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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:03,927 --> 00:00:05,952 [narrator] egypt's great pyramid, 2 00:00:05,961 --> 00:00:07,959 The world's most famous tomb, 3 00:00:08,034 --> 00:00:09,952 Built by a pharaoh with a reputation for cruelty. 4 00:00:09,961 --> 00:00:11,112 [whip cracking] 5 00:00:11,187 --> 00:00:13,479 [in foreign language] 6 00:00:13,554 --> 00:00:17,279 Khufu terrorized his people and he enslaved them. 7 00:00:17,587 --> 00:00:20,072 [narrator] a supposed megalomaniac, 8 00:00:20,147 --> 00:00:24,032 Ready to sacrifice his people in his pursuit of perfection. 9 00:00:24,067 --> 00:00:25,999 [moaning loudly] 10 00:00:26,541 --> 00:00:29,752 Now, archeologists are hunting for the truth 11 00:00:29,827 --> 00:00:32,272 About this king and his pyramid. 12 00:00:32,307 --> 00:00:37,232 It's a good example of how hard this work was. 13 00:00:37,267 --> 00:00:38,679 It was not easy. 14 00:00:40,274 --> 00:00:42,679 [narrator] exposing strange ceremonies, 15 00:00:44,521 --> 00:00:48,159 And an incredible lost city of the pyramid workers. 16 00:00:49,094 --> 00:00:52,272 These are the frozen moments that tell you everything 17 00:00:52,307 --> 00:00:54,359 About ancient egyptian society. 18 00:00:54,434 --> 00:00:57,072 [narrator] is this wonder of the ancient world, 19 00:00:57,147 --> 00:00:59,392 A monument to monstrosity? 20 00:00:59,427 --> 00:01:04,272 [tense dramatic music] 21 00:01:04,307 --> 00:01:07,592 The story of the pyramids is one of innovation. 22 00:01:07,667 --> 00:01:09,439 It was a resurrection machine. 23 00:01:09,981 --> 00:01:12,119 [narrator] mysterious rituals. 24 00:01:13,234 --> 00:01:17,472 [woman] these are things that help the deceased re-energize 25 00:01:17,507 --> 00:01:18,999 And live for eternity. 26 00:01:19,554 --> 00:01:21,119 [narrator] back breaking work, 27 00:01:22,067 --> 00:01:23,679 And palace intrigue. 28 00:01:24,487 --> 00:01:27,639 Unlock the deepest secrets of the pharaohs. 29 00:01:28,427 --> 00:01:29,792 [franck every mummy is different, 30 00:01:29,827 --> 00:01:31,519 You never know exactly what to expect. 31 00:01:32,087 --> 00:01:35,159 [narrator] explore the lives of ancient workers 32 00:01:35,574 --> 00:01:40,319 And uncover the remarkable story of egypt's old kingdom. 33 00:01:40,774 --> 00:01:44,079 [woman] not only did ancient egypt make the pyramids, 34 00:01:44,467 --> 00:01:47,639 The pyramids made ancient egypt. 35 00:01:49,507 --> 00:01:52,239 [air whooshing] 36 00:01:57,267 --> 00:01:59,439 [tense dramatic music] 37 00:02:08,707 --> 00:02:14,359 [narrator] around 2,483 bc, a pharaoh called khufu 38 00:02:14,434 --> 00:02:16,519 Is reaching the end of his reign. 39 00:02:18,707 --> 00:02:22,399 He is about to inspect the most important work of his life. 40 00:02:26,307 --> 00:02:29,319 The largest pyramid in egyptian history. 41 00:02:32,387 --> 00:02:34,479 The great pyramid of giza. 42 00:02:39,554 --> 00:02:41,712 Khufu commanded his people to build him 43 00:02:41,747 --> 00:02:45,479 This colossal monument as a resurrection machine 44 00:02:45,554 --> 00:02:48,272 That will propel him to the afterlife. 45 00:02:48,347 --> 00:02:50,999 [gentle music] 46 00:02:55,801 --> 00:02:59,152 [tense upbeat music] 47 00:02:59,187 --> 00:03:03,072 Today, some 4500 years later, 48 00:03:03,107 --> 00:03:05,632 The great pyramid remains the only wonder 49 00:03:05,667 --> 00:03:08,119 Of the ancient world still standing. 50 00:03:09,427 --> 00:03:12,592 It is more than more than 450 feet high 51 00:03:12,627 --> 00:03:16,359 And is made up of 2 1/2 million stone blocks. 52 00:03:18,467 --> 00:03:21,279 It took over 25 years to build. 53 00:03:23,107 --> 00:03:27,112 Exactly how khufu pulled his country together to do it, 54 00:03:27,187 --> 00:03:29,119 Has long remained a mystery. 55 00:03:29,827 --> 00:03:32,639 [dramatic music] 56 00:03:39,074 --> 00:03:42,672 In cairo, at the egyptian museum, 57 00:03:42,707 --> 00:03:45,632 Egyptologist, salima ikram 58 00:03:45,667 --> 00:03:48,079 Is investigating the pharaoh khufu. 59 00:03:49,507 --> 00:03:52,592 There are 160,000 treasures here, 60 00:03:52,667 --> 00:03:57,472 But only one puts a face to egypt's most ambitious pharaoh. 61 00:03:57,481 --> 00:04:02,272 A small ivory statue, just three inches high. 62 00:04:02,307 --> 00:04:03,959 [salima] it's the only statue we have 63 00:04:04,034 --> 00:04:07,312 Where khufu's name is actually inscribed on it. 64 00:04:07,347 --> 00:04:10,152 But it has the basic constructs 65 00:04:10,227 --> 00:04:12,479 Of what a king should be like. 66 00:04:15,267 --> 00:04:16,752 And it's ironic 67 00:04:16,827 --> 00:04:19,632 Because he is the man who built the biggest pyramid 68 00:04:19,667 --> 00:04:22,032 And yet the statue is tiny. 69 00:04:22,107 --> 00:04:24,272 [dramatic music] 70 00:04:24,347 --> 00:04:26,592 It's bizarre that this king 71 00:04:26,667 --> 00:04:29,392 Should be unattested in any other way. 72 00:04:29,467 --> 00:04:32,272 Where are all the images from his other temples? 73 00:04:32,347 --> 00:04:34,592 Where are freestanding statues? 74 00:04:34,627 --> 00:04:37,519 It's very curious what happened to khufu. 75 00:04:40,067 --> 00:04:41,632 [narrator] could the explanation 76 00:04:41,667 --> 00:04:45,152 For why just one single statue of khufu has survived, 77 00:04:45,187 --> 00:04:47,719 Be linked to his notorious reputation? 78 00:04:49,747 --> 00:04:52,519 [dramatic music] 79 00:04:54,387 --> 00:04:59,432 2,500 years ago, a greek historian called herodotus 80 00:04:59,507 --> 00:05:03,632 Investigated the mystery of khufu and his great pyramid. 81 00:05:03,641 --> 00:05:06,592 He toured egypt to collect accounts and stories 82 00:05:06,667 --> 00:05:09,552 Passed down through the ages. 83 00:05:09,587 --> 00:05:12,152 When he arrived on the giza plateau, 84 00:05:12,227 --> 00:05:15,952 22 centuries after the great pyramid was built, 85 00:05:15,961 --> 00:05:18,752 The monument was still the tallest man-made building 86 00:05:18,787 --> 00:05:20,592 On the planet. 87 00:05:20,667 --> 00:05:23,439 [dramatic music] 88 00:05:29,307 --> 00:05:32,192 Herodotus claims that the egyptians remembered khufu 89 00:05:32,201 --> 00:05:33,792 As a tyrant, 90 00:05:33,827 --> 00:05:35,599 Ranting and raving in his palace. 91 00:05:36,667 --> 00:05:40,039 [in foreign language] 92 00:05:42,867 --> 00:05:46,592 Herodotus wrote really nasty things in his histories, 93 00:05:46,627 --> 00:05:50,472 According to him, khufu was a mean king and no one liked him 94 00:05:50,547 --> 00:05:51,792 Because he was cruel. 