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{\an1}expands 3,000 meters above the Arizona
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{\an1}expands 3,000 meters above the Arizona
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{\an1}expands 3,000 meters above the Arizona
desert gazing into the night sky
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{\an1}
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{\an1}it's giant mirrors can pick up light
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{\an1}it's giant mirrors can pick up light
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{\an1}it's giant mirrors can pick up light
from stars 9 billion light years away
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{\an1}
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{\an1}thanks to it astronomers can see further
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{\an1}thanks to it astronomers can see further
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{\an1}thanks to it astronomers can see further
into space than ever before
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{\an1}
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{\an1}the large binocular telescope is the
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{\an1}the large binocular telescope is the
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{\an1}the large binocular telescope is the
biggest optical telescope on the planet
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{\an1}biggest optical telescope on the planet
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{\an1}biggest optical telescope on the planet
and the culmination
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{\an1}and the culmination
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{\an1}and the culmination
300 years of engineering genius it owes
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{\an1}300 years of engineering genius it owes
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{\an1}300 years of engineering genius it owes
its success to six historic advances in
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{\an1}its success to six historic advances in
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{\an1}its success to six historic advances in
the telescope world
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{\an1}
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{\an1}at the heart of each lies a major
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{\an1}at the heart of each lies a major
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{\an1}at the heart of each lies a major
technological innovation eldest Rana
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{\an1}technological innovation eldest Rana
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{\an1}technological innovation eldest Rana
MERS to build bigger telescopes one
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{\an1}
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{\an1}allowed them to grow ever lodge
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{\an1}
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{\an1}six ingenious leagues for
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{\an1}six ingenious leagues for
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{\an1}six ingenious leagues for
enabled telescopes to grow
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{\an1}
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{\an1}- bigger
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{\an1}- bigger
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{\an1}- bigger
it's the world's best
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{\an1}
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{\an1}
you
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{\an1}
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{\an1}as the Sun sets over the outside
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{\an1}as the Sun sets over the outside
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{\an1}as the Sun sets over the outside
desert the large binocular telescope or
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{\an1}desert the large binocular telescope or
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{\an1}desert the large binocular telescope or
LBT moves effortlessly into position
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{\an1}
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{\an1}poverty is david astronomers make their
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{\an1}poverty is david astronomers make their
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{\an1}poverty is david astronomers make their
final checks observation is about
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{\an1}
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{\an1}tonight a team of astronomers led by dr.
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{\an1}tonight a team of astronomers led by dr.
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{\an1}tonight a team of astronomers led by dr.
Richard Greene with gaze inside galaxies
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{\an1}Richard Greene with gaze inside galaxies
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{\an1}Richard Greene with gaze inside galaxies
on another side of our universe we can
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{\an1}on another side of our universe we can
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{\an1}on another side of our universe we can
look into the cocoons in which new stars
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{\an1}look into the cocoons in which new stars
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{\an1}look into the cocoons in which new stars
and planetary systems are being formed
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{\an1}and planetary systems are being formed
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{\an1}and planetary systems are being formed
we can look into the hearts of nearby
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{\an1}we can look into the hearts of nearby
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{\an1}we can look into the hearts of nearby
galaxies and we can look at the
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{\an1}galaxies and we can look at the
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{\an1}galaxies and we can look at the
constituent pieces of galaxies
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{\an1}constituent pieces of galaxies
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{\an1}constituent pieces of galaxies
information these observations will help
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{\an1}information these observations will help
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{\an1}information these observations will help
them understand our own soul
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{\an1}
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{\an1}the LBT is the ultimate leap in a series
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{\an1}the LBT is the ultimate leap in a series
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{\an1}the LBT is the ultimate leap in a series
of historic engineering breakthroughs
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{\an1}
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{\an1}to understand how astronomers were able
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{\an1}to understand how astronomers were able
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{\an1}to understand how astronomers were able
to see so far into space we must step
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{\an1}to see so far into space we must step
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{\an1}to see so far into space we must step
back in time
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{\an1}
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{\an1}our story begins in 17th century England
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{\an1}our story begins in 17th century England
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{\an1}our story begins in 17th century England
with an earth-shattering invention the
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{\an1}with an earth-shattering invention the
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{\an1}with an earth-shattering invention the
reflecting telescope
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{\an1}
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{\an1}Cambridge University 1669
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{\an1}
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{\an1}and brilliant 26 year old mathematician
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{\an1}and brilliant 26 year old mathematician
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{\an1}and brilliant 26 year old mathematician
is starting to think about the universe
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{\an1}
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{\an1}Sir Isaac Newton is one of the most
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{\an1}Sir Isaac Newton is one of the most
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{\an1}Sir Isaac Newton is one of the most
remarkable scientists who ever lived he
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{\an1}remarkable scientists who ever lived he
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{\an1}remarkable scientists who ever lived he
was capable of addressing a problem and
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{\an1}was capable of addressing a problem and
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{\an1}was capable of addressing a problem and
worrying it and worrying it for months
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{\an1}worrying it and worrying it for months
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{\an1}worrying it and worrying it for months
and years on end many people of course
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{\an1}and years on end many people of course
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{\an1}and years on end many people of course
get bored with something or give
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{\an1}get bored with something or give
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{\an1}get bored with something or give
something up
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{\an1}something up
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{\an1}something up
he had that extraordinary persistence
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{\an1}he had that extraordinary persistence
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{\an1}he had that extraordinary persistence
and he starts to work on a number of key
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{\an1}and he starts to work on a number of key
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{\an1}and he starts to work on a number of key
problems in physics one such problem is
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{\an1}problems in physics one such problem is
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{\an1}problems in physics one such problem is
the performance of the telescope
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{\an1}
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{\an1}astronomers want to study the planets of
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{\an1}astronomers want to study the planets of
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{\an1}astronomers want to study the planets of
the solar system but their telescopes
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{\an1}the solar system but their telescopes
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{\an1}the solar system but their telescopes
aren't up to the job to see these faint
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{\an1}aren't up to the job to see these faint
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{\an1}aren't up to the job to see these faint
distant objects in the night sky
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{\an1}distant objects in the night sky
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{\an1}distant objects in the night sky
telescopes will have to capture more
