Original subtitles

expands 3,000 meters above the Arizona

expands 3,000 meters above the Arizona

expands 3,000 meters above the Arizona desert gazing into the night sky

it's giant mirrors can pick up light

it's giant mirrors can pick up light

it's giant mirrors can pick up light from stars 9 billion light years away

thanks to it astronomers can see further

thanks to it astronomers can see further

thanks to it astronomers can see further into space than ever before

the large binocular telescope is the

the large binocular telescope is the

the large binocular telescope is the biggest optical telescope on the planet

biggest optical telescope on the planet

biggest optical telescope on the planet and the culmination

and the culmination

and the culmination 300 years of engineering genius it owes

300 years of engineering genius it owes

300 years of engineering genius it owes its success to six historic advances in

its success to six historic advances in

its success to six historic advances in the telescope world

at the heart of each lies a major

at the heart of each lies a major

at the heart of each lies a major technological innovation eldest Rana

technological innovation eldest Rana

technological innovation eldest Rana MERS to build bigger telescopes one

allowed them to grow ever lodge

six ingenious leagues for

six ingenious leagues for

six ingenious leagues for enabled telescopes to grow

- bigger

- bigger

- bigger it's the world's best

you

as the Sun sets over the outside

as the Sun sets over the outside

as the Sun sets over the outside desert the large binocular telescope or

desert the large binocular telescope or

desert the large binocular telescope or LBT moves effortlessly into position

poverty is david astronomers make their

poverty is david astronomers make their

poverty is david astronomers make their final checks observation is about

tonight a team of astronomers led by dr.

tonight a team of astronomers led by dr.

tonight a team of astronomers led by dr. Richard Greene with gaze inside galaxies

Richard Greene with gaze inside galaxies

Richard Greene with gaze inside galaxies on another side of our universe we can

on another side of our universe we can

on another side of our universe we can look into the cocoons in which new stars

look into the cocoons in which new stars

look into the cocoons in which new stars and planetary systems are being formed

and planetary systems are being formed

and planetary systems are being formed we can look into the hearts of nearby

we can look into the hearts of nearby

we can look into the hearts of nearby galaxies and we can look at the

galaxies and we can look at the

galaxies and we can look at the constituent pieces of galaxies

constituent pieces of galaxies

constituent pieces of galaxies information these observations will help

information these observations will help

information these observations will help them understand our own soul

the LBT is the ultimate leap in a series

the LBT is the ultimate leap in a series

the LBT is the ultimate leap in a series of historic engineering breakthroughs

to understand how astronomers were able

to understand how astronomers were able

to understand how astronomers were able to see so far into space we must step

to see so far into space we must step

to see so far into space we must step back in time

our story begins in 17th century England

our story begins in 17th century England

our story begins in 17th century England with an earth-shattering invention the

with an earth-shattering invention the

with an earth-shattering invention the reflecting telescope

Cambridge University 1669

and brilliant 26 year old mathematician

and brilliant 26 year old mathematician

and brilliant 26 year old mathematician is starting to think about the universe

Sir Isaac Newton is one of the most

Sir Isaac Newton is one of the most

Sir Isaac Newton is one of the most remarkable scientists who ever lived he

remarkable scientists who ever lived he

remarkable scientists who ever lived he was capable of addressing a problem and

was capable of addressing a problem and

was capable of addressing a problem and worrying it and worrying it for months

worrying it and worrying it for months

worrying it and worrying it for months and years on end many people of course

and years on end many people of course

and years on end many people of course get bored with something or give

get bored with something or give

get bored with something or give something up

something up

something up he had that extraordinary persistence

he had that extraordinary persistence

he had that extraordinary persistence and he starts to work on a number of key

and he starts to work on a number of key

and he starts to work on a number of key problems in physics one such problem is

problems in physics one such problem is

problems in physics one such problem is the performance of the telescope

astronomers want to study the planets of

astronomers want to study the planets of

astronomers want to study the planets of the solar system but their telescopes

the solar system but their telescopes

the solar system but their telescopes aren't up to the job to see these faint

aren't up to the job to see these faint

aren't up to the job to see these faint distant objects in the night sky

distant objects in the night sky

distant objects in the night sky telescopes will have to capture more

telescopes will have to capture more

telescopes will have to capture more light and for this they will need bigger

light and for this they will need bigger

light and for this they will need bigger lenses the purpose of the lens is to

lenses the purpose of the lens is to

lenses the purpose of the lens is to focus

but a bigger lens leads to big problems

but a bigger lens leads to big problems

but a bigger lens leads to big problems for the early astronomers Newton had

for the early astronomers Newton had

for the early astronomers Newton had discovered that shining light through a

discovered that shining light through a

discovered that shining light through a piece of glass bends the light and

piece of glass bends the light and

piece of glass bends the light and splits it into different colors the same

splits it into different colors the same

splits it into different colors the same thing happens when light is passed

thing happens when light is passed

thing happens when light is passed through a glass lens but the lens brings

through a glass lens but the lens brings

through a glass lens but the lens brings each colored focus at a different point

each colored focus at a different point

each colored focus at a different point these multiple points of focus cause the

these multiple points of focus cause the

these multiple points of focus cause the image to appear blurred the bigger the

image to appear blurred the bigger the

image to appear blurred the bigger the lens the more the image will appear are

lens the more the image will appear are

lens the more the image will appear are to focus in this Cambridge study Isaac

to focus in this Cambridge study Isaac

to focus in this Cambridge study Isaac Newton believes he's found an answer to

Newton believes he's found an answer to

Newton believes he's found an answer to the problem

the problem

the problem a way to make a telescope which produces

a way to make a telescope which produces

a way to make a telescope which produces crystal-clear images without the colors

crystal-clear images without the colors

crystal-clear images without the colors blurring he removes the Troublesome lens

blurring he removes the Troublesome lens

blurring he removes the Troublesome lens and replaces it with something entirely

and replaces it with something entirely

and replaces it with something entirely different

different

different this is the world's first reflecting

this is the world's first reflecting

this is the world's first reflecting telescope made by the young Sir Isaac

telescope made by the young Sir Isaac

telescope made by the young Sir Isaac Newton in 1671 he made it in his rooms

Newton in 1671 he made it in his rooms

Newton in 1671 he made it in his rooms in Cambridge from perfectly acceptable

in Cambridge from perfectly acceptable

in Cambridge from perfectly acceptable ordinary materials of the name cardboard

ordinary materials of the name cardboard

ordinary materials of the name cardboard tubes a wooden ball to do the adjusting

tubes a wooden ball to do the adjusting

tubes a wooden ball to do the adjusting with but O'Meara

with but O'Meara

with but O'Meara replaces the lens dum here

Newton's mirror is a metal disk polished

Newton's mirror is a metal disk polished

Newton's mirror is a metal disk polished into a concave shape it reflects the

into a concave shape it reflects the

into a concave shape it reflects the light from distant objects to a single

light from distant objects to a single

light from distant objects to a single point a second small amount then bounces

point a second small amount then bounces

point a second small amount then bounces the light into an eyepiece because the

the light into an eyepiece because the

the light into an eyepiece because the light does not pass through a thick lens

light does not pass through a thick lens

light does not pass through a thick lens there is no separation of colors and the

