING STONES
UP THE RAMPS TO THE PYRAMIDS.
594
00:29:27,827 --> 00:29:31,068
♪♪
595
00:29:31,068 --> 00:29:34,103
Narrator: IT LEADS EGYPTOLOGISTS
TO A FINAL CONCLUSION
596
00:29:34,103 --> 00:29:38,103
ABOUT THE PYRAMID WORKERS,
DISPROVING THE LONG-HELD BELIEF
597
00:29:38,103 --> 00:29:42,000
THAT THE PYRAMIDS
ARE BUILT BY SLAVES...
598
00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:44,517
AND PART OF A GROWING
BODY OF EVIDENCE
599
00:29:44,517 --> 00:29:49,413
THAT SUGGESTS THEY ARE
HIGHLY SPECIALIZED ARTISANS.
600
00:29:49,413 --> 00:29:51,517
Darnell: OUR MODERN
ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES
601
00:29:51,517 --> 00:29:53,896
HAVE ESTABLISHED
BEYOND A SHADOW OF A DOUBT
602
00:29:53,896 --> 00:29:57,241
THAT THE PYRAMIDS
WERE CONSTRUCTED BY LABORERS,
603
00:29:57,241 --> 00:29:58,758
PAID BY THE STATE --
604
00:29:58,758 --> 00:30:01,206
MASONS, SPECIALISTS, QUARRYMEN,
605
00:30:01,206 --> 00:30:03,551
OVERSEERS, ARCHITECTS.
606
00:30:03,551 --> 00:30:06,620
Narrator: IT MEANS EXPERTS
CAN NOW CONSIDER THE PYRAMIDS
607
00:30:06,620 --> 00:30:09,000
AS MORE THAN TOMBS FOR A KING.
608
00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:10,896
THEY'RE TIME-TESTED MONUMENTS
609
00:30:10,896 --> 00:30:15,172
TO THE INGENUITY AND SKILL
OF THE MEN WHO BUILD THEM.
610
00:30:15,172 --> 00:30:18,068
Darnell: THE WORKERS
WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE PYRAMIDS
611
00:30:18,068 --> 00:30:22,241
KNEW THAT THEIR LABORS WOULD BE
SEEN FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS,
612
00:30:22,241 --> 00:30:24,758
AND THAT SENSE OF PRIDE
IN CREATING
613
00:30:24,758 --> 00:30:27,310
BOTH IMMORTALITY FOR THE KING
614
00:30:27,310 --> 00:30:30,379
AND A MONUMENT THAT WOULD STAND
FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS,
615
00:30:30,379 --> 00:30:32,517
IT IS ALL REALLY REMARKABLE.
616
00:30:39,758 --> 00:30:42,000
Narrator:
THE PEOPLE OF ANCIENT EGYPT
617
00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:45,000
ARE PERHAPS
THE MOST FABLED ON EARTH.
618
00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:48,206
NOW ANALYSIS
OF 3,000-YEAR-OLD REMAINS
619
00:30:48,206 --> 00:30:53,068
MAY SHED LIGHT ON THEIR ORIGINS,
ANSWERING AN AGE-OLD QUESTION --
620
00:30:53,068 --> 00:30:56,827
WHAT IS THE ANCESTRY
OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS?
621
00:30:56,827 --> 00:30:59,655
ANCIENT DNA
IS ACTUALLY PROVIDING US CLUES
622
00:30:59,655 --> 00:31:03,724
THAT ARE OPENING THE DOOR
ON WHO THESE PEOPLE REALLY WERE.
623
00:31:10,931 --> 00:31:12,448
♪♪
624
00:31:12,448 --> 00:31:15,241
Narrator: HOW DID THIS GROUP
OF REMARKABLE PEOPLE
625
00:31:15,241 --> 00:31:19,655
SPARK THE RISE
TO A SUPERPOWER NATION?
626
00:31:19,655 --> 00:31:22,068
Bard: OVER 100 YEARS AGO,
THERE WERE THEORIES
627
00:31:22,068 --> 00:31:24,620
THAT ANCIENT EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
628
00:31:24,620 --> 00:31:27,068
DID NOT ORIGINATE
IN THE NILE VALLEY,
629
00:31:27,068 --> 00:31:29,931
BUT WAS INTRODUCED
FROM SOMEWHERE OUTSIDE.