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{\an1}telescopes will have to capture more
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{\an1}telescopes will have to capture more
light and for this they will need bigger
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{\an1}light and for this they will need bigger
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{\an1}light and for this they will need bigger
lenses the purpose of the lens is to
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{\an1}lenses the purpose of the lens is to
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{\an1}lenses the purpose of the lens is to
focus
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{\an1}
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{\an1}but a bigger lens leads to big problems
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{\an1}but a bigger lens leads to big problems
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{\an1}but a bigger lens leads to big problems
for the early astronomers Newton had
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{\an1}for the early astronomers Newton had
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{\an1}for the early astronomers Newton had
discovered that shining light through a
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{\an1}discovered that shining light through a
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{\an1}discovered that shining light through a
piece of glass bends the light and
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{\an1}piece of glass bends the light and
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{\an1}piece of glass bends the light and
splits it into different colors the same
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{\an1}splits it into different colors the same
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{\an1}splits it into different colors the same
thing happens when light is passed
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{\an1}thing happens when light is passed
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{\an1}thing happens when light is passed
through a glass lens but the lens brings
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{\an1}through a glass lens but the lens brings
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{\an1}through a glass lens but the lens brings
each colored focus at a different point
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{\an1}each colored focus at a different point
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{\an1}each colored focus at a different point
these multiple points of focus cause the
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{\an1}these multiple points of focus cause the
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{\an1}these multiple points of focus cause the
image to appear blurred the bigger the
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{\an1}image to appear blurred the bigger the
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{\an1}image to appear blurred the bigger the
lens the more the image will appear are
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{\an1}lens the more the image will appear are
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{\an1}lens the more the image will appear are
to focus in this Cambridge study Isaac
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{\an1}to focus in this Cambridge study Isaac
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{\an1}to focus in this Cambridge study Isaac
Newton believes he's found an answer to
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{\an1}Newton believes he's found an answer to
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{\an1}Newton believes he's found an answer to
the problem
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{\an1}the problem
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{\an1}the problem
a way to make a telescope which produces
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{\an1}a way to make a telescope which produces
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{\an1}a way to make a telescope which produces
crystal-clear images without the colors
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{\an1}crystal-clear images without the colors
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{\an1}crystal-clear images without the colors
blurring he removes the Troublesome lens
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{\an1}blurring he removes the Troublesome lens
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{\an1}blurring he removes the Troublesome lens
and replaces it with something entirely
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{\an1}and replaces it with something entirely
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{\an1}and replaces it with something entirely
different
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{\an1}different
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{\an1}different
this is the world's first reflecting
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{\an1}this is the world's first reflecting
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{\an1}this is the world's first reflecting
telescope made by the young Sir Isaac
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{\an1}telescope made by the young Sir Isaac
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{\an1}telescope made by the young Sir Isaac
Newton in 1671 he made it in his rooms
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{\an1}Newton in 1671 he made it in his rooms
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{\an1}Newton in 1671 he made it in his rooms
in Cambridge from perfectly acceptable
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{\an1}in Cambridge from perfectly acceptable
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{\an1}in Cambridge from perfectly acceptable
ordinary materials of the name cardboard
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{\an1}ordinary materials of the name cardboard
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{\an1}ordinary materials of the name cardboard
tubes a wooden ball to do the adjusting
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{\an1}tubes a wooden ball to do the adjusting
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{\an1}tubes a wooden ball to do the adjusting
with but O'Meara
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{\an1}with but O'Meara
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{\an1}with but O'Meara
replaces the lens dum here
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{\an1}
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{\an1}Newton's mirror is a metal disk polished
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{\an1}Newton's mirror is a metal disk polished
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{\an1}Newton's mirror is a metal disk polished
into a concave shape it reflects the
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{\an1}into a concave shape it reflects the
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{\an1}into a concave shape it reflects the
light from distant objects to a single
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{\an1}light from distant objects to a single
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{\an1}light from distant objects to a single
point a second small amount then bounces
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{\an1}point a second small amount then bounces
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{\an1}point a second small amount then bounces
the light into an eyepiece because the
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{\an1}the light into an eyepiece because the
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{\an1}the light into an eyepiece because the
light does not pass through a thick lens
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{\an1}light does not pass through a thick lens
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{\an1}light does not pass through a thick lens
there is no separation of colors and the
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{\an1}there is no separation of colors and the
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{\an1}there is no separation of colors and the
image is not alone
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{\an1}
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{\an1}by reflecting the light Newton's
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{\an1}by reflecting the light Newton's
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{\an1}by reflecting the light Newton's
telescope produces the sharpest images
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{\an1}telescope produces the sharpest images
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{\an1}telescope produces the sharpest images
in the world and that telescope made
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{\an1}in the world and that telescope made
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{\an1}in the world and that telescope made
people's jaws drop in the Royal Society
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{\an1}people's jaws drop in the Royal Society
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{\an1}people's jaws drop in the Royal Society
in January 16 72 because it was more
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{\an1}in January 16 72 because it was more
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{\an1}in January 16 72 because it was more
powerful and gave a better and clearer
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{\an1}powerful and gave a better and clearer
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{\an1}powerful and gave a better and clearer
image and a conventional telescope of 6
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{\an1}image and a conventional telescope of 6
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{\an1}image and a conventional telescope of 6
feet long from this point onwards the
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{\an1}feet long from this point onwards the
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{\an1}feet long from this point onwards the
story of how telescopes evolved is a
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{\an1}story of how telescopes evolved is a
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{\an1}story of how telescopes evolved is a
story of mirrors not lenses getting
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{\an1}story of mirrors not lenses getting
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{\an1}story of mirrors not lenses getting
bigger
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{\an1}
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{\an1}in the world of telescopes size matters
226
00:07:37,939 --> 00:07:37,949
{\an1}in the world of telescopes size matters
227
00:07:37,949 --> 00:07:40,879
{\an1}in the world of telescopes size matters
the larger the mirror the more light it
228
00:07:40,879 --> 00:07:40,889
{\an1}the larger the mirror the more light it
229
00:07:40,889 --> 00:07:44,390
{\an1}the larger the mirror the more light it
can capture the mirrors of the large
230
00:07:44,390 --> 00:07:44,400
{\an1}can capture the mirrors of the large
231
00:07:44,400 --> 00:07:47,120
{\an1}can capture the mirrors of the large
binocular telescope are as big as they
232
00:07:47,120 --> 00:07:47,130
{\an1}binocular telescope are as big as they
233
00:07:47,130 --> 00:07:47,710
{\an1}binocular telescope are as big as they
come
234
00:07:47,710 --> 00:07:47,720
{\an1}come
235
00:07:47,720 --> 00:07:52,850
{\an1}come
this telescope consists of two 8.4 meter
236
00:07:52,850 --> 00:07:52,860
{\an1}this telescope consists of two 8.4 meter
237
00:07:52,860 --> 00:07:57,860
{\an1}this telescope consists of two 8.4 meter
primary mirrors they collect the
238
00:07:57,860 --> 00:07:57,870
{\an1}primary mirrors they collect the
239
00:07:57,870 --> 00:08:00,230
{\an1}primary mirrors they collect the
Starlight falling on the earth bring
240
00:08:00,230 --> 00:08:00,240
{\an1}Starlight falling on the earth bring
241
00:08:00,240 --> 00:08:03,559
{\an1}Starlight falling on the earth bring
them to a focus so we can grasp the very
242
00:08:03,559 --> 00:08:03,569
{\an1}them to a focus so we can grasp the very
243
00:08:03,569 --> 00:08:05,659
{\an1}them to a focus so we can grasp the very