there is no separation of colors and the

there is no separation of colors and the image is not alone

by reflecting the light Newton's

by reflecting the light Newton's

by reflecting the light Newton's telescope produces the sharpest images

telescope produces the sharpest images

telescope produces the sharpest images in the world and that telescope made

in the world and that telescope made

in the world and that telescope made people's jaws drop in the Royal Society

people's jaws drop in the Royal Society

people's jaws drop in the Royal Society in January 16 72 because it was more

in January 16 72 because it was more

in January 16 72 because it was more powerful and gave a better and clearer

powerful and gave a better and clearer

powerful and gave a better and clearer image and a conventional telescope of 6

image and a conventional telescope of 6

image and a conventional telescope of 6 feet long from this point onwards the

feet long from this point onwards the

feet long from this point onwards the story of how telescopes evolved is a

story of how telescopes evolved is a

story of how telescopes evolved is a story of mirrors not lenses getting

story of mirrors not lenses getting

story of mirrors not lenses getting bigger

in the world of telescopes size matters

in the world of telescopes size matters

in the world of telescopes size matters the larger the mirror the more light it

the larger the mirror the more light it

the larger the mirror the more light it can capture the mirrors of the large

can capture the mirrors of the large

can capture the mirrors of the large binocular telescope are as big as they

binocular telescope are as big as they

binocular telescope are as big as they come

come

come this telescope consists of two 8.4 meter

this telescope consists of two 8.4 meter

this telescope consists of two 8.4 meter primary mirrors they collect the

primary mirrors they collect the

primary mirrors they collect the Starlight falling on the earth bring

Starlight falling on the earth bring

Starlight falling on the earth bring them to a focus so we can grasp the very

them to a focus so we can grasp the very

them to a focus so we can grasp the very faint signals from these very distant

faint signals from these very distant

faint signals from these very distant objects by using the mirrors in tandem

objects by using the mirrors in tandem

objects by using the mirrors in tandem the astronomers are able to gather twice

the astronomers are able to gather twice

the astronomers are able to gather twice as much light

the light is reflected of the surface

the light is reflected of the surface

the light is reflected of the surface each mirror to a single focal point

of highly sensitive digital cameras each

of highly sensitive digital cameras each

of highly sensitive digital cameras each costing over 1 million dollars then pick

costing over 1 million dollars then pick

costing over 1 million dollars then pick up this

this is not like commercial CCD camera

this is not like commercial CCD camera

this is not like commercial CCD camera that you can buy it's optimized for very

that you can buy it's optimized for very

that you can buy it's optimized for very low light it has four nine megapixel CCD

low light it has four nine megapixel CCD

low light it has four nine megapixel CCD chips in it that record a field of view

chips in it that record a field of view

chips in it that record a field of view about the size of the full moon they're

about the size of the full moon they're

about the size of the full moon they're in a vacuum can they're cooled to liquid

in a vacuum can they're cooled to liquid

in a vacuum can they're cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures and they're

