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The Roman settlement of Baiae
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was the Las Vegas
of the Roman Empire -
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a place where the rich
and powerful came to relax,
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00:00:12,320 --> 00:00:17,200
party and carry out
illicit affairs.
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Lured by Baiae's volcanic hot
springs, the Romans built
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opulent villas and baths
here on the Gulf of Naples.
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Today, it is still famed
for its precious marbles,
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mosaics and sculptures.
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00:00:33,760 --> 00:00:36,320
The ancient authors wrote a lot
about Baiae and described Baiae
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as a little Rome -
as a place for the holiday,
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00:00:39,080 --> 00:00:40,680
a place grounded with
all the aristocracy,
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00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:42,600
but also with young people,
with people walking
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on the beach, looking to
the sea, people drinking wine.
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A fun atmosphere.
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It sounds like a party town.
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Exactly.
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LAUGHTER.
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But over several centuries
the city slowly sunk
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beneath the sea.
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Burning.
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This area?
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More dangerous than...there.
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I wish you told me that
when we were over there.
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Why are you telling me
that when we're here?
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The underwater site
is a treasure trove of mosaics
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and marbles dating
back 2,000 years.
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But today they are at risk.
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Now a team of archaeologists
and engineers are developing
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some surprising new
technologies to protect
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the underwater site
for future generations.
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We know Baiae as
the underwater city.
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Baiae is not an underwater
city, it is kilometres
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of the ancient waterfront
that is now underwater
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because of a sudden
change of the sea level.
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You can see underwater
the remains of actual
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the villas, also the remains
of marbles, streets, shops.
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Is there anything else
like that in the world?
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I don't think that you can find
other underwater archaeological
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sites in the world like Baiae.
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Baiae, on the Gulf of Naples,
is one of the most
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extraordinary ancient
sites in Italy.
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The Romans came here
for the same reasons we do -
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the sparkling Mediterranean,
the balmy weather, the lush
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vegetation and vineyards.
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They were also drawn
to the area's thermal springs -
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the result of course,
of the volcanic activity
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beneath their feet.
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As the Roman Republic lapsed
into Empire, Baiae's
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reputation only grew.
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00:03:03,760 --> 00:03:06,360
In AD 39, Caligula built
a bridge made up of merchant
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ships linked together and then
covered with earth from Baiae
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to nearby Pozzuoli -
three miles long -
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and rode over it in a chariot.
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And in AD 59, Nero had
his mother, Agrippina,
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murdered in her villa here.
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The later Emperor Hadrian
would have a more peaceful end
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to his life, dying of natural
causes in his Baiae palace
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in AD 138.
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University of Naples
"L'Orientale" archaeologist
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Michele Stefanile
showed me around.
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Baiae was a luxury resort
with incredible architectures
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connected with the most eminent
men of the Late Republic
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and the early Imperial times.
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00:03:48,440 --> 00:03:50,960
The ancient authors wrote a lot
about Baiae and they described
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Baiae as a Rome -
as a place for the holiday,
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a place crowded with
all the aristocracy,
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but also the young people,
with people walking
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00:03:57,320 --> 00:04:12,680
on the beach and looking to
the sea, people drinking wine.
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00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:14,840
A fun atmosphere, it
sounds like a party town.
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Exactly.
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00:04:15,120 --> 00:04:16,520
People like Seneca,
for example, decided
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to have his villa not
in Baiae but on a hill
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in that direction.
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00:04:19,960 --> 00:04:27,680
Just to stay a little
bit isolated for the...
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It was too loud for him?
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Exactly.
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Too crazy for Seneca.
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Exactly.
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00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:34,680
And when did this
whole area disappear?
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We know that after the Late
Antiquity, this part
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of the territory, of
the Phlegraean region
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was abandoned.
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00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:52,240
So, how much to
the water level rise?
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It depends on the part
of Baiae, but normally it's
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somewhere between
four and six metres.
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Wow.
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It's a big change.
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It's a big one.
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Yes, a very big change.
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That's why you can see
underwater, not only
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00:05:01,440 --> 00:05:02,600
the floors, but also walls.
