Original subtitles

from the sands of the Arabian desert

from the sands of the Arabian desert

from the sands of the Arabian desert rises the tallest man-made structure on

rises the tallest man-made structure on

rises the tallest man-made structure on earth a city in the sky nearly half a

earth a city in the sky nearly half a

earth a city in the sky nearly half a kilometer tall the Boers de Bie is the

kilometer tall the Boers de Bie is the

kilometer tall the Boers de Bie is the pinnacle of skyscraper engineering

it owes its success to seven key

it owes its success to seven key

it owes its success to seven key inventions we have lined up seven

inventions we have lined up seven

inventions we have lined up seven landmark buildings historic Giants of

landmark buildings historic Giants of

landmark buildings historic Giants of the skyscraper world at the heart of

the skyscraper world at the heart of

the skyscraper world at the heart of each one lies a major technological

each one lies a major technological

each one lies a major technological innovation that allowed engineers to

innovation that allowed engineers to

innovation that allowed engineers to reach ever taller into the sky one by

reach ever taller into the sky one by

reach ever taller into the sky one by one traveling up the scale will reveal

one traveling up the scale will reveal

one traveling up the scale will reveal the incredible stories behind these

the incredible stories behind these

the incredible stories behind these structures and the inventions that have

structures and the inventions that have

structures and the inventions that have driven them higher seven ingenious leaps

driven them higher seven ingenious leaps

driven them higher seven ingenious leaps forward that have enabled skyscrapers to

forward that have enabled skyscrapers to

forward that have enabled skyscrapers to evolve from big to bigger into the

evolve from big to bigger into the

evolve from big to bigger into the world's biggest

[Music]

[Music]

Dubai is the fastest-growing city in the

Dubai is the fastest-growing city in the

Dubai is the fastest-growing city in the world

an army of cranes and labourers work

an army of cranes and labourers work

an army of cranes and labourers work around the clock to turn the city into a

around the clock to turn the city into a

around the clock to turn the city into a place that the whole world will look up

place that the whole world will look up

place that the whole world will look up to

to

to [Music]

the centerpiece in the grand plan is the

the centerpiece in the grand plan is the

the centerpiece in the grand plan is the borscht Dubai the tallest skyscraper in

borscht Dubai the tallest skyscraper in

borscht Dubai the tallest skyscraper in the world to understand how the borscht

the world to understand how the borscht

the world to understand how the borscht debye can be distorted to go back in

debye can be distorted to go back in

debye can be distorted to go back in time and look at how skyscrapers began

time and look at how skyscrapers began

time and look at how skyscrapers began the first breakthrough happened in the

the first breakthrough happened in the

the first breakthrough happened in the 19th century with a building that was

19th century with a building that was

19th century with a building that was only 43 meters tall the builders of the

only 43 meters tall the builders of the

only 43 meters tall the builders of the equitable Life Building in New York

equitable Life Building in New York

equitable Life Building in New York realized that before buildings could

realized that before buildings could

realized that before buildings could reach taller they had to find a way to

reach taller they had to find a way to

reach taller they had to find a way to make people climb higher the first big

make people climb higher the first big

make people climb higher the first big obstacle to skyscrapers was the stair

obstacle to skyscrapers was the stair

obstacle to skyscrapers was the stair people were willing to walk

people were willing to walk

people were willing to walk lots of flights of stairs stairs and old

lots of flights of stairs stairs and old

lots of flights of stairs stairs and old office buildings were long they were

office buildings were long they were

office buildings were long they were very dark and people weren't ready to

very dark and people weren't ready to

very dark and people weren't ready to climb stairs more than to the second

climb stairs more than to the second

climb stairs more than to the second floor the third floor and if you were a

floor the third floor and if you were a

floor the third floor and if you were a lawyer and you were looking for clients

lawyer and you were looking for clients

lawyer and you were looking for clients and you were on the fifth floor you are

and you were on the fifth floor you are

and you were on the fifth floor you are undoubtedly going to lose clients

undoubtedly going to lose clients

undoubtedly going to lose clients because they didn't want to come up to

because they didn't want to come up to

because they didn't want to come up to your office by the time you reach the

your office by the time you reach the

your office by the time you reach the 6th floor 7th you are you're incredibly

6th floor 7th you are you're incredibly

6th floor 7th you are you're incredibly winded but that's it for me

winded but that's it for me

winded but that's it for me [Music]

[Music]

[Music] there was an obvious solution to the

there was an obvious solution to the

there was an obvious solution to the problem the elevator

problem the elevator

problem the elevator [Music]

but early elevators had one deadly fault

but early elevators had one deadly fault

but early elevators had one deadly fault [Music]

[Music]

[Music] nothing stopped them from falling if the

nothing stopped them from falling if the

nothing stopped them from falling if the rope broke

rope broke

rope broke [Music]

but then a mechanic from Vermont

but then a mechanic from Vermont

but then a mechanic from Vermont invented a device that could stop a

invented a device that could stop a

invented a device that could stop a falling elevator almost instantly in

falling elevator almost instantly in

falling elevator almost instantly in 1854 Elijah graves

1854 Elijah graves

1854 Elijah graves Otis demonstrated his invention at the

Otis demonstrated his invention at the

Otis demonstrated his invention at the World's Fair in New York he stands on a

World's Fair in New York he stands on a

World's Fair in New York he stands on a platform high up in the air apparently

platform high up in the air apparently

platform high up in the air apparently held only by a rope all right stand be

held only by a rope all right stand be

held only by a rope all right stand be gentle with me then otis told his

gentle with me then otis told his

gentle with me then otis told his gasping audience that the rope was about

gasping audience that the rope was about

gasping audience that the rope was about to be cut Stan

to be cut Stan

to be cut Stan cut the rope and at the end of that

cut the rope and at the end of that

cut the rope and at the end of that cutting of the Rope he reportedly took

cutting of the Rope he reportedly took

cutting of the Rope he reportedly took off his top hat bowed to the audience

off his top hat bowed to the audience

off his top hat bowed to the audience and said all safe gentlemen all safe

and said all safe gentlemen all safe

and said all safe gentlemen all safe this was the world's first fully

this was the world's first fully

this was the world's first fully automated safety elevator it was a

automated safety elevator it was a

automated safety elevator it was a simple yet very clever invention

simple yet very clever invention

simple yet very clever invention the critical element the elevator rope

the critical element the elevator rope

the critical element the elevator rope was secured with a powerful wagon spring

was secured with a powerful wagon spring

was secured with a powerful wagon spring mounted on top of the cab this spring

mounted on top of the cab this spring

mounted on top of the cab this spring connected to a set of metal prongs on

connected to a set of metal prongs on

connected to a set of metal prongs on either side of the elevator the prongs

either side of the elevator the prongs

either side of the elevator the prongs ran along guide rails fitted with a row

ran along guide rails fitted with a row

ran along guide rails fitted with a row of teeth when the rope broke it

of teeth when the rope broke it

of teeth when the rope broke it triggered a chain of events the spring

triggered a chain of events the spring

triggered a chain of events the spring relaxed and forced the metal prongs into

relaxed and forced the metal prongs into

relaxed and forced the metal prongs into the teeth locking the cab in place this

the teeth locking the cab in place this

the teeth locking the cab in place this was a true engineering breakthrough the

was a true engineering breakthrough the

was a true engineering breakthrough the elevator completely transformed the

elevator completely transformed the

elevator completely transformed the urban landscape and it all started in

urban landscape and it all started in

urban landscape and it all started in 1870 on a busy street corner in downtown

1870 on a busy street corner in downtown

1870 on a busy street corner in downtown [Music]

this corner was the site of the

this corner was the site of the

this corner was the site of the equitable Life Assurance company's

equitable Life Assurance company's

equitable Life Assurance company's headquarters a building of extraordinary

headquarters a building of extraordinary

headquarters a building of extraordinary significance because it was the first

significance because it was the first

significance because it was the first office building with an elevator and

office building with an elevator and

office building with an elevator and without an elevator the skyscraper would

without an elevator the skyscraper would

without an elevator the skyscraper would be impossible the building standing here

be impossible the building standing here

be impossible the building standing here today is the new equitable life

today is the new equitable life

today is the new equitable life headquarters

headquarters

headquarters [Music]