630
00:31:29,931 --> 00:31:33,000
♪♪
631
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:35,551
Narrator: SOME BELIEVE
THIS OUTSIDE INFLUENCE
632
00:31:35,551 --> 00:31:38,896
MAY ORIGINATE WITH THE OLDEST
CIVILIZATION ON EARTH --
633
00:31:38,896 --> 00:31:42,137
MESOPOTAMIA IN MODERN-DAY IRAQ,
634
00:31:42,137 --> 00:31:45,068
OVER 800 MILES FROM EGYPT.
635
00:31:45,068 --> 00:31:49,000
THERE WAS A SUGGESTION THAT
INDIVIDUALS FROM MESOPOTAMIA
636
00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:53,206
CAME INTO EGYPT
AND WERE THE CATALYSTS
637
00:31:53,206 --> 00:31:57,758
THAT ENABLED THE EGYPTIANS
TO CREATE THEMSELVES.
638
00:31:57,758 --> 00:32:00,275
Narrator: THE THEORY SUGGESTS
THIS EASTWARD MIGRATION
639
00:32:00,275 --> 00:32:03,275
TAKES PLACE
EVEN BEFORE EGYPT IS CREATED,
640
00:32:03,275 --> 00:32:06,793
OVER 5,000 YEARS AGO.
641
00:32:06,793 --> 00:32:09,689
THE PROBLEM IS,
EGYPTOLOGISTS CAN FIND
642
00:32:09,689 --> 00:32:12,620
NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
TO SUPPORT IT.
643
00:32:12,620 --> 00:32:14,689
Bianchi:
IN THE INTERVENING YEARS,
644
00:32:14,689 --> 00:32:18,000
THE THEORY ABOUT
THE MESOPOTAMIANS COMING OVER
645
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:20,379
HAS BEEN DISCOUNTED.
646
00:32:20,379 --> 00:32:22,655
♪♪
647
00:32:22,655 --> 00:32:24,586
Narrator:
ANOTHER THEORY EMERGES
648
00:32:24,586 --> 00:32:27,931
WHEN EXPERTS INVESTIGATE
A MORE RECENT DYNASTY.
649
00:32:27,931 --> 00:32:30,413
THEY EXAMINE
THE UPPER NILE VALLEY
650
00:32:30,413 --> 00:32:33,689
AND EGYPT'S SOUTHERN BORDER.
651
00:32:33,689 --> 00:32:35,517
Bianchi:
IN THE '60s AND '70s,
652
00:32:35,517 --> 00:32:40,103
THERE WAS A RENEWED INTEREST
IN NUBIA.
653
00:32:40,103 --> 00:32:42,448
Narrator: ANCIENT NUBIA
IS ON THE SOUTHERN SIDE
654
00:32:42,448 --> 00:32:44,793
OF THE SAHARA DESERT
FROM EGYPT.
655
00:32:44,793 --> 00:32:47,379
♪♪
656
00:32:47,379 --> 00:32:52,655
EXPERTS STUDY NUBIAN HIEROGLYPHS
THAT DATE TO AROUND 700 BCE,
657
00:32:52,655 --> 00:32:54,206
SEARCHING FOR EVIDENCE
658
00:32:54,206 --> 00:32:57,034
THAT THESE PEOPLE
MAY HAVE MIGRATED TO EGYPT.
659
00:32:57,034 --> 00:32:59,241
Bianchi: WE HAVE
HIEROGLYPHIC INSCRIPTIONS,
660
00:32:59,241 --> 00:33:05,448
AND THEY DISCUSS THE CONQUEST
OF EGYPT BY THE NUBIANS...
661
00:33:05,448 --> 00:33:11,137
WHEN BLACK AFRICANS FROM NUBIA
RULED EGYPT
662
00:33:11,137 --> 00:33:14,379
AS PHARAOHS IN THEIR OWN RIGHT.
663
00:33:14,379 --> 00:33:18,413
Narrator: THE INSCRIPTIONS
SHOW THAT ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
664
00:33:18,413 --> 00:33:21,758
HAVE STRONG CONNECTIONS
TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA,
665
00:33:21,758 --> 00:33:23,965
BUT WITHOUT BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE,
666
00:33:23,965 --> 00:33:27,275
EXPERTS CANNOT YET PROVE
AN ANCESTRAL LINK.