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It's one of the sites
in the world with this
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concentration of mosaics
from the Roman times,
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times, underwater.
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So, you can ride on the water
and read a mystery five
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centuries long or six
centuries long.
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So, tell me what happened.
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How did it get submerged?
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The history of the change
of the sea level in this
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territory is connected
with the volcanic activity.
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Most of us have heard
of Mount Vesuvius, but it turns
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out there's another
volcanic zone near Naples.
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It's burning.
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It's more dangerous
than...there.
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I wish you told me that
when we were over there!
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Why are you telling me
that when we're here?
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This area - called Campi
Flegrei, or the Phlegraean
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Fields - is still active.
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It's also why Baiae
is now underwater.
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The movement of magma
underground actually sank
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the ancient city's
ground level.
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00:07:37,240 --> 00:07:39,360
Campi Flegrei is one of the 20
known supervolcanoes
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on the planet, capable
of erupting with a volume
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of thousands of times stronger
than an average volcano.
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Vincenzo tells me that if it
were to blow at maximum
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capacity today, it would
make the AD 79 eruption
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of Mount Vesuvius -
that destroyed Pompeii -
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look like a puppy's sneeze.
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Carmine Minopoli is
a researcher at the National
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Institute of Geophysics
and Volcanology.
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He walked me through how
the monitoring system works,
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but before he did, we spoke
in one of the stranger places
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I've ever done an interview -
inside a building that had been
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00:10:07,560 --> 00:10:09,360
abandoned because of
the heat and gases caused
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by the volcanic
vents beneath it.
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00:11:02,280 --> 00:11:04,400
All of that volcanic activity
remains a risk today.
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00:11:04,520 --> 00:11:06,800
But it's also what put Baiae
underwater 1,500 years ago.
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00:11:06,880 --> 00:11:08,480
The water has helped
preserve the artefacts,
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00:11:08,520 --> 00:11:15,120
but it can also damage them.
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00:11:18,680 --> 00:11:20,560
Barbara Davidde, director
of the unit of underwater
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archaeology at Italy's High
Institute for Conservation
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and Restoration, has been
working at Baiae since 1993.
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So, 1,500 years these artefact
have been underwater.
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00:11:32,440 --> 00:11:35,200
What does the sea water do
to artefacts over such a long
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period of time?
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Archaeological remains
were protected underwater,
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thanks to the sea.
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00:11:55,600 --> 00:12:00,680
But if they are on the seabed,
open, and so not covered
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00:12:00,800 --> 00:12:04,000
by the sand, they are attacked
by marine organisms.
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00:12:04,040 --> 00:12:08,880
We call bioerosion.
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00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:19,960
There are sponges and bacteria,
also bivalve animals,
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organisms, so there is a big
variety of bioeroders.
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Some statues that are recovered
from the sea are completely
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destroyed or partially
destroyed or sometimes
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that we found
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that the neck, the head,
the hand, is lost.
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And all the portion
of the statues that are covered
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by sand are in good condition.
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Concerning the mosaics,
for example, we can see some
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small holes that don't look
so dangerous for the artefacts,
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but if we analyse with
a microscope these holes,
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we will see that inside
the tessera, inside the stone,
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the hole is not small
but it's big, large.
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And the monitoring of the site
is the solution of this.
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At the Archaeological Museum
of Campi Flegrei, one piece
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of artwork after another shows
the damage animals can do.
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00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:33,280
While it's common to see
ancient Roman statues missing
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arms or heads, the items in
this collection are different.
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A veiled woman has been
covered with what almost
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look like pockmarks.
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A base with a dedication
to Emperor Hadrian loses
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all shape at the top,
like a half-melted candle.
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This 74cm statue of Zeus
on his throne dating
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to the first century BC
is covered with what looks
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like white scrawlings -
the remnants of marine
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and crustaceans.
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00:14:08,080 --> 00:14:09,680
But these organisms
weren't his only challenge.
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The Zeus was likely stolen
from the sea by looters.
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He wound up in the collection
of the J Paul Getty Museum
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in Los Angeles, acquired
by a curator later indicted
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for conspiracy to traffic
in illegal antiquities.