[Music]

[Music] it has replaced the old equitable life

it has replaced the old equitable life

it has replaced the old equitable life building which was not a skyscraper as

building which was not a skyscraper as

building which was not a skyscraper as we know it

we know it

we know it it didn't scrape the sky it didn't soar

it didn't scrape the sky it didn't soar

it didn't scrape the sky it didn't soar up but it changed the notion of what an

up but it changed the notion of what an

up but it changed the notion of what an office building could be before the

office building could be before the

office building could be before the equitable life the lower floors of a

equitable life the lower floors of a

equitable life the lower floors of a building were the most desirable but the

building were the most desirable but the

building were the most desirable but the elevator completely reversed the

elevator completely reversed the

elevator completely reversed the economics of real estate

economics of real estate

economics of real estate equitable understood that the upper

equitable understood that the upper

equitable understood that the upper floors now which received light and air

floors now which received light and air

floors now which received light and air and were away from the noise of traffic

and were away from the noise of traffic

and were away from the noise of traffic would be the most valuable spaces in the

would be the most valuable spaces in the

would be the most valuable spaces in the building so what did they do they

building so what did they do they

building so what did they do they occupied the lowest stories in the

occupied the lowest stories in the

occupied the lowest stories in the building and they rent it out at the

building and they rent it out at the

building and they rent it out at the highest rents possible the upper floors

highest rents possible the upper floors

highest rents possible the upper floors of the building so it's the whole idea

of the building so it's the whole idea

of the building so it's the whole idea of a skyscraper with high rents and

of a skyscraper with high rents and

of a skyscraper with high rents and views and light and air on the upper

views and light and air on the upper

views and light and air on the upper floors which we still deal with today

floors which we still deal with today

floors which we still deal with today that was invented at the equitable

that was invented at the equitable

that was invented at the equitable building the Borge de Bie takes the idea

building the Borge de Bie takes the idea

building the Borge de Bie takes the idea of the elevator to the extreme equitable

of the elevator to the extreme equitable

of the elevator to the extreme equitable life had seven and a half stories the

life had seven and a half stories the

life had seven and a half stories the board by has over 160 a height that

board by has over 160 a height that

board by has over 160 a height that stretches elevated technology to its

stretches elevated technology to its

stretches elevated technology to its absolute limit

[Music]

the borscht by will be able to

the borscht by will be able to

the borscht by will be able to accommodate 35,000 people

getting a population the size of a small

getting a population the size of a small

getting a population the size of a small town in and out of the building is the

town in and out of the building is the

town in and out of the building is the ultimate challenge for the elevators to

ultimate challenge for the elevators to

ultimate challenge for the elevators to cope with the numbers that borscht to

cope with the numbers that borscht to

cope with the numbers that borscht to buy has 53 different elevators some

buy has 53 different elevators some

buy has 53 different elevators some reach over 35 kilometres an hour and

reach over 35 kilometres an hour and

reach over 35 kilometres an hour and climb a hundred and 20 floors in under

climb a hundred and 20 floors in under

climb a hundred and 20 floors in under 50 seconds the biggest lifts carry up to

50 seconds the biggest lifts carry up to

50 seconds the biggest lifts carry up to 46 passengers

46 passengers

46 passengers [Music]

[Music]

[Music] stopping such a speeding juggernaut in

stopping such a speeding juggernaut in

stopping such a speeding juggernaut in an emergency is a Titanic challenge

an emergency is a Titanic challenge

an emergency is a Titanic challenge we're now talking 30 times 40 times 50

we're now talking 30 times 40 times 50

we're now talking 30 times 40 times 50 tons of moving mass what happens to an

tons of moving mass what happens to an

tons of moving mass what happens to an elevator brake system is the equivalent

elevator brake system is the equivalent

elevator brake system is the equivalent of driving an 18-wheel truck off a cliff

of driving an 18-wheel truck off a cliff

of driving an 18-wheel truck off a cliff and stopping it in midair as soon as an

and stopping it in midair as soon as an

and stopping it in midair as soon as an elevator on the bush to fly exceeds its

elevator on the bush to fly exceeds its

elevator on the bush to fly exceeds its speed limit emergency brakes spring into

speed limit emergency brakes spring into

speed limit emergency brakes spring into action

action

action metal breakers bite down on the guide

metal breakers bite down on the guide

metal breakers bite down on the guide rails and generate enough braking power

rails and generate enough braking power

rails and generate enough braking power to stop the elevator within a few meters

but at the end of the day the safety

but at the end of the day the safety

but at the end of the day the safety that we depend on that the riders depend

that we depend on that the riders depend

that we depend on that the riders depend on to bring the car to a safe and a

on to bring the car to a safe and a

on to bring the car to a safe and a controlled stop is still a mechanical

controlled stop is still a mechanical

controlled stop is still a mechanical device

device

device [Music]

the safety elevator allowed the

the safety elevator allowed the

the safety elevator allowed the skyscraper to break through the

skyscraper to break through the

skyscraper to break through the five-story barrier suddenly tall

five-story barrier suddenly tall

five-story barrier suddenly tall buildings were big business but as they

buildings were big business but as they

buildings were big business but as they approached 80 meters traditional

approached 80 meters traditional

approached 80 meters traditional building materials were no longer strong

building materials were no longer strong

building materials were no longer strong enough to make the leap to the 87 meter

enough to make the leap to the 87 meter

enough to make the leap to the 87 meter full of Flatiron Building in New York

full of Flatiron Building in New York

full of Flatiron Building in New York the skyscraper had to be reinvented this

the skyscraper had to be reinvented this

the skyscraper had to be reinvented this is the Monadnock building in Chicago a

is the Monadnock building in Chicago a

is the Monadnock building in Chicago a living fossil in the skyscraper world

when it opened in 1893 it was the

when it opened in 1893 it was the

when it opened in 1893 it was the world's largest office block but it's 16

world's largest office block but it's 16

world's largest office block but it's 16 stories stretched stone to the limit

the walls the bottom were a whopping two

the walls the bottom were a whopping two

the walls the bottom were a whopping two meters thick to bear the weight of the

meters thick to bear the weight of the

meters thick to bear the weight of the Monadnock the structure was so extremely

Monadnock the structure was so extremely

Monadnock the structure was so extremely heavy that it soon began to sink if the

heavy that it soon began to sink if the

heavy that it soon began to sink if the soft Chicago soil invention half a meter

soft Chicago soil invention half a meter

soft Chicago soil invention half a meter of bricks and mortar disappeared

of bricks and mortar disappeared

of bricks and mortar disappeared underground

obviously stone was not skyscraper

obviously stone was not skyscraper

obviously stone was not skyscraper material

so when the architect of the Monadnock

so when the architect of the Monadnock

so when the architect of the Monadnock Daniel Burnham was planning the fuller

Daniel Burnham was planning the fuller

Daniel Burnham was planning the fuller building in New York he was in a bit of

building in New York he was in a bit of

building in New York he was in a bit of a pickle the extremely narrow plot

a pickle the extremely narrow plot

a pickle the extremely narrow plot dictated that his 22 story skyscraper be

dictated that his 22 story skyscraper be

dictated that his 22 story skyscraper be triangular

Birnam knew that there was no room for

Birnam knew that there was no room for

Birnam knew that there was no room for stone walls they would have to be so

stone walls they would have to be so

stone walls they would have to be so thick that there would have been hardly

thick that there would have been hardly

thick that there would have been hardly any space left on the ground floor and

any space left on the ground floor and

any space left on the ground floor and [Music]

[Music]