faint signals from these very distant
244
00:08:05,659 --> 00:08:05,669
{\an1}faint signals from these very distant
245
00:08:05,669 --> 00:08:13,460
{\an1}faint signals from these very distant
objects by using the mirrors in tandem
246
00:08:13,460 --> 00:08:13,470
{\an1}objects by using the mirrors in tandem
247
00:08:13,470 --> 00:08:15,650
{\an1}objects by using the mirrors in tandem
the astronomers are able to gather twice
248
00:08:15,650 --> 00:08:15,660
{\an1}the astronomers are able to gather twice
249
00:08:15,660 --> 00:08:22,620
{\an1}the astronomers are able to gather twice
as much light
250
00:08:22,620 --> 00:08:22,630
{\an1}
251
00:08:22,630 --> 00:08:25,050
{\an1}the light is reflected of the surface
252
00:08:25,050 --> 00:08:25,060
{\an1}the light is reflected of the surface
253
00:08:25,060 --> 00:08:31,250
{\an1}the light is reflected of the surface
each mirror to a single focal point
254
00:08:31,250 --> 00:08:31,260
{\an1}
255
00:08:31,260 --> 00:08:34,190
{\an1}of highly sensitive digital cameras each
256
00:08:34,190 --> 00:08:34,200
{\an1}of highly sensitive digital cameras each
257
00:08:34,200 --> 00:08:37,280
{\an1}of highly sensitive digital cameras each
costing over 1 million dollars then pick
258
00:08:37,280 --> 00:08:37,290
{\an1}costing over 1 million dollars then pick
259
00:08:37,290 --> 00:08:41,730
{\an1}costing over 1 million dollars then pick
up this
260
00:08:41,730 --> 00:08:41,740
{\an1}
261
00:08:41,740 --> 00:08:46,030
{\an1}this is not like commercial CCD camera
262
00:08:46,030 --> 00:08:46,040
{\an1}this is not like commercial CCD camera
263
00:08:46,040 --> 00:08:49,060
{\an1}this is not like commercial CCD camera
that you can buy it's optimized for very
264
00:08:49,060 --> 00:08:49,070
{\an1}that you can buy it's optimized for very
265
00:08:49,070 --> 00:08:53,890
{\an1}that you can buy it's optimized for very
low light it has four nine megapixel CCD
266
00:08:53,890 --> 00:08:53,900
{\an1}low light it has four nine megapixel CCD
267
00:08:53,900 --> 00:08:56,920
{\an1}low light it has four nine megapixel CCD
chips in it that record a field of view
268
00:08:56,920 --> 00:08:56,930
{\an1}chips in it that record a field of view
269
00:08:56,930 --> 00:08:59,380
{\an1}chips in it that record a field of view
about the size of the full moon they're
270
00:08:59,380 --> 00:08:59,390
{\an1}about the size of the full moon they're
271
00:08:59,390 --> 00:09:02,140
{\an1}about the size of the full moon they're
in a vacuum can they're cooled to liquid
272
00:09:02,140 --> 00:09:02,150
{\an1}in a vacuum can they're cooled to liquid
273
00:09:02,150 --> 00:09:03,940
{\an1}in a vacuum can they're cooled to liquid
nitrogen temperatures and they're
274
00:09:03,940 --> 00:09:03,950
{\an1}nitrogen temperatures and they're
275
00:09:03,950 --> 00:09:05,980
{\an1}nitrogen temperatures and they're
exceedingly sensitive at low light
276
00:09:05,980 --> 00:09:05,990
{\an1}exceedingly sensitive at low light
277
00:09:05,990 --> 00:09:10,600
{\an1}exceedingly sensitive at low light
levels rather than trying to collect
278
00:09:10,600 --> 00:09:10,610
{\an1}levels rather than trying to collect
279
00:09:10,610 --> 00:09:12,700
{\an1}levels rather than trying to collect
light from the whole spectrum each
280
00:09:12,700 --> 00:09:12,710
{\an1}light from the whole spectrum each
281
00:09:12,710 --> 00:09:15,760
{\an1}light from the whole spectrum each
camera is finely tuned to detect just
282
00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:15,770
{\an1}camera is finely tuned to detect just
283
00:09:15,770 --> 00:09:19,630
{\an1}camera is finely tuned to detect just
half of the colors these pictures are
284
00:09:19,630 --> 00:09:19,640
{\an1}half of the colors these pictures are
285
00:09:19,640 --> 00:09:21,670
{\an1}half of the colors these pictures are
then combined to produce a far higher
286
00:09:21,670 --> 00:09:21,680
{\an1}then combined to produce a far higher
287
00:09:21,680 --> 00:09:23,860
{\an1}then combined to produce a far higher
quality image than could ever be made
288
00:09:23,860 --> 00:09:23,870
{\an1}quality image than could ever be made
289
00:09:23,870 --> 00:09:29,530
{\an1}quality image than could ever be made
with a single camera the LBT is light
290
00:09:29,530 --> 00:09:29,540
{\an1}with a single camera the LBT is light
291
00:09:29,540 --> 00:09:31,600
{\an1}with a single camera the LBT is light
years away from the days when Newton
292
00:09:31,600 --> 00:09:31,610
{\an1}years away from the days when Newton
293
00:09:31,610 --> 00:09:34,090
{\an1}years away from the days when Newton
looked at heavenly bodies directly with
294
00:09:34,090 --> 00:09:34,100
{\an1}looked at heavenly bodies directly with
295
00:09:34,100 --> 00:09:41,340
{\an1}looked at heavenly bodies directly with
his eyes
296
00:09:41,340 --> 00:09:41,350
{\an1}
297
00:09:41,350 --> 00:09:44,340
{\an1}back in 1996 before the mirrors and
298
00:09:44,340 --> 00:09:44,350
{\an1}back in 1996 before the mirrors and
299
00:09:44,350 --> 00:09:47,160
{\an1}back in 1996 before the mirrors and
cameras will be made engineers in
300
00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:47,170
{\an1}cameras will be made engineers in
301
00:09:47,170 --> 00:09:49,920
{\an1}cameras will be made engineers in
Arizona began to build an enclosure to
302
00:09:49,920 --> 00:09:49,930
{\an1}Arizona began to build an enclosure to
303
00:09:49,930 --> 00:09:54,810
{\an1}Arizona began to build an enclosure to
protect these precious objects
304
00:09:54,810 --> 00:09:54,820
{\an1}
305
00:09:54,820 --> 00:09:56,960
{\an1}
100
306
00:09:56,960 --> 00:09:56,970
{\an1}100
307
00:09:56,970 --> 00:09:59,270
{\an1}100
ties the building into the peak night
308
00:09:59,270 --> 00:09:59,280
{\an1}ties the building into the peak night
309
00:09:59,280 --> 00:10:08,780
{\an1}ties the building into the peak night
way and provides a platform
310
00:10:08,780 --> 00:10:08,790
{\an1}
311
00:10:08,790 --> 00:10:11,360
{\an1}four huge trolleys mounted a circular
312
00:10:11,360 --> 00:10:11,370
{\an1}four huge trolleys mounted a circular
313
00:10:11,370 --> 00:10:13,370
{\an1}four huge trolleys mounted a circular
track
314
00:10:13,370 --> 00:10:13,380
{\an1}track
315
00:10:13,380 --> 00:10:15,429
{\an1}track
to rotate perfectly
316
00:10:15,429 --> 00:10:15,439
{\an1}to rotate perfectly
317
00:10:15,439 --> 00:10:18,700
{\an1}to rotate perfectly
Oh school
318
00:10:18,700 --> 00:10:18,710
{\an1}
319
00:10:18,710 --> 00:10:21,490
{\an1}while Newton's prototype is not on the
320
00:10:21,490 --> 00:10:21,500
{\an1}while Newton's prototype is not on the
321
00:10:21,500 --> 00:10:24,340
{\an1}while Newton's prototype is not on the
cardboard cheaters
322
00:10:24,340 --> 00:10:24,350
{\an1}cardboard cheaters
323
00:10:24,350 --> 00:10:28,090
{\an1}cardboard cheaters
the LBT will require over 2000 tons of
324
00:10:28,090 --> 00:10:28,100
{\an1}the LBT will require over 2000 tons of
325
00:10:28,100 --> 00:10:30,790
{\an1}the LBT will require over 2000 tons of
steel and glass and will take an army of
326
00:10:30,790 --> 00:10:30,800
{\an1}steel and glass and will take an army of
327
00:10:30,800 --> 00:10:32,500
{\an1}steel and glass and will take an army of
engineers almost
328
00:10:32,500 --> 00:10:32,510
{\an1}engineers almost
329
00:10:32,510 --> 00:10:43,679
{\an1}engineers almost
years to build
330
00:10:43,679 --> 00:10:43,689
{\an1}
331
00:10:43,689 --> 00:10:47,769
{\an1}back in 1672 Newton's reflecting
332
00:10:47,769 --> 00:10:47,779
{\an1}back in 1672 Newton's reflecting
333
00:10:47,779 --> 00:10:50,110
{\an1}back in 1672 Newton's reflecting
telescope enabled astronomers to get
334
00:10:50,110 --> 00:10:50,120
{\an1}telescope enabled astronomers to get
335
00:10:50,120 --> 00:10:52,179
{\an1}telescope enabled astronomers to get
their first clear view of our solar
336
00:10:52,179 --> 00:10:52,189
{\an1}their first clear view of our solar
337
00:10:52,189 --> 00:10:58,559
{\an1}their first clear view of our solar
system but to see deeper into space
338
00:10:58,559 --> 00:10:58,569
{\an1}system but to see deeper into space
339
00:10:58,569 --> 00:11:02,049
{\an1}system but to see deeper into space
engineers building the 180 centimeter
340
00:11:02,049 --> 00:11:02,059
{\an1}engineers building the 180 centimeter
341
00:11:02,059 --> 00:11:06,449
{\an1}engineers building the 180 centimeter
Parsons telescope in Ireland
342
00:11:06,449 --> 00:11:06,459
{\an1}
343
00:11:06,459 --> 00:11:17,500
{\an1}learn how to make bigger
344
00:11:17,500 --> 00:11:17,510
{\an1}
345
00:11:17,510 --> 00:11:21,250
{\an1}in 1839 Irish astronomer William Parsons
346
00:11:21,250 --> 00:11:21,260
{\an1}in 1839 Irish astronomer William Parsons
347
00:11:21,260 --> 00:11:25,329
{\an1}in 1839 Irish astronomer William Parsons
begins to design a huge telescope he
348
00:11:25,329 --> 00:11:25,339
{\an1}begins to design a huge telescope he
349
00:11:25,339 --> 00:11:27,280
{\an1}begins to design a huge telescope he
hopes it will help solve one of the
350
00:11:27,280 --> 00:11:27,290
{\an1}hopes it will help solve one of the
351
00:11:27,290 --> 00:11:34,569
{\an1}hopes it will help solve one of the
mysteries of deep space
352
00:11:34,569 --> 00:11:34,579
{\an1}
353
00:11:34,579 --> 00:11:37,459
{\an1}astronomers observed strange luminous
354
00:11:37,459 --> 00:11:37,469
{\an1}astronomers observed strange luminous
355
00:11:37,469 --> 00:11:39,870
{\an1}astronomers observed strange luminous
clouds
356
00:11:39,870 --> 00:11:39,880
{\an1}clouds
357
00:11:39,880 --> 00:11:42,420
{\an1}clouds
Parsons wants to find out what they are
358
00:11:42,420 --> 00:11:42,430
{\an1}Parsons wants to find out what they are
359
00:11:42,430 --> 00:11:47,700
{\an1}Parsons wants to find out what they are
made where they made up let's say of
360
00:11:47,700 --> 00:11:47,710
{\an1}made where they made up let's say of
361
00:11:47,710 --> 00:11:51,510
{\an1}made where they made up let's say of
glowing particles of dust or gaseous
362
00:11:51,510 --> 00:11:51,520
{\an1}glowing particles of dust or gaseous
363
00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:54,120
{\an1}glowing particles of dust or gaseous
matter or were they made up of infinite
364
00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:54,130
{\an1}matter or were they made up of infinite
365
00:11:54,130 --> 00:11:56,640
{\an1}matter or were they made up of infinite
numbers of stars so far away that you
366
00:11:56,640 --> 00:11:56,650
{\an1}numbers of stars so far away that you
367
00:11:56,650 --> 00:11:59,010
{\an1}numbers of stars so far away that you
couldn't see a single individual star
368
00:11:59,010 --> 00:11:59,020
{\an1}couldn't see a single individual star
369
00:11:59,020 --> 00:12:02,370
{\an1}couldn't see a single individual star
and only emitted a weak light so what do
370
00:12:02,370 --> 00:12:02,380
{\an1}and only emitted a weak light so what do
371
00:12:02,380 --> 00:12:08,130
{\an1}and only emitted a weak light so what do
you do you built a giant telescope
372
00:12:08,130 --> 00:12:08,140
{\an1}
373
00:12:08,140 --> 00:12:10,410
{\an1}to have any chance of capturing the
374
00:12:10,410 --> 00:12:10,420
{\an1}to have any chance of capturing the
375
00:12:10,420 --> 00:12:12,870
{\an1}to have any chance of capturing the
light from his face specs in sky
376
00:12:12,870 --> 00:12:12,880
{\an1}light from his face specs in sky
377
00:12:12,880 --> 00:12:17,950
{\an1}light from his face specs in sky
Parsons needs a giant
378
00:12:17,950 --> 00:12:17,960
{\an1}
379
00:12:17,960 --> 00:12:21,160
{\an1}in the time of William Parsons telescope
380
00:12:21,160 --> 00:12:21,170
{\an1}in the time of William Parsons telescope
381
00:12:21,170 --> 00:12:24,329
{\an1}in the time of William Parsons telescope
mirrors are concave like shaving males
382
00:12:24,329 --> 00:12:24,339
{\an1}mirrors are concave like shaving males
383
00:12:24,339 --> 00:12:32,010
{\an1}mirrors are concave like shaving males
laborious League round by
384
00:12:32,010 --> 00:12:32,020
{\an1}
385
00:12:32,020 --> 00:12:34,470
{\an1}someone who knows all about mirrors is
386
00:12:34,470 --> 00:12:34,480
{\an1}someone who knows all about mirrors is
387
00:12:34,480 --> 00:12:35,490
{\an1}someone who knows all about mirrors is
dr. Maggie
388
00:12:35,490 --> 00:12:35,500
{\an1}dr. Maggie
389
00:12:35,500 --> 00:12:38,400
{\an1}dr. Maggie
adaran Pocock an engineer who fits the
390
00:12:38,400 --> 00:12:38,410
{\an1}adaran Pocock an engineer who fits the
391
00:12:38,410 --> 00:12:42,030
{\an1}adaran Pocock an engineer who fits the
head to Space Telescope's since her
392