nitrogen temperatures and they're

nitrogen temperatures and they're exceedingly sensitive at low light

exceedingly sensitive at low light

exceedingly sensitive at low light levels rather than trying to collect

levels rather than trying to collect

levels rather than trying to collect light from the whole spectrum each

light from the whole spectrum each

light from the whole spectrum each camera is finely tuned to detect just

camera is finely tuned to detect just

camera is finely tuned to detect just half of the colors these pictures are

half of the colors these pictures are

half of the colors these pictures are then combined to produce a far higher

then combined to produce a far higher

then combined to produce a far higher quality image than could ever be made

quality image than could ever be made

quality image than could ever be made with a single camera the LBT is light

with a single camera the LBT is light

with a single camera the LBT is light years away from the days when Newton

years away from the days when Newton

years away from the days when Newton looked at heavenly bodies directly with

looked at heavenly bodies directly with

looked at heavenly bodies directly with his eyes

back in 1996 before the mirrors and

back in 1996 before the mirrors and

back in 1996 before the mirrors and cameras will be made engineers in

cameras will be made engineers in

cameras will be made engineers in Arizona began to build an enclosure to

Arizona began to build an enclosure to

Arizona began to build an enclosure to protect these precious objects

100

100

100 ties the building into the peak night

ties the building into the peak night

ties the building into the peak night way and provides a platform

four huge trolleys mounted a circular

four huge trolleys mounted a circular

four huge trolleys mounted a circular track

track

track to rotate perfectly

to rotate perfectly

to rotate perfectly Oh school

while Newton's prototype is not on the

while Newton's prototype is not on the

while Newton's prototype is not on the cardboard cheaters

cardboard cheaters

cardboard cheaters the LBT will require over 2000 tons of

the LBT will require over 2000 tons of

the LBT will require over 2000 tons of steel and glass and will take an army of

steel and glass and will take an army of

steel and glass and will take an army of engineers almost

engineers almost

engineers almost years to build

back in 1672 Newton's reflecting

back in 1672 Newton's reflecting

back in 1672 Newton's reflecting telescope enabled astronomers to get

telescope enabled astronomers to get

telescope enabled astronomers to get their first clear view of our solar

their first clear view of our solar

their first clear view of our solar system but to see deeper into space

system but to see deeper into space

system but to see deeper into space engineers building the 180 centimeter

engineers building the 180 centimeter

engineers building the 180 centimeter Parsons telescope in Ireland

learn how to make bigger

in 1839 Irish astronomer William Parsons

in 1839 Irish astronomer William Parsons

in 1839 Irish astronomer William Parsons begins to design a huge telescope he

begins to design a huge telescope he

begins to design a huge telescope he hopes it will help solve one of the

hopes it will help solve one of the

hopes it will help solve one of the mysteries of deep space

astronomers observed strange luminous

astronomers observed strange luminous

astronomers observed strange luminous clouds

clouds

clouds Parsons wants to find out what they are

Parsons wants to find out what they are

Parsons wants to find out what they are made where they made up let's say of

made where they made up let's say of

made where they made up let's say of glowing particles of dust or gaseous

glowing particles of dust or gaseous

glowing particles of dust or gaseous matter or were they made up of infinite

matter or were they made up of infinite

matter or were they made up of infinite numbers of stars so far away that you

numbers of stars so far away that you

numbers of stars so far away that you couldn't see a single individual star

couldn't see a single individual star

couldn't see a single individual star and only emitted a weak light so what do

and only emitted a weak light so what do

and only emitted a weak light so what do you do you built a giant telescope

to have any chance of capturing the

to have any chance of capturing the

to have any chance of capturing the light from his face specs in sky

light from his face specs in sky

light from his face specs in sky Parsons needs a giant

in the time of William Parsons telescope

in the time of William Parsons telescope

in the time of William Parsons telescope mirrors are concave like shaving males

mirrors are concave like shaving males

mirrors are concave like shaving males laborious League round by

someone who knows all about mirrors is

someone who knows all about mirrors is

someone who knows all about mirrors is dr. Maggie

dr. Maggie

dr. Maggie adaran Pocock an engineer who fits the

adaran Pocock an engineer who fits the

adaran Pocock an engineer who fits the head to Space Telescope's since her

head to Space Telescope's since her

head to Space Telescope's since her teenage years she's been grinding her

teenage years she's been grinding her

teenage years she's been grinding her own telescope mirrors see with these two

own telescope mirrors see with these two

own telescope mirrors see with these two pieces of glass if he sprinkles some

pieces of glass if he sprinkles some

pieces of glass if he sprinkles some abrasive powder between them and then

abrasive powder between them and then

abrasive powder between them and then rub the two surfaces together if you

rub the two surfaces together if you

rub the two surfaces together if you keep on rubbing and rubbing and rubbing

keep on rubbing and rubbing and rubbing

keep on rubbing and rubbing and rubbing the two surface of the glass change

the two surface of the glass change

the two surface of the glass change shape the top one becomes concave and

shape the top one becomes concave and

shape the top one becomes concave and the bottom one becomes convex mirrors

the bottom one becomes convex mirrors

the bottom one becomes convex mirrors like this made by hand are actually some

like this made by hand are actually some

like this made by hand are actually some of the highest quality mirrors because

of the highest quality mirrors because

of the highest quality mirrors because of the random nature of the movement

of the random nature of the movement

of the random nature of the movement this random motion means that any slight

this random motion means that any slight

this random motion means that any slight mistakes will be smoothed out over time

mistakes will be smoothed out over time

mistakes will be smoothed out over time to create the perfect concave mirror

but Parsons Mira is too big to grind by

but Parsons Mira is too big to grind by

but Parsons Mira is too big to grind by hand so he designs a machine to the job

the metal

then he lowers in a boring selfish

then he lowers in a boring selfish

then he lowers in a boring selfish service and connects

which in turn shifts the blinding this

you

a second will disrupts the study this

a second will disrupts the study this

a second will disrupts the study this irregular motion replicates the

irregular motion replicates the

irregular motion replicates the randomness of the kind

you

the completed mirror is enclosed not

the completed mirror is enclosed not

the completed mirror is enclosed not this time in cargo but at the bottom of

this time in cargo but at the bottom of

this time in cargo but at the bottom of a great wooden tube 17 metres in length

a great wooden tube 17 metres in length

a great wooden tube 17 metres in length the tube is suspended on chains between

the tube is suspended on chains between

the tube is suspended on chains between two massive stone walls the counter

two massive stone walls the counter

two massive stone walls the counter words allow it to be lifted with ease

words allow it to be lifted with ease

words allow it to be lifted with ease towards the heavens

when this chalice note was opened in

when this chalice note was opened in

when this chalice note was opened in 1845 one of the great scientific events

1845 one of the great scientific events

1845 one of the great scientific events Victorian England the Great and the good

Victorian England the Great and the good

Victorian England the Great and the good were here scientists philosophers arts

were here scientists philosophers arts

were here scientists philosophers arts people and also to ordinary people

people and also to ordinary people

people and also to ordinary people it was the inauguration of our most

it was the inauguration of our most

it was the inauguration of our most wonderful great machines in the history

wonderful great machines in the history

wonderful great machines in the history of science

Parsons points his great machine and one

Parsons points his great machine and one

Parsons points his great machine and one of the mysterious luminous clouds in the

of the mysterious luminous clouds in the

of the mysterious luminous clouds in the sky sees not dust but stars

sky sees not dust but stars

sky sees not dust but stars today we know that he was looking at the

today we know that he was looking at the

today we know that he was looking at the end rahmatan nebula a galaxy laboring ro

end rahmatan nebula a galaxy laboring ro

end rahmatan nebula a galaxy laboring ro made up of billions of stars William

made up of billions of stars William

made up of billions of stars William Parsons telescope actually the great

Parsons telescope actually the great

Parsons telescope actually the great stimulus for the next great giant

stimulus for the next great giant

stimulus for the next great giant telescope of the early 20th century and

telescope of the early 20th century and

telescope of the early 20th century and of course into our own day and age

it's 1997 whilst the huge rotating

it's 1997 whilst the huge rotating

it's 1997 whilst the huge rotating enclosure a large binocular telescope is

enclosure a large binocular telescope is

enclosure a large binocular telescope is still under construction 150 miles away

still under construction 150 miles away

still under construction 150 miles away at the University of Arizona the team

at the University of Arizona the team

at the University of Arizona the team tasked with building the 8.4 meter white

tasked with building the 8.4 meter white

tasked with building the 8.4 meter white mirrors have tried to find a way to give