[Music] wasting valuable space is a cardinal sin

wasting valuable space is a cardinal sin

wasting valuable space is a cardinal sin for a skyscraper architect

for a skyscraper architect

for a skyscraper architect stone was out of the question

but if you look at the full of Flatiron

but if you look at the full of Flatiron

but if you look at the full of Flatiron today it looks like it is built from

today it looks like it is built from

today it looks like it is built from stone so how did Burnham do it it's all

stone so how did Burnham do it it's all

stone so how did Burnham do it it's all just a facade

under the skin of the fuller lies one of

under the skin of the fuller lies one of

under the skin of the fuller lies one of the most important building technologies

the most important building technologies

the most important building technologies ever invented

ever invented

ever invented Birnam made the building out of steel

Birnam made the building out of steel

Birnam made the building out of steel columns and beams locked together into a

columns and beams locked together into a

columns and beams locked together into a steel skeleton

steel skeleton

steel skeleton steel is much stronger than stone so

steel is much stronger than stone so

steel is much stronger than stone so this skeleton could be thin and light

this skeleton could be thin and light

this skeleton could be thin and light yet it could support the weight of the

yet it could support the weight of the

yet it could support the weight of the whole structure to keep the weather out

whole structure to keep the weather out

whole structure to keep the weather out Burnham could simply hang thin masonry

Burnham could simply hang thin masonry

Burnham could simply hang thin masonry walls off the steel frame like curtains

steel construction truly moved the

steel construction truly moved the

steel construction truly moved the skyscraper on this was a new breed of

skyscraper on this was a new breed of

skyscraper on this was a new breed of building once the steel skeleton frame

building once the steel skeleton frame

building once the steel skeleton frame is perfected basically you could build

is perfected basically you could build

is perfected basically you could build hypothetically to any height and that

hypothetically to any height and that

hypothetically to any height and that meant that land values in commercial

meant that land values in commercial

meant that land values in commercial areas of New York absolutely skyrocketed

areas of New York absolutely skyrocketed

areas of New York absolutely skyrocketed because no longer was land valued for an

because no longer was land valued for an

because no longer was land valued for an 8 or 10 or 12 story building which was

8 or 10 or 12 story building which was

8 or 10 or 12 story building which was the most you could build without the

the most you could build without the

the most you could build without the steel skeleton frame but now the sky was

steel skeleton frame but now the sky was

steel skeleton frame but now the sky was literally the limit

[Music]

the skeleton of the borscht debye

the skeleton of the borscht debye

the skeleton of the borscht debye combines the best of steel and stone it

combines the best of steel and stone it

combines the best of steel and stone it uses over 30,000 tonnes of steel but in

uses over 30,000 tonnes of steel but in

uses over 30,000 tonnes of steel but in a very clever way the steel is embedded

a very clever way the steel is embedded

a very clever way the steel is embedded in artificial stone concrete

this reinforced concrete backbone will

this reinforced concrete backbone will

this reinforced concrete backbone will be clad in a high-tech curtain wall of

be clad in a high-tech curtain wall of

be clad in a high-tech curtain wall of glass and steel the curtain wall of the

glass and steel the curtain wall of the

glass and steel the curtain wall of the borscht Dubai will cost a hundred

borscht Dubai will cost a hundred

borscht Dubai will cost a hundred million dollars so before it's bolted on

million dollars so before it's bolted on

million dollars so before it's bolted on the engineers take prototypes sections

the engineers take prototypes sections

the engineers take prototypes sections for a test drive this is where the

for a test drive this is where the

for a test drive this is where the rubber meets the road it has an

rubber meets the road it has an

rubber meets the road it has an informant has to perform right here

today the engineers apply the ultimate

today the engineers apply the ultimate

today the engineers apply the ultimate test an aircraft engine simulates a

test an aircraft engine simulates a

test an aircraft engine simulates a Desert Storm

Desert Storm

Desert Storm [Music]

[Music]

[Music] we try to put everything that mother

we try to put everything that mother

we try to put everything that mother nature we throw out the building into

nature we throw out the building into

nature we throw out the building into these tests if the breakfast cup resists

these tests if the breakfast cup resists

these tests if the breakfast cup resists the window you have the prospect of the

the window you have the prospect of the

the window you have the prospect of the hope that the could will peeling off the

hope that the could will peeling off the

hope that the could will peeling off the whole building

whole building

whole building if you erected a curtain wall I didn't

if you erected a curtain wall I didn't

if you erected a curtain wall I didn't find out how to inherent design flaw

find out how to inherent design flaw

find out how to inherent design flaw like it leak or something until after it

like it leak or something until after it

like it leak or something until after it was occupied and the first storm came

was occupied and the first storm came

was occupied and the first storm came it's unthinkable

the propeller splits wind and rain

the propeller splits wind and rain

the propeller splits wind and rain backwards of the curtain wall section

backwards of the curtain wall section

backwards of the curtain wall section mounted behind it it reaches speeds of

mounted behind it it reaches speeds of

mounted behind it it reaches speeds of 75 kilometres an hour a real challenge

75 kilometres an hour a real challenge

75 kilometres an hour a real challenge for the curtain wall will the prototype

for the curtain wall will the prototype

for the curtain wall will the prototype withstand pressures

withstand pressures

withstand pressures [Music]

the buffeting and the movement of the

the buffeting and the movement of the

the buffeting and the movement of the water across the surface is finding

water across the surface is finding

water across the surface is finding weaknesses and if there's any flaws and

weaknesses and if there's any flaws and

weaknesses and if there's any flaws and connections or holes in the curtain wall

connections or holes in the curtain wall

connections or holes in the curtain wall the water will seep through so if you

the water will seep through so if you

the water will seep through so if you see any water coming through

see any water coming through

see any water coming through it's a fail and you know what's happened

it's a fail and you know what's happened

it's a fail and you know what's happened but today the prototype passes the test

but today the prototype passes the test

but today the prototype passes the test with flying colors

with flying colors

with flying colors the Borge de Bie takes one step further

the Borge de Bie takes one step further

the Borge de Bie takes one step further to completion now the challenge for the

to completion now the challenge for the

to completion now the challenge for the engineers is to stop the baking Desert

engineers is to stop the baking Desert

engineers is to stop the baking Desert Sun from turning their beautiful glass

Sun from turning their beautiful glass

Sun from turning their beautiful glass tower into a giant oven steel catapulted

tower into a giant oven steel catapulted

tower into a giant oven steel catapulted skyscrapers to unseen heights as walls

skyscrapers to unseen heights as walls

skyscrapers to unseen heights as walls now no longer had to bear all the weight

now no longer had to bear all the weight

now no longer had to bear all the weight architects could make them out of

architects could make them out of

architects could make them out of completely new materials glass promised

completely new materials glass promised

completely new materials glass promised to flood the hundred and fifty-four

to flood the hundred and fifty-four

to flood the hundred and fifty-four meter UN building with light but also

meter UN building with light but also

meter UN building with light but also with heat to beat this new enemy

with heat to beat this new enemy

with heat to beat this new enemy skyscrapers would have to get cooler

in 1947 when the United Nations designed

in 1947 when the United Nations designed

in 1947 when the United Nations designed their new headquarters in New York they

their new headquarters in New York they

their new headquarters in New York they faced a dilemma they wanted to cover the

faced a dilemma they wanted to cover the

faced a dilemma they wanted to cover the building with glass to make the interior

building with glass to make the interior

building with glass to make the interior as bright as possible what they didn't

as bright as possible what they didn't

as bright as possible what they didn't want was a 39 storey greenhouse

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] a glass wall would allow a lot of light

a glass wall would allow a lot of light

a glass wall would allow a lot of light into the building but also solar

into the building but also solar

into the building but also solar radiation this would be absorbed by the

radiation this would be absorbed by the

radiation this would be absorbed by the objects inside these in turn would

objects inside these in turn would

objects inside these in turn would radiate heat into the surrounding air

radiate heat into the surrounding air

radiate heat into the surrounding air and warm it up and as the sealed glass

and warm it up and as the sealed glass

and warm it up and as the sealed glass windows couldn't let the hot air escape

windows couldn't let the hot air escape

windows couldn't let the hot air escape things would get uncomfortable very

things would get uncomfortable very

things would get uncomfortable very quickly you would basically be in an

quickly you would basically be in an

quickly you would basically be in an oven in the summer so you need to have

oven in the summer so you need to have

oven in the summer so you need to have artificial cooling in order to make

artificial cooling in order to make

artificial cooling in order to make these glass skyscrapers work an American

these glass skyscrapers work an American

these glass skyscrapers work an American engineer called Willis carrier cracked

engineer called Willis carrier cracked

engineer called Willis carrier cracked the cooling problem he invented a

the cooling problem he invented a

the cooling problem he invented a machine that could cool and dry hot

machine that could cool and dry hot

machine that could cool and dry hot moist air by making it wet first it

moist air by making it wet first it

moist air by making it wet first it injected a fine mist of cold water into

injected a fine mist of cold water into

injected a fine mist of cold water into a chamber next

a chamber next

a chamber next it sucked hot soggy air into this cold

it sucked hot soggy air into this cold

it sucked hot soggy air into this cold mist seemed closed up something

mist seemed closed up something

mist seemed closed up something remarkable happened as the hot air hit

remarkable happened as the hot air hit

remarkable happened as the hot air hit the surface of the cold water the air

the surface of the cold water the air

the surface of the cold water the air cooled down and released its moisture

cooled down and released its moisture

cooled down and released its moisture onto the droplets

onto the droplets

onto the droplets thus the air was cooled and dried in a

thus the air was cooled and dried in a

thus the air was cooled and dried in a single step

single step

single step [Music]