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He was returned to the Campi
Flegrei museum in 2018.
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The other sculptures
in the museum are now safe
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from marine organisms.
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But the artefacts that
remain below the sea,
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including the precious floors
that make up the largest
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collection of underwater Roman
mosaics in the world,
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remain at risk.
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Finally, it was time
for me to go down and see
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it for myself.
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I was invited to join the team
testing new technologies
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to help better monitor
the erosion, but also to help
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the public engage with
the site in new ways.
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Chiara Petrioli is professor
of computer science
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at the University of
Rome "La Sapienza",
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and the interdisciplinary
project MUSAS' site
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coordinator.
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She is behind one of the more
ambitious aspects of MUSAS -
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its underwater wireless
sensor networks.
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So, what are the technologies
you're testing here this week?
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This week, we are testing
underwater drones supporting
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archaeologists in
discovering the site.
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00:15:30,440 --> 00:15:32,320
We are testing underwater
wireless sensor networks that
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00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:34,720
allow to gather in real-time,
data on the conservation status
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of the site.
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The water quality, the CO2,
because here we have very
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active volcanic activity
and it's important to know
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what's happening there.
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And also images that we can
transmit in real-time,
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compressed through novel
algorithms from the underwater
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environment.
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00:15:59,040 --> 00:16:01,120
These innovations represent
a major change from how things
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were done in the past.
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They mean that information
and pictures about any problems
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00:16:04,560 --> 00:16:06,880
in the site, like erosion
or even looting, can be
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00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:24,280
communicated much more quickly.
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Not only can underwater
archaeologists communicate
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while they are diving,
but we can get data
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00:16:27,960 --> 00:16:30,040
in real-time about the site,
even when archaeologists aren't
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00:16:30,080 --> 00:16:30,400
there.
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So, we have also developed
a system for divers.
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00:16:32,760 --> 00:16:35,520
On the other hand, we are able
to localise and we have
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00:16:35,600 --> 00:16:37,680
developed a way to represent
how these underwater cultural
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00:16:37,760 --> 00:16:39,880
heritage sites were in the past
using virtual reality,
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so that you can actually
have an enhanced experience
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00:16:42,040 --> 00:16:45,120
visiting the site.
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00:16:45,240 --> 00:16:47,320
And you can also track
in a WhatsApp-like matter
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00:16:47,360 --> 00:16:49,920
with the rest of the divers
and with your beloved ones
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00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:52,320
on the other side of
the planet, and exchange images
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00:16:52,400 --> 00:17:07,280
or exchange your feelings,
even when you are diving.
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00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:09,640
The way this is being done
is through an underwater
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Internet.
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That's more difficult
than it sounds.
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Wi-fi, for example, doesn't
travel far underwater.
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00:17:25,680 --> 00:17:27,440
Instead, Petrioli's team
came up with the idea
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00:17:27,520 --> 00:17:29,160
of using acoustics inspired
by marine mammals.
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00:17:29,280 --> 00:17:31,320
So, you have to use
a completely different way
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00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:33,520
of communicating, for very
short range, a few metres,
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00:17:33,640 --> 00:17:34,960
which is short-range
in this environment,
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you can use wireless optical.
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But mostly you have to use
the way of communicating
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00:17:38,760 --> 00:17:39,320
of marine mammals.
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00:17:39,440 --> 00:17:41,080
So, you need to use
acoustic communication.
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00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:43,480
And this is really challenging
because the sea parameters may
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change.
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00:17:43,800 --> 00:17:44,840
The temperature
and salinity change.
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And this affects the way
communication works.
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00:17:46,640 --> 00:17:49,000
And it's also, you know,
a ship passing by, like,
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00:17:49,080 --> 00:17:51,120
we have right now or water
motorbike, this affects
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00:17:51,160 --> 00:17:52,080
the ability to communicate.
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00:17:52,160 --> 00:17:54,280
Even the wind rising
so that the surface provides
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00:17:54,360 --> 00:17:55,920
changes, affects the
communication, then two devices
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00:17:56,000 --> 00:17:57,360
are no longer able
to communicate.