95 00:05:51,827 --> 00:05:56,312 [in foreign language] 96 00:05:56,387 --> 00:05:59,592 Herodotus wrote that khufu terrorized his people 97 00:05:59,667 --> 00:06:04,432 And he enslaved them to build his great pyramid. 98 00:06:04,467 --> 00:06:07,152 [in foreign language] 99 00:06:07,187 --> 00:06:09,959 Herodotus paints khufu as something of a tyrant, 100 00:06:10,034 --> 00:06:12,199 Shuts down the temples of the country 101 00:06:12,274 --> 00:06:13,639 In order to focus everything 102 00:06:13,714 --> 00:06:16,432 On his great pyramid construction scheme 103 00:06:16,507 --> 00:06:19,392 And whose own daughter works in a brothel 104 00:06:19,427 --> 00:06:24,079 And collects blocks as payment from her patrons. 105 00:06:27,961 --> 00:06:30,192 [salima] it's very difficult to understand 106 00:06:30,227 --> 00:06:32,592 Who was feeding herodotus these stories 107 00:06:32,667 --> 00:06:34,512 But clearly at that time, 108 00:06:34,547 --> 00:06:38,592 The egyptians themselves had a history of khufu 109 00:06:38,667 --> 00:06:41,599 Being not very kind or gentle or benevolent. 110 00:06:43,347 --> 00:06:44,672 [whip slams] 111 00:06:44,707 --> 00:06:46,199 [narrator] according to herodotus, 112 00:06:46,274 --> 00:06:48,672 This is how the great pyramid was built. 113 00:06:48,681 --> 00:06:52,639 By an enslaved people working for a depraved monster. 114 00:06:54,707 --> 00:06:57,479 But how much of this story is based on reality? 115 00:07:00,361 --> 00:07:03,152 It was thousands of years after khufu 116 00:07:03,161 --> 00:07:05,959 And he was collecting information from people 117 00:07:06,034 --> 00:07:08,592 Never saw khufu, never saw khufu's sons 118 00:07:08,627 --> 00:07:11,159 And they lived thousands of years after khufu. 119 00:07:13,427 --> 00:07:16,039 [narrator] the truth has long remained a mystery. 120 00:07:17,667 --> 00:07:19,959 [tense music] 121 00:07:21,187 --> 00:07:23,712 But one thing historians have learned, 122 00:07:23,747 --> 00:07:26,112 By examining tomb inscriptions, 123 00:07:26,147 --> 00:07:28,992 Is the name of the person directly responsible 124 00:07:29,027 --> 00:07:30,639 For the pyramid's construction. 125 00:07:31,667 --> 00:07:34,439 [dramatic music] 126 00:07:40,667 --> 00:07:43,632 The person khufu puts in charge of construction 127 00:07:43,667 --> 00:07:45,439 Is his vizier, hemiunu. 128 00:07:47,667 --> 00:07:52,432 [colleen] hemiunu was the nephew of khufu. 129 00:07:52,467 --> 00:07:55,312 And apparently, based on his titles, 130 00:07:55,347 --> 00:07:59,112 He is certainly in charge of the construction 131 00:07:59,187 --> 00:08:00,319 Of the great pyramid. 132 00:08:01,827 --> 00:08:05,552 [narrator] hemiunu's family business is pyramid building. 133 00:08:05,587 --> 00:08:09,639 His father was the architect for khufu's father, sneferu. 134 00:08:13,107 --> 00:08:17,239 Experience he'll need to fulfill khufu's enormous ambitions. 135 00:08:25,627 --> 00:08:29,072 [flora anthony] he wants to create the largest pyramid 136 00:08:29,147 --> 00:08:30,752 That's ever been built. 137 00:08:30,787 --> 00:08:35,152 And he's got to get it done really in 20 years or less. 138 00:08:35,187 --> 00:08:38,152 That is an enormous project. 139 00:08:38,227 --> 00:08:41,632 It was very stressful for hemiunu. 140 00:08:41,667 --> 00:08:45,632 [narrator] khufu has another demand. 141 00:08:45,667 --> 00:08:49,359 Build the pyramid away from the tombs of his ancestors. 142 00:08:51,714 --> 00:08:54,519 [dramatic music] 143 00:09:00,547 --> 00:09:03,392 So hemiunu scours the west bank of the nile 144 00:09:03,427 --> 00:09:04,559 For the right spot. 145 00:09:06,434 --> 00:09:10,352 The west is where the sun sets, symbolizing death. 146 00:09:10,387 --> 00:09:12,919 So this is where all pyramids are built. 147 00:09:16,227 --> 00:09:18,152 Picking a site isn't easy, 148 00:09:18,227 --> 00:09:21,152 He's looking for an area suitable for nothing less 149 00:09:21,187 --> 00:09:23,232 Than the biggest construction site 150 00:09:23,267 --> 00:09:25,359 In the history of mankind. 151 00:09:27,787 --> 00:09:29,632 What's the high ground, the low ground, 152 00:09:29,667 --> 00:09:32,272 Where is the slope, if we build a ramp here, 153 00:09:32,307 --> 00:09:34,632 If we build a temple there, is it going to work? 154 00:09:34,707 --> 00:09:36,632 Where do we lay out our cemeteries? 155 00:09:36,707 --> 00:09:38,672 Where will we quarry the stone? 156 00:09:38,681 --> 00:09:41,479 These are all the things egyptians has to think about. 157 00:09:47,027 --> 00:09:49,232 [narrator] hemiunu must do everything in his power 158 00:09:49,267 --> 00:09:52,519 To avoid the fate that befell his father, nefermaat. 159 00:09:55,307 --> 00:09:58,272 He hit a major problem when building a second pyramid 160 00:09:58,307 --> 00:09:59,679 For his king, sneferu. 161 00:10:04,681 --> 00:10:06,272 Midway through the construction 162 00:10:06,307 --> 00:10:08,792 Of an ambitious steep sided pyramid, 163 00:10:08,867 --> 00:10:11,312 The monument began to crack. 164 00:10:11,347 --> 00:10:13,792 The site's foundations weren't strong enough 165 00:10:13,827 --> 00:10:15,639 To support the huge weight. 166 00:10:18,707 --> 00:10:20,672 To avoid total collapse, 167 00:10:20,707 --> 00:10:24,192 He was forced to change the angle of the pyramid's sides, 168 00:10:24,227 --> 00:10:26,039 Giving the monument its name, 169 00:10:27,394 --> 00:10:28,639 The bent pyramid. 170 00:10:30,707 --> 00:10:32,752 The odd shape wasn't good enough for the king 171 00:10:32,787 --> 00:10:35,119 And nefermaat had to start again. 172 00:10:42,867 --> 00:10:46,039 Khufu wants an even bigger pyramid. 173 00:10:48,787 --> 00:10:53,152 Hemiunu can't afford a similar mistake. 174 00:10:53,187 --> 00:10:58,192 [colleen darnell] we can imagine that khufu is also worrying 175 00:10:58,227 --> 00:11:01,712 About whether he too will live long enough 176 00:11:01,747 --> 00:11:04,352 To complete his own pyramid. 177 00:11:04,361 --> 00:11:07,472 Will he be like his father sneferu 178 00:11:07,507 --> 00:11:10,592 Finishing three pyramids before he dies? 179 00:11:10,627 --> 00:11:13,792 Or will khufu perhaps not live long enough 180 00:11:13,827 --> 00:11:16,399 To even finish a single pyramid? 181 00:11:17,747 --> 00:11:18,752 [mohamed] the most important thing 182 00:11:18,827 --> 00:11:19,799 For the king 183 00:11:19,874 --> 00:11:21,639 Is to finish his pyramid during his life. 184 00:11:21,714 --> 00:11:23,999 He has to see the pyramid completed. 