00:12:42,030 --> 00:12:42,040
{\an1}head to Space Telescope's since her
393
00:12:42,040 --> 00:12:44,490
{\an1}head to Space Telescope's since her
teenage years she's been grinding her
394
00:12:44,490 --> 00:12:44,500
{\an1}teenage years she's been grinding her
395
00:12:44,500 --> 00:12:50,940
{\an1}teenage years she's been grinding her
own telescope mirrors see with these two
396
00:12:50,940 --> 00:12:50,950
{\an1}own telescope mirrors see with these two
397
00:12:50,950 --> 00:12:52,650
{\an1}own telescope mirrors see with these two
pieces of glass if he sprinkles some
398
00:12:52,650 --> 00:12:52,660
{\an1}pieces of glass if he sprinkles some
399
00:12:52,660 --> 00:12:54,960
{\an1}pieces of glass if he sprinkles some
abrasive powder between them and then
400
00:12:54,960 --> 00:12:54,970
{\an1}abrasive powder between them and then
401
00:12:54,970 --> 00:12:56,940
{\an1}abrasive powder between them and then
rub the two surfaces together if you
402
00:12:56,940 --> 00:12:56,950
{\an1}rub the two surfaces together if you
403
00:12:56,950 --> 00:12:58,019
{\an1}rub the two surfaces together if you
keep on rubbing and rubbing and rubbing
404
00:12:58,019 --> 00:12:58,029
{\an1}keep on rubbing and rubbing and rubbing
405
00:12:58,029 --> 00:13:00,269
{\an1}keep on rubbing and rubbing and rubbing
the two surface of the glass change
406
00:13:00,269 --> 00:13:00,279
{\an1}the two surface of the glass change
407
00:13:00,279 --> 00:13:02,940
{\an1}the two surface of the glass change
shape the top one becomes concave and
408
00:13:02,940 --> 00:13:02,950
{\an1}shape the top one becomes concave and
409
00:13:02,950 --> 00:13:05,490
{\an1}shape the top one becomes concave and
the bottom one becomes convex mirrors
410
00:13:05,490 --> 00:13:05,500
{\an1}the bottom one becomes convex mirrors
411
00:13:05,500 --> 00:13:07,050
{\an1}the bottom one becomes convex mirrors
like this made by hand are actually some
412
00:13:07,050 --> 00:13:07,060
{\an1}like this made by hand are actually some
413
00:13:07,060 --> 00:13:08,820
{\an1}like this made by hand are actually some
of the highest quality mirrors because
414
00:13:08,820 --> 00:13:08,830
{\an1}of the highest quality mirrors because
415
00:13:08,830 --> 00:13:11,600
{\an1}of the highest quality mirrors because
of the random nature of the movement
416
00:13:11,600 --> 00:13:11,610
{\an1}of the random nature of the movement
417
00:13:11,610 --> 00:13:15,120
{\an1}of the random nature of the movement
this random motion means that any slight
418
00:13:15,120 --> 00:13:15,130
{\an1}this random motion means that any slight
419
00:13:15,130 --> 00:13:17,579
{\an1}this random motion means that any slight
mistakes will be smoothed out over time
420
00:13:17,579 --> 00:13:17,589
{\an1}mistakes will be smoothed out over time
421
00:13:17,589 --> 00:13:24,800
{\an1}mistakes will be smoothed out over time
to create the perfect concave mirror
422
00:13:24,800 --> 00:13:24,810
{\an1}
423
00:13:24,810 --> 00:13:27,920
{\an1}but Parsons Mira is too big to grind by
424
00:13:27,920 --> 00:13:27,930
{\an1}but Parsons Mira is too big to grind by
425
00:13:27,930 --> 00:13:36,280
{\an1}but Parsons Mira is too big to grind by
hand so he designs a machine to the job
426
00:13:36,280 --> 00:13:36,290
{\an1}
427
00:13:36,290 --> 00:13:41,860
{\an1}the metal
428
00:13:41,860 --> 00:13:41,870
{\an1}
429
00:13:41,870 --> 00:13:43,710
{\an1}then he lowers in a boring selfish
430
00:13:43,710 --> 00:13:43,720
{\an1}then he lowers in a boring selfish
431
00:13:43,720 --> 00:13:53,640
{\an1}then he lowers in a boring selfish
service and connects
432
00:13:53,640 --> 00:13:53,650
{\an1}
433
00:13:53,650 --> 00:13:59,440
{\an1}which in turn shifts the blinding this
434
00:13:59,440 --> 00:13:59,450
{\an1}
435
00:13:59,450 --> 00:14:01,920
{\an1}
you
436
00:14:01,920 --> 00:14:01,930
{\an1}
437
00:14:01,930 --> 00:14:06,480
{\an1}a second will disrupts the study this
438
00:14:06,480 --> 00:14:06,490
{\an1}a second will disrupts the study this
439
00:14:06,490 --> 00:14:08,790
{\an1}a second will disrupts the study this
irregular motion replicates the
440
00:14:08,790 --> 00:14:08,800
{\an1}irregular motion replicates the
441
00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:16,790
{\an1}irregular motion replicates the
randomness of the kind
442
00:14:16,790 --> 00:14:16,800
{\an1}
443
00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:25,400
{\an1}
you
444
00:14:25,400 --> 00:14:25,410
{\an1}
445
00:14:25,410 --> 00:14:28,769
{\an1}the completed mirror is enclosed not
446
00:14:28,769 --> 00:14:28,779
{\an1}the completed mirror is enclosed not
447
00:14:28,779 --> 00:14:31,500
{\an1}the completed mirror is enclosed not
this time in cargo but at the bottom of
448
00:14:31,500 --> 00:14:31,510
{\an1}this time in cargo but at the bottom of
449
00:14:31,510 --> 00:14:35,840
{\an1}this time in cargo but at the bottom of
a great wooden tube 17 metres in length
450
00:14:35,840 --> 00:14:35,850
{\an1}a great wooden tube 17 metres in length
451
00:14:35,850 --> 00:14:38,970
{\an1}a great wooden tube 17 metres in length
the tube is suspended on chains between
452
00:14:38,970 --> 00:14:38,980
{\an1}the tube is suspended on chains between
453
00:14:38,980 --> 00:14:42,630
{\an1}the tube is suspended on chains between
two massive stone walls the counter
454
00:14:42,630 --> 00:14:42,640
{\an1}two massive stone walls the counter
455
00:14:42,640 --> 00:14:44,850
{\an1}two massive stone walls the counter
words allow it to be lifted with ease
456
00:14:44,850 --> 00:14:44,860
{\an1}words allow it to be lifted with ease
457
00:14:44,860 --> 00:14:48,540
{\an1}words allow it to be lifted with ease
towards the heavens
458
00:14:48,540 --> 00:14:48,550
{\an1}
459
00:14:48,550 --> 00:14:50,890
{\an1}when this chalice note was opened in
460
00:14:50,890 --> 00:14:50,900
{\an1}when this chalice note was opened in
461
00:14:50,900 --> 00:14:54,450
{\an1}when this chalice note was opened in
1845 one of the great scientific events
462
00:14:54,450 --> 00:14:54,460
{\an1}1845 one of the great scientific events
463
00:14:54,460 --> 00:14:56,950
{\an1}1845 one of the great scientific events
Victorian England the Great and the good
464
00:14:56,950 --> 00:14:56,960
{\an1}Victorian England the Great and the good
465
00:14:56,960 --> 00:15:00,520
{\an1}Victorian England the Great and the good
were here scientists philosophers arts
466
00:15:00,520 --> 00:15:00,530
{\an1}were here scientists philosophers arts
467
00:15:00,530 --> 00:15:03,550
{\an1}were here scientists philosophers arts
people and also to ordinary people
468
00:15:03,550 --> 00:15:03,560
{\an1}people and also to ordinary people
469
00:15:03,560 --> 00:15:06,370
{\an1}people and also to ordinary people
it was the inauguration of our most
470
00:15:06,370 --> 00:15:06,380
{\an1}it was the inauguration of our most
471
00:15:06,380 --> 00:15:08,680
{\an1}it was the inauguration of our most
wonderful great machines in the history
472
00:15:08,680 --> 00:15:08,690
{\an1}wonderful great machines in the history
473
00:15:08,690 --> 00:15:12,080
{\an1}wonderful great machines in the history
of science
474
00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:12,090
{\an1}
475
00:15:12,090 --> 00:15:14,930
{\an1}Parsons points his great machine and one
476
00:15:14,930 --> 00:15:14,940
{\an1}Parsons points his great machine and one
477
00:15:14,940 --> 00:15:17,300
{\an1}Parsons points his great machine and one
of the mysterious luminous clouds in the
478
00:15:17,300 --> 00:15:17,310
{\an1}of the mysterious luminous clouds in the
479
00:15:17,310 --> 00:15:22,230
{\an1}of the mysterious luminous clouds in the
sky sees not dust but stars
480
00:15:22,230 --> 00:15:22,240
{\an1}sky sees not dust but stars
481
00:15:22,240 --> 00:15:24,749
{\an1}sky sees not dust but stars
today we know that he was looking at the
482
00:15:24,749 --> 00:15:24,759
{\an1}today we know that he was looking at the
483
00:15:24,759 --> 00:15:28,519
{\an1}today we know that he was looking at the
end rahmatan nebula a galaxy laboring ro
484
00:15:28,519 --> 00:15:28,529
{\an1}end rahmatan nebula a galaxy laboring ro
485
00:15:28,529 --> 00:15:32,749
{\an1}end rahmatan nebula a galaxy laboring ro
made up of billions of stars William
486
00:15:32,749 --> 00:15:32,759
{\an1}made up of billions of stars William
487
00:15:32,759 --> 00:15:34,730
{\an1}made up of billions of stars William
Parsons telescope actually the great
488
00:15:34,730 --> 00:15:34,740
{\an1}Parsons telescope actually the great
489
00:15:34,740 --> 00:15:37,460
{\an1}Parsons telescope actually the great
stimulus for the next great giant
490
00:15:37,460 --> 00:15:37,470
{\an1}stimulus for the next great giant
491
00:15:37,470 --> 00:15:39,860
{\an1}stimulus for the next great giant
telescope of the early 20th century and
492
00:15:39,860 --> 00:15:39,870
{\an1}telescope of the early 20th century and
493
00:15:39,870 --> 00:15:48,670
{\an1}telescope of the early 20th century and
of course into our own day and age
494
00:15:48,670 --> 00:15:48,680
{\an1}
495
00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:52,420
{\an1}it's 1997 whilst the huge rotating
496
00:15:52,420 --> 00:15:52,430
{\an1}it's 1997 whilst the huge rotating
497
00:15:52,430 --> 00:15:55,269
{\an1}it's 1997 whilst the huge rotating
enclosure a large binocular telescope is
498
00:15:55,269 --> 00:15:55,279
{\an1}enclosure a large binocular telescope is
499
00:15:55,279 --> 00:15:58,660
{\an1}enclosure a large binocular telescope is
still under construction 150 miles away
500
00:15:58,660 --> 00:15:58,670
{\an1}still under construction 150 miles away
501
00:15:58,670 --> 00:16:01,119
{\an1}still under construction 150 miles away
at the University of Arizona the team
502
00:16:01,119 --> 00:16:01,129
{\an1}at the University of Arizona the team
503
00:16:01,129 --> 00:16:04,210
{\an1}at the University of Arizona the team
tasked with building the 8.4 meter white
504
00:16:04,210 --> 00:16:04,220
{\an1}tasked with building the 8.4 meter white
505
00:16:04,220 --> 00:16:06,639
{\an1}tasked with building the 8.4 meter white
mirrors have tried to find a way to give
506
00:16:06,639 --> 00:16:06,649
{\an1}mirrors have tried to find a way to give
507
00:16:06,649 --> 00:16:09,730
{\an1}mirrors have tried to find a way to give
them a particular curved shape called a
508
00:16:09,730 --> 00:16:09,740
{\an1}them a particular curved shape called a
509
00:16:09,740 --> 00:16:16,519
{\an1}them a particular curved shape called a
parabola
510
00:16:16,519 --> 00:16:16,529
{\an1}
511
00:16:16,529 --> 00:16:20,329
{\an1}creating a parabola glass is simple so
512
00:16:20,329 --> 00:16:20,339
{\an1}creating a parabola glass is simple so
513
00:16:20,339 --> 00:16:24,690
{\an1}creating a parabola glass is simple so
long as you melt the glass first and
514
00:16:24,690 --> 00:16:24,700
{\an1}
515
00:16:24,700 --> 00:16:27,030
{\an1}in here I've got some water which is
516
00:16:27,030 --> 00:16:27,040
{\an1}in here I've got some water which is
517
00:16:27,040 --> 00:16:28,800
{\an1}in here I've got some water which is
representing the molten glass of the
518
00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:28,810
{\an1}representing the molten glass of the
519
00:16:28,810 --> 00:16:30,300
{\an1}representing the molten glass of the
mirror so I don't reduce to spin it up
520
00:16:30,300 --> 00:16:30,310
{\an1}mirror so I don't reduce to spin it up
521
00:16:30,310 --> 00:16:32,580
{\an1}mirror so I don't reduce to spin it up
gently and as it starts going faster and
522
00:16:32,580 --> 00:16:32,590
{\an1}gently and as it starts going faster and
523
00:16:32,590 --> 00:16:34,620
{\an1}gently and as it starts going faster and
faster the centrifugal forces will move
524
00:16:34,620 --> 00:16:34,630
{\an1}faster the centrifugal forces will move
525
00:16:34,630 --> 00:16:36,150
{\an1}faster the centrifugal forces will move
some of the fluid outwards and you get
526
00:16:36,150 --> 00:16:36,160
{\an1}some of the fluid outwards and you get
527
00:16:36,160 --> 00:16:44,630
{\an1}some of the fluid outwards and you get
your nice parabolic shape
528
00:16:44,630 --> 00:16:44,640
{\an1}
529
00:16:44,640 --> 00:16:52,300
{\an1}and there we have it the parabolic shape
530
00:16:52,300 --> 00:16:52,310
{\an1}
531
00:16:52,310 --> 00:16:55,670
{\an1}to do this on a large scale technicians
532
00:16:55,670 --> 00:16:55,680
{\an1}to do this on a large scale technicians
533
00:16:55,680 --> 00:16:57,790
{\an1}to do this on a large scale technicians
at the mirror lab build a giant rotating
534
00:16:57,790 --> 00:16:57,800
{\an1}at the mirror lab build a giant rotating
535