mirrors have tried to find a way to give

mirrors have tried to find a way to give them a particular curved shape called a

them a particular curved shape called a

them a particular curved shape called a parabola

creating a parabola glass is simple so

creating a parabola glass is simple so

creating a parabola glass is simple so long as you melt the glass first and

in here I've got some water which is

in here I've got some water which is

in here I've got some water which is representing the molten glass of the

representing the molten glass of the

representing the molten glass of the mirror so I don't reduce to spin it up

mirror so I don't reduce to spin it up

mirror so I don't reduce to spin it up gently and as it starts going faster and

gently and as it starts going faster and

gently and as it starts going faster and faster the centrifugal forces will move

faster the centrifugal forces will move

faster the centrifugal forces will move some of the fluid outwards and you get

some of the fluid outwards and you get

some of the fluid outwards and you get your nice parabolic shape

and there we have it the parabolic shape

to do this on a large scale technicians

to do this on a large scale technicians

to do this on a large scale technicians at the mirror lab build a giant rotating

at the mirror lab build a giant rotating

at the mirror lab build a giant rotating furnace into which they load 21 tons of

furnace into which they load 21 tons of

furnace into which they load 21 tons of glass

opticians have to check each piece of

opticians have to check each piece of

opticians have to check each piece of the important Japanese glass floors

the furnace heats the glass until it

the furnace heats the glass until it

the furnace heats the glass until it melts

melts

melts spinning at seven rotations

centrifugal forces push the molten glass

centrifugal forces push the molten glass

centrifugal forces push the molten glass into a parabola

into a parabola

into a parabola to maintain this shape as the mirror

to maintain this shape as the mirror

to maintain this shape as the mirror cools the furnace is kept spinning for

cools the furnace is kept spinning for

cools the furnace is kept spinning for another 12-week

next the mirrors are polished to create

next the mirrors are polished to create

next the mirrors are polished to create the perfect surface even today the

the perfect surface even today the

the perfect surface even today the polishing tool is designed to mimic the

polishing tool is designed to mimic the

polishing tool is designed to mimic the random action of the human hand

normally if you're doing it by hand if

normally if you're doing it by hand if

normally if you're doing it by hand if you're an amateur telescope maker you

you're an amateur telescope maker you

you're an amateur telescope maker you rub you have some kind of grip and you

rub you have some kind of grip and you

rub you have some kind of grip and you rub on this surface to make it as smooth

rub on this surface to make it as smooth

rub on this surface to make it as smooth as you can

as you can

as you can well this polishing tool accomplishes

well this polishing tool accomplishes

well this polishing tool accomplishes those same things it has pads that you

those same things it has pads that you

those same things it has pads that you apply to the surface of the mirror and

apply to the surface of the mirror and

apply to the surface of the mirror and it rubs the mirror these actuators apply

it rubs the mirror these actuators apply

it rubs the mirror these actuators apply a different amount of force moment to

a different amount of force moment to

a different amount of force moment to moment that changes the shape of that

moment that changes the shape of that

moment that changes the shape of that underlying surface that means that each

underlying surface that means that each

underlying surface that means that each pad is pushing down with a little

pad is pushing down with a little

pad is pushing down with a little different force and a little different

different force and a little different

different force and a little different angle of attack moment to moment as it

angle of attack moment to moment as it

angle of attack moment to moment as it goes over the surface of the glass in

goes over the surface of the glass in

goes over the surface of the glass in the final stages the polishing tool

the final stages the polishing tool

the final stages the polishing tool removes a layer of gloves just 100

removes a layer of gloves just 100

removes a layer of gloves just 100 abscence thick each time it passes

abscence thick each time it passes

abscence thick each time it passes across the desk

to complete the process a thin layer of

to complete the process a thin layer of

to complete the process a thin layer of aluminium must be applied to each disk

aluminium must be applied to each disk

aluminium must be applied to each disk to create the mirrored surface

Engineers place the glass disk inside a

Engineers place the glass disk inside a

Engineers place the glass disk inside a giant Belgium powerful palms suck out

giant Belgium powerful palms suck out

giant Belgium powerful palms suck out the air

the air

the air to create a flanking loosely on the side

to create a flanking loosely on the side

to create a flanking loosely on the side of the jet superheat small amounts of

as the liquid evaporates molecules of

as the liquid evaporates molecules of

as the liquid evaporates molecules of aluminum float through the chamber

aluminum float through the chamber

aluminum float through the chamber so the sense of cloud

the vacuum ensures the molecules spread

the vacuum ensures the molecules spread

the vacuum ensures the molecules spread evenly across the entire surface to

evenly across the entire surface to

evenly across the entire surface to create a flawless reflective mirror

when freshly coated the mirrors are able

when freshly coated the mirrors are able

when freshly coated the mirrors are able to capture over 90% of the light which

to capture over 90% of the light which

to capture over 90% of the light which enters the telescope after almost four

enters the telescope after almost four

enters the telescope after almost four years of spinning polishing and testing

years of spinning polishing and testing

years of spinning polishing and testing the mirrors are finished the outcome was

the mirrors are finished the outcome was

the mirrors are finished the outcome was spectacular the deviation from the

spectacular the deviation from the

spectacular the deviation from the perfect figure was about 25 nanometers

perfect figure was about 25 nanometers

perfect figure was about 25 nanometers that's about a millionth of an inch and

that's about a millionth of an inch and

that's about a millionth of an inch and it's as if the Atlantic Ocean had waves

it's as if the Atlantic Ocean had waves

it's as if the Atlantic Ocean had waves no bigger than one inch tall over the

no bigger than one inch tall over the

no bigger than one inch tall over the entire extent of that ocean so it's a

entire extent of that ocean so it's a

entire extent of that ocean so it's a beautiful surface and one that when we

beautiful surface and one that when we

beautiful surface and one that when we put it to use on the sky we see how good

put it to use on the sky we see how good

put it to use on the sky we see how good it is

back in 1845 the mirrors inside passes

back in 1845 the mirrors inside passes

back in 1845 the mirrors inside passes telescope enabled him to catch a glimpse

telescope enabled him to catch a glimpse

telescope enabled him to catch a glimpse of the faintest stars in the galaxy but

of the faintest stars in the galaxy but

of the faintest stars in the galaxy but to study distant stars in more detail

to study distant stars in more detail

to study distant stars in more detail astronomers building the 250 centimeter

astronomers building the 250 centimeter

astronomers building the 250 centimeter hook and telescope in California must

hook and telescope in California must

hook and telescope in California must find a way to follow them as they move

find a way to follow them as they move

find a way to follow them as they move through the night sky

at the start of the 20th century

at the start of the 20th century

at the start of the 20th century astronomers are trying to capture light

astronomers are trying to capture light

astronomers are trying to capture light from the stars so far away and so faint

from the stars so far away and so faint

from the stars so far away and so faint they can't be clearly resolved

they can't be clearly resolved

they can't be clearly resolved even when viewed through the most

even when viewed through the most

even when viewed through the most powerful telescope

the only way to see them is to

the only way to see them is to

the only way to see them is to photograph

when you start to build a telescope for

when you start to build a telescope for

when you start to build a telescope for photography you have to bear in mind

photography you have to bear in mind

photography you have to bear in mind that you have to get rid of all the

that you have to get rid of all the

that you have to get rid of all the natural little compensations the human

natural little compensations the human

natural little compensations the human perception makes the photographic plate

perception makes the photographic plate

perception makes the photographic plate is brutal it only records what hits it

is brutal it only records what hits it

is brutal it only records what hits it it filters nothing out the biggest

it filters nothing out the biggest

it filters nothing out the biggest challenge for the astronomers it's

challenge for the astronomers it's

challenge for the astronomers it's keeping these dim specks of light in the

keeping these dim specks of light in the

keeping these dim specks of light in the viewfinder for long enough to get an

viewfinder for long enough to get an

viewfinder for long enough to get an exposure

the problem is that since the nerve is

the problem is that since the nerve is

the problem is that since the nerve is constantly rotating and the stars stay

constantly rotating and the stars stay

constantly rotating and the stars stay relatively still the stars appear to

relatively still the stars appear to

relatively still the stars appear to move across the night sky and staying

move across the night sky and staying

move across the night sky and staying fixed on a single star is very difficult

Engineers come up with a plan they mount

Engineers come up with a plan they mount

Engineers come up with a plan they mount their telescope on a swiveling frame as

their telescope on a swiveling frame as

their telescope on a swiveling frame as the Earth spins they rotate the frame in

the Earth spins they rotate the frame in

the Earth spins they rotate the frame in the opposite direction this movement

the opposite direction this movement

the opposite direction this movement keeps the telescope locked on a single

keeps the telescope locked on a single

keeps the telescope locked on a single point in the night sky

but the telescope designers have to

but the telescope designers have to

but the telescope designers have to ensure the speed at which the frame

ensure the speed at which the frame

ensure the speed at which the frame rotates it's perfectly in time with the

rotates it's perfectly in time with the

rotates it's perfectly in time with the spinning earth if that telescope is not

spinning earth if that telescope is not

spinning earth if that telescope is not utterly precise as it moves then you get

utterly precise as it moves then you get

utterly precise as it moves then you get blurs on the photographic plates you

blurs on the photographic plates you

blurs on the photographic plates you don't get individual star images and

don't get individual star images and

don't get individual star images and blurs tell you nothing luckily for the

blurs tell you nothing luckily for the

blurs tell you nothing luckily for the astronomers a machine already exists

astronomers a machine already exists

astronomers a machine already exists which works in time the movement for

which works in time the movement for

which works in time the movement for every rotation of the planet the hour

every rotation of the planet the hour

every rotation of the planet the hour hand of a clock goes round the clock

hand of a clock goes round the clock

hand of a clock goes round the clock face twice so in 1906 the designers of

face twice so in 1906 the designers of

face twice so in 1906 the designers of the hooker telescope try using a clock

the hooker telescope try using a clock

the hooker telescope try using a clock mechanism to rotate their instrument

they use it to drive a giant flying five

they use it to drive a giant flying five

they use it to drive a giant flying five and a half meters in diameter

and a half meters in diameter

and a half meters in diameter it turns the 100-ton telescope in the

it turns the 100-ton telescope in the

it turns the 100-ton telescope in the opposite direction to the rotating turn

opposite direction to the rotating turn

opposite direction to the rotating turn with Flora's precision

so we've got something literally the

so we've got something literally the

so we've got something literally the size of a big machine much bigger than

size of a big machine much bigger than

size of a big machine much bigger than let's say an American railway locomotive

let's say an American railway locomotive

let's say an American railway locomotive or something like that it's moving with

or something like that it's moving with

or something like that it's moving with the accuracy of a watch it is Edwin

the accuracy of a watch it is Edwin

the accuracy of a watch it is Edwin Hubble who captures some of the most

Hubble who captures some of the most

Hubble who captures some of the most incredible images using the hooker

incredible images using the hooker

incredible images using the hooker telescopes camera

telescopes camera

telescopes camera this photograph a shot of the andromeda

this photograph a shot of the andromeda

this photograph a shot of the andromeda nebula revolutionized our understanding

nebula revolutionized our understanding

nebula revolutionized our understanding of universe hubble calculates that the

of universe hubble calculates that the

of universe hubble calculates that the nebula is around 1 million light years

nebula is around 1 million light years

nebula is around 1 million light years away much too distant to be part of our

away much too distant to be part of our

away much too distant to be part of our galaxy it must form a galaxy of its own

galaxy it must form a galaxy of its own

galaxy it must form a galaxy of its own Hubble is the first person to prove that

Hubble is the first person to prove that

Hubble is the first person to prove that ours is not the only galaxy in the

ours is not the only galaxy in the

ours is not the only galaxy in the universe but one of millions at the

universe but one of millions at the

universe but one of millions at the large binocular telescope in Arizona the

large binocular telescope in Arizona the

large binocular telescope in Arizona the mountaintop enclosure is now

mountaintop enclosure is now

mountaintop enclosure is now but before the two giant mirrors can be

but before the two giant mirrors can be

but before the two giant mirrors can be installed the team must affect the mat

installed the team must affect the mat

installed the team must affect the mat to allow them to move the telescope with

to allow them to move the telescope with

to allow them to move the telescope with flawless precision

usually a film of lubricating oil

usually a film of lubricating oil

usually a film of lubricating oil between the bearings would do the trick

and demonstrates I have here two plates

and demonstrates I have here two plates

and demonstrates I have here two plates of glass and they represent the actual

of glass and they represent the actual

of glass and they represent the actual bearings themselves on top of the

bearings themselves on top of the

bearings themselves on top of the bearing I put a five kilogram weight on

bearing I put a five kilogram weight on

bearing I put a five kilogram weight on these two plates of glass and they're

these two plates of glass and they're

these two plates of glass and they're touching and I now try and move the five

touching and I now try and move the five

touching and I now try and move the five kilogram weight by applying some force

kilogram weight by applying some force

kilogram weight by applying some force you'll notice that the stick initially

you'll notice that the stick initially

you'll notice that the stick initially bends and of course subsequently breaks

bends and of course subsequently breaks

bends and of course subsequently breaks now if we repeat the experiment but this

now if we repeat the experiment but this

now if we repeat the experiment but this time putting on a few drops of

time putting on a few drops of

time putting on a few drops of lubricating oil in between the glass

lubricating oil in between the glass

lubricating oil in between the glass plates if I now place the glass plate on

plates if I now place the glass plate on

plates if I now place the glass plate on top you'll notice that the oil spreads

top you'll notice that the oil spreads

top you'll notice that the oil spreads out into a very thin film we now put the

out into a very thin film we now put the

out into a very thin film we now put the weight on and we now try and push it and