667
00:33:27,275 --> 00:33:31,310
♪♪
668
00:33:31,310 --> 00:33:36,103
IN 2017, SCIENTISTS EXPLORE
ANCIENT GENETIC TIES
669
00:33:36,103 --> 00:33:40,241
USING THE LATEST TECHNOLOGY
FOR DNA TESTING.
670
00:33:40,241 --> 00:33:43,551
THEY INVESTIGATE MUMMIES
FOUND IN THE 19th CENTURY
671
00:33:43,551 --> 00:33:47,827
IN THE NORTHERN EGYPTIAN VILLAGE
OF ABUSIR EL-MELEQ.
672
00:33:47,827 --> 00:33:51,103
Buckley: THIS STUDY
INVOLVES LOOKING AT 150 MUMMIES
673
00:33:51,103 --> 00:33:55,655
FROM THIS ONE SITE
AND LOOKING AT THEIR DNA.
674
00:33:55,655 --> 00:33:57,517
Narrator:
BECAUSE THE MUMMIES' AGE RANGE
675
00:33:57,517 --> 00:34:02,068
SPANS NEARLY 2,000 YEARS,
BEGINNING IN 1380 BCE,
676
00:34:02,068 --> 00:34:06,275
IT PROVIDES SCIENTISTS
WITH A BROAD SAMPLE SIZE.
677
00:34:06,275 --> 00:34:09,827
IT'S REALLY THE FIRST
SCIENTIFICALLY CREDIBLE STUDY
678
00:34:09,827 --> 00:34:12,137
THAT'S TELLING US SOMETHING
ABOUT THE ORIGINS
679
00:34:12,137 --> 00:34:15,793
OF WHO
THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS WERE.
680
00:34:15,793 --> 00:34:18,103
Narrator:
BUT THERE IS A NAGGING PROBLEM.
681
00:34:18,103 --> 00:34:19,965
WHEN THE MUMMIES ARE DISCOVERED,
682
00:34:19,965 --> 00:34:23,379
THE GENETIC CODE
IS NOT PROPERLY UNDERSTOOD.
683
00:34:23,379 --> 00:34:25,379
ARCHAEOLOGISTS
COULD NOT HAVE IMAGINED
684
00:34:25,379 --> 00:34:29,827
THE MUMMIES WOULD BE TESTED
100 YEARS LATER.
685
00:34:29,827 --> 00:34:34,241
AS A RESULT, THEY'RE TRANSPORTED
TO EUROPE UNPROTECTED.
686
00:34:34,241 --> 00:34:39,448
NOW EXPERTS BELIEVE
THEY MAY BE CONTAMINATED.
687
00:34:39,448 --> 00:34:44,103
AT THAT TIME, FOR SURE, NOBODY
WAS THINKING ABOUT DNA TESTING.
688
00:34:44,103 --> 00:34:46,724
EVERYBODY
WHO'S TOUCHING THE MUMMY
689
00:34:46,724 --> 00:34:50,310
LEAVES HIS DNA TRACES.
690
00:34:50,310 --> 00:34:52,551
Narrator: CONTAMINATED SAMPLES
COULD INTRODUCE
691
00:34:52,551 --> 00:34:54,655
OTHER GENETIC PROFILES
TO THE STUDY,
692
00:34:54,655 --> 00:34:57,448
TAINTING THE RESULTS.
693
00:34:57,448 --> 00:34:59,241
DESPITE THE DIFFICULTIES,
694
00:34:59,241 --> 00:35:01,724
SCIENTISTS ISOLATE
WHAT THEY BELIEVE
695
00:35:01,724 --> 00:35:05,965
IS ANCIENT GENETIC CODE
FROM THE CELLS' NUCLEI.
696
00:35:05,965 --> 00:35:08,068
Buckley:
OUT OF 150 MUMMIES STUDIED,
697
00:35:08,068 --> 00:35:11,517
THEY RECOVERED DNA
FROM 90 OF THOSE,
698
00:35:11,517 --> 00:35:14,482
BUT ONLY FROM THREE OF THOSE
DID THEY GET THE FULL GENOME,
699
00:35:14,482 --> 00:35:17,413
THE NUCLEAR DNA.