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00:17:57,440 --> 00:18:00,040
So, it's very complex,
but we came up with an idea.
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00:18:00,120 --> 00:18:01,440
Let's have mesh networks,
like, multi-networks,
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00:18:01,560 --> 00:18:02,880
and let's use artificial
intelligence techniques
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to keep changing.
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00:18:03,680 --> 00:18:06,520
The product we use, the route
the information flow has to go
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through, the parameters
of our communication system.
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And we came up with some novel
fundamental understanding,
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and it works.
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What was not possible before
is now possible in terms
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of performance, transmitting
even multimedia information
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like images, in terms of real
ability of communicating.
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And this is a gorgeous
application in underwater
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cultural heritage, but this
is going to change actually
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00:18:21,280 --> 00:18:23,560
whatever we are able to do
in terms of exploring
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00:18:23,640 --> 00:18:25,200
and understanding these
environments across the blue
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economy.
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Under the water,
a whole world opens up.
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The sculptures
here are replicas.
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The real ones are safe
above ground in the nearby
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archaeological museum.
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00:19:14,920 --> 00:19:17,000
But the other artefacts,
from the walls to mosaics,
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are original.
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00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:20,080
As we swam, statues began
to appear out of the water.
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00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:21,800
This was the nymphaeum
of Emperor Claudius,
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00:19:21,920 --> 00:19:24,160
a place where the first century
ruler would have strolled
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00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:38,200
and admired his sculptures.
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00:19:38,320 --> 00:19:49,880
I pressed a button on my
tablet and held it up.
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00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:52,000
A 3D version of how
the nymphaeum would've looked
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00:19:52,080 --> 00:20:03,880
appeared on screen.
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00:20:03,960 --> 00:20:06,520
This is one of the other
main goals of MUSAS -
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to help divers understand
and appreciate the ruins
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00:20:08,520 --> 00:20:09,200
they're looking at.
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00:20:09,240 --> 00:20:10,840
But the best was yet to come.
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00:20:10,920 --> 00:20:13,240
My dive guide, Enzo Maione,
stopped on the sea floor
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00:20:13,320 --> 00:20:16,320
and started to push
the sand around.
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00:20:16,480 --> 00:20:18,960
With each sweep of his hand,
more of the mosaic revealed
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00:20:19,080 --> 00:20:21,200
itself until we were hovering
over an intricate pattern
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00:20:21,240 --> 00:20:34,600
of circles and hexagons.
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00:20:34,720 --> 00:20:37,520
This was once the floor
of a room just off the atrium
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00:20:37,640 --> 00:20:39,680
of a magnificent villa dating
to the second century.
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00:20:39,760 --> 00:20:41,160
There's nothing quite
like seeing ancient
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00:20:41,200 --> 00:20:41,840
ruins like this.
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00:20:41,920 --> 00:20:43,960
For one thing, there's
the eerie silence of being
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00:20:44,080 --> 00:20:45,680
underwater - hearing
only your own breathing.
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00:20:45,800 --> 00:20:46,840
For another, there's
the intimacy.
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00:20:46,960 --> 00:20:49,240
Forget the crowds at sites
like the Colosseum, down here,
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00:20:49,360 --> 00:20:51,960
where only scuba divers can go,
you can experience this ancient
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00:20:52,000 --> 00:21:05,520
landscape almost alone.
292
00:21:05,640 --> 00:21:07,480
And knowing that it's
being protected for future
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00:21:07,560 --> 00:21:15,520
generations couldn't
be a better feeling.
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00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:17,400
The team installed
the monitoring system at Baiae
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00:21:17,440 --> 00:21:18,360
permanently in summer 2020.
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00:21:18,480 --> 00:21:20,040
The project is also
being unrolled elsewhere,
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00:21:20,120 --> 00:21:21,920
including at an ancient
underwater site in Puglia.
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00:21:22,040 --> 00:21:25,080
It's a privilege to see it
all in person and to learn how
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00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:26,760
these innovations could
dramatically improve the way
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00:21:26,840 --> 00:21:28,440
the site is preserved
by archaeologists and
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00:21:28,480 --> 00:21:41,280
experienced by travellers.
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