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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,749 --> 00:00:03,984 Colossal beauty. 2 00:00:03,985 --> 00:00:07,387 Awe-inspiring intricacy. 3 00:00:07,388 --> 00:00:10,991 Are the wonders of our universe a cosmic accident 4 00:00:10,992 --> 00:00:15,329 or the result of intelligent design? 5 00:00:15,330 --> 00:00:19,599 For centuries, religion and science were bitter foes. 6 00:00:19,600 --> 00:00:23,770 Now science actively searches for our creator. 7 00:00:23,771 --> 00:00:27,774 Some physicists think he's hidden in the math. 8 00:00:27,775 --> 00:00:31,244 Neurologists think she might be in our brains. 9 00:00:31,245 --> 00:00:35,148 And computer coders believe God is one of them 10 00:00:35,149 --> 00:00:39,553 and that our world is nothing more than his simulation. 11 00:00:41,363 --> 00:00:45,363 Through the Wormhole 1x01 with Morgan Freeman Is There a Creator? Original air date on June 9, 2010 12 00:00:45,393 --> 00:00:46,927 Space. 13 00:00:46,928 --> 00:00:48,395 Time. 14 00:00:48,396 --> 00:00:50,297 Life itself. 15 00:00:52,300 --> 00:00:57,170 The secrets of the cosmos lie through the wormhole. 16 00:00:57,171 --> 00:01:00,173 Through the Wormhole 1x01 with Morgan Freeman Is There a Creator? Original Air Date on June 9, 2010 17 00:01:00,183 --> 00:01:01,303 -- sync, corrected by elderman -- -- for www.Addic7ed.Com -- 18 00:01:04,412 --> 00:01:06,847 every culture claims a God, 19 00:01:06,848 --> 00:01:08,849 an all-powerful entity 20 00:01:08,850 --> 00:01:12,953 that created the world and directs our fate. 21 00:01:12,954 --> 00:01:17,691 But why do we share this belief in a cosmic creator? 22 00:01:17,692 --> 00:01:22,062 Did we dream it up to serve a need in our psyche or culture? 23 00:01:22,063 --> 00:01:25,165 Is God really out there -- 24 00:01:25,166 --> 00:01:27,033 up there? 25 00:01:27,034 --> 00:01:31,738 This is a journey into the science of God. 26 00:01:31,739 --> 00:01:34,975 I promise you it's quite a trip. 27 00:01:34,976 --> 00:01:39,212 Some of what we'll find almost defies belief. 28 00:01:41,215 --> 00:01:43,383 Sometime in the early '70s, 29 00:01:43,384 --> 00:01:47,154 I bought my daughter an ant farm. 30 00:01:47,155 --> 00:01:51,792 She soon got bored, but not me. 31 00:01:51,793 --> 00:01:54,628 I was memorized by this little menagerie 32 00:01:54,629 --> 00:01:57,531 squeezed between two panes of glass. 33 00:01:57,532 --> 00:02:01,568 And I wondered, what could they ever know about me, 34 00:02:01,569 --> 00:02:05,172 the one who built their world? 35 00:02:05,173 --> 00:02:08,975 What can we ever learn about who or what created us, 36 00:02:08,976 --> 00:02:13,547 stranded as we are in this colony of humanity? 37 00:02:13,548 --> 00:02:15,148 For as long as scientists 38 00:02:15,149 --> 00:02:18,585 have struggled to understand our place in the universe, 39 00:02:18,586 --> 00:02:22,222 there have been those who've hoped to get a glimpse of God. 40 00:02:25,460 --> 00:02:29,963 400 years ago, the great astronomer Galileo Galilei 41 00:02:29,964 --> 00:02:32,632 had a ground-breaking insight. 42 00:02:32,633 --> 00:02:37,070 Nature's grand book is written in the language of mathematics. 43 00:02:37,071 --> 00:02:39,072 From that time to this, 44 00:02:39,073 --> 00:02:42,876 scientific geniuses like Newton and Einstein 45 00:02:42,877 --> 00:02:46,213 used math to dig deep into the workings of nature, 46 00:02:46,214 --> 00:02:48,415 to search for God 47 00:02:48,416 --> 00:02:52,219 through the equations that defined the laws of physics. 48 00:02:52,220 --> 00:02:55,889 The latest mind hoping to join these illustrious ranks 49 00:02:55,890 --> 00:02:57,891 is Garrett Lisi. 50 00:02:57,892 --> 00:02:59,192 The universe 51 00:02:59,193 --> 00:03:02,395 can very successfully be described mathematically. 52 00:03:02,396 --> 00:03:04,631 You have to imagine how the world's working 53 00:03:04,632 --> 00:03:06,466 in a certain circumstance 54 00:03:06,467 --> 00:03:09,102 and then use reason and mathematics 55 00:03:09,103 --> 00:03:12,339 to develop a description of how that might be happening. 56 00:03:12,340 --> 00:03:13,573 But it's imagination 57 00:03:13,574 --> 00:03:16,176 that breaks the trail before reason enters. 58 00:03:16,177 --> 00:03:19,613 After earning his Phd, 59 00:03:19,614 --> 00:03:22,682 Garrett escaped the confines of academia 60 00:03:22,683 --> 00:03:26,553 in search of adventure and a space in which to think. 61 00:03:26,554 --> 00:03:30,390 Rather than go into a normal academic-track job, 62 00:03:30,391 --> 00:03:33,493 I just split off for Maui, became a surf bum, 63 00:03:33,494 --> 00:03:35,428 and did the research I wanted to -- 64 00:03:35,429 --> 00:03:39,432 mostly spent time doing physics research and surfing. 65 00:03:42,503 --> 00:03:45,138 But all of our attempts to understand nature 66 00:03:45,139 --> 00:03:48,008 so far have been fragmentary. 67 00:03:48,009 --> 00:03:50,477 There's one set of rules for tiny atoms, 68 00:03:50,478 --> 00:03:54,214 another for giant objects like stars and galaxies. 69 00:03:54,215 --> 00:03:58,285 And the two sets of math don't fit together. 70 00:03:58,286 --> 00:04:01,054 What physicists like Lisi seek 71 00:04:01,055 --> 00:04:03,957 is a single, overarching theory, 72 00:04:03,958 --> 00:04:08,461 a mathematical design that explains everything. 73 00:04:08,462 --> 00:04:11,731 Garrett thinks he may at last have found 74 00:04:11,732 --> 00:04:15,402 this theory of everything. 75 00:04:15,403 --> 00:04:19,873 And if he's right, God could be one heck of a mathematician. 76 00:04:19,874 --> 00:04:23,810 Garrett's work is at a leading edge of physics. 77 00:04:23,811 --> 00:04:27,614 Before we plunge into this mind-bending math, 78 00:04:27,615 --> 00:04:31,017 we first need to back up a bit, 79 00:04:31,018 --> 00:04:33,420 because it's possible 80 00:04:33,421 --> 00:04:36,556 there's already evidence for a creator in the math. 81 00:04:38,893 --> 00:04:42,262 Andy Albrecht is a leading cosmologist. 82 00:04:42,263 --> 00:04:45,065 Hello, how are you? 83 00:04:45,066 --> 00:04:48,001 He's also a renowned chocoholic. 84 00:04:48,002 --> 00:04:52,005 I'll have the chocolate soufflé and a latte. 85 00:04:52,006 --> 00:04:54,874 Just as a perfect chocolate soufflé 86 00:04:54,875 --> 00:04:58,411 relies on a precise mixture of ingredients 87 00:04:58,412 --> 00:05:02,048 baked at a specific temperature for an exact time, 88 00:05:02,049 --> 00:05:04,884 so our universe looks the way it does 89 00:05:04,885 --> 00:05:09,823 because of a precise balance between four fundamental forces. 90 00:05:09,824 --> 00:05:12,025 The four forces we know and love 91 00:05:12,026 --> 00:05:13,627 in the world around us 92 00:05:13,628 --> 00:05:16,196 are gravity, electromagnetism -- 93 00:05:16,197 --> 00:05:18,431 those you've probably heard of. 94 00:05:18,432 --> 00:05:21,234 Then there's also the weak force and the strong force. 95 00:05:21,235 --> 00:05:23,303 They're a little bit more specialized 96 00:05:23,304 --> 00:05:24,604 but absolutely essential 97 00:05:24,605 --> 00:05:26,740 to make the world work the way it does. 98 00:05:26,741 --> 00:05:29,843 Gravity, in many ways, 99 00:05:29,844 --> 00:05:31,945 is the force we know first. 100 00:05:31,946 --> 00:05:33,980 We try to walk, and we fall down. 101 00:05:33,981 --> 00:05:35,482 That's because of gravity. 102 00:05:35,483 --> 00:05:37,484 When you carry something a little too heavy and it falls, 103 00:05:37,485 --> 00:05:39,386 it's because of gravity. 104 00:05:39,387 --> 00:05:43,390 Electromagnetism tells us how the chemistry works. 105 00:05:43,391 --> 00:05:46,926 When you cook something, the energy you use 106 00:05:46,927 --> 00:05:50,597 is ultimately electromagnetic energy. 107 00:05:52,967 --> 00:05:55,669 Weak force is about a billion times less strong 108 00:05:55,670 --> 00:05:57,570 than electromagnetism, 109 00:05:57,571 --> 00:06:01,274 and it's responsible for radioactivity. 110 00:06:01,275 --> 00:06:04,644 The potassium in a banana is radioactive. 