700
00:35:17,413 --> 00:35:20,344
Narrator: EXTRACTING THE FULL
GENOME FROM THE THREE MUMMIES
701
00:35:20,344 --> 00:35:23,275
IS AN INCREDIBLE
SCIENTIFIC FEAT,
702
00:35:23,275 --> 00:35:25,551
AN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN FIRST,
703
00:35:25,551 --> 00:35:28,655
AND THE RESULTS
PROVE ASTONISHING.
704
00:35:28,655 --> 00:35:30,448
Buckley:
THESE RESULTS CERTAINLY SHOW
705
00:35:30,448 --> 00:35:32,758
POPULATION
OVER A LONG TIME PERIOD,
706
00:35:32,758 --> 00:35:34,620
ORIGINATED IN WHAT IS NOW
707
00:35:34,620 --> 00:35:37,275
TURKEY, SYRIA,
ISRAEL, PALESTINE.
708
00:35:37,275 --> 00:35:41,620
SO THESE ARE PEOPLE COMING FROM
THE NEAR EAST, DOWN INTO EGYPT.
709
00:35:41,620 --> 00:35:44,379
Narrator: IT MEANS THE MUMMIES
FROM ABUSIR EL-MELEQ
710
00:35:44,379 --> 00:35:46,551
HAVE THEIR DEEPEST GENETIC LINKS
711
00:35:46,551 --> 00:35:50,310
WITH MEDITERRANEAN NEIGHBORS
TO THE EAST.
712
00:35:50,310 --> 00:35:53,068
BUT THERE IS
A FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE.
713
00:35:53,068 --> 00:35:56,172
BECAUSE ALL THE MUMMIES
COME FROM A SINGLE TOWN,
714
00:35:56,172 --> 00:36:00,413
MAKING ANY LARGE-SCALE
CONCLUSIONS IS IMPOSSIBLE.
715
00:36:00,413 --> 00:36:02,586
IT'S ONLY FROM ONE SITE
IN NORTHERN EGYPT,
716
00:36:02,586 --> 00:36:06,448
SO IT DOESN'T NECESSARILY
INFORM US ON WHAT THE POPULATION
717
00:36:06,448 --> 00:36:09,965
MAY BE LIKE FURTHER SOUTH
IN EGYPT, FOR EXAMPLE.
718
00:36:09,965 --> 00:36:11,655
Narrator:
DESPITE THE COMPLICATIONS,
719
00:36:11,655 --> 00:36:13,793
IT'S A HOPEFUL BEGINNING.
720
00:36:13,793 --> 00:36:15,931
AND AS GENETICISTS
SAMPLE MORE MUMMIES
721
00:36:15,931 --> 00:36:18,310
FROM EVERY CORNER OF EGYPT,
722
00:36:18,310 --> 00:36:20,827
THE RESULTS WILL GIVE
A PRECISE PICTURE
723
00:36:20,827 --> 00:36:24,482
OF THE MIGRATION PATTERNS
OF THE ANCIENTS,
724
00:36:24,482 --> 00:36:27,689
ANSWERING THE QUESTION
OF ANCIENT EGYPT'S ANCESTRY
725
00:36:27,689 --> 00:36:29,896
ONCE AND FOR ALL.
726
00:36:29,896 --> 00:36:38,448
♪♪
727
00:36:38,448 --> 00:36:40,517
NEAR THE NECROPOLIS OF THEBES,
728
00:36:40,517 --> 00:36:44,482
ARCHAEOLOGISTS UNCOVER
A HOARD OF ANCIENT RECORDS.
729
00:36:44,482 --> 00:36:46,517
Manning: SOMETHING LIKE
100,000 DOCUMENTS OR SO.
730
00:36:46,517 --> 00:36:48,275
IT'S PERHAPS
THE BEST-DOCUMENTED VILLAGE
731
00:36:48,275 --> 00:36:49,827
NOT ONLY FROM ANCIENT EGYPT,
732
00:36:49,827 --> 00:36:53,551
BUT FOR THE ENTIRE BRONZE AGE,
GLOBALLY.