weight on and we now try and push it and

weight on and we now try and push it and you'll notice that the lightest touch it

you'll notice that the lightest touch it

you'll notice that the lightest touch it slides off and falls off so this is the

slides off and falls off so this is the

slides off and falls off so this is the principle a very thin layer of oil with

principle a very thin layer of oil with

principle a very thin layer of oil with huge forces holding the molecules

huge forces holding the molecules

huge forces holding the molecules together these forces are able to

together these forces are able to

together these forces are able to withstand massive mechanical weights and

withstand massive mechanical weights and

withstand massive mechanical weights and thus the bearing is able to work but

thus the bearing is able to work but

thus the bearing is able to work but something as heavy as the large

something as heavy as the large

something as heavy as the large binocular telescope would squeeze out a

binocular telescope would squeeze out a

binocular telescope would squeeze out a layer

so engineers rest the c-shaped

so engineers rest the c-shaped

so engineers rest the c-shaped frame on four large path

and use high-pressure jets to shoot

and use high-pressure jets to shoot

and use high-pressure jets to shoot upwards towards the telescope this

upwards towards the telescope this

upwards towards the telescope this constantly replenishes the squeezed and

constantly replenishes the squeezed and

constantly replenishes the squeezed and Altoid

and provides a thin slippery film on

and provides a thin slippery film on

and provides a thin slippery film on which the telescope float

so here we see the motion of this giant

so here we see the motion of this giant

so here we see the motion of this giant structure as it moves in elevation it's

structure as it moves in elevation it's

structure as it moves in elevation it's the searing is like a rocking chair

the searing is like a rocking chair

the searing is like a rocking chair rocker to drive motors of about five

rocker to drive motors of about five

rocker to drive motors of about five horsepower each on either side are

horsepower each on either side are

horsepower each on either side are sufficient to move 500 tons of moving

sufficient to move 500 tons of moving

sufficient to move 500 tons of moving weight from Horizon flat out to zenith

weight from Horizon flat out to zenith

weight from Horizon flat out to zenith straight up in a minute

back in 1917 the hooker telescope with

back in 1917 the hooker telescope with

back in 1917 the hooker telescope with its precision tracking revealed secrets

its precision tracking revealed secrets

its precision tracking revealed secrets about the universe astronomers had never

about the universe astronomers had never

about the universe astronomers had never dreamed of but in their quest to see

dreamed of but in their quest to see

dreamed of but in their quest to see further astronomers would have to find a

further astronomers would have to find a

further astronomers would have to find a way to get above the urban globe

in the late 1920s Edwin Hubble is still

in the late 1920s Edwin Hubble is still

in the late 1920s Edwin Hubble is still measuring the distances to faraway

measuring the distances to faraway

measuring the distances to faraway galaxies and has noticed something

galaxies and has noticed something

galaxies and has noticed something strange the Stars seem to be moving away

strange the Stars seem to be moving away

strange the Stars seem to be moving away from each other this suggests that the

from each other this suggests that the

from each other this suggests that the universe is expanding

astronomers decide to build a telescope

astronomers decide to build a telescope

astronomers decide to build a telescope big enough to test Hubble's theory this

big enough to test Hubble's theory this

big enough to test Hubble's theory this telescope will have a mirror twice the

telescope will have a mirror twice the

telescope will have a mirror twice the size of any other there is only one

size of any other there is only one

size of any other there is only one glass

glass

glass the USA the required expertise to fill

the USA the required expertise to fill

the USA the required expertise to fill their

their

their but the works is on the East Coast oven

telescope just like today bright lights

telescope just like today bright lights

telescope just like today bright lights of cities such as New York or creating a

of cities such as New York or creating a

of cities such as New York or creating a glow in the skies above and this light

glow in the skies above and this light

glow in the skies above and this light pollution makes it difficult to see the

pollution makes it difficult to see the

pollution makes it difficult to see the stars

finally the designers find the perfect

finally the designers find the perfect

finally the designers find the perfect location a mountain so far away from

location a mountain so far away from

location a mountain so far away from city lights it has some of the darkest

city lights it has some of the darkest

city lights it has some of the darkest and clearest skies

and clearest skies

and clearest skies anywhere in America

the only problem is that the mountain is

the only problem is that the mountain is

the only problem is that the mountain is in California over 3,000 kilometers away