111 00:06:04,645 --> 00:06:09,683 If the rate were too high, it could destroy us. 112 00:06:09,684 --> 00:06:12,719 The sun is basically a nuclear reactor. 113 00:06:12,720 --> 00:06:15,955 The strong forces release energy in the nuclear reactions. 114 00:06:15,956 --> 00:06:20,293 One of the remarkable things is, when you add it all up, 115 00:06:20,294 --> 00:06:23,163 all these forces have to be exactly the way they are 116 00:06:23,164 --> 00:06:25,331 for life as we know it to exist. 117 00:06:25,332 --> 00:06:28,168 Change any one of them, dial the parameters, 118 00:06:28,169 --> 00:06:30,170 and something will go wrong -- 119 00:06:30,171 --> 00:06:32,405 the planet will disappear, 120 00:06:32,406 --> 00:06:34,974 the sun will shut down, 121 00:06:34,975 --> 00:06:38,111 the DNA will come unraveled. 122 00:06:38,112 --> 00:06:41,648 Some people call it the Goldilocks paradigm -- 123 00:06:41,649 --> 00:06:45,485 not too much, not too little, everything's just right. 124 00:06:45,486 --> 00:06:47,120 Oh, that's perfect. 125 00:06:48,656 --> 00:06:50,890 Some physicists believe 126 00:06:50,891 --> 00:06:55,395 this precise calibration of forces is evidence of God. 127 00:06:55,396 --> 00:06:59,332 Dr. John Polkinghorne did pioneering work on the quark, 128 00:06:59,333 --> 00:07:02,402 a fundamental subatomic particle. 129 00:07:02,403 --> 00:07:08,141 He is also a knight commander of the British Empire, a Sir. 130 00:07:08,142 --> 00:07:10,643 And after a lifetime 131 00:07:10,644 --> 00:07:12,946 of distinguished scientific inquiry, 132 00:07:12,947 --> 00:07:16,516 he was inspired to follow a new line of work... 133 00:07:16,517 --> 00:07:19,686 As a priest. 134 00:07:19,687 --> 00:07:21,888 I do indeed believe in God, yes, indeed. 135 00:07:21,889 --> 00:07:23,990 Yes, in fact, I'm an Anglican priest, 136 00:07:23,991 --> 00:07:26,126 so it would be rather shocking if I didn't. 137 00:07:26,127 --> 00:07:31,397 Those four fundamental forces are the portfolio of things 138 00:07:31,398 --> 00:07:34,167 that bring about the physical processes of the world. 139 00:07:34,168 --> 00:07:36,669 And a very interesting fact about the world 140 00:07:36,670 --> 00:07:38,004 is that those forces, 141 00:07:38,005 --> 00:07:40,640 in their specific strengths that they have, 142 00:07:40,641 --> 00:07:43,610 have to be very close to what we actually observe 143 00:07:43,611 --> 00:07:46,279 if we were to be here to observe them, 144 00:07:46,280 --> 00:07:48,915 because it turns out that only a world 145 00:07:48,916 --> 00:07:52,819 whose forces are very similar to the ones that we experience 146 00:07:52,820 --> 00:07:55,789 would be capable of producing carbon-based life. 147 00:07:55,790 --> 00:07:58,558 John finds it difficult to imagine 148 00:07:58,559 --> 00:08:00,960 that the fine-tuning of our universe 149 00:08:00,961 --> 00:08:02,962 has happened by accident, 150 00:08:02,963 --> 00:08:06,132 that there is no divine hand behind it. 151 00:08:06,133 --> 00:08:09,869 This fine-tuning makes it clear we don't live in any old world. 152 00:08:09,870 --> 00:08:11,838 We live in a very particular universe. 153 00:08:11,839 --> 00:08:15,441 And why is that? Why are we so lucky? 154 00:08:15,442 --> 00:08:18,444 Of course, religious belief offers you 155 00:08:18,445 --> 00:08:21,948 a very straightforward and attractive explanation. 156 00:08:21,949 --> 00:08:24,384 But scientists are split 157 00:08:24,385 --> 00:08:26,853 over whether this balance of forces 158 00:08:26,854 --> 00:08:29,088 is a sign of intelligent design. 159 00:08:29,089 --> 00:08:32,292 In fact, it could be nothing more 160 00:08:32,293 --> 00:08:34,494 than a roll of the cosmic dice. 161 00:08:36,363 --> 00:08:39,632 Dr. Alan Guth is a revered figure in cosmology. 162 00:08:39,633 --> 00:08:41,634 His theory of inflation 163 00:08:41,635 --> 00:08:45,471 is the accepted idea of how the early universe formed. 164 00:08:45,472 --> 00:08:49,142 Inflation says that right after the big bang, 165 00:08:49,143 --> 00:08:52,445 the universe expanded phenomenally fast, 166 00:08:52,446 --> 00:08:57,717 doubling in size 100,000 times in just a fraction of a second. 167 00:08:57,718 --> 00:08:59,786 Inflation helps explain 168 00:08:59,787 --> 00:09:03,590 how the world we know could have come into existence. 169 00:09:03,591 --> 00:09:07,193 But inflation has another head-spinning implication -- 170 00:09:07,194 --> 00:09:10,630 there ought to be more than one universe. 171 00:09:13,367 --> 00:09:16,703 An important feature of this process of inflation 172 00:09:16,704 --> 00:09:18,638 is that when inflation stops, 173 00:09:18,639 --> 00:09:21,574 it doesn't stop all over at the same time. 174 00:09:21,575 --> 00:09:24,043 What tends to happen is it stops in some places, 175 00:09:24,044 --> 00:09:25,678 and those then become universes. 176 00:09:25,679 --> 00:09:28,147 And elsewhere, in what we now call a multiverse, 177 00:09:28,148 --> 00:09:30,216 inflation would go on, 178 00:09:30,217 --> 00:09:32,652 and only later, more pocket universes would form. 179 00:09:32,653 --> 00:09:35,622 And there can be an infinite number of these pocket universes 180 00:09:35,623 --> 00:09:37,390 formed altogether by this process 181 00:09:37,391 --> 00:09:38,858 that we call eternal inflation. 182 00:09:42,863 --> 00:09:46,032 The point is that if there really is a multiverse, 183 00:09:46,033 --> 00:09:49,869 we would be living in just one of these many pocket universes. 184 00:09:49,870 --> 00:09:52,405 That could be, for example, our universe right there. 185 00:09:52,406 --> 00:09:53,840 Each of these pocket universes 186 00:09:53,841 --> 00:09:55,675 could have different laws of physics. 187 00:09:57,511 --> 00:09:59,145 In our universe, 188 00:09:59,146 --> 00:10:03,449 the four forces are aligned in a perfect way. 189 00:10:03,450 --> 00:10:07,854 Together, they allow life to coalesce and flourish. 190 00:10:07,855 --> 00:10:12,258 But each pocket universe in Alan's multiverse 191 00:10:12,259 --> 00:10:15,662 could have a completely different balance of forces. 192 00:10:15,663 --> 00:10:19,165 Maybe electromagnetism is weaker, 193 00:10:19,166 --> 00:10:22,235 and perhaps gravity is way more powerful. 194 00:10:22,236 --> 00:10:24,037 The result -- 195 00:10:24,038 --> 00:10:29,042 an entirely different universe with no chance of human life. 196 00:10:29,043 --> 00:10:31,311 To Alan, our universe 197 00:10:31,312 --> 00:10:34,380 is not carefully crafted by a divine being. 198 00:10:34,381 --> 00:10:38,284 It's just a lucky roll in a cosmic crap shoot. 199 00:10:43,991 --> 00:10:48,261 This debate for and against an intelligently designed cosmos 200 00:10:48,262 --> 00:10:52,865 has raged inside the world of physics for decades. 201 00:10:52,866 --> 00:10:55,802 And that's where Garrett Lisi comes in. 202 00:10:55,803 --> 00:10:59,238 A single mathematical theory to explain everything 203 00:10:59,239 --> 00:11:01,341 could bring science closer than ever 204 00:11:01,342 --> 00:11:04,177 to understanding our creation. 205 00:11:04,178 --> 00:11:07,080 And right now, it's all in the head 206 00:11:07,081 --> 00:11:10,116 of a beach bum in Hawaii. 207 00:11:14,038 --> 00:11:16,073 One universe. 208 00:11:16,074 --> 00:11:17,474 Four forces. 209 00:11:17,475 --> 00:11:19,543 Billions of galaxies. 210 00:11:19,544 --> 00:11:22,513 The precision and complexity of our world 211 00:11:22,514 --> 00:11:25,716 is enough to make even the sanest cosmologist 212 00:11:25,717 --> 00:11:29,052 go just a little bit crazy. 213 00:11:29,053 --> 00:11:31,655 How does it all fit together? 214 00:11:31,656 --> 00:11:37,127 Is there a single, overarching design to the cosmos? 215 00:11:37,128 --> 00:11:40,197 And if we find it, 216 00:11:40,198 --> 00:11:43,634 will we glimpse the mind of God? 217 00:11:43,635 --> 00:11:47,838 Scientists have spent decades and billions of dollars 218 00:11:47,839 --> 00:11:49,172 on this quest. 