733
00:36:53,551 --> 00:36:56,241
Narrator: THE DOCUMENTS
SHOW EGYPTIAN WORKERS
734
00:36:56,241 --> 00:36:58,965
HOLD THE WORLD'S
FIRST LABOR STRIKE
735
00:36:58,965 --> 00:37:03,000
AND REVEAL IF THEY WERE
SUCCESSFUL OR CRUSHED.
736
00:37:09,586 --> 00:37:11,034
♪♪
737
00:37:11,034 --> 00:37:13,758
Narrator: 1170 BCE.
738
00:37:13,758 --> 00:37:15,448
PHARAOH RAMESSES III
739
00:37:15,448 --> 00:37:19,862
RULES EGYPT DURING
THE TUMULTUOUS 20th DYNASTY.
740
00:37:19,862 --> 00:37:21,310
IT'S NOT A QUIET REIGN.
741
00:37:21,310 --> 00:37:23,758
HE HAS SEVERAL ATTEMPTED
INVASIONS OF EGYPT
742
00:37:23,758 --> 00:37:25,827
FROM VARIOUS PLACES --
FROM THE LIBYANS
743
00:37:25,827 --> 00:37:28,482
AND FROM A CONFEDERATION
OF MEDITERRANEAN PEOPLE
744
00:37:28,482 --> 00:37:30,275
WE CALL "THE SEA PEOPLE."
745
00:37:30,275 --> 00:37:34,517
AND HE'S QUITE PROUD
OF FENDING THEM OFF.
746
00:37:34,517 --> 00:37:38,206
HE SEEMS TO HAVE BEEN A VERY
POWERFUL AND SUCCESSFUL PHARAOH.
747
00:37:38,206 --> 00:37:43,103
♪♪
748
00:37:43,103 --> 00:37:44,620
Narrator: EXPERTS WONDER
749
00:37:44,620 --> 00:37:47,620
IF HIS EXTRAORDINARY
MILITARY SUCCESS ABROAD
750
00:37:47,620 --> 00:37:51,896
MAY COME AT A COST
AT HOME IN EGYPT.
751
00:37:51,896 --> 00:37:54,862
Enmarch: BUT WE ALSO KNOW THAT
TOWARDS THE END OF HIS LIFE,
752
00:37:54,862 --> 00:37:59,241
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
BEGAN TO GATHER IN EGYPT.
753
00:37:59,241 --> 00:38:01,068
Narrator:
AS EGYPTOLOGISTS INVESTIGATE
754
00:38:01,068 --> 00:38:04,655
HOW A FAILING ECONOMY
AFFECTS ORDINARY EGYPTIANS,
755
00:38:04,655 --> 00:38:06,724
NEW EVIDENCE EMERGES.
756
00:38:06,724 --> 00:38:09,517
♪♪
757
00:38:09,517 --> 00:38:11,620
DEEP IN THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS,
758
00:38:11,620 --> 00:38:13,827
BURIED IN THE ARID DESERT SANDS,
759
00:38:13,827 --> 00:38:17,758
ARCHAEOLOGISTS UNEARTH
A PREVIOUSLY UNTOUCHED VILLAGE
760
00:38:17,758 --> 00:38:20,517
DATING TO THE 20th DYNASTY.
761
00:38:20,517 --> 00:38:22,000
WHAT THEY DISCOVER INSIDE
762
00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:26,379
IS IMMACULATELY PRESERVED
BY THE DESERT'S DRY HEAT.
763
00:38:26,379 --> 00:38:28,000
Darnell:
THE COMMUNITY AT DEIR EL-MEDINA
764
00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:29,862
WAS FURTHER OUT INTO THE DESERT
765
00:38:29,862 --> 00:38:32,827
THAN YOUR STANDARD
EGYPTIAN VILLAGE.
766
00:38:32,827 --> 00:38:34,137
Cooney:
IT WAS ON THE WEST BANK,
767
00:38:34,137 --> 00:38:36,482
THE LAND OF THE DEAD,
DEEP IN THE DESERT.
768
00:38:36,482 --> 00:38:38,793
AND THE REASON
THAT IT'S SO SPECIAL
769
00:38:38,793 --> 00:38:40,586
IS BECAUSE IT PRESERVES THINGS
770
00:38:40,586 --> 00:38:44,137
THAT AREN'T PRESERVED
ANYWHERE ELSE ON THE PLANET.