185 00:11:25,321 --> 00:11:28,352 [narrator] if the legend of khufu's cruelty is true, 186 00:11:28,387 --> 00:11:32,319 This is not a man that hemiunu can afford to disappoint. 187 00:11:37,714 --> 00:11:39,472 In ancient egypt, 188 00:11:39,481 --> 00:11:43,472 Hemiunu's team of engineers spend days testing the bedrock 189 00:11:43,507 --> 00:11:47,199 To find the perfect location for king khufu's pyramid. 190 00:11:50,107 --> 00:11:51,712 They studied the nature of the rock 191 00:11:51,747 --> 00:11:54,679 And the undulation of the landscape for miles. 192 00:11:56,147 --> 00:11:58,679 Until they finally find the ideal place, 193 00:12:00,387 --> 00:12:01,472 Giza. 194 00:12:01,507 --> 00:12:06,032 [dramatic music] 195 00:12:06,067 --> 00:12:10,192 Today, giza is a bustling suburb of cairo. 196 00:12:10,227 --> 00:12:15,472 4,600 year ago, it was an empty plateau, 197 00:12:15,507 --> 00:12:17,712 20 miles north of the bent pyramid 198 00:12:17,747 --> 00:12:20,399 And not far from the capital at memphis. 199 00:12:22,754 --> 00:12:27,239 What was here geologically, was a big plate of limestone. 200 00:12:30,387 --> 00:12:32,032 It was perfect as a platform 201 00:12:32,067 --> 00:12:33,999 For the pyramids as foundations. 202 00:12:36,467 --> 00:12:38,512 [narrator] mark lehner is an american professor 203 00:12:38,547 --> 00:12:42,112 Of archeology and egyptology. 204 00:12:42,147 --> 00:12:46,112 He's spent three decades investigating the giza plateau, 205 00:12:46,147 --> 00:12:49,999 Hunting for evidence about how the great pyramid was built. 206 00:12:53,507 --> 00:12:56,752 I realized that I had to turn my back to the pyramids 207 00:12:56,787 --> 00:12:58,679 To understand them, 208 00:12:58,754 --> 00:13:02,432 Because I realized that without understanding the people 209 00:13:02,467 --> 00:13:05,159 And their economy and their society, 210 00:13:05,234 --> 00:13:06,679 I didn't understand the pyramid. 211 00:13:08,707 --> 00:13:10,359 [narrator] on the south of the pyramid 212 00:13:10,434 --> 00:13:13,072 There's a clue that exposes another reason 213 00:13:13,107 --> 00:13:15,079 That hemiunu chose this site. 214 00:13:16,867 --> 00:13:18,999 [tense music] 215 00:13:19,074 --> 00:13:22,199 A huge quarry more than 100 feet deep. 216 00:13:26,387 --> 00:13:27,399 So, look. 217 00:13:30,707 --> 00:13:35,232 Here in the face, I can see that the quarry men know. 218 00:13:35,307 --> 00:13:38,079 [metal scraping] 219 00:13:39,187 --> 00:13:41,072 There's a weak vein here. 220 00:13:41,107 --> 00:13:44,032 It's actually an iron vein that makes of stone weak. 221 00:13:44,067 --> 00:13:46,792 As good geologists, natural geologists, 222 00:13:46,867 --> 00:13:48,832 They know where to exploit those veins 223 00:13:48,867 --> 00:13:50,519 To cut the blocks away. 224 00:13:51,667 --> 00:13:53,312 It's like a freebie. 225 00:13:53,347 --> 00:13:55,599 Nature is giving them a little assist. 226 00:13:57,187 --> 00:13:59,472 They take any advantages they can get. 227 00:13:59,507 --> 00:14:01,432 [dramatic music] 228 00:14:01,507 --> 00:14:04,112 [narrator] the quarry is barely 1,000 feet 229 00:14:04,147 --> 00:14:05,752 From the great pyramid, 230 00:14:05,827 --> 00:14:10,112 A clever move by hemiunu to help speed up construction. 231 00:14:10,187 --> 00:14:12,959 [dramatic music] 232 00:14:14,387 --> 00:14:17,272 [metal clanking] 233 00:14:17,347 --> 00:14:19,392 But completing the pyramid in time 234 00:14:19,427 --> 00:14:22,999 Is still going to take enormous human effort 235 00:14:23,074 --> 00:14:24,959 And some help from the gods. 236 00:14:26,274 --> 00:14:28,999 [air whooshing] 237 00:14:30,627 --> 00:14:33,199 [tense music] 238 00:14:36,147 --> 00:14:38,472 Before construction begins, 239 00:14:38,547 --> 00:14:43,472 Hemiunu and the pharaoh, khufu, travel to giza. 240 00:14:43,507 --> 00:14:46,479 They need to perform a sacred ceremony. 241 00:14:50,754 --> 00:14:52,752 A ritual they believe will be crucial 242 00:14:52,827 --> 00:14:54,479 To the pyramid's success. 243 00:14:59,347 --> 00:15:03,712 The pharaoh wears a special double crown. 244 00:15:03,787 --> 00:15:07,072 The white represents upper egypt in the south, 245 00:15:07,107 --> 00:15:10,472 And the red lower egypt in the north. 246 00:15:10,547 --> 00:15:13,959 The crown symbolize the unity of his people 247 00:15:14,034 --> 00:15:16,472 Who he will take with him into the afterlife 248 00:15:16,547 --> 00:15:18,599 If the pyramid is a success. 249 00:15:22,707 --> 00:15:25,072 A high priestess is dressed in the image 250 00:15:25,107 --> 00:15:28,599 Of the goddess of mathematics and astronomy, seshat. 251 00:15:31,147 --> 00:15:34,199 She's brought a measuring device known as the merkhet. 252 00:15:39,074 --> 00:15:43,119 This tool can be used to align khufu's pyramid to the north. 253 00:15:46,707 --> 00:15:49,392 The pharaoh believes that the north holds a portal 254 00:15:49,427 --> 00:15:53,312 Through which his soul will pass to join his ancestors 255 00:15:53,347 --> 00:15:54,672 And the gods. 256 00:15:54,707 --> 00:15:57,399 [gentle music] 257 00:16:06,201 --> 00:16:09,999 So the pyramid's orientation is a powerful symbol. 258 00:16:11,347 --> 00:16:12,999 As is its size. 259 00:16:14,087 --> 00:16:19,392 His surveyors use rope to measure out just over 755 feet 260 00:16:19,467 --> 00:16:21,439 For each side of the monument. 261 00:16:26,274 --> 00:16:29,632 This gives the ceremony its name, pedj-she's, 262 00:16:29,667 --> 00:16:32,192 The stretching of the cord. 263 00:16:32,201 --> 00:16:34,719 [gentle music] 264 00:16:41,347 --> 00:16:44,359 With the sacred foundation ceremony complete, 265 00:16:44,434 --> 00:16:47,712 Khufu names his tomb the akhet-khufu, 266 00:16:47,747 --> 00:16:50,199 The horizon of khufu. 267 00:16:53,667 --> 00:16:55,272 After his death, 268 00:16:55,347 --> 00:16:58,272 The pharaoh will become one with the sun god 269 00:16:58,307 --> 00:17:01,152 And will disappear every evening on the horizon 270 00:17:01,161 --> 00:17:03,919 To be reborn at the first light of dawn. 271 00:17:05,667 --> 00:17:09,079 The ritual is complete, and the gods appeased. 272 00:17:10,467 --> 00:17:13,632 But hemiunu still needs to finalize the design 273 00:17:13,667 --> 00:17:14,959 Of the great pyramid. 274 00:17:16,787 --> 00:17:19,399 [gentle music] 275 00:17:23,107 --> 00:17:26,239 [in foreign language] 276 00:17:31,667 --> 00:17:34,359 The oversized dimensions of this pyramid 277 00:17:34,434 --> 00:17:36,239 Must have worried engineers. 278 00:17:39,667 --> 00:17:43,632 But hemiunu has no choice but to follow the demands of khufu 279 00:17:43,667 --> 00:17:46,119 Who wants a smooth sided monument, 280 00:17:47,667 --> 00:17:51,319 Just like his father sneferu's third and final pyramid. 