[Music]

[Music] carriers invention was the perfect

carriers invention was the perfect

carriers invention was the perfect solution to the heat problem in the UN

solution to the heat problem in the UN

solution to the heat problem in the UN building once you have air-conditioning

building once you have air-conditioning

building once you have air-conditioning you no longer needed to be near Windows

you no longer needed to be near Windows

you no longer needed to be near Windows so suddenly you could build skyscrapers

so suddenly you could build skyscrapers

so suddenly you could build skyscrapers with enormous floor plates and so

with enormous floor plates and so

with enormous floor plates and so air-conditioning allowed for these

air-conditioning allowed for these

air-conditioning allowed for these buildings that are really really massive

buildings that are really really massive

buildings that are really really massive so all of these things together made the

so all of these things together made the

so all of these things together made the building pay to its maximum

air-conditioning allows skyscrapers like

air-conditioning allows skyscrapers like

air-conditioning allows skyscrapers like the boys to buy to rise up in even the

the boys to buy to rise up in even the

the boys to buy to rise up in even the hottest climates and there is hardly a

hottest climates and there is hardly a

hottest climates and there is hardly a place on earth where air-conditioning

place on earth where air-conditioning

place on earth where air-conditioning matters more than Dubai temperatures

matters more than Dubai temperatures

matters more than Dubai temperatures easily reach 40 degrees Celsius in the

easily reach 40 degrees Celsius in the

easily reach 40 degrees Celsius in the shade the average humidity is 90% a

shade the average humidity is 90% a

shade the average humidity is 90% a truly extreme environment for a

truly extreme environment for a

truly extreme environment for a skyscraper

skyscraper

skyscraper the key to shielding the borscht Dubai

the key to shielding the borscht Dubai

the key to shielding the borscht Dubai from the brutal Desert Sun is built into

from the brutal Desert Sun is built into

from the brutal Desert Sun is built into its glass skin the air conditioning

its glass skin the air conditioning

its glass skin the air conditioning couldn't keep up but we just use normal

couldn't keep up but we just use normal

couldn't keep up but we just use normal glass well this is an actual piece of

glass well this is an actual piece of

glass well this is an actual piece of the glass that we're using on the

the glass that we're using on the

the glass that we're using on the building we have an outside face an

building we have an outside face an

building we have an outside face an inside face so what the outside coating

inside face so what the outside coating

inside face so what the outside coating does is reflects the daily solar heat

does is reflects the daily solar heat

does is reflects the daily solar heat that comes direct from the Sun would

that comes direct from the Sun would

that comes direct from the Sun would pass into an apartment or office

pass into an apartment or office

pass into an apartment or office the outside pain is coated with a thin

the outside pain is coated with a thin

the outside pain is coated with a thin layer of metal like sunscreen the metal

layer of metal like sunscreen the metal

layer of metal like sunscreen the metal coating deflects ultraviolet radiation

coating deflects ultraviolet radiation

coating deflects ultraviolet radiation that would otherwise heat up the

that would otherwise heat up the

that would otherwise heat up the building but the sunscreen is useless

building but the sunscreen is useless

building but the sunscreen is useless against the infrared that radiates from

against the infrared that radiates from

against the infrared that radiates from the hot desert sand so the inner pane is

the hot desert sand so the inner pane is

the hot desert sand so the inner pane is coated with a thin layer of silver that

coated with a thin layer of silver that

coated with a thin layer of silver that keeps the heat rays out over 30,000

keeps the heat rays out over 30,000

keeps the heat rays out over 30,000 glass panels enough to cover 17 football

glass panels enough to cover 17 football

glass panels enough to cover 17 football fields will protect the Burj Dubai from

fields will protect the Burj Dubai from

fields will protect the Burj Dubai from the scorching heat

air conditioning allowed evermore people

air conditioning allowed evermore people

air conditioning allowed evermore people to work more comfortably inside

to work more comfortably inside

to work more comfortably inside skyscrapers and tallest skyscrapers

skyscrapers and tallest skyscrapers

skyscrapers and tallest skyscrapers housing more workers often greater

housing more workers often greater

housing more workers often greater profits

profits

profits the only problem was that biggest

the only problem was that biggest

the only problem was that biggest skyscrapers took much longer to build

to reach the dizzying 417 meters of the

to reach the dizzying 417 meters of the

to reach the dizzying 417 meters of the World Trade Center engineers had to

World Trade Center engineers had to

World Trade Center engineers had to invent a new much faster way of building

invent a new much faster way of building

invent a new much faster way of building skyscrapers long before the twin towers

skyscrapers long before the twin towers

skyscrapers long before the twin towers in New York became the tallest buildings

in New York became the tallest buildings

in New York became the tallest buildings in the world their developers faced a

in the world their developers faced a

in the world their developers faced a mammoth problem

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] the minute they started construction the

the minute they started construction the

the minute they started construction the clock would start ticking every day

clock would start ticking every day

clock would start ticking every day their building was unfinished would cost

their building was unfinished would cost

their building was unfinished would cost them dearly so they have to work out how

them dearly so they have to work out how

them dearly so they have to work out how to reduce the construction time to the

to reduce the construction time to the

to reduce the construction time to the absolute minimum the solution they came

absolute minimum the solution they came

absolute minimum the solution they came up with was to prefabricate sections of

up with was to prefabricate sections of

up with was to prefabricate sections of the towers and assemble them like a

the towers and assemble them like a

the towers and assemble them like a giant jigsaw puzzle

they built the sections off-site and

they built the sections off-site and

they built the sections off-site and ship them to the towers construction

ship them to the towers construction

ship them to the towers construction site precisely when they were needed the

site precisely when they were needed the

site precisely when they were needed the only problem was how to lift the

only problem was how to lift the

only problem was how to lift the super-heavy 50 tons sections into place

super-heavy 50 tons sections into place

super-heavy 50 tons sections into place quickly enough these buildings were

quickly enough these buildings were

quickly enough these buildings were higher than anything had been

higher than anything had been

higher than anything had been constructed in the past

constructed in the past

constructed in the past so naturally we cast our eyes about the

so naturally we cast our eyes about the

so naturally we cast our eyes about the world to see what was there and what

world to see what was there and what

world to see what was there and what might be better suited to the project

might be better suited to the project

might be better suited to the project the team found a revolutionary crane in

the team found a revolutionary crane in

the team found a revolutionary crane in Australia it could lift 50 tons and four

Australia it could lift 50 tons and four

Australia it could lift 50 tons and four of them could reach into every corner of

of them could reach into every corner of

of them could reach into every corner of a twin town and once they had assembled

a twin town and once they had assembled

a twin town and once they had assembled three floors an amazing thing happened

three floors an amazing thing happened

the bottom of the crane released that

the bottom of the crane released that

the bottom of the crane released that slid up three stories and locked back

slid up three stories and locked back

slid up three stories and locked back into place

and then the whole crane jumped itself

and then the whole crane jumped itself

and then the whole crane jumped itself up to the next level

up to the next level

up to the next level that's why it was called the kangaroo

that's why it was called the kangaroo

that's why it was called the kangaroo crane

crane

crane they were fast well they had some

they were fast well they had some

they were fast well they had some defects so they spread a lot of oil

defects so they spread a lot of oil

defects so they spread a lot of oil around so we could it was a constant

around so we could it was a constant

around so we could it was a constant cleanup operation after them and so

cleanup operation after them and so

cleanup operation after them and so forth but they were fastened and quite

forth but they were fastened and quite

forth but they were fastened and quite reliable

with the help of the prefabricated

with the help of the prefabricated

with the help of the prefabricated sections and a jumping kangaroo cranes

sections and a jumping kangaroo cranes

sections and a jumping kangaroo cranes the twin towers took shape rapidly the

the twin towers took shape rapidly the

the twin towers took shape rapidly the builders managed to finish up to 2

builders managed to finish up to 2

builders managed to finish up to 2 floors every week

in 1970 world trade tower 1 became the

in 1970 world trade tower 1 became the

in 1970 world trade tower 1 became the tallest building in the world and while

tallest building in the world and while

tallest building in the world and while even more floors appeared at the top

even more floors appeared at the top

even more floors appeared at the top tenants moved in at the bottom time is

tenants moved in at the bottom time is

tenants moved in at the bottom time is money

[Music]