771
00:38:44,137 --> 00:38:46,724
Narrator: BURIED IN THE RUINS
OF DEIR EL-MEDINA,
772
00:38:46,724 --> 00:38:50,344
ARCHAEOLOGISTS FIND
TENS OF THOUSANDS OF DOCUMENTS,
773
00:38:50,344 --> 00:38:53,896
FROM WORK RECORDS
TO INTIMATE LETTERS.
774
00:38:53,896 --> 00:38:55,413
BUT THE MOST INTRIGUING?
775
00:38:55,413 --> 00:38:58,965
COURT FILES GIVING A WINDOW
INTO THE EVERYDAY CONFLICTS
776
00:38:58,965 --> 00:39:01,172
AND CONCERNS OF THE ANCIENTS.
777
00:39:01,172 --> 00:39:04,034
♪♪
778
00:39:04,034 --> 00:39:06,758
AMONG THE DOCUMENTS,
EXPERTS UNCOVER RECORDS
779
00:39:06,758 --> 00:39:08,896
THAT SUGGEST THE MEN LIVING HERE
780
00:39:08,896 --> 00:39:12,482
ARE EMPLOYED DIRECTLY
BY THE PHARAOH RAMESSES III,
781
00:39:12,482 --> 00:39:15,793
CONSTRUCTING TOMBS IN
THE ROYAL CEMETERY OF THEBES
782
00:39:15,793 --> 00:39:17,965
LESS THAN A MILE AWAY.
783
00:39:17,965 --> 00:39:20,655
THE DOCUMENTS SHOW
THE HIGH SOCIAL STATUS
784
00:39:20,655 --> 00:39:23,517
OF THESE IMPORTANT CRAFTSMEN.
785
00:39:23,517 --> 00:39:25,620
Cooney: THEY KNEW
THE GREATEST ELITES OF THEBES
786
00:39:25,620 --> 00:39:27,241
BECAUSE THEY BUILT COFFINS
FOR THEM
787
00:39:27,241 --> 00:39:29,620
AND FINISHED TOMBS FOR THEM,
AS WELL.
788
00:39:29,620 --> 00:39:32,965
SO THESE MEN
WERE REALLY HANGING OUT
789
00:39:32,965 --> 00:39:36,000
WITH THE VERY WEALTHIEST
OF THEBANS
790
00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:41,103
EVEN THOUGH THEY WERE
CRAFTSMEN THEMSELVES.
791
00:39:41,103 --> 00:39:44,551
Narrator: FURTHER RESEARCH
REVEALS SOMETHING UNEXPECTED.
792
00:39:44,551 --> 00:39:47,965
SOME DOCUMENTS POINT
TO A STRAINED RELATIONSHIP
793
00:39:47,965 --> 00:39:51,689
BETWEEN THE CRAFTSMEN
AND THEIR BOSSES.
794
00:39:51,689 --> 00:39:54,551
Darnell: DURING THE REIGN
OF RAMESSES III,
795
00:39:54,551 --> 00:39:57,586
WE HAVE EVIDENCE THAT
THE WORKMEN AT DEIR EL-MEDINA
796
00:39:57,586 --> 00:39:59,758
WERE NOT BEING PAID ON TIME.
797
00:39:59,758 --> 00:40:02,241
Manning:
AND, OF COURSE, IF YOU'RE
NOT PAID IN BREAD AND BEER,
798
00:40:02,241 --> 00:40:05,206
WHICH IS THE NORMAL SALARY,
LITERALLY, IN ANCIENT EGYPT,
799
00:40:05,206 --> 00:40:10,172
HOW CAN YOU WORK?
HOW CAN ANYTHING ELSE HAPPEN?
800
00:40:10,172 --> 00:40:14,172
Narrator: SO THE CRAFTSMEN TAKE
MATTERS INTO THEIR OWN HANDS.
801
00:40:14,172 --> 00:40:18,724
NONPAYMENT LEADS TO THE FIRST
RECORDED STRIKE IN HISTORY.
802
00:40:18,724 --> 00:40:20,137
THEY DEMAND PAYMENT.