281 00:17:55,554 --> 00:18:00,112 Sneferu's red pyramid is 344 feet high, 282 00:18:00,147 --> 00:18:02,352 The tallest building in the world, 283 00:18:02,387 --> 00:18:07,232 But khufu wants a pyramid 100 feet taller. 284 00:18:07,267 --> 00:18:10,152 This is going to be the largest construction project 285 00:18:10,227 --> 00:18:12,152 In human history, 286 00:18:12,227 --> 00:18:16,039 Demanding labor and supplies from all over egypt. 287 00:18:16,807 --> 00:18:20,752 He has to obtain the resources from the quarries, 288 00:18:20,787 --> 00:18:24,432 Bring them up to the giza plateau. 289 00:18:24,467 --> 00:18:28,352 He's got to conscript people from around the country 290 00:18:28,361 --> 00:18:30,519 To come work at this site. 291 00:18:30,594 --> 00:18:32,439 He's got to organize them. 292 00:18:33,467 --> 00:18:34,679 [narrator] how will he do it? 293 00:18:39,147 --> 00:18:41,599 [gentle music] 294 00:18:44,147 --> 00:18:46,072 On the giza plateau, 295 00:18:46,147 --> 00:18:48,312 Mark lehner is investigating the truth 296 00:18:48,387 --> 00:18:51,359 About the pharaoh khufu's reputation as a tyrant 297 00:18:51,747 --> 00:18:53,592 Who enslaved his people 298 00:18:53,667 --> 00:18:56,079 And forced them to build his great pyramid. 299 00:19:00,707 --> 00:19:02,199 To find the answers, 300 00:19:02,274 --> 00:19:05,232 Mark turned his back to the great pyramid, 301 00:19:05,267 --> 00:19:09,079 To the remains of an enormous wall built in its shadow. 302 00:19:09,927 --> 00:19:12,079 [mark lehner] it's called the wall of the crow. 303 00:19:14,147 --> 00:19:16,359 The wall is two hundred meters long. 304 00:19:16,434 --> 00:19:19,552 From our excavations, we know that it's ten meters wide 305 00:19:19,587 --> 00:19:21,079 And ten meters tall. 306 00:19:21,827 --> 00:19:24,439 [gentle music] 307 00:19:27,307 --> 00:19:30,599 This wall says that somebody intended it to be permanent. 308 00:19:33,027 --> 00:19:35,639 To the north of the wall, you have the sphinx. 309 00:19:37,667 --> 00:19:40,992 The tombs, the cemeteries, the pyramids. 310 00:19:41,027 --> 00:19:43,552 [narrator] lehner asked a logical question, 311 00:19:43,587 --> 00:19:47,592 If these monuments to the dead lay on one side of the wall, 312 00:19:47,667 --> 00:19:49,039 What was on the other? 313 00:19:50,627 --> 00:19:54,312 To the south I suspected there was infrastructure, 314 00:19:54,387 --> 00:19:55,359 Settlement. 315 00:19:57,507 --> 00:19:59,792 [narrator] mark's intuition proved right. 316 00:19:59,827 --> 00:20:04,399 Beyond this wall he unearthed a vast hidden city. 317 00:20:05,507 --> 00:20:08,119 [lively music] 318 00:20:11,234 --> 00:20:13,112 A twelve-acre metropolis 319 00:20:13,187 --> 00:20:15,479 That once stretched to the banks of the nile 320 00:20:15,554 --> 00:20:18,432 And housed thousands of people. 321 00:20:18,507 --> 00:20:22,272 [lively music] 322 00:20:22,307 --> 00:20:24,512 So, it takes a little bit of imagination, 323 00:20:24,521 --> 00:20:30,512 But underneath this whole area is the city of the workers, 324 00:20:30,547 --> 00:20:33,392 The infrastructure for building the great pyramids. 325 00:20:33,467 --> 00:20:36,112 I think we can call it, without too much hyperbole, 326 00:20:36,187 --> 00:20:37,559 The lost city of the pyramids 327 00:20:39,641 --> 00:20:41,712 [narrator] beneath the sand lies a treasure trove 328 00:20:41,747 --> 00:20:44,152 Of information about the living conditions 329 00:20:44,227 --> 00:20:45,519 Of the pyramid builders. 330 00:20:47,347 --> 00:20:49,799 [mark] we've been excavating here for thirty years. 331 00:20:49,874 --> 00:20:52,152 We always put the sand back. 332 00:20:52,227 --> 00:20:54,832 So that we can come back and continue our research. 333 00:20:54,867 --> 00:20:57,439 Otherwise the site would not preserve. 334 00:20:58,754 --> 00:21:00,432 [narrator] information that suggests, 335 00:21:00,467 --> 00:21:04,272 This might have been more than a massive slave camp. 336 00:21:04,307 --> 00:21:07,632 [dramatic music] 337 00:21:07,667 --> 00:21:10,432 [mark] we've reconstructed one of the small houses, 338 00:21:10,507 --> 00:21:13,112 Right on top of the original. 339 00:21:13,187 --> 00:21:17,639 Because it's a simple house, for rather minor official, 340 00:21:17,714 --> 00:21:21,312 You have in place of the great reception room, 341 00:21:21,321 --> 00:21:24,672 This one rectangular space with a bench, 342 00:21:24,707 --> 00:21:27,392 What's called a mastaba in arabic. 343 00:21:27,427 --> 00:21:29,712 Probably it was covered with reed mats, 344 00:21:29,747 --> 00:21:31,752 Or even rugs and pillows. 345 00:21:31,827 --> 00:21:35,232 Here we have a bed platform 346 00:21:35,267 --> 00:21:38,432 Probably covered with pillows and mats. 347 00:21:38,467 --> 00:21:44,632 Wide enough we think for a man, an official to stretch out 348 00:21:44,707 --> 00:21:49,239 But also not just himself, possibly even a spouse. 349 00:21:53,874 --> 00:21:58,072 [dramatic music] 350 00:21:58,147 --> 00:21:59,232 [narrator] at the back of the house, 351 00:21:59,307 --> 00:22:01,112 Mark's team has uncovered evidence 352 00:22:01,187 --> 00:22:06,192 Of a bread oven and other traces of food preparation. 353 00:22:06,227 --> 00:22:11,792 We found here a round silo for grain, probably wheat. 354 00:22:11,827 --> 00:22:15,232 When they ground the wheat into flour 355 00:22:15,267 --> 00:22:17,272 And probably one of the members of the house 356 00:22:17,347 --> 00:22:20,272 Was on his or her knees, 357 00:22:20,307 --> 00:22:22,272 Grinding the grain into flour 358 00:22:22,347 --> 00:22:25,112 And collecting it into the little jars. 359 00:22:25,187 --> 00:22:27,719 [dramatic music] 360 00:22:32,187 --> 00:22:35,792 The important part of finding this little urban estate, 361 00:22:35,827 --> 00:22:38,359 We call it the eastern town house. 362 00:22:38,434 --> 00:22:41,359 Is that it shows that families were living here. 363 00:22:43,667 --> 00:22:45,072 [narrator] mark thinks this house 364 00:22:45,147 --> 00:22:48,112 Belonged to one of the supervisors. 365 00:22:48,147 --> 00:22:50,592 But what about the ordinary workers? 366 00:22:50,667 --> 00:22:53,399 [dramatic music] 367 00:22:55,347 --> 00:22:57,479 By excavating the entire site, 368 00:22:57,554 --> 00:23:00,359 Mark has been able to figure out where they lived too. 369 00:23:03,667 --> 00:23:07,752 Town planners organized the city into three districts. 370 00:23:07,827 --> 00:23:10,992 One brings together the nobility, supervisors 371 00:23:11,027 --> 00:23:13,392 And the royal guard. 