219 00:11:49,173 --> 00:11:52,843 They've build giant atom-smashing machines to probe 220 00:11:52,844 --> 00:11:56,179 how the four fundamental forces actually work. 221 00:11:56,180 --> 00:11:59,583 They've found that down at the microscopic level, 222 00:11:59,584 --> 00:12:02,252 billions of times smaller than atoms, 223 00:12:02,253 --> 00:12:04,855 forces are actually caused 224 00:12:04,856 --> 00:12:08,892 by the movement of tiny particles. 225 00:12:08,893 --> 00:12:12,829 Electromagnetism is carried by photons. 226 00:12:12,830 --> 00:12:17,334 The strong force is carried by particles called gluons, 227 00:12:17,335 --> 00:12:22,573 the weak force by particles called the "w" and "z" bosons. 228 00:12:22,574 --> 00:12:27,477 But they've never found the force carriers for gravity, 229 00:12:27,478 --> 00:12:31,682 the elusive gravitons. 230 00:12:31,683 --> 00:12:33,784 And that's where their efforts 231 00:12:33,785 --> 00:12:35,886 to unify the math of the universe 232 00:12:35,887 --> 00:12:39,823 are stuck treading water. 233 00:12:39,824 --> 00:12:43,694 But renegade physicist and compulsive surfer Garrett Lisi 234 00:12:43,695 --> 00:12:46,930 could be on the cusp of succeeding. 235 00:12:46,931 --> 00:12:50,400 Right after people got the idea 236 00:12:50,401 --> 00:12:53,537 that there were these electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces, 237 00:12:53,538 --> 00:12:55,439 which was toward the end of the '70s, 238 00:12:55,440 --> 00:12:57,941 almost immediately people saw how they fit together 239 00:12:57,942 --> 00:13:02,245 to make a grand unified theory unifying those three forces. 240 00:13:02,246 --> 00:13:05,015 Now, it's much trickier 241 00:13:05,016 --> 00:13:06,717 to try to bring gravity into the picture 242 00:13:06,718 --> 00:13:07,985 because it's slightly different. 243 00:13:10,488 --> 00:13:12,923 Tricky is an understatement. 244 00:13:12,924 --> 00:13:15,559 The greatest minds in physics have all but given up 245 00:13:15,560 --> 00:13:19,062 on unifying gravity and its unseen gravitons 246 00:13:19,063 --> 00:13:21,264 with the other three forces. 247 00:13:21,265 --> 00:13:24,001 But then Garrett had a vision, 248 00:13:24,002 --> 00:13:27,738 a vision of twisted circles. 249 00:13:27,739 --> 00:13:31,642 I was working on just how this whole algebraic structure 250 00:13:31,643 --> 00:13:35,579 fit together, of gravity and the other forces, 251 00:13:35,580 --> 00:13:39,316 and I started to wonder if this thing 252 00:13:39,317 --> 00:13:41,018 could be understood as a whole, 253 00:13:41,019 --> 00:13:43,253 if this entire structure could be described 254 00:13:43,254 --> 00:13:46,189 as part of some larger lie group. 255 00:13:48,126 --> 00:13:51,728 A lie group is a mathematical shape 256 00:13:51,729 --> 00:13:54,965 that is a collection of circles twisting around each other 257 00:13:54,966 --> 00:13:57,367 in a specific pattern. 258 00:13:57,368 --> 00:14:01,471 Now, the simplest lie group is just a circle. 259 00:14:01,472 --> 00:14:03,273 Now, if you take a second circle 260 00:14:03,274 --> 00:14:05,676 and you wrap it around that inner circle, 261 00:14:05,677 --> 00:14:08,845 keeping it perpendicular, you get what's called a torus. 262 00:14:08,846 --> 00:14:11,014 It looks like the surface of a doughnut. 263 00:14:11,015 --> 00:14:12,816 But if you take a third circle 264 00:14:12,817 --> 00:14:15,585 and keep that perpendicular to the other two, 265 00:14:15,586 --> 00:14:18,121 and you Twist it around the inner circle 266 00:14:18,122 --> 00:14:19,489 as you wrap it around, 267 00:14:19,490 --> 00:14:21,258 you can get all three of those circles 268 00:14:21,259 --> 00:14:22,426 to Twist around each other 269 00:14:22,427 --> 00:14:24,027 to form a three-dimensional shape. 270 00:14:24,028 --> 00:14:28,365 But this is only the beginning. 271 00:14:28,366 --> 00:14:31,702 Garrett kept on twisting circles around one another 272 00:14:31,703 --> 00:14:35,906 until he'd done it 248 times. 273 00:14:35,907 --> 00:14:37,941 The end result is a shape so complex 274 00:14:37,942 --> 00:14:40,110 that it can't even be fully appreciated 275 00:14:40,111 --> 00:14:41,678 in three dimensions. 276 00:14:41,679 --> 00:14:45,182 It's called the e8 lie group. 277 00:14:45,183 --> 00:14:49,619 To us, it's just a mind-bending pattern. 278 00:14:49,620 --> 00:14:51,822 But Garrett Lisi realized 279 00:14:51,823 --> 00:14:54,324 the way the circles twisted around one another 280 00:14:54,325 --> 00:14:58,729 looked just like the way various fundamental particles interact. 281 00:14:58,730 --> 00:15:01,131 In physics, each one of these circles can be associated 282 00:15:01,132 --> 00:15:03,967 with a different kind of elementary particle. 283 00:15:03,968 --> 00:15:07,137 One circle could correspond to electrons. 284 00:15:07,138 --> 00:15:09,106 The other circles could correspond 285 00:15:09,107 --> 00:15:10,373 to the force particles, 286 00:15:10,374 --> 00:15:12,576 such as photons or weak-force particles 287 00:15:12,577 --> 00:15:14,945 or strong-force particles, the gluons. 288 00:15:16,147 --> 00:15:17,948 For months, 289 00:15:17,949 --> 00:15:21,718 Garrett turned this kaleidoscope over and over in his mind. 290 00:15:21,719 --> 00:15:24,087 And then it hit him. 291 00:15:24,088 --> 00:15:26,089 He found a set of circles 292 00:15:26,090 --> 00:15:29,459 that seemed to act like the never-yet-seen graviton. 293 00:15:29,460 --> 00:15:32,729 And for the first time in the history of physics, 294 00:15:32,730 --> 00:15:36,366 a mere mortal saw how gravity might fit in 295 00:15:36,367 --> 00:15:39,269 with all the other forces and particles. 296 00:15:39,270 --> 00:15:42,706 You know, seeing how gravity could be combined 297 00:15:42,707 --> 00:15:44,941 with these other lie groups during this unification 298 00:15:44,942 --> 00:15:48,378 was one of the greatest moments of my life. 299 00:15:54,585 --> 00:15:59,356 Dr. Lee Smolin is a world-renowned physicist. 300 00:15:59,357 --> 00:16:01,491 He's watching with keen interest 301 00:16:01,492 --> 00:16:03,994 as Lisi struggles with his attempt 302 00:16:03,995 --> 00:16:05,796 to put all the forces of nature 303 00:16:05,797 --> 00:16:09,099 into a single mathematical framework. 304 00:16:09,100 --> 00:16:12,169 My view of Garrett Lisi's work 305 00:16:12,170 --> 00:16:13,870 is that he's doing something 306 00:16:13,871 --> 00:16:16,540 which is very high risk, high payoff. 307 00:16:16,541 --> 00:16:18,875 If he's right or if even something 308 00:16:18,876 --> 00:16:21,945 in the direction that he's going down is right, 309 00:16:21,946 --> 00:16:23,713 it's very important 310 00:16:23,714 --> 00:16:26,850 because it's a kind of hypothesis 311 00:16:26,851 --> 00:16:29,619 that most of us have given up working for -- 312 00:16:29,620 --> 00:16:31,421 that is, a unique unification 313 00:16:31,422 --> 00:16:34,090 within a beautiful mathematical structure. 314 00:16:34,091 --> 00:16:35,792 Garrett calls 315 00:16:35,793 --> 00:16:38,762 this dizzying geometrical relationship 316 00:16:38,763 --> 00:16:41,865 between all the particles and forces in the universe 317 00:16:41,866 --> 00:16:45,368 an exceptionally simple theory of everything. 318 00:16:45,369 --> 00:16:49,806 It predicts several as yet undiscovered particles. 319 00:16:49,807 --> 00:16:52,175 And scientists across the world 320 00:16:52,176 --> 00:16:55,145 are on the hunt for those right now. 321 00:16:55,146 --> 00:16:59,182 One is the most sought-after particle in all of physics, 322 00:16:59,183 --> 00:17:01,618 the Higgs Boson. 323 00:17:01,619 --> 00:17:05,522 There are some parts that are in this larger group 324 00:17:05,523 --> 00:17:09,192 that are not clearly these elementary particle forces. 325 00:17:09,193 --> 00:17:11,494 But what they are is exactly what you need 326 00:17:11,495 --> 00:17:12,996 to describe the higgs field. 327 00:17:12,997 --> 00:17:16,933 And the Higgs field is this geometric particle field 328 00:17:16,934 --> 00:17:19,636 that gives mass to all known elementary particles. 329 00:17:19,637 --> 00:17:22,272 And it's exactly the missing puzzle piece you need 330 00:17:22,273 --> 00:17:23,673 to tie everything together. 