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] on the board by the kangaroo crane is

on the board by the kangaroo crane is

on the board by the kangaroo crane is still the crane of choice here the

still the crane of choice here the

still the crane of choice here the builders have taken prefabrication to a

builders have taken prefabrication to a

builders have taken prefabrication to a new level

the key to speed is a new technology

the key to speed is a new technology

the key to speed is a new technology called jump forming the process starts

called jump forming the process starts

called jump forming the process starts at the bottom of the building steel

at the bottom of the building steel

at the bottom of the building steel workers assemble steel cages that will

workers assemble steel cages that will

workers assemble steel cages that will become the backbone for the floors and

become the backbone for the floors and

become the backbone for the floors and walls of the borscht - by the kangaroo

walls of the borscht - by the kangaroo

walls of the borscht - by the kangaroo cranes hoist the steel cages up and slug

cranes hoist the steel cages up and slug

cranes hoist the steel cages up and slug them into special modes called jump

them into special modes called jump

them into special modes called jump forms in goes the concrete and 12 hours

forms in goes the concrete and 12 hours

forms in goes the concrete and 12 hours later when the concrete hardens the form

later when the concrete hardens the form

later when the concrete hardens the form gets ready for the jump

hydraulic Pistons push the form up

hydraulic Pistons push the form up

hydraulic Pistons push the form up leaving the concrete block behind it

leaving the concrete block behind it

leaving the concrete block behind it takes only two hours for the form to

takes only two hours for the form to

takes only two hours for the form to move up to the next level where the

move up to the next level where the

move up to the next level where the process starts all over again

process starts all over again

process starts all over again this way the borscht debye is cast in

this way the borscht debye is cast in

this way the borscht debye is cast in place layer by layer like a giant

place layer by layer like a giant

place layer by layer like a giant wedding cake but delivering concrete to

wedding cake but delivering concrete to

wedding cake but delivering concrete to the top of the tower gets more difficult

the top of the tower gets more difficult

the top of the tower gets more difficult with every floor

it's five o'clock and the man on the

it's five o'clock and the man on the

it's five o'clock and the man on the day-shift go home

day-shift go home

day-shift go home [Music]

[Music]

[Music] [Applause]

[Applause]

[Applause] but on the top of the borscht to buy the

but on the top of the borscht to buy the

but on the top of the borscht to buy the casting crew are waiting for the

casting crew are waiting for the

casting crew are waiting for the concrete to arrive what we're standing

concrete to arrive what we're standing

concrete to arrive what we're standing on right now will be the 150 fifth floor

on right now will be the 150 fifth floor

on right now will be the 150 fifth floor so they're going to pour some walls

so they're going to pour some walls

so they're going to pour some walls tonight below workers prepare the pumps

they need 630 horsepower pumps to cope

they need 630 horsepower pumps to cope

they need 630 horsepower pumps to cope with the 25 tons of concrete contained

with the 25 tons of concrete contained

with the 25 tons of concrete contained in each pipe and they're about to pump

in each pipe and they're about to pump

in each pipe and they're about to pump this concrete higher than anyone has

this concrete higher than anyone has

this concrete higher than anyone has ever done before an amazing challenge

ever done before an amazing challenge

ever done before an amazing challenge for the pumping system

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] with I think 570 meters at the moment

with I think 570 meters at the moment

with I think 570 meters at the moment which is a roll record for a building

which is a roll record for a building

which is a roll record for a building site it's a very aggressive environment

site it's a very aggressive environment

site it's a very aggressive environment within the pipe with the high pressures

within the pipe with the high pressures

within the pipe with the high pressures the aggregates rubbing against a steel

the aggregates rubbing against a steel

the aggregates rubbing against a steel you've got to watch out because you can

you've got to watch out because you can

you've got to watch out because you can wear through the steel and the pipes

wear through the steel and the pipes

wear through the steel and the pipes burst it takes 40 minutes for the

burst it takes 40 minutes for the

burst it takes 40 minutes for the concrete to travel up the pipes from the

concrete to travel up the pipes from the

concrete to travel up the pipes from the bottom to the hundred and fifty fifth

bottom to the hundred and fifty fifth

bottom to the hundred and fifty fifth floor

it's a combined effort of raw machine

it's a combined effort of raw machine

it's a combined effort of raw machine power and subtle chemistry

power and subtle chemistry

power and subtle chemistry [Music]

if the concrete is too thin and set

if the concrete is too thin and set

if the concrete is too thin and set slowly it causes delays if it's too

slowly it causes delays if it's too

slowly it causes delays if it's too thick it may set too soon and block the

thick it may set too soon and block the

thick it may set too soon and block the pipes

that night it takes until 4:00 a.m.

that night it takes until 4:00 a.m.

that night it takes until 4:00 a.m. before the job is finished now the

before the job is finished now the

before the job is finished now the concrete and steel skeleton of the

concrete and steel skeleton of the

concrete and steel skeleton of the borscht debye is nearly complete on a

borscht debye is nearly complete on a

borscht debye is nearly complete on a mammoth project that will cost about 1

mammoth project that will cost about 1

mammoth project that will cost about 1 billion dollars to build every day is

billion dollars to build every day is

billion dollars to build every day is precious

precious

precious [Music]

[Music]

[Music] but the system has worked to perfection

but the system has worked to perfection

but the system has worked to perfection the tower is nearly 600 meters tall and

the tower is nearly 600 meters tall and

the tower is nearly 600 meters tall and a new floor goes on every three days

a new floor goes on every three days

a new floor goes on every three days [Music]

[Music]