372 00:23:13,427 --> 00:23:16,672 Another holds bakeries, slaughterhouses, breweries 373 00:23:16,681 --> 00:23:17,959 And craftsmen. 374 00:23:20,227 --> 00:23:21,632 The center of the city 375 00:23:21,667 --> 00:23:24,672 Is reserved for the huge pyramid workforce. 376 00:23:24,707 --> 00:23:28,632 They live in a series of dormitories, built side by side, 377 00:23:28,707 --> 00:23:33,079 Each over 100 feet long and housing several dozen workers. 378 00:23:36,547 --> 00:23:39,792 [mark] the barracks, these big corridors, these galleries 379 00:23:39,827 --> 00:23:41,792 Were probably gender segregated. 380 00:23:41,827 --> 00:23:46,592 Probably mostly men and probably mostly young men 381 00:23:46,667 --> 00:23:49,319 Who were rotating in and out of the labor force. 382 00:23:49,394 --> 00:23:52,199 Young men from their own home villages all over egypt. 383 00:23:52,274 --> 00:23:55,399 They probably stayed together in gangs or groups. 384 00:23:56,427 --> 00:23:58,432 [narrator] the barracks where the workers lived 385 00:23:58,507 --> 00:24:00,152 Don't appear to be locked away 386 00:24:00,227 --> 00:24:02,079 Like some sort of slave encampment. 387 00:24:02,947 --> 00:24:06,039 Instead, they're in the center of a large city. 388 00:24:10,507 --> 00:24:13,312 So mark has discovered where they lived, 389 00:24:13,347 --> 00:24:16,119 And there is also evidence of how they lived. 390 00:24:18,227 --> 00:24:19,792 [peter] we know that this people building the pyramids, 391 00:24:19,827 --> 00:24:21,792 Were taken care of pretty well. 392 00:24:21,827 --> 00:24:24,999 There is a lot of meat coming into the site to support them. 393 00:24:25,074 --> 00:24:28,472 [flora] while excavating on the giza plateau, 394 00:24:28,547 --> 00:24:31,272 They found these large bread molds. 395 00:24:31,347 --> 00:24:34,272 So, a lot of people were eating bread 396 00:24:34,307 --> 00:24:36,632 As their main source of sustenance. 397 00:24:36,707 --> 00:24:39,152 We also have catfish remains, 398 00:24:39,161 --> 00:24:43,392 So catfish was actually on the menu also quite a bit 399 00:24:43,427 --> 00:24:46,112 For the pyramid workers. 400 00:24:46,187 --> 00:24:48,512 [narrator] very different from the hand-to-mouth existence 401 00:24:48,547 --> 00:24:51,472 Of most bronze age people. 402 00:24:51,481 --> 00:24:53,472 [john] if you were working on one of these royal projects, 403 00:24:53,481 --> 00:24:56,152 You probably had greater confidence 404 00:24:56,227 --> 00:25:01,079 In the regularity and the quantity of your rations. 405 00:25:02,507 --> 00:25:05,072 [narrator] keeping khufu's workforce well fed 406 00:25:05,107 --> 00:25:07,752 Was vital to the project's success. 407 00:25:07,827 --> 00:25:08,992 [mohamed] if you want the pyramid 408 00:25:09,001 --> 00:25:10,519 To be completed on time, 409 00:25:10,594 --> 00:25:13,112 You have to make your workers happy, you have to feed them, 410 00:25:13,187 --> 00:25:14,639 You have to keep them strong. 411 00:25:17,027 --> 00:25:19,312 [narrator] all the evidence that mark has uncovered, 412 00:25:19,347 --> 00:25:22,359 Seems to counter the legend of khufu enslaving 413 00:25:22,434 --> 00:25:25,159 And mistreating his workers. 414 00:25:25,234 --> 00:25:27,639 By finding this new information about the pyramid, 415 00:25:27,714 --> 00:25:29,632 It's completely changing our knowledge 416 00:25:29,667 --> 00:25:32,592 About how the pyramids were built. 417 00:25:32,627 --> 00:25:35,152 [john] herodotus' account of one hundred thousand slaves, 418 00:25:35,161 --> 00:25:39,472 Finds no documentary evidence from egypt of the time. 419 00:25:39,507 --> 00:25:42,112 What the workmen's village at giza, 420 00:25:42,147 --> 00:25:44,192 Associated with great pyramid shows us, 421 00:25:44,227 --> 00:25:46,792 Is that these are professional people. 422 00:25:46,867 --> 00:25:49,712 We have a large number of skilled people 423 00:25:49,787 --> 00:25:52,672 Who are probably passing these skills down 424 00:25:52,707 --> 00:25:55,632 From father to son, mother to daughter, et cetera. 425 00:25:55,667 --> 00:25:58,112 So, these are professional people, 426 00:25:58,147 --> 00:26:01,239 All engaged in a great building project. 427 00:26:03,427 --> 00:26:05,152 [narrator] but if they weren't slaves, 428 00:26:05,187 --> 00:26:08,479 How did khufu compel these people to work for him? 429 00:26:13,641 --> 00:26:16,112 Clues unearthed in a lost city 430 00:26:16,147 --> 00:26:18,512 Suggest that the builders of the great pyramid 431 00:26:18,521 --> 00:26:21,039 Weren't enslaved by their pharaoh khufu. 432 00:26:23,507 --> 00:26:25,959 Instead he probably formed his workforce 433 00:26:26,034 --> 00:26:29,632 From a mix of paid craftsmen and conscripted labor 434 00:26:29,667 --> 00:26:32,119 In a form similar to military service. 435 00:26:34,387 --> 00:26:37,592 Young men registered for the draft 436 00:26:37,667 --> 00:26:40,192 So that they would work at the great pyramid. 437 00:26:40,227 --> 00:26:42,112 Can you imagine one of these peasants 438 00:26:42,147 --> 00:26:46,999 As he's ferried downstream, comes up to the giza plateau 439 00:26:47,074 --> 00:26:50,112 And in the background, he sees this massive pyramid 440 00:26:50,147 --> 00:26:52,112 Rising in the distance, 441 00:26:52,147 --> 00:26:56,359 Men moving these two and a half ton blocks of stone. 442 00:26:56,434 --> 00:26:59,119 It must have been simply awe inspiring. 443 00:27:02,107 --> 00:27:05,432 [narrator] khufu unites his people behind a common goal, 444 00:27:05,507 --> 00:27:08,752 Motivating them with food, duty and camaraderie 445 00:27:08,787 --> 00:27:10,079 Rather than force. 446 00:27:15,507 --> 00:27:18,672 By assembling a workforce from all over egypt, 447 00:27:18,707 --> 00:27:21,392 Khufu was able to spread his influence and ideas 448 00:27:21,467 --> 00:27:22,639 Across the country. 449 00:27:26,387 --> 00:27:30,032 [mark] one of the positive views of pyramid building, 450 00:27:30,067 --> 00:27:32,992 That they did help to interlace the king's power 451 00:27:33,027 --> 00:27:34,472 Throughout the land. 452 00:27:34,547 --> 00:27:36,992 It did help create a sense of national identity. 453 00:27:37,027 --> 00:27:40,192 Every person participated in this pyramid, 454 00:27:40,227 --> 00:27:42,472 Were thinking and they believed 455 00:27:42,547 --> 00:27:45,232 That by building the pyramid, it built egypt. 456 00:27:45,267 --> 00:27:48,079 They are helping their king to resurrect. 