in California over 3,000 kilometers away

in California over 3,000 kilometers away from the Glass Works in New York State

from the Glass Works in New York State

from the Glass Works in New York State engineers will have to find a way of

engineers will have to find a way of

engineers will have to find a way of getting the mirror across America it was

getting the mirror across America it was

getting the mirror across America it was a major logistic exercise the whole

a major logistic exercise the whole

a major logistic exercise the whole thing made a great great deal and it was

thing made a great great deal and it was

thing made a great great deal and it was probably the most ambitious piece of

probably the most ambitious piece of

probably the most ambitious piece of glassmaking

glassmaking

glassmaking ever made of course the way of traveling

ever made of course the way of traveling

ever made of course the way of traveling in those days was the railway but there

in those days was the railway but there

in those days was the railway but there are no rail cars wide enough to

are no rail cars wide enough to

are no rail cars wide enough to transport the 5 meter wide

transport the 5 meter wide

transport the 5 meter wide flat

and standing the mirror upright would

and standing the mirror upright would

and standing the mirror upright would make it too high

to fit the mirror vertically on the car

to fit the mirror vertically on the car

to fit the mirror vertically on the car designers need to reduce the overall

designers need to reduce the overall

designers need to reduce the overall height they shrink the wheels by 18

height they shrink the wheels by 18

height they shrink the wheels by 18 centimeters

then they build a well in the middle of

then they build a well in the middle of

then they build a well in the middle of the car so the disc sits just above the

the car so the disc sits just above the

the car so the disc sits just above the rails they line the car with rubber to

rails they line the car with rubber to

rails they line the car with rubber to absorb shocks and way down with steel

absorb shocks and way down with steel

absorb shocks and way down with steel girders to prevent the top hemming

girders to prevent the top hemming

girders to prevent the top hemming carriage tipping over only now two

carriage tipping over only now two

carriage tipping over only now two engineers feel confident to embark on

engineers feel confident to embark on

engineers feel confident to embark on the perilous change as it crossed the

the perilous change as it crossed the

the perilous change as it crossed the continent people turned out in droves to

continent people turned out in droves to

continent people turned out in droves to watch it go past people were enchanted

watch it go past people were enchanted

watch it go past people were enchanted by this great spectacle this brilliant

by this great spectacle this brilliant

by this great spectacle this brilliant piece of American ingenuity

piece of American ingenuity

piece of American ingenuity crossing the continent but not everyone

crossing the continent but not everyone

crossing the continent but not everyone is enchanted with the mirror as the

is enchanted with the mirror as the

is enchanted with the mirror as the astronomer after whom the telescope is

astronomer after whom the telescope is

astronomer after whom the telescope is named soon discovers George Ellery Hale

named soon discovers George Ellery Hale

named soon discovers George Ellery Hale of course was the patron of the great

of course was the patron of the great

of course was the patron of the great instrument actually made the comment to

instrument actually made the comment to

instrument actually made the comment to an American newspaper that with this

an American newspaper that with this

an American newspaper that with this telescope you could perhaps he's so far

telescope you could perhaps he's so far

telescope you could perhaps he's so far back in time to the very earliest

back in time to the very earliest

back in time to the very earliest galaxies you may see the footprint of

galaxies you may see the footprint of

galaxies you may see the footprint of the creator you may see the very

the creator you may see the very

the creator you may see the very beginnings of the universe God's

beginnings of the universe God's

beginnings of the universe God's creation now rather sadly as it was

creation now rather sadly as it was

creation now rather sadly as it was being conveyed across the continent

being conveyed across the continent

being conveyed across the continent there were certain very very small

there were certain very very small

there were certain very very small fundamentalist groups that didn't like

fundamentalist groups that didn't like

fundamentalist groups that didn't like this idea

railroad engineers fear that fanatics

railroad engineers fear that fanatics

railroad engineers fear that fanatics will take potshots at the mirror as it

will take potshots at the mirror as it

will take potshots at the mirror as it travels across country

so they protected a bulletproof case

so they protected a bulletproof case

so they protected a bulletproof case made for six millimeter thick

by June 1948 the massive mirror is

by June 1948 the massive mirror is

by June 1948 the massive mirror is safely housed in santosha

astronomers begin to use it to test

astronomers begin to use it to test

astronomers begin to use it to test Hubble's theory that the universe is

Hubble's theory that the universe is

Hubble's theory that the universe is expanding perhaps the most important

expanding perhaps the most important

expanding perhaps the most important thing that the Hale telescope told us is

thing that the Hale telescope told us is

thing that the Hale telescope told us is that the universe had probably started

that the universe had probably started

that the universe had probably started from the Big Bang

the telescope collects enough data to

the telescope collects enough data to

the telescope collects enough data to show that all the stars in the universe

show that all the stars in the universe

show that all the stars in the universe are moving away from a single point

this suggests that everything in

this suggests that everything in

this suggests that everything in existence started at that one point and

existence started at that one point and

existence started at that one point and then a cataclysmic event propelled

then a cataclysmic event propelled

then a cataclysmic event propelled everything outwards this event was

everything outwards this event was

everything outwards this event was christened

23rd of October 2003 the astronomers at

23rd of October 2003 the astronomers at

23rd of October 2003 the astronomers at the LBG are eagerly awaiting the

the LBG are eagerly awaiting the

the LBG are eagerly awaiting the delivery of their giant mirrors

although they will not have to travel as

although they will not have to travel as

although they will not have to travel as far as Hales great disc the teams still

far as Hales great disc the teams still

far as Hales great disc the teams still have to transport them to the top of the

have to transport them to the top of the

have to transport them to the top of the mountain over 3,000 metres high this

mountain over 3,000 metres high this

mountain over 3,000 metres high this journey also runs the risk of being

journey also runs the risk of being

journey also runs the risk of being sabotaged but this time the threat

sabotaged but this time the threat

sabotaged but this time the threat doesn't come from religious

doesn't come from religious

doesn't come from religious fundamentalists it comes from

fundamentalists it comes from

fundamentalists it comes from environmentalists we're in the middle of

environmentalists we're in the middle of

environmentalists we're in the middle of a United States National Forest and when

a United States National Forest and when

a United States National Forest and when you drive into a National Forest

you drive into a National Forest

you drive into a National Forest boundary it says land of many uses and

boundary it says land of many uses and

boundary it says land of many uses and it turns out that different groups have

it turns out that different groups have

it turns out that different groups have different visions for what the use of

different visions for what the use of

different visions for what the use of this mountaintop should be

a group of militant environmentalists

a group of militant environmentalists

a group of militant environmentalists argue that the telescope has desecrated

argue that the telescope has desecrated

argue that the telescope has desecrated a national forest suddenly there Roth as

a national forest suddenly there Roth as

a national forest suddenly there Roth as a focus the mirror convoy

a police escort protects the precious

a police escort protects the precious

a police escort protects the precious load until it reaches the foot of the

load until it reaches the foot of the

load until it reaches the foot of the mountain once there the team face their

mountain once there the team face their

mountain once there the team face their biggest challenge

the road to the top isn't full of

the road to the top isn't full of

the road to the top isn't full of switchbacks and line of troops

movers can't cut back a single tree

they calculate that if they place the

they calculate that if they place the

they calculate that if they place the mirror box at an angle of 60 degrees the

mirror box at an angle of 60 degrees the

mirror box at an angle of 60 degrees the load will be narrow enough to fit

load will be narrow enough to fit

load will be narrow enough to fit between tree tracks and low enough to

between tree tracks and low enough to

between tree tracks and low enough to clear overhanging branches but with a

clear overhanging branches but with a

clear overhanging branches but with a treacherous climb ahead this precarious

treacherous climb ahead this precarious

treacherous climb ahead this precarious angle causes problems winter

such a high center of gravity the

such a high center of gravity the

such a high center of gravity the slightest tilt towards the load to tip

slightest tilt towards the load to tip

slightest tilt towards the load to tip flattening trees and destroying

to keep the trailer level

to keep the trailer level

to keep the trailer level fit hydraulic pistons

John the bangle

keep them at the correct angle times

near summit wind speeds which are

near summit wind speeds which are

near summit wind speeds which are unequal

give the cool battle on and the mirror

give the cool battle on and the mirror

give the cool battle on and the mirror makes it to the enclosure safe and sound

in three days they brought up the steel

in three days they brought up the steel

in three days they brought up the steel mirror cells at each of the primary

mirror cells at each of the primary

mirror cells at each of the primary mirrors when they were ready and

mirrors when they were ready and

mirrors when they were ready and everything arrived in perfect condition

everything arrived in perfect condition

everything arrived in perfect condition so it was a real it was an impressive

so it was a real it was an impressive

so it was a real it was an impressive challenge that was well met and not a

challenge that was well met and not a

challenge that was well met and not a single tree was damaged in the process

access to high ground gives astronomers

access to high ground gives astronomers

access to high ground gives astronomers a clearer view of the night sky

and at high altitude freezing nighttime

and at high altitude freezing nighttime

and at high altitude freezing nighttime temperatures create heaven they're

temperatures create heaven they're

temperatures create heaven they're delicate temperatures so to locate then

delicate temperatures so to locate then

delicate temperatures so to locate then you telescope higher than ever before

you telescope higher than ever before

you telescope higher than ever before Soviet engineers must find a cool

Soviet engineers must find a cool

Soviet engineers must find a cool solution to the problem

in 1966 the Hale telescope in America is

in 1966 the Hale telescope in America is

in 1966 the Hale telescope in America is still the biggest in the world and gives

still the biggest in the world and gives

still the biggest in the world and gives the u.s. an unrivaled view of the

the u.s. an unrivaled view of the

the u.s. an unrivaled view of the universe

not to be outdone the Soviet Union wants

not to be outdone the Soviet Union wants

not to be outdone the Soviet Union wants to go bigger higher and even more remote

to go bigger higher and even more remote

to go bigger higher and even more remote with the Bolshoi telescope they choose

with the Bolshoi telescope they choose

with the Bolshoi telescope they choose the Caucasus Mountains in South Russia

but nighttime temperatures up here for

but nighttime temperatures up here for

but nighttime temperatures up here for well

well

well - ten degrees Celsius

the thick metal walls of the telescope

the thick metal walls of the telescope

the thick metal walls of the telescope enclosure lock the heat from the

enclosure lock the heat from the

enclosure lock the heat from the afternoon Sun inside keeping the

afternoon Sun inside keeping the

afternoon Sun inside keeping the apparatus wore

but when the doors open for observation

but when the doors open for observation

but when the doors open for observation the cold night air rushes in causing the

the cold night air rushes in causing the

the cold night air rushes in causing the temperature to drop

this cools the mirror down and it begins

this cools the mirror down and it begins

this cools the mirror down and it begins to contract distorting the perfect

to contract distorting the perfect

to contract distorting the perfect surface and blurring the image dr.