803
00:40:20,137 --> 00:40:21,620
Cooney:
THE DOCUMENTS ARE PRETTY CLEAR
804
00:40:21,620 --> 00:40:23,448
THAT THEY DIDN'T GO ON STRIKE
JUST ONCE.
805
00:40:23,448 --> 00:40:27,172
THIS HAPPENED REPEATEDLY
OVER TIME -- THIS NONPAYMENT
806
00:40:27,172 --> 00:40:31,275
AND THE REFUSAL TO WORK
BECAUSE OF THE NONPAYMENT.
807
00:40:31,275 --> 00:40:34,517
Narrator: WHAT THE DOCUMENTS
REVEAL NEXT IS REMARKABLE.
808
00:40:34,517 --> 00:40:38,620
♪♪
809
00:40:38,620 --> 00:40:40,862
Darnell: THEY'RE NOT FIRED.
THEY'RE NOT PUNISHED.
810
00:40:40,862 --> 00:40:42,793
THEY SEEM TO BE SUCCESSFUL.
811
00:40:42,793 --> 00:40:46,896
AND THE PHARAOH DOES RELENT
AND PAID THEM.
812
00:40:46,896 --> 00:40:50,413
Narrator: EGYPTOLOGISTS BELIEVE
THIS EXTRAORDINARY EVIDENCE
813
00:40:50,413 --> 00:40:53,896
CALLS INTO QUESTION WHETHER
THE 20th DYNASTY PHARAOH
814
00:40:53,896 --> 00:40:56,275
RULES LIKE A DICTATOR.
815
00:40:56,275 --> 00:40:58,206
Manning:
THE KING IS ACTUALLY
816
00:40:58,206 --> 00:41:01,275
CONSTITUTIONALLY CONSTRAINED
BY THE SOCIETY,
817
00:41:01,275 --> 00:41:04,034
SO THE LIMITS OF ROYAL POWER
WERE VERY REAL
818
00:41:04,034 --> 00:41:05,793
EVEN IN A PLACE
LIKE ANCIENT EGYPT,
819
00:41:05,793 --> 00:41:07,517
DESPITE THE PERCEPTIONS
OF THE KING
820
00:41:07,517 --> 00:41:11,137
BEING THIS ABSOLUTE
KIND OF MONARCH.
821
00:41:11,137 --> 00:41:14,103
Narrator: THE CACHE OF DOCUMENTS
FOUND AT DEIR EL-MEDINA
822
00:41:14,103 --> 00:41:15,827
PROVIDES A VIVID SNAPSHOT
823
00:41:15,827 --> 00:41:19,379
OF THE PEOPLE
WHO BUILD ANCIENT EGYPT.
824
00:41:19,379 --> 00:41:22,793
Manning: EVEN THOUGH THE ANCIENT
EGYPTIAN WORLD IS DIFFERENT
825
00:41:22,793 --> 00:41:25,724
THAN OURS IN A LOT OF WAYS,
THEY ARE HUMAN BEINGS,
826
00:41:25,724 --> 00:41:27,896
AND HUMAN STRUGGLES,
HUMAN EMOTIONS,
827
00:41:27,896 --> 00:41:29,931
HUMAN WORRIES ABOUT DAILY LIFE,
828
00:41:29,931 --> 00:41:32,379
ABOUT MAKING A LIVING,
ABOUT FEEDING YOUR FAMILY,
829
00:41:32,379 --> 00:41:36,137
ABOUT LOVE INTERESTS ALL COME
TO LIFE IN THESE DOCUMENTS.
830
00:41:36,137 --> 00:41:39,000
Narrator: IT IS A DISCOVERY
THAT REFRAMES THE RELATIONSHIP
831
00:41:39,000 --> 00:41:42,965
BETWEEN THE ORDINARY WORKING MAN
AND HIS PHARAOH...
832
00:41:42,965 --> 00:41:45,793
AND RECASTS
THIS EGYPTIAN SUPERPOWER
833
00:41:45,793 --> 00:41:47,586
AS A FUNCTIONING NATION
834
00:41:47,586 --> 00:41:51,586
COMPLETE WITH CONFLICTS
AND CONQUESTS,
835
00:41:51,586 --> 00:41:54,172
JUST LIKE ANY NATION TODAY.
836
00:41:54,172 --> 00:41:56,965
♪♪
65576
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.