457 00:27:49,427 --> 00:27:53,072 [gentle music] 458 00:27:53,147 --> 00:27:54,472 [narrator] the typical day 459 00:27:54,547 --> 00:27:56,512 For a skilled craftsman or supervisor, 460 00:27:56,547 --> 00:27:59,159 Likely looked very different to the slavery images 461 00:27:59,234 --> 00:28:00,159 Of legend. 462 00:28:01,187 --> 00:28:03,599 [gentle music] 463 00:28:05,627 --> 00:28:08,199 At dawn the craftsman gets up. 464 00:28:08,274 --> 00:28:10,992 He washes himself and dresses in a simple kilt, 465 00:28:11,027 --> 00:28:12,672 Or a linen loincloth. 466 00:28:12,707 --> 00:28:15,399 [gentle music] 467 00:28:23,467 --> 00:28:26,432 Surrounded by his family, he recites prayers. 468 00:28:26,507 --> 00:28:29,232 They worship ra, the god of the sun 469 00:28:29,267 --> 00:28:31,039 And the creator of the universe. 470 00:28:32,547 --> 00:28:35,359 [dramatic music] 471 00:28:38,227 --> 00:28:42,192 His first meal of the day is bread, dried fish and garlic, 472 00:28:42,227 --> 00:28:43,999 All accompanied by beer. 473 00:28:46,227 --> 00:28:48,192 The craftsman then leaves his home, 474 00:28:48,227 --> 00:28:49,792 For what ancient records suggest, 475 00:28:49,827 --> 00:28:52,239 Was a 10-hour working day. 476 00:28:57,467 --> 00:28:59,592 He crosses one of the three main streets 477 00:28:59,667 --> 00:29:02,919 Of the workers' city, which is probably already busy. 478 00:29:04,594 --> 00:29:07,959 Never before has a pharaoh gathered so many farmers, 479 00:29:08,034 --> 00:29:10,399 Craftsmen and workers in one place. 480 00:29:13,267 --> 00:29:14,592 [mark] think if you are a young person, 481 00:29:14,627 --> 00:29:16,359 You come from a village, 482 00:29:16,434 --> 00:29:18,992 That numbers only a few hundred people 483 00:29:19,027 --> 00:29:21,152 And you come here in giza. 484 00:29:21,187 --> 00:29:25,359 So, you join thousands, maybe tens of thousands of people. 485 00:29:26,707 --> 00:29:28,519 When you went back to your village, 486 00:29:28,594 --> 00:29:32,152 You didn't go back the same young person as when you came. 487 00:29:32,227 --> 00:29:35,079 You have this sense of identity, something bigger. 488 00:29:37,507 --> 00:29:39,392 [dramatic music] 489 00:29:39,427 --> 00:29:41,959 [narrator] mark lehner thinks the wall of the crow, 490 00:29:42,034 --> 00:29:44,959 Is the barrier between city and pyramid site. 491 00:29:47,161 --> 00:29:51,552 So, the young men everyday would probably go rank and file 492 00:29:51,627 --> 00:29:53,432 Through this gate. 493 00:29:53,507 --> 00:29:56,472 Because on the other side you have the quarries, 494 00:29:56,547 --> 00:29:58,159 So that's where their work was. 495 00:30:00,507 --> 00:30:02,432 [narrator] khufu's well-organized city 496 00:30:02,467 --> 00:30:05,112 Ensures the workforce are well cared for 497 00:30:05,187 --> 00:30:08,272 And ready to work hard on the pyramid. 498 00:30:08,307 --> 00:30:11,272 These men will need to cut, move and assemble 499 00:30:11,347 --> 00:30:14,079 Some six million tons of stone. 500 00:30:17,234 --> 00:30:19,112 To extract a block of stone, 501 00:30:19,187 --> 00:30:21,679 The workers start by marking out it's dimensions. 502 00:30:23,714 --> 00:30:26,472 Then they dig trenches on each side 503 00:30:26,547 --> 00:30:31,312 And crack open its base to free it. 504 00:30:31,347 --> 00:30:36,072 Workers place stone below their newly cut block, 505 00:30:36,147 --> 00:30:38,672 To break its fall when they tip their finished block 506 00:30:38,707 --> 00:30:39,639 To the ground. 507 00:30:40,547 --> 00:30:43,472 [stone bangs] 508 00:30:43,507 --> 00:30:47,239 A laborious job, which the workers carry out in teams. 509 00:30:50,387 --> 00:30:54,352 [workers shouting] 510 00:30:54,387 --> 00:30:57,632 Egyptologists estimate that 2,000 stonemasons 511 00:30:57,667 --> 00:31:01,432 Worked in the quarry, extracting 200 blocks a day, 512 00:31:01,507 --> 00:31:03,519 Each weighing an average of 2.5 tons. 513 00:31:05,347 --> 00:31:09,712 [mark] so, this is one of the big quarry blocks. 514 00:31:09,747 --> 00:31:14,032 It's a very nice example of where probably one person 515 00:31:14,067 --> 00:31:18,279 Was subdividing this big block like cutting a piece of cake. 516 00:31:19,507 --> 00:31:21,232 It wasn't pleasant work. 517 00:31:21,307 --> 00:31:25,239 I mean, this person or persons must have been in here, 518 00:31:26,147 --> 00:31:28,192 Working all day long. 519 00:31:28,227 --> 00:31:32,112 Just wide enough for one. 520 00:31:32,187 --> 00:31:35,392 With hammer stones, mallet, chisel, 521 00:31:35,467 --> 00:31:38,512 Driving this channel forward. 522 00:31:38,547 --> 00:31:41,359 We know that because you can see the striations. 523 00:31:46,147 --> 00:31:50,512 It's a good example of how hard this work was. 524 00:31:50,547 --> 00:31:52,832 [metal clanking] 525 00:31:52,867 --> 00:31:55,632 [narrator] the work is not just hard, it's also dangerous. 526 00:31:55,667 --> 00:31:58,559 [screaming loudly] 527 00:32:01,507 --> 00:32:04,439 Accidents are thought to have been frequent and brutal. 528 00:32:07,627 --> 00:32:10,272 But if the pyramid is to be completed on time, 529 00:32:10,307 --> 00:32:13,072 Khufu can't afford to lose his workforce 530 00:32:13,107 --> 00:32:14,399 One injury at a time. 531 00:32:16,227 --> 00:32:18,999 The ancient pyramid workers 532 00:32:19,074 --> 00:32:21,712 Suffered from all sorts of issues 533 00:32:21,747 --> 00:32:25,232 Relating to backbreaking labor. 534 00:32:25,267 --> 00:32:28,199 They suffered more from injuries 535 00:32:28,274 --> 00:32:31,552 Relating to moving large blocks, 536 00:32:31,587 --> 00:32:35,472 And having to push and use a lot of force. 537 00:32:35,507 --> 00:32:36,999 We have also information 538 00:32:37,074 --> 00:32:40,752 That some of them were treated on the site. 539 00:32:40,787 --> 00:32:43,472 [salima] and we know that there was a lot of medical knowledge, 540 00:32:43,507 --> 00:32:45,232 With the ancient egyptians, 541 00:32:45,307 --> 00:32:46,672 From the pyramid workers. 542 00:32:46,681 --> 00:32:49,072 Because we have people whose bones are broken, 543 00:32:49,107 --> 00:32:50,672 They've been splinted together, 544 00:32:50,707 --> 00:32:53,232 So you know that it was tied together 545 00:32:53,307 --> 00:32:55,072 And the way it would be today. 546 00:32:55,107 --> 00:32:57,719 [dramatic music] 547 00:33:00,147 --> 00:33:02,592 [narrator] historians have deciphered tomb engravings 548 00:33:02,627 --> 00:33:04,992 That expose more about the medical care 549 00:33:05,027 --> 00:33:06,399 Pyramid builders got. 550 00:33:08,434 --> 00:33:11,159 [colleen] peseshet is a fascinating woman 551 00:33:11,234 --> 00:33:13,392 From ancient egypt. 