surface and blurring the image dr.

surface and blurring the image dr. Maggie a daring Pocock explains how

Maggie a daring Pocock explains how

Maggie a daring Pocock explains how changing temperatures can throw out an

changing temperatures can throw out an

changing temperatures can throw out an astronomers readings now I've got this

astronomers readings now I've got this

astronomers readings now I've got this fruit bowl which represents my mirror

fruit bowl which represents my mirror

fruit bowl which represents my mirror what I need to do is going to make a

what I need to do is going to make a

what I need to do is going to make a parabola on this surface and to do that

parabola on this surface and to do that

parabola on this surface and to do that I'm going to apply a vacuum so now this

I'm going to apply a vacuum so now this

I'm going to apply a vacuum so now this curved surface represents the mirror of

curved surface represents the mirror of

curved surface represents the mirror of the telescope now we get light coming in

the telescope now we get light coming in

the telescope now we get light coming in from stars billions of miles away and

from stars billions of miles away and

from stars billions of miles away and that's represented by these lasers so

that's represented by these lasers so

that's represented by these lasers so just tweak this on and I've got them

just tweak this on and I've got them

just tweak this on and I've got them reflecting onto the parabolic mirror and

reflecting onto the parabolic mirror and

reflecting onto the parabolic mirror and I can see that can bring the light into

I can see that can bring the light into

I can see that can bring the light into a nice tight focus so I bring this

a nice tight focus so I bring this

a nice tight focus so I bring this screen in now I've got the two points of

screen in now I've got the two points of

screen in now I've got the two points of light focus together on the telescope

light focus together on the telescope

light focus together on the telescope I've got a nice sharp image the problem

I've got a nice sharp image the problem

I've got a nice sharp image the problem is if I introduce some heat to the

is if I introduce some heat to the

is if I introduce some heat to the mirror the two spots of light

mirror the two spots of light

mirror the two spots of light lose focus they separate and that

lose focus they separate and that

lose focus they separate and that results in a blurry image which is

results in a blurry image which is

results in a blurry image which is useless for astronomy now I've taken the

useless for astronomy now I've taken the

useless for astronomy now I've taken the heat away from the telescope so this

heat away from the telescope so this

heat away from the telescope so this could be opened up the dome in the

could be opened up the dome in the

could be opened up the dome in the evening but the two points of light are

evening but the two points of light are

evening but the two points of light are still separated because I'll take a long

still separated because I'll take a long

still separated because I'll take a long time to recover and so this is just a

time to recover and so this is just a

time to recover and so this is just a fruit bowl but if we scale this up to a

fruit bowl but if we scale this up to a

fruit bowl but if we scale this up to a telescope 6 metres in diameter we're

telescope 6 metres in diameter we're

telescope 6 metres in diameter we're talking a long time to bring those two

talking a long time to bring those two

talking a long time to bring those two points of light back into focus and

points of light back into focus and

points of light back into focus and that's one of the problems we

that's one of the problems we

that's one of the problems we experienced on the telus game

experienced on the telus game

experienced on the telus game to solve this problem Soviet engineers

to solve this problem Soviet engineers

to solve this problem Soviet engineers all showing telescope must keep the

all showing telescope must keep the

all showing telescope must keep the temperature of them near a constant

they installed next door to them done

fans suck in a relatively warm daytime

fans suck in a relatively warm daytime

fans suck in a relatively warm daytime and shoot it over pipe the content

and shoot it over pipe the content

and shoot it over pipe the content guys

this calls the air down tonight type

this calls the air down tonight type

this calls the air down tonight type temperature

hunts down propel the cooler air into

hunts down propel the cooler air into

hunts down propel the cooler air into the dome reducing the temperature to

the dome reducing the temperature to

the dome reducing the temperature to match conditions outdoors when he

match conditions outdoors when he

match conditions outdoors when he enclosure opens in the lead

astronomers at the large binocular

astronomers at the large binocular

astronomers at the large binocular telescope in Arizona share the same

telescope in Arizona share the same

telescope in Arizona share the same concerns as their Russian counterparts

we are on the top of a ten thousand five

we are on the top of a ten thousand five

we are on the top of a ten thousand five hundred foot summit which has a very

hundred foot summit which has a very

hundred foot summit which has a very continental American climate in

continental American climate in

continental American climate in wintertime it gets down to single digits

wintertime it gets down to single digits

wintertime it gets down to single digits in Fahrenheit - 15 16 centigrade with a

in Fahrenheit - 15 16 centigrade with a

in Fahrenheit - 15 16 centigrade with a good stiff wind and in the summertime it

good stiff wind and in the summertime it

good stiff wind and in the summertime it can be as balmy as 60 or 65 fahrenheit

can be as balmy as 60 or 65 fahrenheit

can be as balmy as 60 or 65 fahrenheit in the upper 20s centigrade rather than

in the upper 20s centigrade rather than

in the upper 20s centigrade rather than cooling the whole building the engineers

cooling the whole building the engineers

cooling the whole building the engineers decide to simply cool the mirror itself

they take advantage of honeycomb-like

they take advantage of honeycomb-like

they take advantage of honeycomb-like cavities built into the back

they shoot cold air from tiny jets

they shoot cold air from tiny jets

they shoot cold air from tiny jets intimate

this cools the mirror from the inside

this cools the mirror from the inside

this cools the mirror from the inside keeping the temperature constant and

keeping the temperature constant and

keeping the temperature constant and preventing the front plate of impending

that allows us within a very short time

that allows us within a very short time

that allows us within a very short time to get the front plate that one-inch

to get the front plate that one-inch

to get the front plate that one-inch thick plate of glass that forms the

thick plate of glass that forms the

thick plate of glass that forms the perfect surface of the mirror to be an

perfect surface of the mirror to be an

perfect surface of the mirror to be an equilibrium with its surroundings

back in 1975 air-conditioned mirrors

back in 1975 air-conditioned mirrors

back in 1975 air-conditioned mirrors allowed astronomers of the bolshoi

allowed astronomers of the bolshoi

allowed astronomers of the bolshoi telescope to make accurate observations

telescope to make accurate observations

telescope to make accurate observations on even the coldest nights only one more

on even the coldest nights only one more

on even the coldest nights only one more obstacle now stands in the way of the

obstacle now stands in the way of the

obstacle now stands in the way of the perfect view of the universe to build a

perfect view of the universe to build a

perfect view of the universe to build a large binocular telescope in Arizona

large binocular telescope in Arizona

large binocular telescope in Arizona astronomers need to find a way of

astronomers need to find a way of

astronomers need to find a way of clearing a path through the Earth's

clearing a path through the Earth's

clearing a path through the Earth's dense atmosphere when we look up at the

dense atmosphere when we look up at the

dense atmosphere when we look up at the night sky we often see stars twinkling

night sky we often see stars twinkling

night sky we often see stars twinkling now this is very beautiful for us but

now this is very beautiful for us but

now this is very beautiful for us but it's a real pain for astronomers the

it's a real pain for astronomers the

it's a real pain for astronomers the twinkling is caused by atmospheric

twinkling is caused by atmospheric

twinkling is caused by atmospheric turbulence light actually travels faster

turbulence light actually travels faster

turbulence light actually travels faster through hot pockets rather than cold

through hot pockets rather than cold

through hot pockets rather than cold pockets there and this causes the

pockets there and this causes the

pockets there and this causes the twinkling what I've got set up here is a

twinkling what I've got set up here is a

twinkling what I've got set up here is a laser reflecting off this flat mirror

laser reflecting off this flat mirror

laser reflecting off this flat mirror onto this piece of card now if I tell

onto this piece of card now if I tell

onto this piece of card now if I tell the laser on is here we get a nice

the laser on is here we get a nice

the laser on is here we get a nice steady spot of light now let's introduce

steady spot of light now let's introduce