00:16:57,800 --> 00:17:01,220
{\an1}at the mirror lab build a giant rotating
furnace into which they load 21 tons of
536
00:17:01,220 --> 00:17:01,230
{\an1}furnace into which they load 21 tons of
537
00:17:01,230 --> 00:17:07,299
{\an1}furnace into which they load 21 tons of
glass
538
00:17:07,299 --> 00:17:07,309
{\an1}
539
00:17:07,309 --> 00:17:09,979
{\an1}opticians have to check each piece of
540
00:17:09,979 --> 00:17:09,989
{\an1}opticians have to check each piece of
541
00:17:09,989 --> 00:17:17,960
{\an1}opticians have to check each piece of
the important Japanese glass floors
542
00:17:17,960 --> 00:17:17,970
{\an1}
543
00:17:17,970 --> 00:17:20,940
{\an1}the furnace heats the glass until it
544
00:17:20,940 --> 00:17:20,950
{\an1}the furnace heats the glass until it
545
00:17:20,950 --> 00:17:22,000
{\an1}the furnace heats the glass until it
melts
546
00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:22,010
{\an1}melts
547
00:17:22,010 --> 00:17:26,480
{\an1}melts
spinning at seven rotations
548
00:17:26,480 --> 00:17:26,490
{\an1}
549
00:17:26,490 --> 00:17:29,130
{\an1}centrifugal forces push the molten glass
550
00:17:29,130 --> 00:17:29,140
{\an1}centrifugal forces push the molten glass
551
00:17:29,140 --> 00:17:31,350
{\an1}centrifugal forces push the molten glass
into a parabola
552
00:17:31,350 --> 00:17:31,360
{\an1}into a parabola
553
00:17:31,360 --> 00:17:33,299
{\an1}into a parabola
to maintain this shape as the mirror
554
00:17:33,299 --> 00:17:33,309
{\an1}to maintain this shape as the mirror
555
00:17:33,309 --> 00:17:36,090
{\an1}to maintain this shape as the mirror
cools the furnace is kept spinning for
556
00:17:36,090 --> 00:17:36,100
{\an1}cools the furnace is kept spinning for
557
00:17:36,100 --> 00:17:47,600
{\an1}cools the furnace is kept spinning for
another 12-week
558
00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:47,610
{\an1}
559
00:17:47,610 --> 00:17:50,540
{\an1}next the mirrors are polished to create
560
00:17:50,540 --> 00:17:50,550
{\an1}next the mirrors are polished to create
561
00:17:50,550 --> 00:17:55,880
{\an1}next the mirrors are polished to create
the perfect surface even today the
562
00:17:55,880 --> 00:17:55,890
{\an1}the perfect surface even today the
563
00:17:55,890 --> 00:17:58,460
{\an1}the perfect surface even today the
polishing tool is designed to mimic the
564
00:17:58,460 --> 00:17:58,470
{\an1}polishing tool is designed to mimic the
565
00:17:58,470 --> 00:18:03,670
{\an1}polishing tool is designed to mimic the
random action of the human hand
566
00:18:03,670 --> 00:18:03,680
{\an1}
567
00:18:03,680 --> 00:18:06,640
{\an1}normally if you're doing it by hand if
568
00:18:06,640 --> 00:18:06,650
{\an1}normally if you're doing it by hand if
569
00:18:06,650 --> 00:18:08,800
{\an1}normally if you're doing it by hand if
you're an amateur telescope maker you
570
00:18:08,800 --> 00:18:08,810
{\an1}you're an amateur telescope maker you
571
00:18:08,810 --> 00:18:11,200
{\an1}you're an amateur telescope maker you
rub you have some kind of grip and you
572
00:18:11,200 --> 00:18:11,210
{\an1}rub you have some kind of grip and you
573
00:18:11,210 --> 00:18:13,330
{\an1}rub you have some kind of grip and you
rub on this surface to make it as smooth
574
00:18:13,330 --> 00:18:13,340
{\an1}rub on this surface to make it as smooth
575
00:18:13,340 --> 00:18:14,140
{\an1}rub on this surface to make it as smooth
as you can
576
00:18:14,140 --> 00:18:14,150
{\an1}as you can
577
00:18:14,150 --> 00:18:19,120
{\an1}as you can
well this polishing tool accomplishes
578
00:18:19,120 --> 00:18:19,130
{\an1}well this polishing tool accomplishes
579
00:18:19,130 --> 00:18:22,240
{\an1}well this polishing tool accomplishes
those same things it has pads that you
580
00:18:22,240 --> 00:18:22,250
{\an1}those same things it has pads that you
581
00:18:22,250 --> 00:18:24,700
{\an1}those same things it has pads that you
apply to the surface of the mirror and
582
00:18:24,700 --> 00:18:24,710
{\an1}apply to the surface of the mirror and
583
00:18:24,710 --> 00:18:30,430
{\an1}apply to the surface of the mirror and
it rubs the mirror these actuators apply
584
00:18:30,430 --> 00:18:30,440
{\an1}it rubs the mirror these actuators apply
585
00:18:30,440 --> 00:18:32,770
{\an1}it rubs the mirror these actuators apply
a different amount of force moment to
586
00:18:32,770 --> 00:18:32,780
{\an1}a different amount of force moment to
587
00:18:32,780 --> 00:18:35,770
{\an1}a different amount of force moment to
moment that changes the shape of that
588
00:18:35,770 --> 00:18:35,780
{\an1}moment that changes the shape of that
589
00:18:35,780 --> 00:18:38,770
{\an1}moment that changes the shape of that
underlying surface that means that each
590
00:18:38,770 --> 00:18:38,780
{\an1}underlying surface that means that each
591
00:18:38,780 --> 00:18:41,440
{\an1}underlying surface that means that each
pad is pushing down with a little
592
00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:41,450
{\an1}pad is pushing down with a little
593
00:18:41,450 --> 00:18:43,780
{\an1}pad is pushing down with a little
different force and a little different
594
00:18:43,780 --> 00:18:43,790
{\an1}different force and a little different
595
00:18:43,790 --> 00:18:46,660
{\an1}different force and a little different
angle of attack moment to moment as it
596
00:18:46,660 --> 00:18:46,670
{\an1}angle of attack moment to moment as it
597
00:18:46,670 --> 00:18:50,200
{\an1}angle of attack moment to moment as it
goes over the surface of the glass in
598
00:18:50,200 --> 00:18:50,210
{\an1}goes over the surface of the glass in
599
00:18:50,210 --> 00:18:52,450
{\an1}goes over the surface of the glass in
the final stages the polishing tool
600
00:18:52,450 --> 00:18:52,460
{\an1}the final stages the polishing tool
601
00:18:52,460 --> 00:18:55,180
{\an1}the final stages the polishing tool
removes a layer of gloves just 100
602
00:18:55,180 --> 00:18:55,190
{\an1}removes a layer of gloves just 100
603
00:18:55,190 --> 00:18:56,890
{\an1}removes a layer of gloves just 100
abscence thick each time it passes
604
00:18:56,890 --> 00:18:56,900
{\an1}abscence thick each time it passes
605
00:18:56,900 --> 00:19:04,029
{\an1}abscence thick each time it passes
across the desk
606
00:19:04,029 --> 00:19:04,039
{\an1}
607
00:19:04,039 --> 00:19:07,090
{\an1}to complete the process a thin layer of
608
00:19:07,090 --> 00:19:07,100
{\an1}to complete the process a thin layer of
609
00:19:07,100 --> 00:19:09,340
{\an1}to complete the process a thin layer of
aluminium must be applied to each disk
610
00:19:09,340 --> 00:19:09,350
{\an1}aluminium must be applied to each disk
611
00:19:09,350 --> 00:19:20,210
{\an1}aluminium must be applied to each disk
to create the mirrored surface
612
00:19:20,210 --> 00:19:20,220
{\an1}
613
00:19:20,220 --> 00:19:23,280
{\an1}Engineers place the glass disk inside a
614
00:19:23,280 --> 00:19:23,290
{\an1}Engineers place the glass disk inside a
615
00:19:23,290 --> 00:19:30,870
{\an1}Engineers place the glass disk inside a
giant Belgium powerful palms suck out
616
00:19:30,870 --> 00:19:30,880
{\an1}giant Belgium powerful palms suck out
617
00:19:30,880 --> 00:19:31,899
{\an1}giant Belgium powerful palms suck out
the air
618
00:19:31,899 --> 00:19:31,909
{\an1}the air
619
00:19:31,909 --> 00:19:37,299
{\an1}the air
to create a flanking loosely on the side
620
00:19:37,299 --> 00:19:37,309
{\an1}to create a flanking loosely on the side
621
00:19:37,309 --> 00:19:42,280
{\an1}to create a flanking loosely on the side
of the jet superheat small amounts of
622
00:19:42,280 --> 00:19:42,290
{\an1}
623
00:19:42,290 --> 00:19:45,100
{\an1}as the liquid evaporates molecules of
624
00:19:45,100 --> 00:19:45,110
{\an1}as the liquid evaporates molecules of
625
00:19:45,110 --> 00:19:47,820
{\an1}as the liquid evaporates molecules of
aluminum float through the chamber
626
00:19:47,820 --> 00:19:47,830
{\an1}aluminum float through the chamber
627
00:19:47,830 --> 00:19:54,910
{\an1}aluminum float through the chamber
so the sense of cloud
628
00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:54,920
{\an1}
629
00:19:54,920 --> 00:19:57,490
{\an1}the vacuum ensures the molecules spread
630
00:19:57,490 --> 00:19:57,500
{\an1}the vacuum ensures the molecules spread
631
00:19:57,500 --> 00:20:00,130
{\an1}the vacuum ensures the molecules spread
evenly across the entire surface to
632
00:20:00,130 --> 00:20:00,140
{\an1}evenly across the entire surface to
633
00:20:00,140 --> 00:20:08,549
{\an1}evenly across the entire surface to
create a flawless reflective mirror
634
00:20:08,549 --> 00:20:08,559
{\an1}
635
00:20:08,559 --> 00:20:11,830
{\an1}when freshly coated the mirrors are able
636
00:20:11,830 --> 00:20:11,840
{\an1}when freshly coated the mirrors are able
637
00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:14,710
{\an1}when freshly coated the mirrors are able
to capture over 90% of the light which
638
00:20:14,710 --> 00:20:14,720
{\an1}to capture over 90% of the light which
639
00:20:14,720 --> 00:20:18,639
{\an1}to capture over 90% of the light which
enters the telescope after almost four
640
00:20:18,639 --> 00:20:18,649
{\an1}enters the telescope after almost four
641
00:20:18,649 --> 00:20:21,279
{\an1}enters the telescope after almost four
years of spinning polishing and testing
642
00:20:21,279 --> 00:20:21,289
{\an1}years of spinning polishing and testing
643
00:20:21,289 --> 00:20:24,930
{\an1}years of spinning polishing and testing
the mirrors are finished the outcome was
644
00:20:24,930 --> 00:20:24,940
{\an1}the mirrors are finished the outcome was
645
00:20:24,940 --> 00:20:27,940
{\an1}the mirrors are finished the outcome was
spectacular the deviation from the
646
00:20:27,940 --> 00:20:27,950
{\an1}spectacular the deviation from the
647
00:20:27,950 --> 00:20:31,180
{\an1}spectacular the deviation from the
perfect figure was about 25 nanometers
648
00:20:31,180 --> 00:20:31,190
{\an1}perfect figure was about 25 nanometers
649
00:20:31,190 --> 00:20:33,909
{\an1}perfect figure was about 25 nanometers
that's about a millionth of an inch and
650
00:20:33,909 --> 00:20:33,919
{\an1}that's about a millionth of an inch and
651
00:20:33,919 --> 00:20:36,789
{\an1}that's about a millionth of an inch and
it's as if the Atlantic Ocean had waves
652
00:20:36,789 --> 00:20:36,799
{\an1}it's as if the Atlantic Ocean had waves
653
00:20:36,799 --> 00:20:39,130
{\an1}it's as if the Atlantic Ocean had waves
no bigger than one inch tall over the
654
00:20:39,130 --> 00:20:39,140
{\an1}no bigger than one inch tall over the
655
00:20:39,140 --> 00:20:41,680
{\an1}no bigger than one inch tall over the
entire extent of that ocean so it's a
656
00:20:41,680 --> 00:20:41,690
{\an1}entire extent of that ocean so it's a
657
00:20:41,690 --> 00:20:44,980
{\an1}entire extent of that ocean so it's a
beautiful surface and one that when we
658
00:20:44,980 --> 00:20:44,990
{\an1}beautiful surface and one that when we
659
00:20:44,990 --> 00:20:47,799
{\an1}beautiful surface and one that when we
put it to use on the sky we see how good
660
00:20:47,799 --> 00:20:47,809
{\an1}put it to use on the sky we see how good
661
00:20:47,809 --> 00:20:54,530
{\an1}put it to use on the sky we see how good
it is
662
00:20:54,530 --> 00:20:54,540
{\an1}
663
00:20:54,540 --> 00:20:58,470
{\an1}back in 1845 the mirrors inside passes
664
00:20:58,470 --> 00:20:58,480
{\an1}back in 1845 the mirrors inside passes
665
00:20:58,480 --> 00:21:01,080
{\an1}back in 1845 the mirrors inside passes
telescope enabled him to catch a glimpse
666
00:21:01,080 --> 00:21:01,090
{\an1}telescope enabled him to catch a glimpse
667
00:21:01,090 --> 00:21:06,990
{\an1}telescope enabled him to catch a glimpse
of the faintest stars in the galaxy but
668
00:21:06,990 --> 00:21:07,000
{\an1}of the faintest stars in the galaxy but
669
00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:10,070
{\an1}of the faintest stars in the galaxy but
to study distant stars in more detail
670
00:21:10,070 --> 00:21:10,080
{\an1}to study distant stars in more detail
671
00:21:10,080 --> 00:21:13,169
{\an1}to study distant stars in more detail
astronomers building the 250 centimeter
672
00:21:13,169 --> 00:21:13,179
{\an1}astronomers building the 250 centimeter
673
00:21:13,179 --> 00:21:15,840
{\an1}astronomers building the 250 centimeter
hook and telescope in California must
674
00:21:15,840 --> 00:21:15,850
{\an1}hook and telescope in California must
675
00:21:15,850 --> 00:21:17,850
{\an1}hook and telescope in California must
find a way to follow them as they move
676
00:21:17,850 --> 00:21:17,860
{\an1}find a way to follow them as they move