552 00:33:13,427 --> 00:33:17,312 We know that she lived during the reign of khufu 553 00:33:17,347 --> 00:33:22,672 Because her name is present in a tomb monument 554 00:33:22,707 --> 00:33:29,312 And she has a unique title, overseer of physicians. 555 00:33:29,347 --> 00:33:33,479 Unfortunately, that's where our knowledge ends. 556 00:33:33,554 --> 00:33:37,592 We don't know whether peseshet was herself a doctor. 557 00:33:37,667 --> 00:33:41,632 It gives us more tantalizing hints 558 00:33:41,641 --> 00:33:43,399 At what might be the case. 559 00:33:48,227 --> 00:33:50,472 There were a lot of remedies involving plants, 560 00:33:50,547 --> 00:33:55,072 Sometimes little bit maybe of animal bits as well, 561 00:33:55,107 --> 00:33:58,199 Sort of bone marrow to drink to strengthen yourself, 562 00:33:58,274 --> 00:34:02,592 And so headaches, pains, aches in the joints, coughs, 563 00:34:02,667 --> 00:34:04,992 Runny noses, all of these would have been dealt with. 564 00:34:05,001 --> 00:34:07,152 There were eye diseases that they knew about, 565 00:34:07,187 --> 00:34:09,319 And these too would have had remedies. 566 00:34:09,394 --> 00:34:12,199 [moaning loudly] 567 00:34:18,507 --> 00:34:21,239 [narrator] broken bones were a more serious matter. 568 00:34:22,307 --> 00:34:24,272 Texts from later periods of egypt 569 00:34:24,347 --> 00:34:26,399 Give accounts of how doctors worked. 570 00:34:27,507 --> 00:34:30,279 [dramatic music] 571 00:34:32,707 --> 00:34:35,712 If peseshet herself examined the workers, 572 00:34:35,747 --> 00:34:39,632 She would invoke the god of medicine, sekhmet, to help. 573 00:34:39,667 --> 00:34:42,479 [moaning loudly] 574 00:34:54,547 --> 00:34:56,272 To treat the arm fracture, 575 00:34:56,307 --> 00:34:59,079 She would use a method still practiced today. 576 00:35:02,307 --> 00:35:04,239 She starts by realigning the bone. 577 00:35:05,187 --> 00:35:08,079 [screaming loudly] 578 00:35:15,667 --> 00:35:19,239 Then she immobilizes the arm by fitting a wooden splint. 579 00:35:20,227 --> 00:35:22,999 [dramatic music] 580 00:35:25,507 --> 00:35:28,272 Finally, she covers the wound with honey, 581 00:35:28,307 --> 00:35:31,959 It acts as a disinfectant and an anti-inflammatory too. 582 00:35:38,547 --> 00:35:40,112 For more serious injuries, 583 00:35:40,147 --> 00:35:42,312 Doctors sometimes risk performing 584 00:35:42,387 --> 00:35:44,679 A much more extreme operation, 585 00:35:48,681 --> 00:35:49,999 Amputation. 586 00:35:55,507 --> 00:35:57,472 [groans loudly] 587 00:35:57,481 --> 00:35:59,792 Archaeologists working at giza 588 00:35:59,827 --> 00:36:03,432 Have found the skeleton of a man who survived 14 years 589 00:36:03,507 --> 00:36:05,199 After his leg was amputated. 590 00:36:08,147 --> 00:36:10,999 And religion played a role in medical care too. 591 00:36:12,187 --> 00:36:14,752 Magic was tied up with healing. 592 00:36:14,787 --> 00:36:19,312 So, you could go and have a scorpion bite 593 00:36:19,347 --> 00:36:22,632 And then go to a female healer or a male healer 594 00:36:22,707 --> 00:36:26,152 And they could prescribe you a spell. 595 00:36:26,227 --> 00:36:28,312 [narrator] now, an incredible discovery 596 00:36:28,387 --> 00:36:31,632 Is exposing the importance of religion and magic 597 00:36:31,667 --> 00:36:34,159 In the lives of pyramid workers. 598 00:36:37,234 --> 00:36:39,679 [gentle music] 599 00:36:42,707 --> 00:36:44,632 While mark lehner is investigating 600 00:36:44,707 --> 00:36:48,072 The lost city of the pyramid workers, 601 00:36:48,147 --> 00:36:50,272 A team of egyptian archaeologists 602 00:36:50,307 --> 00:36:52,312 Has made an incredible discovery 603 00:36:52,387 --> 00:36:54,032 That helps reveal what else 604 00:36:54,067 --> 00:36:55,999 Might have motivated them to work. 605 00:36:57,394 --> 00:37:00,239 A guard on a donkey tripped over a mud brick wall. 606 00:37:02,467 --> 00:37:04,272 Clearly there was some kind of structure here, 607 00:37:04,307 --> 00:37:05,959 So they started excavating. 608 00:37:07,667 --> 00:37:10,672 And they found first one tomb, 609 00:37:10,707 --> 00:37:13,632 And then they find another tomb and another. 610 00:37:13,667 --> 00:37:16,672 So, it seemed compelling that what we have here 611 00:37:16,707 --> 00:37:19,472 Is the tombs of the workers who built the pyramids. 612 00:37:19,507 --> 00:37:21,072 [dramatic music] 613 00:37:21,107 --> 00:37:22,432 [narrator] there were hundreds of them, 614 00:37:22,467 --> 00:37:24,439 Just outside the workers' city. 615 00:37:31,027 --> 00:37:33,232 [mark] this was excavated over many years 616 00:37:33,307 --> 00:37:36,592 And it's one of the most important discoveries at giza, 617 00:37:36,627 --> 00:37:38,959 I think, in the last century. 618 00:37:40,307 --> 00:37:42,272 Now I'm standing in the lower part, 619 00:37:42,307 --> 00:37:44,592 You have a little mastabas. 620 00:37:44,627 --> 00:37:46,999 These are all of mud-brick and broken stone. 621 00:37:49,187 --> 00:37:50,592 People buried around us 622 00:37:50,627 --> 00:37:53,519 Were probably, some of them were just workers. 623 00:37:56,347 --> 00:37:58,592 So, it looks like lower status people 624 00:37:58,627 --> 00:38:01,152 Were buried down below, higher status people, 625 00:38:01,161 --> 00:38:04,192 Probably their superiors were buried up above. 626 00:38:04,227 --> 00:38:08,359 [dramatic music] 627 00:38:08,434 --> 00:38:11,072 There was some interesting evidence of this. 628 00:38:11,107 --> 00:38:13,159 For example, one of the people here 629 00:38:13,234 --> 00:38:15,639 Had hieroglyphs in his tomb mentioning the title, 630 00:38:15,714 --> 00:38:18,512 Overseer of the sides of the pyramid. 631 00:38:18,521 --> 00:38:21,359 [dramatic music] 632 00:38:25,641 --> 00:38:27,959 These titles on the tombs 633 00:38:28,034 --> 00:38:30,992 Are like a resumé of all their work. 634 00:38:31,027 --> 00:38:33,599 [dramatic music] 635 00:38:42,547 --> 00:38:44,112 Those who could afford it 636 00:38:44,147 --> 00:38:46,192 Would want to start working on their tomb 637 00:38:46,227 --> 00:38:47,392 While they're still alive. 638 00:38:47,427 --> 00:38:49,072 Make sure the inscriptions were there. 639 00:38:49,107 --> 00:38:50,792 If they got a promotion, 640 00:38:50,867 --> 00:38:53,232 They would want that new title inscribed in the tomb. 641 00:38:53,267 --> 00:38:56,079 [dramatic music] 642 00:38:58,067 --> 00:39:01,472 These are the frozen moments on the giza tomb walls 643 00:39:01,507 --> 00:39:05,152 That tell you everything about ancient egyptian society. 