331 00:17:25,776 --> 00:17:28,745 The center of the action in the Higgs hunt 332 00:17:28,746 --> 00:17:33,083 is halfway around the world from Garrett's beaches. 333 00:17:33,084 --> 00:17:37,220 In the cooler but no less scenic city of Geneva, Switzerland, 334 00:17:37,221 --> 00:17:39,289 researchers are peering 335 00:17:39,290 --> 00:17:42,025 through the most advanced scientific microscope 336 00:17:42,026 --> 00:17:43,927 in human history -- 337 00:17:43,928 --> 00:17:48,698 the LHC, or Large Hadron Collider. 338 00:17:48,699 --> 00:17:52,202 They're throwing everything they have at finding the Higgs Boson, 339 00:17:52,203 --> 00:17:56,806 the particle that is supposed to give everything mass. 340 00:17:56,807 --> 00:17:59,276 But they should also be able to detect 341 00:17:59,277 --> 00:18:02,646 some of those new particles predicted by Garrett Lisi. 342 00:18:02,647 --> 00:18:05,749 If they do exist, 343 00:18:05,750 --> 00:18:08,351 the exceptionally simple theory of everything 344 00:18:08,352 --> 00:18:13,556 could finally offer a blueprint of the entire universe. 345 00:18:13,557 --> 00:18:19,296 This dizzying geometry might also be divine geometry, 346 00:18:19,297 --> 00:18:23,967 a unified math that created you, me, 347 00:18:23,968 --> 00:18:26,536 the sun, the stars, 348 00:18:26,537 --> 00:18:30,507 everything in the known universe. 349 00:18:30,508 --> 00:18:34,945 It would be another important factor showing us 350 00:18:34,946 --> 00:18:37,347 that we live in a world of wonderful order, 351 00:18:37,348 --> 00:18:40,317 and that is highly suggestive that that is because it is 352 00:18:40,318 --> 00:18:44,354 a creation with a divine mind behind it. 353 00:18:44,355 --> 00:18:46,356 The irony is 354 00:18:46,357 --> 00:18:49,693 that the man who's taking us so close to the creator 355 00:18:49,694 --> 00:18:51,895 is not himself a believer. 356 00:18:51,896 --> 00:18:56,933 It's much more satisfying to me that this bit of geometry 357 00:18:56,934 --> 00:18:59,302 could have come into existence 358 00:18:59,303 --> 00:19:02,605 than to imagine some complicated creator 359 00:19:02,606 --> 00:19:05,942 with some sort of personality and complex structure 360 00:19:05,943 --> 00:19:10,680 brought this simple thing into existence. 361 00:19:10,681 --> 00:19:13,383 Garrett's mind-bending search 362 00:19:13,384 --> 00:19:15,051 could be getting closer, 363 00:19:15,052 --> 00:19:16,820 or it could all be a bust. 364 00:19:16,821 --> 00:19:20,223 There's a process of give and take, 365 00:19:20,224 --> 00:19:23,426 of construction and criticism, that makes science work. 366 00:19:23,427 --> 00:19:26,930 And it depends on courage and audacity to get started. 367 00:19:26,931 --> 00:19:28,932 And a thing that I admire about 368 00:19:28,933 --> 00:19:31,835 is that Lisi has that courage and audacity, 369 00:19:31,836 --> 00:19:34,771 which doesn't mean I think he's right, okay? 370 00:19:34,772 --> 00:19:38,308 But I think that people have to propose ideas 371 00:19:38,309 --> 00:19:40,477 of the ambition of this idea 372 00:19:40,478 --> 00:19:43,246 if we are ever to solve these big problems. 373 00:19:43,247 --> 00:19:45,982 Garrett Lisi may be the first man 374 00:19:45,983 --> 00:19:49,119 to discover the mathematics of creation, 375 00:19:49,120 --> 00:19:54,057 succeeding where great minds like Einstein failed. 376 00:19:54,058 --> 00:19:57,027 But what if he's wrong? 377 00:19:57,028 --> 00:20:01,598 Or, worse, what if there is no math that unifies the universe? 378 00:20:01,599 --> 00:20:04,034 Well, that wouldn't trouble this man, 379 00:20:04,035 --> 00:20:06,436 because he believes that the creator 380 00:20:06,437 --> 00:20:08,772 is not out there in the cosmos. 381 00:20:08,773 --> 00:20:12,675 He believes God exists inside our minds 382 00:20:12,676 --> 00:20:15,211 and that he might be able to summon him 383 00:20:15,212 --> 00:20:17,781 by throwing a switch. 384 00:20:19,438 --> 00:20:21,773 For thousands of years, 385 00:20:21,774 --> 00:20:23,908 we have meditated, fasted, and communed. 386 00:20:23,909 --> 00:20:26,177 We have prayed and chanted 387 00:20:26,178 --> 00:20:30,014 to make contact with the divine. 388 00:20:30,015 --> 00:20:31,983 But what if all you need 389 00:20:31,984 --> 00:20:34,318 is a magnet on the right hemisphere of your brain 390 00:20:34,319 --> 00:20:35,953 to see God? 391 00:20:38,457 --> 00:20:40,191 This is Dominica. 392 00:20:40,192 --> 00:20:44,595 She's a nursing student in Sudbury, Ontario. 393 00:20:44,596 --> 00:20:48,666 She's about to experience God. 394 00:20:48,667 --> 00:20:51,903 Dominica is not a visionary 395 00:20:51,904 --> 00:20:54,405 or a priest or a nun 396 00:20:54,406 --> 00:20:57,208 or even particularly religious. 397 00:20:57,209 --> 00:20:58,376 I do believe in God. 398 00:20:58,377 --> 00:20:59,711 However, I don't believe 399 00:20:59,712 --> 00:21:02,280 that you have to go into church to talk to him 400 00:21:02,281 --> 00:21:03,614 'cause he's everywhere. 401 00:21:03,615 --> 00:21:06,718 Dominica has agreed to participate 402 00:21:06,719 --> 00:21:11,189 in what she has been told is a simple relaxation experiment. 403 00:21:11,190 --> 00:21:13,357 And this is the man 404 00:21:13,358 --> 00:21:16,094 who's going to lead Dominica into the light, 405 00:21:16,095 --> 00:21:20,231 Dr. Michael Persinger. 406 00:21:20,232 --> 00:21:24,135 He runs the mind consciousness lab 407 00:21:24,136 --> 00:21:26,070 in the basement of the science building 408 00:21:26,071 --> 00:21:27,605 at Laurentian University. 409 00:21:27,606 --> 00:21:29,674 Our primary research is involved 410 00:21:29,675 --> 00:21:31,409 with understanding the relationship 411 00:21:31,410 --> 00:21:33,845 between brain structure and function and experience. 412 00:21:33,846 --> 00:21:37,348 And more specifically, is there a biological and brain basis 413 00:21:37,349 --> 00:21:39,550 to some of the concepts that are called 414 00:21:39,551 --> 00:21:41,719 the God belief and the God experience? 415 00:21:41,720 --> 00:21:46,157 Dr. Persinger is a neuroscientist. 416 00:21:46,158 --> 00:21:49,627 He believes that God resides in our brains. 417 00:21:49,628 --> 00:21:54,098 In fact, he even thinks he knows in which part of the brain. 418 00:21:54,099 --> 00:21:56,734 One of the things we were really excited about was 419 00:21:56,735 --> 00:21:59,303 what's the brain basis sense of self? 420 00:21:59,304 --> 00:22:02,106 After all, that's the great human definition -- who we are. 421 00:22:02,107 --> 00:22:03,307 And we knew it was tied 422 00:22:03,308 --> 00:22:05,409 to language and left-hemispheric processes. 423 00:22:05,410 --> 00:22:06,878 But then we asked the question 424 00:22:06,879 --> 00:22:09,781 what's the right-hemisphere equivalent? 425 00:22:09,782 --> 00:22:13,718 So we have this second sense in the right hemisphere. 426 00:22:13,719 --> 00:22:15,520 And when you experience it, 427 00:22:15,521 --> 00:22:17,522 it's called the sense presence. 428 00:22:17,523 --> 00:22:21,726 And we think that's the prototype of the God experience. 429 00:22:21,727 --> 00:22:26,631 All he has to do to create this God experience 430 00:22:26,632 --> 00:22:30,067 is place this yellow helmet on his subject's head. 431 00:22:30,068 --> 00:22:32,270 He calls it the God helmet. 432 00:22:32,271 --> 00:22:35,473 Okay, so we're gonna put on the helmet. 433 00:22:35,474 --> 00:22:39,577 Our approach was very simple -- 434 00:22:39,578 --> 00:22:41,479 if you want to study the brain, 435 00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:43,214 then let's look at the brain 436 00:22:43,215 --> 00:22:45,216 in the laboratory with an experiment. 437 00:22:45,217 --> 00:22:46,717 Just follow the experience 438 00:22:46,718 --> 00:22:48,786 and let it come to you, all right? 439 00:22:48,787 --> 00:22:49,887 Okay. 440 00:22:51,990 --> 00:22:53,257 After putting Dominica 441 00:22:53,258 --> 00:22:56,561 into a sealed chamber with no light, 442 00:22:56,562 --> 00:22:58,963 the research team will monitor her brain-wave activity 443 00:22:58,964 --> 00:23:00,865 for one hour. 444 00:23:00,866 --> 00:23:03,267 In a few minutes, Dominica's brain waves 445 00:23:03,268 --> 00:23:06,304 start to order themselves into a relaxed pattern. 