[Music] prefabrication technology allowed giant

prefabrication technology allowed giant

prefabrication technology allowed giant skyscrapers to grow ever faster which

skyscrapers to grow ever faster which

skyscrapers to grow ever faster which made them even more profitable and

made them even more profitable and

made them even more profitable and desirable but as skyscrapers soared ever

desirable but as skyscrapers soared ever

desirable but as skyscrapers soared ever higher into the clouds

higher into the clouds

higher into the clouds they became exposed to a new enemy one

they became exposed to a new enemy one

they became exposed to a new enemy one that exploited every weakness the wind

that exploited every weakness the wind

that exploited every weakness the wind to build the 442 meter Sears Tower in

to build the 442 meter Sears Tower in

to build the 442 meter Sears Tower in Chicago the proverbial Windy City

Chicago the proverbial Windy City

Chicago the proverbial Windy City engineers had to turn the skyscraper

engineers had to turn the skyscraper

engineers had to turn the skyscraper inside out

in 1970 the architects building the new

in 1970 the architects building the new

in 1970 the architects building the new headquarters for Sears & Roebuck in

headquarters for Sears & Roebuck in

headquarters for Sears & Roebuck in Chicago faced a problem their skyscraper

Chicago faced a problem their skyscraper

Chicago faced a problem their skyscraper the Sears Tower would be over a hundred

the Sears Tower would be over a hundred

the Sears Tower would be over a hundred floors tall a height that exposed it to

floors tall a height that exposed it to

floors tall a height that exposed it to huge wind forces building a skyscraper

huge wind forces building a skyscraper

huge wind forces building a skyscraper using a traditional steel skeleton would

using a traditional steel skeleton would

using a traditional steel skeleton would have caused massive problems

have caused massive problems

have caused massive problems the taller a steel skeleton gets the

the taller a steel skeleton gets the

the taller a steel skeleton gets the more susceptible it is to bending in

more susceptible it is to bending in

more susceptible it is to bending in high winds gusts of Lake Michigan can

high winds gusts of Lake Michigan can

high winds gusts of Lake Michigan can buffered a skyscraper at up to 80

buffered a skyscraper at up to 80

buffered a skyscraper at up to 80 kilometers an hour this would cause the

kilometers an hour this would cause the

kilometers an hour this would cause the upper floors to sway affecting the

upper floors to sway affecting the

upper floors to sway affecting the workers inside the motion of turbulence

workers inside the motion of turbulence

workers inside the motion of turbulence more like the motion of a ship creates a

more like the motion of a ship creates a

more like the motion of a ship creates a kind of sea sickness there's that same

kind of sea sickness there's that same

kind of sea sickness there's that same sense in an in a very tall building so

sense in an in a very tall building so

sense in an in a very tall building so if necessary to reduce the swaying

if necessary to reduce the swaying

if necessary to reduce the swaying component down so the people are not

component down so the people are not

component down so the people are not sick

the architects of the Sears Tower

the architects of the Sears Tower

the architects of the Sears Tower invented a technology that could beat

invented a technology that could beat

invented a technology that could beat the wind they shifted the steel

the wind they shifted the steel

the wind they shifted the steel framework from the inside of the

framework from the inside of the

framework from the inside of the building

building

building to the outside this so-called

to the outside this so-called

to the outside this so-called exoskeleton made it very hard for wind

exoskeleton made it very hard for wind

exoskeleton made it very hard for wind to bend the building

in the Sears Tower nine such tubes

in the Sears Tower nine such tubes

in the Sears Tower nine such tubes locked together to make the building

locked together to make the building

locked together to make the building rock-solid

the exoskeleton was the best way of

the exoskeleton was the best way of

the exoskeleton was the best way of resisting wind whoever invented

resisting wind whoever invented

resisting wind whoever invented even at wind speeds of over 90 km/h the

even at wind speeds of over 90 km/h the

even at wind speeds of over 90 km/h the top floor of the Sears Tower only moves

top floor of the Sears Tower only moves

top floor of the Sears Tower only moves 15 centimeters the Borge de Bie is

15 centimeters the Borge de Bie is

15 centimeters the Borge de Bie is expected to be nearly twice as tall as

expected to be nearly twice as tall as

expected to be nearly twice as tall as the Sears Tower at this extreme height

the Sears Tower at this extreme height

the Sears Tower at this extreme height fighting the wind with a rigid

fighting the wind with a rigid

fighting the wind with a rigid exoskeleton is not good enough to stop

exoskeleton is not good enough to stop

exoskeleton is not good enough to stop the high-caliber residents from getting

the high-caliber residents from getting

the high-caliber residents from getting seasick

seasick

seasick the architects turned to highly advanced

the architects turned to highly advanced

the architects turned to highly advanced aerodynamics the most important thing in

aerodynamics the most important thing in

aerodynamics the most important thing in a tall building is the way it interacts

a tall building is the way it interacts

a tall building is the way it interacts with the wind and so what we did is we

with the wind and so what we did is we

with the wind and so what we did is we essentially as we designed this building

essentially as we designed this building

essentially as we designed this building we kept testing in the wind tone and we

we kept testing in the wind tone and we

we kept testing in the wind tone and we use the wind tunnel as part of our

use the wind tunnel as part of our

use the wind tunnel as part of our design process at high speeds wind can

design process at high speeds wind can

design process at high speeds wind can be extremely dangerous for a skyscraper

be extremely dangerous for a skyscraper

be extremely dangerous for a skyscraper air rushes around the building and forms

air rushes around the building and forms

air rushes around the building and forms mini tornadoes called vortices these

mini tornadoes called vortices these

mini tornadoes called vortices these areas of low pressure suck the building

areas of low pressure suck the building

areas of low pressure suck the building sideways and the toll of the building

sideways and the toll of the building

sideways and the toll of the building the more dangerous the vortices become

the more dangerous the vortices become

the more dangerous the vortices become then these large forces are actually

then these large forces are actually

then these large forces are actually perpendicular to the direction of the

perpendicular to the direction of the

perpendicular to the direction of the wind

wind

wind but tall building we're ever to fall

but tall building we're ever to fall

but tall building we're ever to fall down the wind it's most likely and fall

down the wind it's most likely and fall

down the wind it's most likely and fall down sideways flew in not in the

down sideways flew in not in the

down sideways flew in not in the direction of in

so on the borscht goodbye rather than

so on the borscht goodbye rather than

so on the borscht goodbye rather than fight the wind bill and the design team

fight the wind bill and the design team

fight the wind bill and the design team decided to deceive it they don't like

decided to deceive it they don't like

decided to deceive it they don't like the tower flat and rectangular but give

the tower flat and rectangular but give

the tower flat and rectangular but give the borscht to buy a more unpredictable

the borscht to buy a more unpredictable

the borscht to buy a more unpredictable shape each section of the tower is

shape each section of the tower is

shape each section of the tower is designed to deflect the wind in a

designed to deflect the wind in a

designed to deflect the wind in a different way this disrupts the power of

different way this disrupts the power of

different way this disrupts the power of the vortices and breaks to hold of the

the vortices and breaks to hold of the

the vortices and breaks to hold of the wind on the building where we designed

wind on the building where we designed

wind on the building where we designed the building where she designing the

the building where she designing the

the building where she designing the wind and the way the wind behaves around

wind and the way the wind behaves around

wind and the way the wind behaves around the building and it makes a tremendous

the building and it makes a tremendous

the building and it makes a tremendous difference we would never been able to

difference we would never been able to

difference we would never been able to go this tall if we had not done that

go this tall if we had not done that

go this tall if we had not done that [Music]

[Music]