644 00:39:05,187 --> 00:39:07,639 [lively music] 645 00:39:08,434 --> 00:39:11,152 [narrator] the discovery offers archeologists 646 00:39:11,187 --> 00:39:14,079 A unique insight into the lives of the workers. 647 00:39:15,587 --> 00:39:17,152 [flora] studying their bones, 648 00:39:17,161 --> 00:39:20,199 The tomb objects that went along with them, 649 00:39:20,274 --> 00:39:23,472 And any tomb decoration that they had, 650 00:39:23,507 --> 00:39:27,959 Fills in some of those gaps in knowledge that we have. 651 00:39:28,034 --> 00:39:31,552 [lively music] 652 00:39:31,627 --> 00:39:33,632 [narrator] the tombs suggest another motivation 653 00:39:33,667 --> 00:39:35,272 For the workers. 654 00:39:35,347 --> 00:39:37,592 They wanted to hitch a ride to the afterlife 655 00:39:37,667 --> 00:39:39,639 With their pharaoh and his pyramid. 656 00:39:41,641 --> 00:39:43,959 It's hard to say for certain, 657 00:39:44,034 --> 00:39:46,272 But I think the prestige 658 00:39:46,307 --> 00:39:49,312 Of being associated with the great pyramid 659 00:39:49,347 --> 00:39:52,992 Might very well have been part of the motivation 660 00:39:53,027 --> 00:39:57,072 For workers who were part of that project. 661 00:39:57,107 --> 00:40:00,592 So, if you work on the royal tomb of giza, 662 00:40:00,627 --> 00:40:05,639 If you help create the largest pyramid egypt's ever seen, 663 00:40:05,714 --> 00:40:07,472 Then you get rewarded. 664 00:40:07,507 --> 00:40:10,679 Not only with your day to day wages, 665 00:40:10,754 --> 00:40:16,192 But also the potential to be buried close to the king 666 00:40:16,227 --> 00:40:17,239 At giza. 667 00:40:19,787 --> 00:40:22,192 [peter] we can assume that those who were able to build 668 00:40:22,227 --> 00:40:24,072 Their tombs closer to the pyramid, 669 00:40:24,147 --> 00:40:27,479 Would benefit from the semi divine or divine aspect 670 00:40:27,554 --> 00:40:31,072 Of the king in his royal resting place nearby. 671 00:40:31,107 --> 00:40:33,799 [dramatic music] 672 00:40:33,874 --> 00:40:35,632 [narrator] the worker's tombs at giza, 673 00:40:35,641 --> 00:40:37,472 Are yet more evidence to challenge 674 00:40:37,507 --> 00:40:39,272 The account of herodotus 675 00:40:39,347 --> 00:40:41,712 And his vision of a hundred thousand slaves 676 00:40:41,747 --> 00:40:43,279 Being forced to work. 677 00:40:46,107 --> 00:40:49,152 [mohamed] it tells us that those people were not slaves. 678 00:40:49,187 --> 00:40:50,752 If they were slaves, 679 00:40:50,787 --> 00:40:52,519 They will never be buried besides the pyramid, 680 00:40:52,594 --> 00:40:56,159 They will never wish to be in the shadow of their king. 681 00:41:00,627 --> 00:41:04,592 [john] herodotus' account of the slave driving khufu, 682 00:41:04,667 --> 00:41:08,032 Strikes me as being similar to modern responses: 683 00:41:08,067 --> 00:41:10,632 How on earth could anyone build that structure? 684 00:41:10,707 --> 00:41:12,312 And the answer has to be, 685 00:41:12,387 --> 00:41:15,232 You simply had to force everyone to work for you to do it. 686 00:41:15,307 --> 00:41:17,999 [lively music] 687 00:41:20,547 --> 00:41:23,112 [narrator] but archaeologists now think that khufu 688 00:41:23,187 --> 00:41:28,032 Was using an existing and well-trained workforce. 689 00:41:28,067 --> 00:41:30,472 [melinda] 340 limestone blocks 690 00:41:30,547 --> 00:41:34,512 Had to be placed every single day. 691 00:41:34,547 --> 00:41:39,479 And stones had to be delivered every 34 minutes. 692 00:41:39,554 --> 00:41:42,199 That is a lot of workforce. 693 00:41:42,274 --> 00:41:45,632 And that's a lot of administration that you need 694 00:41:45,641 --> 00:41:48,079 In order to build something of this size. 695 00:41:50,387 --> 00:41:52,679 [colleen] the great pyramid of khufu, 696 00:41:52,754 --> 00:41:54,432 Further solidifies 697 00:41:54,467 --> 00:41:58,632 The administrative and economic base of ancient egypt. 698 00:41:58,707 --> 00:42:03,432 We have another generation of workmen and administrators 699 00:42:03,507 --> 00:42:06,472 And craftsmen that are now trained 700 00:42:06,547 --> 00:42:10,432 And making the largest pyramid ever constructed 701 00:42:10,467 --> 00:42:11,479 In ancient egypt. 702 00:42:13,627 --> 00:42:15,632 [narrator] like his father before him, 703 00:42:15,667 --> 00:42:17,792 Khufu sets up farms and estates 704 00:42:17,827 --> 00:42:19,999 To provide for his pyramid builders. 705 00:42:22,707 --> 00:42:24,672 [john] setting up these establishments 706 00:42:24,681 --> 00:42:26,032 Would put in place 707 00:42:26,067 --> 00:42:29,592 People who would turn arable land, 708 00:42:29,667 --> 00:42:32,152 Land that could be put under cultivation. 709 00:42:32,227 --> 00:42:35,552 They would actually then put it under cultivation. 710 00:42:35,627 --> 00:42:38,592 So, as these projects go, 711 00:42:38,627 --> 00:42:45,472 We're also seeing vastly larger numbers of cities and farms 712 00:42:45,507 --> 00:42:47,559 Being added to egypt itself. 713 00:42:48,867 --> 00:42:52,072 The nation is really coming together 714 00:42:52,147 --> 00:42:54,672 Even more than in previous reigns. 715 00:42:54,707 --> 00:42:57,552 Tremendous numbers of people 716 00:42:57,587 --> 00:43:00,592 Are working towards the same goal, 717 00:43:00,627 --> 00:43:04,592 Building a monumental tomb for their king. 718 00:43:04,667 --> 00:43:08,192 So, we see with yet another generation, 719 00:43:08,227 --> 00:43:12,472 That egypt as a whole is working towards a massive 720 00:43:12,547 --> 00:43:14,312 Unified project. 721 00:43:14,387 --> 00:43:19,519 And this, in turn, enhances the stability of the state. 722 00:43:20,034 --> 00:43:21,792 [dramatic music] 723 00:43:21,827 --> 00:43:24,112 [narrator] khufu has done everything he can 724 00:43:24,147 --> 00:43:27,439 To ensure that his pyramid is finished before he dies. 725 00:43:29,147 --> 00:43:31,312 He's picked his vizier, hemiunu, 726 00:43:31,347 --> 00:43:32,719 To head up the construction. 727 00:43:34,147 --> 00:43:36,632 He's built an entire city for the workers 728 00:43:36,707 --> 00:43:39,399 And provides them with food and medical care. 729 00:43:40,361 --> 00:43:42,272 And he motivates them further 730 00:43:42,307 --> 00:43:45,319 With the promise of their own tombs close to the pyramid. 731 00:43:46,547 --> 00:43:49,712 But some 20 years after work began, 732 00:43:49,747 --> 00:43:52,592 The great pyramid is not complete, 733 00:43:52,667 --> 00:43:55,072 And all the work will be for nothing 734 00:43:55,107 --> 00:43:58,272 If it's not finished before khufu dies. 735 00:43:58,307 --> 00:44:00,399 [dramatic music] 63027

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