446 00:23:06,305 --> 00:23:10,308 Then Dr. Persinger activates a magnetic coil 447 00:23:10,309 --> 00:23:13,911 sitting over the right side of her brain. 448 00:23:13,912 --> 00:23:16,647 It's no more powerful than a hair dryer, 449 00:23:16,648 --> 00:23:20,251 but it's designed to focus its energy 450 00:23:20,252 --> 00:23:24,088 on a small set of brain cells in the right temporal lobe. 451 00:23:24,089 --> 00:23:26,424 Those cells, he believes, 452 00:23:26,425 --> 00:23:29,026 will stimulate in Dominica 453 00:23:29,027 --> 00:23:32,930 a sense that someone or something is present. 454 00:23:32,931 --> 00:23:34,632 We hypothesize 455 00:23:34,633 --> 00:23:37,401 that, as the human being developed the ability 456 00:23:37,402 --> 00:23:41,172 to forecast their own self-dissolution, 457 00:23:41,173 --> 00:23:42,340 their own death, 458 00:23:42,341 --> 00:23:44,008 which is tremendously anxiety-generating, 459 00:23:44,009 --> 00:23:45,810 that another concept emerged 460 00:23:45,811 --> 00:23:48,512 which allowed that anxiety to be reduced. 461 00:23:48,513 --> 00:23:52,316 And whatever that concept was, it had certain parameters. 462 00:23:52,317 --> 00:23:55,686 It had to be infinite and forever and everywhere. 463 00:23:55,687 --> 00:23:57,755 Otherwise it would have an end. 464 00:23:57,756 --> 00:23:59,657 If you have an end, then you have anxiety. 465 00:23:59,658 --> 00:24:01,092 So there had to be a concept 466 00:24:01,093 --> 00:24:02,994 inculcated within the brain itself 467 00:24:02,995 --> 00:24:05,830 that there is something out there that goes on forever. 468 00:24:05,831 --> 00:24:08,699 And if you somehow relate to it and can be a part of it, 469 00:24:08,700 --> 00:24:13,337 the idea of anxiety becomes a nonevent. 470 00:24:13,338 --> 00:24:15,139 Dr. Persinger believes 471 00:24:15,140 --> 00:24:17,608 the efforts of our brains' right temporal lobe 472 00:24:17,609 --> 00:24:20,444 to relieve the anxiety of death 473 00:24:20,445 --> 00:24:25,383 is what we sense when we think we are sensing the divine. 474 00:24:25,384 --> 00:24:27,752 And he's designed his God helmet 475 00:24:27,753 --> 00:24:31,923 to produce that sense on demand. 476 00:24:31,924 --> 00:24:34,959 Dominica? 477 00:24:34,960 --> 00:24:36,327 Yes? 478 00:24:36,328 --> 00:24:38,362 Okay, I'm about ready to come in. Just relax. 479 00:24:39,898 --> 00:24:41,365 For one hour, 480 00:24:41,366 --> 00:24:43,434 Dominica has been shut inside the chamber 481 00:24:43,435 --> 00:24:45,770 without light or sound, 482 00:24:45,771 --> 00:24:48,139 alone with her thoughts... 483 00:24:48,140 --> 00:24:52,376 And perhaps also with God? 484 00:24:54,379 --> 00:24:58,149 You said you felt the presence of something. 485 00:24:58,150 --> 00:25:01,385 Yeah, there's, like, other things around me. 486 00:25:01,386 --> 00:25:03,521 Okay, can you describe them? 487 00:25:03,522 --> 00:25:08,793 Not -- there were just bodies of nothing, 488 00:25:08,794 --> 00:25:11,862 not doing anything, just chilling. 489 00:25:11,863 --> 00:25:14,198 How many were just chilling? 490 00:25:15,500 --> 00:25:17,134 Um... 491 00:25:17,135 --> 00:25:18,803 She actually counted them. 492 00:25:18,804 --> 00:25:20,438 You see her move her hand? Yeah. 493 00:25:20,439 --> 00:25:22,239 She was actually recreating it. Yeah. 494 00:25:22,240 --> 00:25:25,142 More than 80% of Dr. Persinger's subjects, 495 00:25:25,143 --> 00:25:28,212 whether they are religious believers or not, 496 00:25:28,213 --> 00:25:31,482 sense a presence from the God helmet. 497 00:25:31,483 --> 00:25:33,884 When the right hemisphere is being stimulated, 498 00:25:33,885 --> 00:25:36,554 she felt a presence of things around her, 499 00:25:36,555 --> 00:25:38,789 five entities that were faceless. 500 00:25:38,790 --> 00:25:42,393 I can see, like, down my body was, 501 00:25:42,394 --> 00:25:47,098 like, up more so I could only see, like, above. 502 00:25:47,099 --> 00:25:48,866 How -- above? 503 00:25:48,867 --> 00:25:50,201 Yeah. Okay. 504 00:25:50,202 --> 00:25:52,169 She had these marked, intense feelings 505 00:25:52,170 --> 00:25:55,373 of visual sensations in the -- always the upper visual field. 506 00:25:55,374 --> 00:25:56,707 Did you notice that? 507 00:25:56,708 --> 00:25:59,577 That's typical of the temporal lobe being activated. 508 00:25:59,578 --> 00:26:01,479 I see you checked here that, 509 00:26:01,480 --> 00:26:04,448 "the experiences did not come from my own mind." 510 00:26:04,449 --> 00:26:06,117 Can you describe that? 511 00:26:06,118 --> 00:26:08,986 I was, like, watching myself. 512 00:26:08,987 --> 00:26:12,023 So it wasn't me feeling like -- 513 00:26:12,024 --> 00:26:15,760 I was watching myself lying on the road. 514 00:26:15,761 --> 00:26:17,595 I didn't feel like my head was attached to me. 515 00:26:17,596 --> 00:26:20,064 You felt like what? My head wasn't attached. 516 00:26:20,065 --> 00:26:23,034 Okay, so you felt like your head was attached somewhere else? 517 00:26:23,035 --> 00:26:24,268 Yeah. Okay. 518 00:26:24,269 --> 00:26:27,905 Now, also it says you saw vivid images this time. 519 00:26:27,906 --> 00:26:29,974 Yeah, there's, like, 520 00:26:29,975 --> 00:26:34,845 heat coming up, like fire coming up around. 521 00:26:36,481 --> 00:26:37,815 Which one did you like the best, 522 00:26:37,816 --> 00:26:39,350 the first or the second? The first one. 523 00:26:39,351 --> 00:26:40,818 You liked the first one? Okay. 524 00:26:40,819 --> 00:26:42,253 I want to float again. That was cool. 525 00:26:42,254 --> 00:26:44,488 Okay, well. 526 00:26:44,489 --> 00:26:48,726 I'm not too much liking the fire part, the second one, 527 00:26:48,727 --> 00:26:50,227 but I don't know. 528 00:26:50,228 --> 00:26:52,997 The first one was awesome. 529 00:26:52,998 --> 00:26:56,534 She had a classic experience that takes place in the chamber. 530 00:26:56,535 --> 00:26:59,070 Now imagine what that would be 531 00:26:59,071 --> 00:27:01,038 if she was sitting in a church pew 532 00:27:01,039 --> 00:27:03,741 or a synagogue or a mosque 533 00:27:03,742 --> 00:27:05,976 or, for that matter, laying by herself at night 534 00:27:05,977 --> 00:27:08,145 in the middle of her bed, and this happened. 535 00:27:08,146 --> 00:27:10,047 Can you imagine how she would label it 536 00:27:10,048 --> 00:27:14,752 and the impact it would have on her entire life? 537 00:27:14,753 --> 00:27:17,121 There we go. 538 00:27:20,592 --> 00:27:22,359 Dr. Persinger's work 539 00:27:22,360 --> 00:27:24,695 raises the extraordinary possibility 540 00:27:24,696 --> 00:27:27,798 not just that spiritual experiences can be induced, 541 00:27:27,799 --> 00:27:29,166 but that some 542 00:27:29,167 --> 00:27:32,570 of the most intense and influential religious visions 543 00:27:32,571 --> 00:27:34,171 in history may have their root 544 00:27:34,172 --> 00:27:38,275 in nothing more than the wiring of the human brain. 545 00:27:38,276 --> 00:27:40,478 Abraham, 546 00:27:40,479 --> 00:27:42,646 Moses, 547 00:27:42,647 --> 00:27:45,382 native American shamans -- 548 00:27:45,383 --> 00:27:48,352 almost all religious leaders and spiritual guides 549 00:27:48,353 --> 00:27:50,621 have attested that they were struck 550 00:27:50,622 --> 00:27:55,092 by vivid and thunderous messages from the creator himself. 551 00:27:58,763 --> 00:28:02,032 In the history of religious experience, 552 00:28:02,033 --> 00:28:04,935 many of the great religious thinkers 553 00:28:04,936 --> 00:28:08,572 have had electrical ability in the temporal lobe. 554 00:28:10,142 --> 00:28:13,043 Luther, as you know, who started Lutheranism, was struck by lightning. 555 00:28:13,044 --> 00:28:17,114 These are brief events that have a powerful impact on people 556 00:28:17,115 --> 00:28:19,650 during those critical times of their life. 557 00:28:19,651 --> 00:28:22,153 And, really, the great challenge to science -- 558 00:28:22,154 --> 00:28:23,821 and this is the exciting part -- 559 00:28:23,822 --> 00:28:25,055 is not so much the fact 560 00:28:25,056 --> 00:28:27,525 that the brain's generating the experiences -- 561 00:28:27,526 --> 00:28:28,826 is what are the stimuli? 