[Music] with mobility gravity heat and wind

with mobility gravity heat and wind

with mobility gravity heat and wind conquered the skyscraper faced its next

conquered the skyscraper faced its next

conquered the skyscraper faced its next big challenge in Asia where booming

big challenge in Asia where booming

big challenge in Asia where booming economies wanted to show off their

economies wanted to show off their

economies wanted to show off their wealth super tall skyscrapers became the

wealth super tall skyscrapers became the

wealth super tall skyscrapers became the objects of desire but Asia is rife and

objects of desire but Asia is rife and

objects of desire but Asia is rife and the Nemesis of tall buildings

the Nemesis of tall buildings

the Nemesis of tall buildings earthquakes to make the 509 meter Taipei

earthquakes to make the 509 meter Taipei

earthquakes to make the 509 meter Taipei 101 possible skyscrapers had to take

101 possible skyscrapers had to take

101 possible skyscrapers had to take another leap forwards

another leap forwards

another leap forwards in 1999 the architects of the world's

in 1999 the architects of the world's

in 1999 the architects of the world's tallest skyscraper the Taipei 101 in

tallest skyscraper the Taipei 101 in

tallest skyscraper the Taipei 101 in Taiwan faced a problem

Taiwan faced a problem

Taiwan faced a problem Taipei sits near the Pacific Ring of

Taipei sits near the Pacific Ring of

Taipei sits near the Pacific Ring of Fire the most seismically active area on

Fire the most seismically active area on

Fire the most seismically active area on earth an earthquake hits the city

earth an earthquake hits the city

earth an earthquake hits the city roughly twice a year it was not a

roughly twice a year it was not a

roughly twice a year it was not a question of if but when the earth would

question of if but when the earth would

question of if but when the earth would shake the taipei 101

earthquakes are actually really strong

earthquakes are actually really strong

earthquakes are actually really strong compared to wind for example wind

compared to wind for example wind

compared to wind for example wind loading very rarely will break a large

loading very rarely will break a large

loading very rarely will break a large building but for an earthquake it's

building but for an earthquake it's

building but for an earthquake it's actually quite easy to do with that

actually quite easy to do with that

actually quite easy to do with that Adam crew will test a model building on

Adam crew will test a model building on

Adam crew will test a model building on an earthquake simulator to make it

an earthquake simulator to make it

an earthquake simulator to make it realistic this model is built with

realistic this model is built with

realistic this model is built with spaghetti spaghetti and still actually

spaghetti spaghetti and still actually

spaghetti spaghetti and still actually quite similar in the way they behave you

quite similar in the way they behave you

quite similar in the way they behave you can actually see that it it buckles

can actually see that it it buckles

can actually see that it it buckles quite nicely it's a relatively low load

quite nicely it's a relatively low load

quite nicely it's a relatively low load and steel beams behave in very very

and steel beams behave in very very

and steel beams behave in very very similar way so it models still really

similar way so it models still really

similar way so it models still really quite well with the top floor glued in

quite well with the top floor glued in

quite well with the top floor glued in place the model is ready to face the

place the model is ready to face the

place the model is ready to face the tremors here comes the slowest the first

tremors here comes the slowest the first

tremors here comes the slowest the first earthquake you can see the building

earthquake you can see the building

earthquake you can see the building really isn't moving very much at all

really isn't moving very much at all

really isn't moving very much at all looks pretty solid so not really being

looks pretty solid so not really being

looks pretty solid so not really being bothered by this earthquake there's a

bothered by this earthquake there's a

bothered by this earthquake there's a bit of a faster earthquake now again the

bit of a faster earthquake now again the

bit of a faster earthquake now again the little bit of movements but the building

little bit of movements but the building

little bit of movements but the building looks really nice and strong even faster

it's gonna go looks like if that had

it's gonna go looks like if that had

it's gonna go looks like if that had been a real building the four would have

been a real building the four would have

been a real building the four would have fallen down and all the people who would

fallen down and all the people who would

fallen down and all the people who would have been killed so although it looks

have been killed so although it looks

have been killed so although it looks relatively intact this is really a

relatively intact this is really a

relatively intact this is really a catastrophic failure for a building

catastrophic failure for a building

catastrophic failure for a building Adam crude tests a second model that has

Adam crude tests a second model that has

Adam crude tests a second model that has elastic bands adding to the spaghetti so

elastic bands adding to the spaghetti so

elastic bands adding to the spaghetti so here comes the earthquake that smashed

here comes the earthquake that smashed

here comes the earthquake that smashed the other building see how well this one

the other building see how well this one

the other building see how well this one does you can see it's it's moving a lot

does you can see it's it's moving a lot

does you can see it's it's moving a lot but it's actually performing really well

but it's actually performing really well

but it's actually performing really well top of the building is actually hardly

top of the building is actually hardly

top of the building is actually hardly moving at all

moving at all

moving at all it's literally staying there stationary

it's literally staying there stationary

it's literally staying there stationary and the ground is moving really quite

and the ground is moving really quite

and the ground is moving really quite violently underneath it so slightly

violently underneath it so slightly

violently underneath it so slightly bizarrely

bizarrely

bizarrely by making the building more flexible

by making the building more flexible

by making the building more flexible you've made the building stronger to

you've made the building stronger to

you've made the building stronger to survive in fast and violent quakes the

survive in fast and violent quakes the

survive in fast and violent quakes the Taipei 101 needed a dash of elasticity

Taipei 101 needed a dash of elasticity

Taipei 101 needed a dash of elasticity so the design has made their building

so the design has made their building

so the design has made their building rigid where it had to be but flexible

rigid where it had to be but flexible

rigid where it had to be but flexible where it could afford to be at the heart

where it could afford to be at the heart

where it could afford to be at the heart of the Taipei 101

of the Taipei 101

of the Taipei 101 they put 36 rigid steel shoes filled

they put 36 rigid steel shoes filled

they put 36 rigid steel shoes filled with concrete that gave the building

with concrete that gave the building

with concrete that gave the building strength while the columns stand firm

strength while the columns stand firm

strength while the columns stand firm during a quake the rest of the structure

during a quake the rest of the structure

during a quake the rest of the structure is elastic it can flex and roll with the

is elastic it can flex and roll with the

is elastic it can flex and roll with the punches

halfway during the construction mother

halfway during the construction mother

halfway during the construction mother nature tested this design to the limit

nature tested this design to the limit

nature tested this design to the limit on the 31st of March 2002 an earthquake

on the 31st of March 2002 an earthquake

on the 31st of March 2002 an earthquake hits the tightly

[Music]

the quake shattered smaller buildings

the quake shattered smaller buildings

the quake shattered smaller buildings but the Taipei 101 was still standing

but the Taipei 101 was still standing

but the Taipei 101 was still standing the engineers of the Taipei 101 claim

the engineers of the Taipei 101 claim

the engineers of the Taipei 101 claim that during a quake their building is

that during a quake their building is

that during a quake their building is the safest place in town

the safest place in town

the safest place in town [Music]

the Borge de Bie can withstand

the Borge de Bie can withstand

the Borge de Bie can withstand earthquakes of up to six on the Richter

earthquakes of up to six on the Richter

earthquakes of up to six on the Richter scale because it has a massive

scale because it has a massive

scale because it has a massive reinforced concrete skeleton but here

reinforced concrete skeleton but here

reinforced concrete skeleton but here the engineers face a different problem

the engineers face a different problem

the engineers face a different problem making a super tall building stand up in

making a super tall building stand up in

making a super tall building stand up in the desert sand requires special

the desert sand requires special

the desert sand requires special measures

at the Burj Dubai they have rock

at the Burj Dubai they have rock

at the Burj Dubai they have rock relatively shallow but it's very very

relatively shallow but it's very very

relatively shallow but it's very very poor rock it's very weak

poor rock it's very weak

poor rock it's very weak it's very fractured and it on its own at

it's very fractured and it on its own at

it's very fractured and it on its own at Camp Hillary a lot of weight so they

Camp Hillary a lot of weight so they

Camp Hillary a lot of weight so they went 50 meters down deep into the rock

went 50 meters down deep into the rock

went 50 meters down deep into the rock in order to get enough of a rock to

in order to get enough of a rock to

in order to get enough of a rock to support that structure the rock under

support that structure the rock under

support that structure the rock under the boys Debye is fragile and saturated

the boys Debye is fragile and saturated

the boys Debye is fragile and saturated with groundwater

with groundwater

with groundwater any big hole will cave in immediately to

any big hole will cave in immediately to

any big hole will cave in immediately to stop this from happening the engineers

stop this from happening the engineers

stop this from happening the engineers fill the bore holes with a viscous

fill the bore holes with a viscous

fill the bore holes with a viscous polymer slurry which pushes the

polymer slurry which pushes the

polymer slurry which pushes the groundwater and rock fragments to the

groundwater and rock fragments to the

groundwater and rock fragments to the edge of the borehole and keeps it open

edge of the borehole and keeps it open

edge of the borehole and keeps it open the polymer is kind of a space-age

the polymer is kind of a space-age

the polymer is kind of a space-age material and what it does is it makes

material and what it does is it makes

material and what it does is it makes very long molecules or chain so that

very long molecules or chain so that

very long molecules or chain so that kind of makes very long tendrils that

kind of makes very long tendrils that

kind of makes very long tendrils that come out that viscosity helps to keep

come out that viscosity helps to keep

come out that viscosity helps to keep the excavation from caving in the secret

the excavation from caving in the secret

the excavation from caving in the secret name for the contractors on site is

name for the contractors on site is

name for the contractors on site is basically to call it the syrupy polymer

basically to call it the syrupy polymer

basically to call it the syrupy polymer is denser than water

is denser than water

is denser than water but lighter than concrete the concrete

but lighter than concrete the concrete

but lighter than concrete the concrete displaces the slurry and eventually

displaces the slurry and eventually

displaces the slurry and eventually hardens to form a foundation pile

hardens to form a foundation pile

hardens to form a foundation pile 200 of these piles work together to stop

200 of these piles work together to stop

200 of these piles work together to stop half a million tons of real estate from

half a million tons of real estate from

half a million tons of real estate from sinking into the ground the building so

sinking into the ground the building so

sinking into the ground the building so far has gone down around 30 millimeters

far has gone down around 30 millimeters

far has gone down around 30 millimeters was just slightly more than an inch

was just slightly more than an inch

was just slightly more than an inch there's about the thickness of my thumb

there's about the thickness of my thumb

there's about the thickness of my thumb which it which is a very small number

which it which is a very small number

which it which is a very small number for a building of this size in just over

for a building of this size in just over

for a building of this size in just over a hundred and thirty years the

a hundred and thirty years the

a hundred and thirty years the skyscraper conquered all the forces of

skyscraper conquered all the forces of

skyscraper conquered all the forces of nature using the power of human

nature using the power of human

nature using the power of human ingenuity but as buildings soared higher

ingenuity but as buildings soared higher

ingenuity but as buildings soared higher and higher into the sky they became

and higher into the sky they became

and higher into the sky they became known

now the fear of terrorism threatened

now the fear of terrorism threatened

now the fear of terrorism threatened their existence

their existence

their existence [Music]