677
00:21:17,860 --> 00:21:25,650
{\an1}find a way to follow them as they move
through the night sky
678
00:21:25,650 --> 00:21:25,660
{\an1}
679
00:21:25,660 --> 00:21:27,840
{\an1}at the start of the 20th century
680
00:21:27,840 --> 00:21:27,850
{\an1}at the start of the 20th century
681
00:21:27,850 --> 00:21:30,060
{\an1}at the start of the 20th century
astronomers are trying to capture light
682
00:21:30,060 --> 00:21:30,070
{\an1}astronomers are trying to capture light
683
00:21:30,070 --> 00:21:32,970
{\an1}astronomers are trying to capture light
from the stars so far away and so faint
684
00:21:32,970 --> 00:21:32,980
{\an1}from the stars so far away and so faint
685
00:21:32,980 --> 00:21:35,720
{\an1}from the stars so far away and so faint
they can't be clearly resolved
686
00:21:35,720 --> 00:21:35,730
{\an1}they can't be clearly resolved
687
00:21:35,730 --> 00:21:37,669
{\an1}they can't be clearly resolved
even when viewed through the most
688
00:21:37,669 --> 00:21:37,679
{\an1}even when viewed through the most
689
00:21:37,679 --> 00:21:41,160
{\an1}even when viewed through the most
powerful telescope
690
00:21:41,160 --> 00:21:41,170
{\an1}
691
00:21:41,170 --> 00:21:43,289
{\an1}the only way to see them is to
692
00:21:43,289 --> 00:21:43,299
{\an1}the only way to see them is to
693
00:21:43,299 --> 00:21:47,899
{\an1}the only way to see them is to
photograph
694
00:21:47,899 --> 00:21:47,909
{\an1}
695
00:21:47,909 --> 00:21:50,149
{\an1}when you start to build a telescope for
696
00:21:50,149 --> 00:21:50,159
{\an1}when you start to build a telescope for
697
00:21:50,159 --> 00:21:51,979
{\an1}when you start to build a telescope for
photography you have to bear in mind
698
00:21:51,979 --> 00:21:51,989
{\an1}photography you have to bear in mind
699
00:21:51,989 --> 00:21:53,659
{\an1}photography you have to bear in mind
that you have to get rid of all the
700
00:21:53,659 --> 00:21:53,669
{\an1}that you have to get rid of all the
701
00:21:53,669 --> 00:21:56,089
{\an1}that you have to get rid of all the
natural little compensations the human
702
00:21:56,089 --> 00:21:56,099
{\an1}natural little compensations the human
703
00:21:56,099 --> 00:21:58,399
{\an1}natural little compensations the human
perception makes the photographic plate
704
00:21:58,399 --> 00:21:58,409
{\an1}perception makes the photographic plate
705
00:21:58,409 --> 00:22:01,279
{\an1}perception makes the photographic plate
is brutal it only records what hits it
706
00:22:01,279 --> 00:22:01,289
{\an1}is brutal it only records what hits it
707
00:22:01,289 --> 00:22:04,039
{\an1}is brutal it only records what hits it
it filters nothing out the biggest
708
00:22:04,039 --> 00:22:04,049
{\an1}it filters nothing out the biggest
709
00:22:04,049 --> 00:22:06,079
{\an1}it filters nothing out the biggest
challenge for the astronomers it's
710
00:22:06,079 --> 00:22:06,089
{\an1}challenge for the astronomers it's
711
00:22:06,089 --> 00:22:08,359
{\an1}challenge for the astronomers it's
keeping these dim specks of light in the
712
00:22:08,359 --> 00:22:08,369
{\an1}keeping these dim specks of light in the
713
00:22:08,369 --> 00:22:10,339
{\an1}keeping these dim specks of light in the
viewfinder for long enough to get an
714
00:22:10,339 --> 00:22:10,349
{\an1}viewfinder for long enough to get an
715
00:22:10,349 --> 00:22:15,390
{\an1}viewfinder for long enough to get an
exposure
716
00:22:15,390 --> 00:22:15,400
{\an1}
717
00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:18,400
{\an1}the problem is that since the nerve is
718
00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:18,410
{\an1}the problem is that since the nerve is
719
00:22:18,410 --> 00:22:21,100
{\an1}the problem is that since the nerve is
constantly rotating and the stars stay
720
00:22:21,100 --> 00:22:21,110
{\an1}constantly rotating and the stars stay
721
00:22:21,110 --> 00:22:23,950
{\an1}constantly rotating and the stars stay
relatively still the stars appear to
722
00:22:23,950 --> 00:22:23,960
{\an1}relatively still the stars appear to
723
00:22:23,960 --> 00:22:27,370
{\an1}relatively still the stars appear to
move across the night sky and staying
724
00:22:27,370 --> 00:22:27,380
{\an1}move across the night sky and staying
725
00:22:27,380 --> 00:22:34,830
{\an1}move across the night sky and staying
fixed on a single star is very difficult
726
00:22:34,830 --> 00:22:34,840
{\an1}
727
00:22:34,840 --> 00:22:38,470
{\an1}Engineers come up with a plan they mount
728
00:22:38,470 --> 00:22:38,480
{\an1}Engineers come up with a plan they mount
729
00:22:38,480 --> 00:22:42,480
{\an1}Engineers come up with a plan they mount
their telescope on a swiveling frame as
730
00:22:42,480 --> 00:22:42,490
{\an1}their telescope on a swiveling frame as
731
00:22:42,490 --> 00:22:46,030
{\an1}their telescope on a swiveling frame as
the Earth spins they rotate the frame in
732
00:22:46,030 --> 00:22:46,040
{\an1}the Earth spins they rotate the frame in
733
00:22:46,040 --> 00:22:49,600
{\an1}the Earth spins they rotate the frame in
the opposite direction this movement
734
00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:49,610
{\an1}the opposite direction this movement
735
00:22:49,610 --> 00:22:52,090
{\an1}the opposite direction this movement
keeps the telescope locked on a single
736
00:22:52,090 --> 00:22:52,100
{\an1}keeps the telescope locked on a single
737
00:22:52,100 --> 00:23:01,120
{\an1}keeps the telescope locked on a single
point in the night sky
738
00:23:01,120 --> 00:23:01,130
{\an1}
739
00:23:01,130 --> 00:23:03,950
{\an1}but the telescope designers have to
740
00:23:03,950 --> 00:23:03,960
{\an1}but the telescope designers have to
741
00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:05,840
{\an1}but the telescope designers have to
ensure the speed at which the frame
742
00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:05,850
{\an1}ensure the speed at which the frame
743
00:23:05,850 --> 00:23:08,690
{\an1}ensure the speed at which the frame
rotates it's perfectly in time with the
744
00:23:08,690 --> 00:23:08,700
{\an1}rotates it's perfectly in time with the
745
00:23:08,700 --> 00:23:12,680
{\an1}rotates it's perfectly in time with the
spinning earth if that telescope is not
746
00:23:12,680 --> 00:23:12,690
{\an1}spinning earth if that telescope is not
747
00:23:12,690 --> 00:23:15,529
{\an1}spinning earth if that telescope is not
utterly precise as it moves then you get
748
00:23:15,529 --> 00:23:15,539
{\an1}utterly precise as it moves then you get
749
00:23:15,539 --> 00:23:17,570
{\an1}utterly precise as it moves then you get
blurs on the photographic plates you
750
00:23:17,570 --> 00:23:17,580
{\an1}blurs on the photographic plates you
751
00:23:17,580 --> 00:23:19,460
{\an1}blurs on the photographic plates you
don't get individual star images and
752
00:23:19,460 --> 00:23:19,470
{\an1}don't get individual star images and
753
00:23:19,470 --> 00:23:24,500
{\an1}don't get individual star images and
blurs tell you nothing luckily for the
754
00:23:24,500 --> 00:23:24,510
{\an1}blurs tell you nothing luckily for the
755
00:23:24,510 --> 00:23:27,350
{\an1}blurs tell you nothing luckily for the
astronomers a machine already exists
756
00:23:27,350 --> 00:23:27,360
{\an1}astronomers a machine already exists
757
00:23:27,360 --> 00:23:31,549
{\an1}astronomers a machine already exists
which works in time the movement for
758
00:23:31,549 --> 00:23:31,559
{\an1}which works in time the movement for
759
00:23:31,559 --> 00:23:33,830
{\an1}which works in time the movement for
every rotation of the planet the hour
760
00:23:33,830 --> 00:23:33,840
{\an1}every rotation of the planet the hour
761
00:23:33,840 --> 00:23:36,049
{\an1}every rotation of the planet the hour
hand of a clock goes round the clock
762
00:23:36,049 --> 00:23:36,059
{\an1}hand of a clock goes round the clock
763
00:23:36,059 --> 00:23:43,279
{\an1}hand of a clock goes round the clock
face twice so in 1906 the designers of
764
00:23:43,279 --> 00:23:43,289
{\an1}face twice so in 1906 the designers of
765
00:23:43,289 --> 00:23:45,919
{\an1}face twice so in 1906 the designers of
the hooker telescope try using a clock
766
00:23:45,919 --> 00:23:45,929
{\an1}the hooker telescope try using a clock
767
00:23:45,929 --> 00:23:52,240
{\an1}the hooker telescope try using a clock
mechanism to rotate their instrument
768
00:23:52,240 --> 00:23:52,250
{\an1}
769
00:23:52,250 --> 00:23:56,690
{\an1}they use it to drive a giant flying five
770
00:23:56,690 --> 00:23:56,700
{\an1}they use it to drive a giant flying five
771
00:23:56,700 --> 00:23:59,320
{\an1}they use it to drive a giant flying five
and a half meters in diameter
772
00:23:59,320 --> 00:23:59,330
{\an1}and a half meters in diameter
773
00:23:59,330 --> 00:24:02,810
{\an1}and a half meters in diameter
it turns the 100-ton telescope in the
774
00:24:02,810 --> 00:24:02,820
{\an1}it turns the 100-ton telescope in the
775
00:24:02,820 --> 00:24:05,270
{\an1}it turns the 100-ton telescope in the
opposite direction to the rotating turn
776
00:24:05,270 --> 00:24:05,280
{\an1}opposite direction to the rotating turn
777
00:24:05,280 --> 00:24:13,490
{\an1}opposite direction to the rotating turn
with Flora's precision
778
00:24:13,490 --> 00:24:13,500
{\an1}
779
00:24:13,500 --> 00:24:16,470
{\an1}so we've got something literally the
780
00:24:16,470 --> 00:24:16,480
{\an1}so we've got something literally the
781
00:24:16,480 --> 00:24:19,350
{\an1}so we've got something literally the
size of a big machine much bigger than
782
00:24:19,350 --> 00:24:19,360
{\an1}size of a big machine much bigger than
783
00:24:19,360 --> 00:24:21,419
{\an1}size of a big machine much bigger than
let's say an American railway locomotive
784
00:24:21,419 --> 00:24:21,429
{\an1}let's say an American railway locomotive
785
00:24:21,429 --> 00:24:23,789
{\an1}let's say an American railway locomotive
or something like that it's moving with
786
00:24:23,789 --> 00:24:23,799
{\an1}or something like that it's moving with
787
00:24:23,799 --> 00:24:27,509
{\an1}or something like that it's moving with
the accuracy of a watch it is Edwin
788
00:24:27,509 --> 00:24:27,519
{\an1}the accuracy of a watch it is Edwin
789
00:24:27,519 --> 00:24:29,490
{\an1}the accuracy of a watch it is Edwin
Hubble who captures some of the most
790
00:24:29,490 --> 00:24:29,500
{\an1}Hubble who captures some of the most
791
00:24:29,500 --> 00:24:31,860
{\an1}Hubble who captures some of the most
incredible images using the hooker
792
00:24:31,860 --> 00:24:31,870
{\an1}incredible images using the hooker
793
00:24:31,870 --> 00:24:34,350
{\an1}incredible images using the hooker
telescopes camera
794
00:24:34,350 --> 00:24:34,360
{\an1}telescopes camera
795
00:24:34,360 --> 00:24:37,320
{\an1}telescopes camera
this photograph a shot of the andromeda
796
00:24:37,320 --> 00:24:37,330
{\an1}this photograph a shot of the andromeda
797
00:24:37,330 --> 00:24:39,509
{\an1}this photograph a shot of the andromeda
nebula revolutionized our understanding
798
00:24:39,509 --> 00:24:39,519
{\an1}nebula revolutionized our understanding
799
00:24:39,519 --> 00:24:43,799
{\an1}nebula revolutionized our understanding
of universe hubble calculates that the
800
00:24:43,799 --> 00:24:43,809
{\an1}of universe hubble calculates that the
801
00:24:43,809 --> 00:24:45,990
{\an1}of universe hubble calculates that the
nebula is around 1 million light years
802
00:24:45,990 --> 00:24:46,000
{\an1}nebula is around 1 million light years
803
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:49,889
{\an1}nebula is around 1 million light years
away much too distant to be part of our
804
00:24:49,889 --> 00:24:49,899
{\an1}away much too distant to be part of our
805
00:24:49,899 --> 00:24:54,769
{\an1}away much too distant to be part of our
galaxy it must form a galaxy of its own
806
00:24:54,769 --> 00:24:54,779
{\an1}galaxy it must form a galaxy of its own
807
00:24:54,779 --> 00:24:57,659
{\an1}galaxy it must form a galaxy of its own
Hubble is the first person to prove that
808
00:24:57,659 --> 00:24:57,669
{\an1}Hubble is the first person to prove that
809
00:24:57,669 --> 00:24:59,970
{\an1}Hubble is the first person to prove that
ours is not the only galaxy in the
810
00:24:59,970 --> 00:24:59,980
{\an1}ours is not the only galaxy in the
811
00:24:59,980 --> 00:25:12,870
{\an1}ours is not the only galaxy in the
universe but one of millions at the
812
00:25:12,870 --> 00:25:12,880
{\an1}universe but one of millions at the
813
00:25:12,880 --> 00:25:15,690
{\an1}universe but one of millions at the
large binocular telescope in Arizona the
814