562 00:28:28,827 --> 00:28:31,395 You've seen a few examples of the crude stimuli, 563 00:28:31,396 --> 00:28:33,063 when we apply magnetic Fields. 564 00:28:33,064 --> 00:28:34,865 But what about natural stimuli? 565 00:28:34,866 --> 00:28:36,167 What about stimuli 566 00:28:36,168 --> 00:28:38,235 that are manufactured or manipulated by societies? 567 00:28:38,236 --> 00:28:40,571 What about intrinsic chemical changes? 568 00:28:40,572 --> 00:28:43,274 And what about all those stimuli we don't know yet 569 00:28:43,275 --> 00:28:45,743 that can produce the most powerful experience 570 00:28:45,744 --> 00:28:49,180 in the history of humankind, the God experience? 571 00:28:56,321 --> 00:28:58,455 For thousands of years, 572 00:28:58,456 --> 00:29:00,658 billions of humans have built their lives 573 00:29:00,659 --> 00:29:02,960 around the cherished idea 574 00:29:02,961 --> 00:29:06,630 that a creator is out there looking down on them, 575 00:29:06,631 --> 00:29:08,966 caring for them, 576 00:29:08,967 --> 00:29:12,603 a God who is both creator and protector. 577 00:29:12,604 --> 00:29:15,439 Dr. Persinger's God helmet forces us to consider 578 00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:18,475 a radical reimagining of human experience. 579 00:29:18,476 --> 00:29:21,545 God may not have created us. 580 00:29:21,546 --> 00:29:23,914 He may not be protecting us. 581 00:29:23,915 --> 00:29:27,918 God may simply be in our minds. 582 00:29:29,654 --> 00:29:32,990 But one scientist has an even more radical take 583 00:29:32,991 --> 00:29:35,559 on the creator, 584 00:29:35,560 --> 00:29:39,096 one that flips Dr. Persinger's theory on its head. 585 00:29:39,097 --> 00:29:44,935 This time, it's God that's real and we that are imaginary. 586 00:29:44,936 --> 00:29:49,139 Our creator may actually be a cosmic computer coder, 587 00:29:49,140 --> 00:29:53,110 and we might be nothing more than a simulation. 588 00:29:56,186 --> 00:29:58,587 The search for God continues. 589 00:29:58,588 --> 00:30:03,492 Will we find him hidden in the deepest recesses of our brain? 590 00:30:03,493 --> 00:30:08,431 Or can we uncover the creator in a mathematical theory? 591 00:30:08,432 --> 00:30:10,132 Let's take a closer look 592 00:30:10,133 --> 00:30:13,169 at perhaps the strangest possibility of all. 593 00:30:13,170 --> 00:30:15,271 We'll start here. 594 00:30:15,272 --> 00:30:18,240 Will Wright is a creator... 595 00:30:18,241 --> 00:30:21,110 Of one universe, at least. 596 00:30:22,312 --> 00:30:25,514 In the blockbuster hit video game "The Sims," 597 00:30:25,515 --> 00:30:28,717 this software genius created a world 598 00:30:28,718 --> 00:30:33,122 filled with digital people not too different from you and me. 599 00:30:33,123 --> 00:30:34,356 Well, the Sims inside the computer 600 00:30:34,357 --> 00:30:35,891 really are digital recreations. 601 00:30:35,892 --> 00:30:38,060 They're simulations of humans. 602 00:30:38,061 --> 00:30:41,163 And so we basically have to describe to the computer 603 00:30:41,164 --> 00:30:42,998 all the kind of overall aspects 604 00:30:42,999 --> 00:30:46,902 that we think, you know, encompass humanity. 605 00:30:46,903 --> 00:30:49,472 I think humans are very good 606 00:30:49,473 --> 00:30:51,874 at displacing our identity into others. 607 00:30:51,875 --> 00:30:53,342 We call that empathy. 608 00:30:53,343 --> 00:30:54,844 And so a lot of the game is based 609 00:30:54,845 --> 00:30:56,645 around the empathy that you're feeling with the Sims 610 00:30:56,646 --> 00:30:59,315 so that what they experience basically is 611 00:30:59,316 --> 00:31:02,618 what you're experiencing at one level removed. 612 00:31:02,619 --> 00:31:04,653 But consider this. 613 00:31:04,654 --> 00:31:09,892 How much empathy do you think you could feel with this SIM... 614 00:31:09,893 --> 00:31:12,561 And how much with this one? 615 00:31:12,562 --> 00:31:16,332 The rate of increase in computing power 616 00:31:16,333 --> 00:31:18,868 that we've seen in the past few decades 617 00:31:18,869 --> 00:31:21,570 shows no sign of abating. 618 00:31:21,571 --> 00:31:24,907 And the level of realism of computer simulations 619 00:31:24,908 --> 00:31:27,409 is bound to keep pace with that. 620 00:31:27,410 --> 00:31:30,546 When our Sims look as real as our friends, 621 00:31:30,547 --> 00:31:32,147 won't the lines 622 00:31:32,148 --> 00:31:34,416 separating our real lives from our virtual lives 623 00:31:34,417 --> 00:31:36,418 begin to blur? 624 00:31:36,419 --> 00:31:38,521 Computers and games and simulations 625 00:31:38,522 --> 00:31:41,724 are kind of on this path of increased reality. 626 00:31:41,725 --> 00:31:44,627 You can see this in computer graphics and movies. 627 00:31:44,628 --> 00:31:46,328 As we experience these things 628 00:31:46,329 --> 00:31:48,764 at these very granular levels of detail, 629 00:31:48,765 --> 00:31:51,233 again, these experiences, I think, 630 00:31:51,234 --> 00:31:53,168 are starting to blur the line 631 00:31:53,169 --> 00:31:56,472 between real experiences and virtual experiences. 632 00:31:56,473 --> 00:32:00,442 Well, who's to say we're not there already? 633 00:32:01,511 --> 00:32:03,712 One scientist 634 00:32:03,713 --> 00:32:06,215 from the Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena, California, 635 00:32:06,216 --> 00:32:08,384 believes we might be 636 00:32:08,385 --> 00:32:12,087 and that the evidence could be all around us. 637 00:32:12,088 --> 00:32:17,126 Rich Terrile has helped design missions to Mars, 638 00:32:17,127 --> 00:32:21,196 discovered four new moons around Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus, 639 00:32:21,197 --> 00:32:24,700 and taken pictures of a distant solar system. 640 00:32:24,701 --> 00:32:29,605 He has a logical mind and a love for technology. 641 00:32:29,606 --> 00:32:32,708 Now he's bringing that logic to a bigger question -- 642 00:32:32,709 --> 00:32:37,346 who or what is the creator? 643 00:32:37,347 --> 00:32:39,915 For a god-centered universe, one has to think, 644 00:32:39,916 --> 00:32:42,518 well, first, what are the requirements for God? 645 00:32:42,519 --> 00:32:45,254 God is an interdimensional being 646 00:32:45,255 --> 00:32:47,222 connected with everything in the universe, 647 00:32:47,223 --> 00:32:49,725 a creator responsible for the universe, 648 00:32:49,726 --> 00:32:50,893 and, in some way, 649 00:32:50,894 --> 00:32:55,097 can change the laws of physics if he wanted to. 650 00:32:55,098 --> 00:32:56,665 I think those are pretty good requirements 651 00:32:56,666 --> 00:32:57,900 for what God ought to be. 652 00:33:01,571 --> 00:33:04,506 Terrile thinks those requirements for God, 653 00:33:04,507 --> 00:33:08,177 making the laws of the universe and changing things at will, 654 00:33:08,178 --> 00:33:12,047 sound an awful lot like what programmers do 655 00:33:12,048 --> 00:33:14,650 when they create simulated environments. 656 00:33:14,651 --> 00:33:16,285 And then he started thinking 657 00:33:16,286 --> 00:33:18,754 about how much computing power it would take 658 00:33:18,755 --> 00:33:21,523 to create our world, our planet, 659 00:33:21,524 --> 00:33:24,393 all its life, and all of our brains. 660 00:33:24,394 --> 00:33:27,630 Moore's law is that computational power 661 00:33:27,631 --> 00:33:31,066 tends to double about every two years or 18 months. 662 00:33:31,067 --> 00:33:32,768 Actually, in the last 18 years, 663 00:33:32,769 --> 00:33:35,604 it's been doubling every 13 months. 664 00:33:35,605 --> 00:33:38,440 Right now, the fastest computers on the planet 665 00:33:38,441 --> 00:33:40,743 are now comparable or even exceeding 666 00:33:40,744 --> 00:33:44,413 the computational ability of the human brain as we estimate it. 667 00:33:44,414 --> 00:33:48,250 That's about one million billion operations per second. 