[Music]

[Music] day a final technological leap forward

day a final technological leap forward

day a final technological leap forward keeps the occupants of the world's

keeps the occupants of the world's

keeps the occupants of the world's biggest skyscraper safe

biggest skyscraper safe

biggest skyscraper safe [Music]

a chilling day in September 2001 seemed

a chilling day in September 2001 seemed

a chilling day in September 2001 seemed to spell the end of the skies

to spell the end of the skies

to spell the end of the skies [Music]

[Music]

[Music] after the attacks of 9/11 many believed

after the attacks of 9/11 many believed

after the attacks of 9/11 many believed that no super tall building would ever

that no super tall building would ever

that no super tall building would ever be built again

be built again

be built again [Music]

my curly was the fire director of the

my curly was the fire director of the

my curly was the fire director of the World Trade Center on 9/11 I don't think

World Trade Center on 9/11 I don't think

World Trade Center on 9/11 I don't think anyone can say that they could foresee

anyone can say that they could foresee

anyone can say that they could foresee those events of September 11th where

those events of September 11th where

those events of September 11th where planes would be used basically as

planes would be used basically as

planes would be used basically as missiles to fly into the building but

missiles to fly into the building but

missiles to fly into the building but once that occurred the the it became a

once that occurred the the it became a

once that occurred the the it became a fire safety issue and then we began our

fire safety issue and then we began our

fire safety issue and then we began our typical plan to to evacuate the

typical plan to to evacuate the

typical plan to to evacuate the occupants evacuating a skyscraper is a

occupants evacuating a skyscraper is a

occupants evacuating a skyscraper is a phenomenal challenge the taller you

phenomenal challenge the taller you

phenomenal challenge the taller you build the more people have to walk ever

build the more people have to walk ever

build the more people have to walk ever further to get to safety on 9/11 the

further to get to safety on 9/11 the

further to get to safety on 9/11 the difficulties became tangible you would

difficulties became tangible you would

difficulties became tangible you would think that walking down stairs would be

think that walking down stairs would be

think that walking down stairs would be a lot easier than walking up the stairs

a lot easier than walking up the stairs

a lot easier than walking up the stairs but it's not it's almost as difficult as

but it's not it's almost as difficult as

but it's not it's almost as difficult as walking up not everyone walked at the

walking up not everyone walked at the

walking up not everyone walked at the same speed and you may have some people

same speed and you may have some people

same speed and you may have some people who walk very quickly people who are

who walk very quickly people who are

who walk very quickly people who are more physically fit some people were

more physically fit some people were

more physically fit some people were injured maybe didn't have their shoes

injured maybe didn't have their shoes

injured maybe didn't have their shoes they lost you know things along the way

they lost you know things along the way

they lost you know things along the way and and it it sure didn't make it easy

and and it it sure didn't make it easy

and and it it sure didn't make it easy for anybody

for anybody

for anybody [Music]

[Music]

[Music] the Borge Debye has built-in fire

the Borge Debye has built-in fire

the Borge Debye has built-in fire protection as its concrete backbone is

protection as its concrete backbone is

protection as its concrete backbone is naturally fire resistant but it's

naturally fire resistant but it's

naturally fire resistant but it's expected to be nearly twice as tall as

expected to be nearly twice as tall as

expected to be nearly twice as tall as the twin towers so how do people get out

the twin towers so how do people get out

the twin towers so how do people get out in an emergency the answer is they

in an emergency the answer is they

in an emergency the answer is they dumped the Borge Dubai

dumped the Borge Dubai

dumped the Borge Dubai contains nine very special rooms refuge

contains nine very special rooms refuge

contains nine very special rooms refuge rooms built from layers of reinforced

rooms built from layers of reinforced

rooms built from layers of reinforced concrete and fireproof sheeting the

concrete and fireproof sheeting the

concrete and fireproof sheeting the walls of these rooms withstand the heat

walls of these rooms withstand the heat

walls of these rooms withstand the heat of a fire for two hours each room has a

of a fire for two hours each room has a

of a fire for two hours each room has a special supply of air pumped through

special supply of air pumped through

special supply of air pumped through fire resistant pipes sealed fireproof

fire resistant pipes sealed fireproof

fire resistant pipes sealed fireproof doors stop smoke from leaking in in the

doors stop smoke from leaking in in the

doors stop smoke from leaking in in the refugee residents can seek shelter from

refugee residents can seek shelter from

refugee residents can seek shelter from a fire until emergency services bring it

a fire until emergency services bring it

a fire until emergency services bring it under control there is one of these

under control there is one of these

under control there is one of these rooms about every 30 floors which should

rooms about every 30 floors which should

rooms about every 30 floors which should allow residents to reach them without

allow residents to reach them without

allow residents to reach them without too much effort refuge rooms are a

too much effort refuge rooms are a

too much effort refuge rooms are a radical idea but even the safest place

radical idea but even the safest place

radical idea but even the safest place in the world is no good if the access

in the world is no good if the access

in the world is no good if the access route is blocked by smoke

at this fire college firefighters learn

at this fire college firefighters learn

at this fire college firefighters learn how to rescue people from burning

how to rescue people from burning

how to rescue people from burning buildings

it's not normally the fire that kills

it's not normally the fire that kills

it's not normally the fire that kills you

98% of people die in a fire because of

98% of people die in a fire because of

98% of people die in a fire because of smoke but there is technology that takes

smoke but there is technology that takes

smoke but there is technology that takes smoke out of the equation the Borge de

smoke out of the equation the Borge de

smoke out of the equation the Borge de Bie has an early warning system that

Bie has an early warning system that

Bie has an early warning system that guards it around the clock if fire

guards it around the clock if fire

guards it around the clock if fire activates a smoke detector a heat sensor

activates a smoke detector a heat sensor

activates a smoke detector a heat sensor or water sprinkler a network of

or water sprinkler a network of

or water sprinkler a network of high-powered fans kick in the fans force

high-powered fans kick in the fans force

high-powered fans kick in the fans force clean cool air through fire resistant

clean cool air through fire resistant

clean cool air through fire resistant ducts into the building

ducts into the building

ducts into the building the fresh air pushes the smoke out of

the fresh air pushes the smoke out of

the fresh air pushes the smoke out of the stairwell and keeps the evacuation

the stairwell and keeps the evacuation

the stairwell and keeps the evacuation routes clear it's fire safety fit for a

routes clear it's fire safety fit for a

routes clear it's fire safety fit for a 21st century skyscraper when the Borge

21st century skyscraper when the Borge

21st century skyscraper when the Borge de Bie is complete it will be the

de Bie is complete it will be the

de Bie is complete it will be the tallest structure that mankind has ever

tallest structure that mankind has ever

tallest structure that mankind has ever built on the face of the planet

standing on the shoulders of historic

standing on the shoulders of historic

standing on the shoulders of historic engineering marvels the boys do by

engineering marvels the boys do by

engineering marvels the boys do by really is the ultimate skyscraper until

really is the ultimate skyscraper until

really is the ultimate skyscraper until someone builds an even bigger one

someone builds an even bigger one

someone builds an even bigger one [Music]