steady spot of light now let's introduce some turbulence

some turbulence

some turbulence Maggie places a flame beneath the part

Maggie places a flame beneath the part

Maggie places a flame beneath the part of the light to create pockets of hot

of the light to create pockets of hot

of the light to create pockets of hot air or turbulence we can see now that

air or turbulence we can see now that

air or turbulence we can see now that the spot of light isn't steady anymore

the spot of light isn't steady anymore

the spot of light isn't steady anymore it's moving around or twinkling and

it's moving around or twinkling and

it's moving around or twinkling and that's the a problem that astronomers

that's the a problem that astronomers

that's the a problem that astronomers face light rays from stars travel

face light rays from stars travel

face light rays from stars travel through space like waves these waves are

through space like waves these waves are

through space like waves these waves are always parallel or in phase with each

always parallel or in phase with each

always parallel or in phase with each other

without the atmosphere the ways of light

without the atmosphere the ways of light

without the atmosphere the ways of light we've reached telescopes on earth in

we've reached telescopes on earth in

we've reached telescopes on earth in phase telescope mirrors would be able to

phase telescope mirrors would be able to

phase telescope mirrors would be able to focus the light to create a crystal

focus the light to create a crystal

focus the light to create a crystal clear image of the star

however as a band of light waves it is

however as a band of light waves it is

however as a band of light waves it is the earth and the waves passing from

the earth and the waves passing from

the earth and the waves passing from areas of what a scanner

areas of what a scanner

areas of what a scanner while those possible colder air this

while those possible colder air this

while those possible colder air this means when they reach telescopes on

means when they reach telescopes on

means when they reach telescopes on ground

ground

ground the waves are out of phase with one

the waves are out of phase with one

the waves are out of phase with one another leading to the image being

another leading to the image being

another leading to the image being blurred

telescope designers soon realized that

telescope designers soon realized that

telescope designers soon realized that putting their observatories on top of

putting their observatories on top of

putting their observatories on top of mountains is only going halfway to

mountains is only going halfway to

mountains is only going halfway to solving the problems caused by the

solving the problems caused by the

solving the problems caused by the Earth's atmosphere

in a radical move astronomers decide to

in a radical move astronomers decide to

in a radical move astronomers decide to eliminate the problem real together and

eliminate the problem real together and

eliminate the problem real together and liftoff of the space shuttle discovery's

liftoff of the space shuttle discovery's

liftoff of the space shuttle discovery's their bottom plate and fasten a

their bottom plate and fasten a

their bottom plate and fasten a telescope to a space room

why do you want to put a telescope in

why do you want to put a telescope in

why do you want to put a telescope in space the real reason is is totally free

space the real reason is is totally free

space the real reason is is totally free from all atmospheric and terrestrial

from all atmospheric and terrestrial

from all atmospheric and terrestrial interference it's working in pure vacuum

interference it's working in pure vacuum

interference it's working in pure vacuum conditions and you have perfect seeing

conditions and you have perfect seeing

conditions and you have perfect seeing all the time and that's worth the

all the time and that's worth the

all the time and that's worth the engineering and in my Beauregard's

engineering and in my Beauregard's

engineering and in my Beauregard's corporation in 1990 a space shuttle

corporation in 1990 a space shuttle

corporation in 1990 a space shuttle discovery carries the Hubble Space

discovery carries the Hubble Space

discovery carries the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit Discovery's

Telescope into orbit Discovery's

Telescope into orbit Discovery's velocity now 4,300 feet per second

velocity now 4,300 feet per second

velocity now 4,300 feet per second floating over 500 kilometers above the

floating over 500 kilometers above the

floating over 500 kilometers above the Earth's surface

Earth's surface

Earth's surface Hubble is free the amusia story even

Hubble is free the amusia story even

Hubble is free the amusia story even with a scaled-down mirror Hubble

with a scaled-down mirror Hubble

with a scaled-down mirror Hubble produces breathtaking images of deep

produces breathtaking images of deep

produces breathtaking images of deep space

space

space of one momentous photograph the

of one momentous photograph the

of one momentous photograph the astronomers deliberately train their

astronomers deliberately train their

astronomers deliberately train their telescope on a patch of sky that looks

telescope on a patch of sky that looks

telescope on a patch of sky that looks empty

for an exposure lasting almost a million

for an exposure lasting almost a million

for an exposure lasting almost a million seconds

this is the result the deepest image of

this is the result the deepest image of

this is the result the deepest image of the visible universe everting

the visible universe everting

the visible universe everting what appeared to be a void contains ten

what appeared to be a void contains ten

what appeared to be a void contains ten thousand galaxies each with as many as

thousand galaxies each with as many as

thousand galaxies each with as many as ten billion stars

but for all its undeniable qualities

but for all its undeniable qualities

but for all its undeniable qualities Hubble has a serious flaw Mui if one of

Hubble has a serious flaw Mui if one of

Hubble has a serious flaw Mui if one of its instruments fails in orbit engineers

its instruments fails in orbit engineers

its instruments fails in orbit engineers have to send up a shuttle to fix out of

have to send up a shuttle to fix out of

have to send up a shuttle to fix out of that line finally I watch in here the I

that line finally I watch in here the I

that line finally I watch in here the I amuse look good the perfect tellus

amuse look good the perfect tellus

amuse look good the perfect tellus ecology would be land-based yet somehow

ecology would be land-based yet somehow

ecology would be land-based yet somehow able to see through the turbulent

able to see through the turbulent

able to see through the turbulent atmosphere engineers at the large

atmosphere engineers at the large

atmosphere engineers at the large binocular telescope think they have hit

binocular telescope think they have hit

binocular telescope think they have hit upon a way to get crystal-clear images

upon a way to get crystal-clear images

upon a way to get crystal-clear images of deep space from the ground their idea

of deep space from the ground their idea

of deep space from the ground their idea is to measure the extent to which the

is to measure the extent to which the

is to measure the extent to which the light is distorted by the atmosphere and

light is distorted by the atmosphere and

light is distorted by the atmosphere and deliberately to form a second set of

deliberately to form a second set of

deliberately to form a second set of mirrors to cancel out the effect

these small memories will sit above the

these small memories will sit above the

these small memories will sit above the main telescope

behind them will be hundreds of

behind them will be hundreds of

behind them will be hundreds of motorized pissed

these will push and pull

these will push and pull

these will push and pull there is service by a tiny amount

there is service by a tiny amount

there is service by a tiny amount the waves of life

in the light waves are bounced off of

in the light waves are bounced off of

in the light waves are bounced off of focused into the camera perfect in

focused into the camera perfect in

focused into the camera perfect in parallel and backing fails

this will allow the LBT to produce

this will allow the LBT to produce

this will allow the LBT to produce images ten times sharper than the Hubble

images ten times sharper than the Hubble

images ten times sharper than the Hubble Space Telescope

when this system is the astronomers will

when this system is the astronomers will

when this system is the astronomers will be able to see straight through the

be able to see straight through the

be able to see straight through the atmosphere as if it did not exist - they

atmosphere as if it did not exist - they

atmosphere as if it did not exist - they will not only be able to see distant

will not only be able to see distant

will not only be able to see distant stars but the planets orbitting

by examining these distant worlds they

by examining these distant worlds they

by examining these distant worlds they hope to learn

hope to learn

hope to learn and how life on a

telescope is one of the Tron

telescope is one of the Tron

telescope is one of the Tron one's science indebted to the

one's science indebted to the

one's science indebted to the innovations daring in the past this is

innovations daring in the past this is

innovations daring in the past this is the

the

the - not window