668 00:33:48,251 --> 00:33:51,787 Where it's taking us is that in the next year, that'll double. 669 00:33:51,788 --> 00:33:54,056 In the next decade, 670 00:33:54,057 --> 00:33:55,958 that'll increase by a factor of 500. 671 00:33:55,959 --> 00:33:58,927 So a decade from now, our supercomputers will be 672 00:33:58,928 --> 00:34:01,430 about 500 times faster than the human brain. 673 00:34:01,431 --> 00:34:05,267 Rich is sure that computers a decade from now 674 00:34:05,268 --> 00:34:08,103 will be able to create a photoreal simulation 675 00:34:08,104 --> 00:34:10,706 of all that we see around us. 676 00:34:10,707 --> 00:34:14,510 But can a computer ever populate a simulated world 677 00:34:14,511 --> 00:34:18,247 with thinking beings like us? 678 00:34:18,248 --> 00:34:21,684 The answer is inside this box. 679 00:34:21,685 --> 00:34:25,487 Suppose I have a box. 680 00:34:25,488 --> 00:34:27,990 And in the box I've got, you know, a human brain, 681 00:34:27,991 --> 00:34:30,125 which is the mind, or a person, 682 00:34:30,126 --> 00:34:32,094 and I've got a laptop computer. 683 00:34:32,095 --> 00:34:34,029 The human brain and a laptop computer 684 00:34:34,030 --> 00:34:35,330 are about the same weight. 685 00:34:35,331 --> 00:34:36,832 They're about the same volume. 686 00:34:36,833 --> 00:34:39,101 And they take about the same amount of power. 687 00:34:39,102 --> 00:34:42,871 Yet the human brain is about 100,000 times more powerful 688 00:34:42,872 --> 00:34:44,406 than a current-day laptop. 689 00:34:44,407 --> 00:34:48,010 Well, suppose this is a laptop computer from 50 years from now, 690 00:34:48,011 --> 00:34:49,845 and I have them both in the box, 691 00:34:49,846 --> 00:34:51,847 and I start asking them questions, 692 00:34:51,848 --> 00:34:54,283 and I don't know which one is answering. 693 00:34:54,284 --> 00:34:56,018 If I can't tell the difference 694 00:34:56,019 --> 00:34:58,487 between a human being answering questions 695 00:34:58,488 --> 00:35:00,656 and a computer answering questions, 696 00:35:00,657 --> 00:35:03,459 then, qualitatively, they're equivalent. 697 00:35:03,460 --> 00:35:07,062 And if I believe that the human is conscious and self-aware, 698 00:35:07,063 --> 00:35:11,567 I must also believe that the machine has the same qualities. 699 00:35:16,239 --> 00:35:18,073 Once computers have the power 700 00:35:18,074 --> 00:35:20,609 to simulate artificially intelligent beings 701 00:35:20,610 --> 00:35:24,513 inside a photorealistic representation of planet earth, 702 00:35:24,514 --> 00:35:27,983 the ramifications are truly profound. 703 00:35:27,984 --> 00:35:30,619 Suppose we have an enormous simulation 704 00:35:30,620 --> 00:35:33,322 and we're simulating artificial intelligence. 705 00:35:33,323 --> 00:35:34,823 We created this universe. 706 00:35:34,824 --> 00:35:36,458 We're able to change the laws of physics. 707 00:35:36,459 --> 00:35:38,527 We're able to do all the things, 708 00:35:38,528 --> 00:35:41,096 all of those requirements that we put on God. 709 00:35:45,301 --> 00:35:47,870 We're on the brink of creating worlds 710 00:35:47,871 --> 00:35:50,038 inside the computers, 711 00:35:50,039 --> 00:35:51,940 filling them with sentient beings, 712 00:35:51,941 --> 00:35:54,143 and becoming their gods. 713 00:35:54,144 --> 00:35:57,780 But this is not where Rich Terrile's quest for the creator ends. 714 00:35:57,781 --> 00:36:01,116 The next step is truly mind-bending. 715 00:36:01,117 --> 00:36:05,921 He believes that if science shows God can exist, 716 00:36:05,922 --> 00:36:08,290 than maybe he already does. 717 00:36:08,291 --> 00:36:11,293 Maybe we are the Sims 718 00:36:11,294 --> 00:36:16,465 and our creator is sitting at the controls of a supercomputer. 719 00:36:21,210 --> 00:36:24,078 The rise of the machines is close at hand. 720 00:36:24,079 --> 00:36:26,781 Already, computers are taking over many 721 00:36:26,782 --> 00:36:29,584 of the day-to-day functions in our world. 722 00:36:29,585 --> 00:36:32,453 Are they already in charge? 723 00:36:32,454 --> 00:36:38,392 Is our creator some kind of cosmic computer genius? 724 00:36:38,393 --> 00:36:41,629 Rich Terrile thinks we might be living 725 00:36:41,630 --> 00:36:44,265 in some kind of giant simulation, 726 00:36:44,266 --> 00:36:46,434 that our creator might be using 727 00:36:46,435 --> 00:36:49,170 a supercomputer with godlike powers. 728 00:36:49,171 --> 00:36:53,674 And he thinks he's found evidence for it in nature. 729 00:36:53,675 --> 00:36:56,777 There is one surefire way to tell 730 00:36:56,778 --> 00:36:59,213 if you're looking at a computer simulation. 731 00:36:59,214 --> 00:37:00,982 Zoom in. 732 00:37:00,983 --> 00:37:04,418 Every computer-generated image, no matter how realistic, 733 00:37:04,419 --> 00:37:07,822 breaks down into pixels when you get close enough. 734 00:37:07,823 --> 00:37:11,225 You might think this doesn't happen in the real world, 735 00:37:11,226 --> 00:37:13,527 but you'd be wrong. 736 00:37:13,528 --> 00:37:15,963 In the past century, 737 00:37:15,964 --> 00:37:17,732 physicists have discovered 738 00:37:17,733 --> 00:37:21,102 that matter really is made of tiny, little pixels, 739 00:37:21,103 --> 00:37:23,804 fundamental, indivisible particles 740 00:37:23,805 --> 00:37:26,874 billions of times smaller than an atom. 741 00:37:26,875 --> 00:37:30,678 The theory that explains all this, quantum mechanics, 742 00:37:30,679 --> 00:37:35,249 applies not just to matter, but to the entire universe. 743 00:37:35,250 --> 00:37:37,918 Look at the way the universe behaves. 744 00:37:37,919 --> 00:37:39,854 It's quantized. It's made of pixels. 745 00:37:39,855 --> 00:37:41,989 And it's made of individual atoms. 746 00:37:41,990 --> 00:37:44,258 Space is quantized. Time is quantized. 747 00:37:44,259 --> 00:37:45,393 Energy is quantized. 748 00:37:45,394 --> 00:37:47,728 Everything is made of individual pixels, 749 00:37:47,729 --> 00:37:50,197 which means the universe has a finite number of components, 750 00:37:50,198 --> 00:37:52,833 which means it has a finite number of states, 751 00:37:52,834 --> 00:37:54,635 which means it's computable. 752 00:37:54,636 --> 00:37:57,238 Quantum mechanics means 753 00:37:57,239 --> 00:37:59,740 it's possible everything we see 754 00:37:59,741 --> 00:38:01,575 could really be produced 755 00:38:01,576 --> 00:38:04,745 by lines of code inside a powerful computer. 756 00:38:04,746 --> 00:38:06,614 But are there any signs 757 00:38:06,615 --> 00:38:09,183 the universe is actually being computed? 758 00:38:11,053 --> 00:38:13,187 In the physics lab at Caltech, 759 00:38:13,188 --> 00:38:16,524 an experiment that's now almost 100 years old 760 00:38:16,525 --> 00:38:20,261 offers a vital clue. 761 00:38:20,262 --> 00:38:23,030 We're in a small room at the physics lab at Caltech, 762 00:38:23,031 --> 00:38:26,667 looking at an experiment that was originally done in 1928. 763 00:38:26,668 --> 00:38:29,670 This experiment takes an electron beam 764 00:38:29,671 --> 00:38:31,405 and transmits it through a piece of graphite. 765 00:38:31,406 --> 00:38:33,941 And what we're looking at is the electrons 766 00:38:33,942 --> 00:38:35,376 kind of going through the graphite 767 00:38:35,377 --> 00:38:36,977 and forming this kind of diffuse blob. 768 00:38:36,978 --> 00:38:38,779 Now, an interesting thing is, 769 00:38:38,780 --> 00:38:41,349 when we focus the beam on the graphite, 770 00:38:41,350 --> 00:38:45,319 we find a very, very interesting pattern. 771 00:38:45,320 --> 00:38:48,956 The experiment consists of a gun 772 00:38:48,957 --> 00:38:52,727 which fires electrons at a target of graphite atoms 773 00:38:52,728 --> 00:38:54,295 and a collecting screen 774 00:38:54,296 --> 00:38:56,897 to record how they ricocheted off it. 775 00:38:56,898 --> 00:39:00,434 If this apparatus was scaled up a billion times 776 00:39:00,435 --> 00:39:02,303 and the gun fired real bullets, 777 00:39:02,304 --> 00:39:04,538 the pattern on the collecting screen 778 00:39:04,539 --> 00:39:07,575 would just be a random smear of bullet holes. 