00:25:15,690 --> 00:25:15,700
{\an1}large binocular telescope in Arizona the
815
00:25:15,700 --> 00:25:18,620
{\an1}large binocular telescope in Arizona the
mountaintop enclosure is now
816
00:25:18,620 --> 00:25:18,630
{\an1}mountaintop enclosure is now
817
00:25:18,630 --> 00:25:21,230
{\an1}mountaintop enclosure is now
but before the two giant mirrors can be
818
00:25:21,230 --> 00:25:21,240
{\an1}but before the two giant mirrors can be
819
00:25:21,240 --> 00:25:24,169
{\an1}but before the two giant mirrors can be
installed the team must affect the mat
820
00:25:24,169 --> 00:25:24,179
{\an1}installed the team must affect the mat
821
00:25:24,179 --> 00:25:26,990
{\an1}installed the team must affect the mat
to allow them to move the telescope with
822
00:25:26,990 --> 00:25:27,000
{\an1}to allow them to move the telescope with
823
00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:31,380
{\an1}to allow them to move the telescope with
flawless precision
824
00:25:31,380 --> 00:25:31,390
{\an1}
825
00:25:31,390 --> 00:25:34,180
{\an1}usually a film of lubricating oil
826
00:25:34,180 --> 00:25:34,190
{\an1}usually a film of lubricating oil
827
00:25:34,190 --> 00:25:40,160
{\an1}usually a film of lubricating oil
between the bearings would do the trick
828
00:25:40,160 --> 00:25:40,170
{\an1}
829
00:25:40,170 --> 00:25:45,030
{\an1}and demonstrates I have here two plates
830
00:25:45,030 --> 00:25:45,040
{\an1}and demonstrates I have here two plates
831
00:25:45,040 --> 00:25:47,520
{\an1}and demonstrates I have here two plates
of glass and they represent the actual
832
00:25:47,520 --> 00:25:47,530
{\an1}of glass and they represent the actual
833
00:25:47,530 --> 00:25:49,680
{\an1}of glass and they represent the actual
bearings themselves on top of the
834
00:25:49,680 --> 00:25:49,690
{\an1}bearings themselves on top of the
835
00:25:49,690 --> 00:25:52,260
{\an1}bearings themselves on top of the
bearing I put a five kilogram weight on
836
00:25:52,260 --> 00:25:52,270
{\an1}bearing I put a five kilogram weight on
837
00:25:52,270 --> 00:25:53,940
{\an1}bearing I put a five kilogram weight on
these two plates of glass and they're
838
00:25:53,940 --> 00:25:53,950
{\an1}these two plates of glass and they're
839
00:25:53,950 --> 00:25:57,360
{\an1}these two plates of glass and they're
touching and I now try and move the five
840
00:25:57,360 --> 00:25:57,370
{\an1}touching and I now try and move the five
841
00:25:57,370 --> 00:25:59,720
{\an1}touching and I now try and move the five
kilogram weight by applying some force
842
00:25:59,720 --> 00:25:59,730
{\an1}kilogram weight by applying some force
843
00:25:59,730 --> 00:26:02,130
{\an1}kilogram weight by applying some force
you'll notice that the stick initially
844
00:26:02,130 --> 00:26:02,140
{\an1}you'll notice that the stick initially
845
00:26:02,140 --> 00:26:04,140
{\an1}you'll notice that the stick initially
bends and of course subsequently breaks
846
00:26:04,140 --> 00:26:04,150
{\an1}bends and of course subsequently breaks
847
00:26:04,150 --> 00:26:07,260
{\an1}bends and of course subsequently breaks
now if we repeat the experiment but this
848
00:26:07,260 --> 00:26:07,270
{\an1}now if we repeat the experiment but this
849
00:26:07,270 --> 00:26:09,150
{\an1}now if we repeat the experiment but this
time putting on a few drops of
850
00:26:09,150 --> 00:26:09,160
{\an1}time putting on a few drops of
851
00:26:09,160 --> 00:26:11,190
{\an1}time putting on a few drops of
lubricating oil in between the glass
852
00:26:11,190 --> 00:26:11,200
{\an1}lubricating oil in between the glass
853
00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:13,410
{\an1}lubricating oil in between the glass
plates if I now place the glass plate on
854
00:26:13,410 --> 00:26:13,420
{\an1}plates if I now place the glass plate on
855
00:26:13,420 --> 00:26:16,320
{\an1}plates if I now place the glass plate on
top you'll notice that the oil spreads
856
00:26:16,320 --> 00:26:16,330
{\an1}top you'll notice that the oil spreads
857
00:26:16,330 --> 00:26:19,290
{\an1}top you'll notice that the oil spreads
out into a very thin film we now put the
858
00:26:19,290 --> 00:26:19,300
{\an1}out into a very thin film we now put the
859
00:26:19,300 --> 00:26:22,350
{\an1}out into a very thin film we now put the
weight on and we now try and push it and
860
00:26:22,350 --> 00:26:22,360
{\an1}weight on and we now try and push it and
861
00:26:22,360 --> 00:26:25,200
{\an1}weight on and we now try and push it and
you'll notice that the lightest touch it
862
00:26:25,200 --> 00:26:25,210
{\an1}you'll notice that the lightest touch it
863
00:26:25,210 --> 00:26:27,960
{\an1}you'll notice that the lightest touch it
slides off and falls off so this is the
864
00:26:27,960 --> 00:26:27,970
{\an1}slides off and falls off so this is the
865
00:26:27,970 --> 00:26:31,020
{\an1}slides off and falls off so this is the
principle a very thin layer of oil with
866
00:26:31,020 --> 00:26:31,030
{\an1}principle a very thin layer of oil with
867
00:26:31,030 --> 00:26:33,360
{\an1}principle a very thin layer of oil with
huge forces holding the molecules
868
00:26:33,360 --> 00:26:33,370
{\an1}huge forces holding the molecules
869
00:26:33,370 --> 00:26:34,980
{\an1}huge forces holding the molecules
together these forces are able to
870
00:26:34,980 --> 00:26:34,990
{\an1}together these forces are able to
871
00:26:34,990 --> 00:26:37,140
{\an1}together these forces are able to
withstand massive mechanical weights and
872
00:26:37,140 --> 00:26:37,150
{\an1}withstand massive mechanical weights and
873
00:26:37,150 --> 00:26:43,740
{\an1}withstand massive mechanical weights and
thus the bearing is able to work but
874
00:26:43,740 --> 00:26:43,750
{\an1}thus the bearing is able to work but
875
00:26:43,750 --> 00:26:45,270
{\an1}thus the bearing is able to work but
something as heavy as the large
876
00:26:45,270 --> 00:26:45,280
{\an1}something as heavy as the large
877
00:26:45,280 --> 00:26:47,700
{\an1}something as heavy as the large
binocular telescope would squeeze out a
878
00:26:47,700 --> 00:26:47,710
{\an1}binocular telescope would squeeze out a
879
00:26:47,710 --> 00:26:52,149
{\an1}binocular telescope would squeeze out a
layer
880
00:26:52,149 --> 00:26:52,159
{\an1}
881
00:26:52,159 --> 00:26:55,430
{\an1}so engineers rest the c-shaped
882
00:26:55,430 --> 00:26:55,440
{\an1}so engineers rest the c-shaped
883
00:26:55,440 --> 00:27:00,360
{\an1}so engineers rest the c-shaped
frame on four large path
884
00:27:00,360 --> 00:27:00,370
{\an1}
885
00:27:00,370 --> 00:27:03,029
{\an1}and use high-pressure jets to shoot
886
00:27:03,029 --> 00:27:03,039
{\an1}and use high-pressure jets to shoot
887
00:27:03,039 --> 00:27:08,159
{\an1}and use high-pressure jets to shoot
upwards towards the telescope this
888
00:27:08,159 --> 00:27:08,169
{\an1}upwards towards the telescope this
889
00:27:08,169 --> 00:27:10,649
{\an1}upwards towards the telescope this
constantly replenishes the squeezed and
890
00:27:10,649 --> 00:27:10,659
{\an1}constantly replenishes the squeezed and
891
00:27:10,659 --> 00:27:14,050
{\an1}constantly replenishes the squeezed and
Altoid
892
00:27:14,050 --> 00:27:14,060
{\an1}
893
00:27:14,060 --> 00:27:17,200
{\an1}and provides a thin slippery film on
894
00:27:17,200 --> 00:27:17,210
{\an1}and provides a thin slippery film on
895
00:27:17,210 --> 00:27:24,340
{\an1}and provides a thin slippery film on
which the telescope float
896
00:27:24,340 --> 00:27:24,350
{\an1}
897
00:27:24,350 --> 00:27:28,070
{\an1}so here we see the motion of this giant
898
00:27:28,070 --> 00:27:28,080
{\an1}so here we see the motion of this giant
899
00:27:28,080 --> 00:27:31,430
{\an1}so here we see the motion of this giant
structure as it moves in elevation it's
900
00:27:31,430 --> 00:27:31,440
{\an1}structure as it moves in elevation it's
901
00:27:31,440 --> 00:27:33,320
{\an1}structure as it moves in elevation it's
the searing is like a rocking chair
902
00:27:33,320 --> 00:27:33,330
{\an1}the searing is like a rocking chair
903
00:27:33,330 --> 00:27:36,350
{\an1}the searing is like a rocking chair
rocker to drive motors of about five
904
00:27:36,350 --> 00:27:36,360
{\an1}rocker to drive motors of about five
905
00:27:36,360 --> 00:27:38,649
{\an1}rocker to drive motors of about five
horsepower each on either side are
906
00:27:38,649 --> 00:27:38,659
{\an1}horsepower each on either side are
907
00:27:38,659 --> 00:27:41,630
{\an1}horsepower each on either side are
sufficient to move 500 tons of moving
908
00:27:41,630 --> 00:27:41,640
{\an1}sufficient to move 500 tons of moving
909
00:27:41,640 --> 00:27:44,720
{\an1}sufficient to move 500 tons of moving
weight from Horizon flat out to zenith
910
00:27:44,720 --> 00:27:44,730
{\an1}weight from Horizon flat out to zenith
911
00:27:44,730 --> 00:27:53,290
{\an1}weight from Horizon flat out to zenith
straight up in a minute
912
00:27:53,290 --> 00:27:53,300
{\an1}
913
00:27:53,300 --> 00:27:57,230
{\an1}back in 1917 the hooker telescope with
914
00:27:57,230 --> 00:27:57,240
{\an1}back in 1917 the hooker telescope with
915
00:27:57,240 --> 00:27:59,630
{\an1}back in 1917 the hooker telescope with
its precision tracking revealed secrets
916
00:27:59,630 --> 00:27:59,640
{\an1}its precision tracking revealed secrets
917
00:27:59,640 --> 00:28:02,090
{\an1}its precision tracking revealed secrets
about the universe astronomers had never
918
00:28:02,090 --> 00:28:02,100
{\an1}about the universe astronomers had never
919
00:28:02,100 --> 00:28:07,760
{\an1}about the universe astronomers had never
dreamed of but in their quest to see
920
00:28:07,760 --> 00:28:07,770
{\an1}dreamed of but in their quest to see
921
00:28:07,770 --> 00:28:10,160
{\an1}dreamed of but in their quest to see
further astronomers would have to find a
922
00:28:10,160 --> 00:28:10,170
{\an1}further astronomers would have to find a
923
00:28:10,170 --> 00:28:24,380
{\an1}further astronomers would have to find a
way to get above the urban globe
924
00:28:24,380 --> 00:28:24,390
{\an1}
925
00:28:24,390 --> 00:28:28,410
{\an1}in the late 1920s Edwin Hubble is still
926
00:28:28,410 --> 00:28:28,420
{\an1}in the late 1920s Edwin Hubble is still
927
00:28:28,420 --> 00:28:30,660
{\an1}in the late 1920s Edwin Hubble is still
measuring the distances to faraway
928
00:28:30,660 --> 00:28:30,670
{\an1}measuring the distances to faraway
929
00:28:30,670 --> 00:28:33,390
{\an1}measuring the distances to faraway
galaxies and has noticed something
930
00:28:33,390 --> 00:28:33,400
{\an1}galaxies and has noticed something
931
00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:39,870
{\an1}galaxies and has noticed something
strange the Stars seem to be moving away
932
00:28:39,870 --> 00:28:39,880
{\an1}strange the Stars seem to be moving away
933
00:28:39,880 --> 00:28:43,140
{\an1}strange the Stars seem to be moving away
from each other this suggests that the
934
00:28:43,140 --> 00:28:43,150
{\an1}from each other this suggests that the
935
00:28:43,150 --> 00:28:49,550
{\an1}from each other this suggests that the
universe is expanding
936
00:28:49,550 --> 00:28:49,560
{\an1}
937
00:28:49,560 --> 00:28:51,840
{\an1}astronomers decide to build a telescope
938
00:28:51,840 --> 00:28:51,850
{\an1}astronomers decide to build a telescope
939
00:28:51,850 --> 00:28:55,260
{\an1}astronomers decide to build a telescope
big enough to test Hubble's theory this
940
00:28:55,260 --> 00:28:55,270
{\an1}big enough to test Hubble's theory this
941
00:28:55,270 --> 00:28:57,690
{\an1}big enough to test Hubble's theory this
telescope will have a mirror twice the
942
00:28:57,690 --> 00:28:57,700
{\an1}telescope will have a mirror twice the
943
00:28:57,700 --> 00:29:03,510
{\an1}telescope will have a mirror twice the
size of any other there is only one
944
00:29:03,510 --> 00:29:03,520
{\an1}size of any other there is only one
945
00:29:03,520 --> 00:29:04,580
{\an1}size of any other there is only one
glass
946
00:29:04,580 --> 00:29:04,590
{\an1}glass
947
00:29:04,590 --> 00:29:07,549
{\an1}glass
the USA the required expertise to fill
948
00:29:07,549 --> 00:29:07,559
{\an1}the USA the required expertise to fill
949
00:29:07,559 --> 00:29:08,970
{\an1}the USA the required expertise to fill
their
950
00:29:08,970 --> 00:29:08,980
{\an1}their
951
00:29:08,980 --> 00:29:13,840
{\an1}their
but the works is on the East Coast oven
952
00:29:13,840 --> 00:29:13,850
{\an1}
953
00:29:13,850 --> 00:29:23,410
{\an1}telescope just like today bright lights
954
00:29:23,410 --> 00:29:23,420
{\an1}telescope just like today bright lights
955
00:29:23,420 --> 00:29:26,200
{\an1}telescope just like today bright lights