779 00:39:07,576 --> 00:39:11,178 But in the scaled-down subatomic world, 780 00:39:11,179 --> 00:39:14,081 the electron ricochets are not random. 781 00:39:14,082 --> 00:39:15,916 The pattern on the screen 782 00:39:15,917 --> 00:39:19,186 reflects the pattern of atoms in the target. 783 00:39:19,187 --> 00:39:21,288 Each electron seems to sense 784 00:39:21,289 --> 00:39:24,125 where every atom in the graphite is, 785 00:39:24,126 --> 00:39:26,894 even though the target is much bigger than it. 786 00:39:26,895 --> 00:39:32,099 It's as if the electrons are not dots, but spread out. 787 00:39:32,100 --> 00:39:34,735 The electrons somehow know where all the atoms are, 788 00:39:34,736 --> 00:39:37,204 and they form this diffraction pattern. 789 00:39:37,205 --> 00:39:40,574 The experiment shows something really rather extraordinary, 790 00:39:40,575 --> 00:39:41,842 and that is that matter, 791 00:39:41,843 --> 00:39:44,078 even though it behaves when you're looking at it, 792 00:39:44,079 --> 00:39:46,447 when you're measuring it, as individual particles, 793 00:39:46,448 --> 00:39:49,216 when you're not measuring it, matter is diffuse. 794 00:39:49,217 --> 00:39:50,551 It spreads out. 795 00:39:50,552 --> 00:39:53,788 It doesn't have a finite form in the universe. 796 00:39:53,789 --> 00:39:57,425 These basic rules of quantum mechanics 797 00:39:57,426 --> 00:40:00,494 apply to all tiny subatomic particles. 798 00:40:00,495 --> 00:40:03,864 When we look at them, they are just dots. 799 00:40:03,865 --> 00:40:08,135 When we look away, they lose their physical form. 800 00:40:08,136 --> 00:40:10,838 A different way of looking at that is to say, 801 00:40:10,839 --> 00:40:13,007 well, how parallel is this behavior 802 00:40:13,008 --> 00:40:15,209 with what I see in my playstation 3 803 00:40:15,210 --> 00:40:17,545 when I'm playing a video game? 804 00:40:17,546 --> 00:40:21,749 In a playstation 3, an example of that is "Simcity." 805 00:40:21,750 --> 00:40:23,417 It's an enormous city. 806 00:40:23,418 --> 00:40:25,753 I can navigate my way through every bit of it 807 00:40:25,754 --> 00:40:28,989 because the playstation, the video game, 808 00:40:28,990 --> 00:40:31,692 gives me the frame that I need when I'm looking there. 809 00:40:31,693 --> 00:40:34,228 If I look somewhere else, it'll create that frame. 810 00:40:34,229 --> 00:40:38,666 Well, oddly enough, the universe behaves that way in reality. 811 00:40:38,667 --> 00:40:40,534 The universe gives you what you're looking at 812 00:40:40,535 --> 00:40:42,236 when you're looking at it. 813 00:40:42,237 --> 00:40:45,306 When you're not looking at it, it's not necessarily there. 814 00:40:45,307 --> 00:40:47,374 Our world is pixilated 815 00:40:47,375 --> 00:40:51,078 and only assumes definite form when observed, 816 00:40:51,079 --> 00:40:56,417 the very same way our computer simulations behave. 817 00:40:56,418 --> 00:40:59,353 Rich Terrile has tried to work out the probability 818 00:40:59,354 --> 00:41:02,890 that we might be living in a simulation 819 00:41:02,891 --> 00:41:06,660 to quantify the possibility that there is a God. 820 00:41:06,661 --> 00:41:10,498 The question is how likely is something like that to happen? 821 00:41:10,499 --> 00:41:12,533 And how likely is it 822 00:41:12,534 --> 00:41:14,134 that it has already happened in our universe? 823 00:41:16,605 --> 00:41:19,373 Now, let's step back from that a little bit and say, 824 00:41:19,374 --> 00:41:21,775 well, you know, the universe is 13.7 billion years old, 825 00:41:21,776 --> 00:41:23,544 and here I am 50 years 826 00:41:23,545 --> 00:41:28,082 from basically being able to manufacture God. 827 00:41:28,083 --> 00:41:29,717 What's the probability 828 00:41:29,718 --> 00:41:32,786 that I would be so close to that threshold 829 00:41:32,787 --> 00:41:34,455 and not be across the other side? 830 00:41:34,456 --> 00:41:37,124 It's one chance in 300 million that I would be that close. 831 00:41:37,125 --> 00:41:39,193 It's an extraordinary coincidence. 832 00:41:39,194 --> 00:41:42,196 And, perhaps, more likely than not, 833 00:41:42,197 --> 00:41:46,467 maybe we are a simulation on the other side of that threshold 834 00:41:46,468 --> 00:41:50,509 and the deities that exist are our future selves. 835 00:41:52,270 --> 00:41:56,590 Our world bears all the hallmarks of one that is smiulated. 836 00:41:57,458 --> 00:41:59,578 And Rich's logic continues. 837 00:41:59,688 --> 00:42:04,708 Who would be more likely to simulate humans than humans from the future. 838 00:42:05,818 --> 00:42:07,138 Our descendants. 839 00:42:07,941 --> 00:42:11,661 God-like beings with the power to create their own universes. 840 00:42:13,484 --> 00:42:16,404 It's a very radical idea of the Creator. 841 00:42:17,114 --> 00:42:20,734 But for Rich, it's not without spirituality. 842 00:42:22,944 --> 00:42:24,144 One can ask, "what are you really saying?" 843 00:42:24,154 --> 00:42:26,354 Are you saying the world was a simulation 844 00:42:26,364 --> 00:42:30,384 and we're just entities in some Playstation 12 game, 845 00:42:30,394 --> 00:42:31,794 or something like that. 846 00:42:32,471 --> 00:42:34,791 I'm not saying that, I actually, uh 847 00:42:35,301 --> 00:42:38,221 think this is a very, very wonderful phenonom 848 00:42:38,231 --> 00:42:39,951 I take great solice in this. 849 00:42:40,403 --> 00:42:44,703 It shows that somewhere along the line we have evloved from nothing 850 00:42:44,713 --> 00:42:45,933 into self-awareness. 851 00:42:45,943 --> 00:42:48,643 And that self-awareness has reached the stage now 852 00:42:48,653 --> 00:42:51,873 where we, our future selves have become Gods. 853 00:42:52,843 --> 00:42:56,463 This is a wonderful. Uh, to me a very, very spirtual thing 854 00:42:56,473 --> 00:42:58,093 And that's where my spirtuality comes from. 855 00:42:58,103 --> 00:43:01,123 in seeing things like that. To me that's a religion. 856 00:43:04,188 --> 00:43:07,508 It's been said that God fills in the cracks in our knowledge. 857 00:43:08,618 --> 00:43:10,738 Some see these cracks getting smaller. 858 00:43:10,748 --> 00:43:12,868 We see that constantly in physics 859 00:43:12,878 --> 00:43:14,698 that we start out with something 860 00:43:14,708 --> 00:43:17,008 that looks complex and as we look at it's parts 861 00:43:17,018 --> 00:43:18,138 it's parts are simplier. 862 00:43:18,248 --> 00:43:23,168 Now, if you imagine some sort of Creator, that assumes that there's 863 00:43:23,178 --> 00:43:27,098 more complicated than the thing that got created. 864 00:43:27,208 --> 00:43:29,228 So to me that's a step backwards 865 00:43:29,238 --> 00:43:33,058 in explaining a philosophically satisfying model. 866 00:43:33,506 --> 00:43:36,006 For others the expansion of scientific knowledge 867 00:43:36,016 --> 00:43:37,936 will never fill in all the cracks. 868 00:43:37,946 --> 00:43:40,166 There always will be room for faith. 869 00:43:41,336 --> 00:43:44,356 Be it in a Creator with our descendant 870 00:43:44,366 --> 00:43:47,086 or in the Gods of our ancestors. 871 00:43:47,996 --> 00:43:50,816 I think that the questions that arise from science 872 00:43:50,826 --> 00:43:54,946 they give us some sort of notion that Jesus is a God. 873 00:43:54,956 --> 00:43:58,356 But they leave many other questions about God unresolved. 874 00:43:58,496 --> 00:44:02,716 And we also, I think are bound to recognize that we finite beings 875 00:44:02,726 --> 00:44:05,146 will never totally understand God 876 00:44:08,856 --> 00:44:12,176 The human instinct that drives our scientific curiosity 877 00:44:12,186 --> 00:44:15,306 won't stop us from searching for answers. 878 00:44:16,216 --> 00:44:19,536 Perhaps one day soon, science will provide us with 879 00:44:19,546 --> 00:44:23,066 to look up and out through the cosmic pane of glass 880 00:44:23,076 --> 00:44:27,196 that separates us from the true Creator of our World. 881 00:44:28,406 --> 00:44:29,626 If there is one? 882 00:44:29,719 --> 00:44:32,919 -- sync, corrected by elderman -- -- for www.addic7ed.Com -- 70175

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