of cities such as New York or creating a
956
00:29:26,200 --> 00:29:26,210
{\an1}of cities such as New York or creating a
957
00:29:26,210 --> 00:29:29,110
{\an1}of cities such as New York or creating a
glow in the skies above and this light
958
00:29:29,110 --> 00:29:29,120
{\an1}glow in the skies above and this light
959
00:29:29,120 --> 00:29:31,540
{\an1}glow in the skies above and this light
pollution makes it difficult to see the
960
00:29:31,540 --> 00:29:31,550
{\an1}pollution makes it difficult to see the
961
00:29:31,550 --> 00:29:35,780
{\an1}pollution makes it difficult to see the
stars
962
00:29:35,780 --> 00:29:35,790
{\an1}
963
00:29:35,790 --> 00:29:38,520
{\an1}finally the designers find the perfect
964
00:29:38,520 --> 00:29:38,530
{\an1}finally the designers find the perfect
965
00:29:38,530 --> 00:29:41,730
{\an1}finally the designers find the perfect
location a mountain so far away from
966
00:29:41,730 --> 00:29:41,740
{\an1}location a mountain so far away from
967
00:29:41,740 --> 00:29:44,070
{\an1}location a mountain so far away from
city lights it has some of the darkest
968
00:29:44,070 --> 00:29:44,080
{\an1}city lights it has some of the darkest
969
00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:45,270
{\an1}city lights it has some of the darkest
and clearest skies
970
00:29:45,270 --> 00:29:45,280
{\an1}and clearest skies
971
00:29:45,280 --> 00:29:53,870
{\an1}and clearest skies
anywhere in America
972
00:29:53,870 --> 00:29:53,880
{\an1}
973
00:29:53,880 --> 00:29:56,390
{\an1}the only problem is that the mountain is
974
00:29:56,390 --> 00:29:56,400
{\an1}the only problem is that the mountain is
975
00:29:56,400 --> 00:29:59,960
{\an1}the only problem is that the mountain is
in California over 3,000 kilometers away
976
00:29:59,960 --> 00:29:59,970
{\an1}in California over 3,000 kilometers away
977
00:29:59,970 --> 00:30:03,190
{\an1}in California over 3,000 kilometers away
from the Glass Works in New York State
978
00:30:03,190 --> 00:30:03,200
{\an1}from the Glass Works in New York State
979
00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:05,600
{\an1}from the Glass Works in New York State
engineers will have to find a way of
980
00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:05,610
{\an1}engineers will have to find a way of
981
00:30:05,610 --> 00:30:09,830
{\an1}engineers will have to find a way of
getting the mirror across America it was
982
00:30:09,830 --> 00:30:09,840
{\an1}getting the mirror across America it was
983
00:30:09,840 --> 00:30:11,779
{\an1}getting the mirror across America it was
a major logistic exercise the whole
984
00:30:11,779 --> 00:30:11,789
{\an1}a major logistic exercise the whole
985
00:30:11,789 --> 00:30:14,180
{\an1}a major logistic exercise the whole
thing made a great great deal and it was
986
00:30:14,180 --> 00:30:14,190
{\an1}thing made a great great deal and it was
987
00:30:14,190 --> 00:30:16,070
{\an1}thing made a great great deal and it was
probably the most ambitious piece of
988
00:30:16,070 --> 00:30:16,080
{\an1}probably the most ambitious piece of
989
00:30:16,080 --> 00:30:16,820
{\an1}probably the most ambitious piece of
glassmaking
990
00:30:16,820 --> 00:30:16,830
{\an1}glassmaking
991
00:30:16,830 --> 00:30:19,250
{\an1}glassmaking
ever made of course the way of traveling
992
00:30:19,250 --> 00:30:19,260
{\an1}ever made of course the way of traveling
993
00:30:19,260 --> 00:30:21,620
{\an1}ever made of course the way of traveling
in those days was the railway but there
994
00:30:21,620 --> 00:30:21,630
{\an1}in those days was the railway but there
995
00:30:21,630 --> 00:30:23,539
{\an1}in those days was the railway but there
are no rail cars wide enough to
996
00:30:23,539 --> 00:30:23,549
{\an1}are no rail cars wide enough to
997
00:30:23,549 --> 00:30:26,110
{\an1}are no rail cars wide enough to
transport the 5 meter wide
998
00:30:26,110 --> 00:30:26,120
{\an1}transport the 5 meter wide
999
00:30:26,120 --> 00:30:28,899
{\an1}transport the 5 meter wide
flat
1000
00:30:28,899 --> 00:30:28,909
{\an1}
1001
00:30:28,909 --> 00:30:32,450
{\an1}and standing the mirror upright would
1002
00:30:32,450 --> 00:30:32,460
{\an1}and standing the mirror upright would
1003
00:30:32,460 --> 00:30:40,390
{\an1}and standing the mirror upright would
make it too high
1004
00:30:40,390 --> 00:30:40,400
{\an1}
1005
00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:43,420
{\an1}to fit the mirror vertically on the car
1006
00:30:43,420 --> 00:30:43,430
{\an1}to fit the mirror vertically on the car
1007
00:30:43,430 --> 00:30:46,190
{\an1}to fit the mirror vertically on the car
designers need to reduce the overall
1008
00:30:46,190 --> 00:30:46,200
{\an1}designers need to reduce the overall
1009
00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:49,940
{\an1}designers need to reduce the overall
height they shrink the wheels by 18
1010
00:30:49,940 --> 00:30:49,950
{\an1}height they shrink the wheels by 18
1011
00:30:49,950 --> 00:30:58,369
{\an1}height they shrink the wheels by 18
centimeters
1012
00:30:58,369 --> 00:30:58,379
{\an1}
1013
00:30:58,379 --> 00:31:01,109
{\an1}then they build a well in the middle of
1014
00:31:01,109 --> 00:31:01,119
{\an1}then they build a well in the middle of
1015
00:31:01,119 --> 00:31:03,509
{\an1}then they build a well in the middle of
the car so the disc sits just above the
1016
00:31:03,509 --> 00:31:03,519
{\an1}the car so the disc sits just above the
1017
00:31:03,519 --> 00:31:09,089
{\an1}the car so the disc sits just above the
rails they line the car with rubber to
1018
00:31:09,089 --> 00:31:09,099
{\an1}rails they line the car with rubber to
1019
00:31:09,099 --> 00:31:13,529
{\an1}rails they line the car with rubber to
absorb shocks and way down with steel
1020
00:31:13,529 --> 00:31:13,539
{\an1}absorb shocks and way down with steel
1021
00:31:13,539 --> 00:31:15,659
{\an1}absorb shocks and way down with steel
girders to prevent the top hemming
1022
00:31:15,659 --> 00:31:15,669
{\an1}girders to prevent the top hemming
1023
00:31:15,669 --> 00:31:18,749
{\an1}girders to prevent the top hemming
carriage tipping over only now two
1024
00:31:18,749 --> 00:31:18,759
{\an1}carriage tipping over only now two
1025
00:31:18,759 --> 00:31:21,629
{\an1}carriage tipping over only now two
engineers feel confident to embark on
1026
00:31:21,629 --> 00:31:21,639
{\an1}engineers feel confident to embark on
1027
00:31:21,639 --> 00:31:24,570
{\an1}engineers feel confident to embark on
the perilous change as it crossed the
1028
00:31:24,570 --> 00:31:24,580
{\an1}the perilous change as it crossed the
1029
00:31:24,580 --> 00:31:28,049
{\an1}the perilous change as it crossed the
continent people turned out in droves to
1030
00:31:28,049 --> 00:31:28,059
{\an1}continent people turned out in droves to
1031
00:31:28,059 --> 00:31:31,259
{\an1}continent people turned out in droves to
watch it go past people were enchanted
1032
00:31:31,259 --> 00:31:31,269
{\an1}watch it go past people were enchanted
1033
00:31:31,269 --> 00:31:33,749
{\an1}watch it go past people were enchanted
by this great spectacle this brilliant
1034
00:31:33,749 --> 00:31:33,759
{\an1}by this great spectacle this brilliant
1035
00:31:33,759 --> 00:31:36,359
{\an1}by this great spectacle this brilliant
piece of American ingenuity
1036
00:31:36,359 --> 00:31:36,369
{\an1}piece of American ingenuity
1037
00:31:36,369 --> 00:31:40,169
{\an1}piece of American ingenuity
crossing the continent but not everyone
1038
00:31:40,169 --> 00:31:40,179
{\an1}crossing the continent but not everyone
1039
00:31:40,179 --> 00:31:42,180
{\an1}crossing the continent but not everyone
is enchanted with the mirror as the
1040
00:31:42,180 --> 00:31:42,190
{\an1}is enchanted with the mirror as the
1041
00:31:42,190 --> 00:31:44,310
{\an1}is enchanted with the mirror as the
astronomer after whom the telescope is
1042
00:31:44,310 --> 00:31:44,320
{\an1}astronomer after whom the telescope is
1043
00:31:44,320 --> 00:31:48,149
{\an1}astronomer after whom the telescope is
named soon discovers George Ellery Hale
1044
00:31:48,149 --> 00:31:48,159
{\an1}named soon discovers George Ellery Hale
1045
00:31:48,159 --> 00:31:50,070
{\an1}named soon discovers George Ellery Hale
of course was the patron of the great
1046
00:31:50,070 --> 00:31:50,080
{\an1}of course was the patron of the great
1047
00:31:50,080 --> 00:31:52,049
{\an1}of course was the patron of the great
instrument actually made the comment to
1048
00:31:52,049 --> 00:31:52,059
{\an1}instrument actually made the comment to
1049
00:31:52,059 --> 00:31:54,089
{\an1}instrument actually made the comment to
an American newspaper that with this
1050
00:31:54,089 --> 00:31:54,099
{\an1}an American newspaper that with this
1051
00:31:54,099 --> 00:31:55,830
{\an1}an American newspaper that with this
telescope you could perhaps he's so far
1052
00:31:55,830 --> 00:31:55,840
{\an1}telescope you could perhaps he's so far
1053
00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:57,869
{\an1}telescope you could perhaps he's so far
back in time to the very earliest
1054
00:31:57,869 --> 00:31:57,879
{\an1}back in time to the very earliest
1055
00:31:57,879 --> 00:32:00,570
{\an1}back in time to the very earliest
galaxies you may see the footprint of
1056
00:32:00,570 --> 00:32:00,580
{\an1}galaxies you may see the footprint of
1057
00:32:00,580 --> 00:32:02,430
{\an1}galaxies you may see the footprint of
the creator you may see the very
1058
00:32:02,430 --> 00:32:02,440
{\an1}the creator you may see the very
1059
00:32:02,440 --> 00:32:03,960
{\an1}the creator you may see the very
beginnings of the universe God's
1060
00:32:03,960 --> 00:32:03,970
{\an1}beginnings of the universe God's
1061
00:32:03,970 --> 00:32:06,869
{\an1}beginnings of the universe God's
creation now rather sadly as it was
1062
00:32:06,869 --> 00:32:06,879
{\an1}creation now rather sadly as it was
1063
00:32:06,879 --> 00:32:08,249
{\an1}creation now rather sadly as it was
being conveyed across the continent
1064
00:32:08,249 --> 00:32:08,259
{\an1}being conveyed across the continent
1065
00:32:08,259 --> 00:32:10,519
{\an1}being conveyed across the continent
there were certain very very small
1066
00:32:10,519 --> 00:32:10,529
{\an1}there were certain very very small
1067
00:32:10,529 --> 00:32:12,899
{\an1}there were certain very very small
fundamentalist groups that didn't like
1068
00:32:12,899 --> 00:32:12,909
{\an1}fundamentalist groups that didn't like
1069
00:32:12,909 --> 00:32:18,960
{\an1}fundamentalist groups that didn't like
this idea
1070
00:32:18,960 --> 00:32:18,970
{\an1}
1071
00:32:18,970 --> 00:32:21,760
{\an1}railroad engineers fear that fanatics
1072
00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:21,770
{\an1}railroad engineers fear that fanatics
1073
00:32:21,770 --> 00:32:23,860
{\an1}railroad engineers fear that fanatics
will take potshots at the mirror as it
1074
00:32:23,860 --> 00:32:23,870
{\an1}will take potshots at the mirror as it
1075
00:32:23,870 --> 00:32:32,730
{\an1}will take potshots at the mirror as it
travels across country
1076
00:32:32,730 --> 00:32:32,740
{\an1}
1077
00:32:32,740 --> 00:32:35,800
{\an1}so they protected a bulletproof case
1078
00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:35,810
{\an1}so they protected a bulletproof case
1079
00:32:35,810 --> 00:32:52,150
{\an1}so they protected a bulletproof case
made for six millimeter thick
1080
00:32:52,150 --> 00:32:52,160
{\an1}
1081
00:32:52,160 --> 00:32:56,240
{\an1}by June 1948 the massive mirror is
1082
00:32:56,240 --> 00:32:56,250
{\an1}by June 1948 the massive mirror is
1083
00:32:56,250 --> 00:33:02,330
{\an1}by June 1948 the massive mirror is
safely housed in santosha
1084
00:33:02,330 --> 00:33:02,340
{\an1}
1085
00:33:02,340 --> 00:33:04,760
{\an1}astronomers begin to use it to test
1086
00:33:04,760 --> 00:33:04,770
{\an1}astronomers begin to use it to test
1087
00:33:04,770 --> 00:33:07,100
{\an1}astronomers begin to use it to test
Hubble's theory that the universe is
1088
00:33:07,100 --> 00:33:07,110
{\an1}Hubble's theory that the universe is
1089
00:33:07,110 --> 00:33:11,000
{\an1}Hubble's theory that the universe is
expanding perhaps the most important
1090
00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:11,010
{\an1}expanding perhaps the most important
1091
00:33:11,010 --> 00:33:13,250
{\an1}expanding perhaps the most important
thing that the Hale telescope told us is
1092
00:33:13,250 --> 00:33:13,260
{\an1}thing that the Hale telescope told us is
1093
00:33:13,260 --> 00:33:15,170
{\an1}thing that the Hale telescope told us is
that the universe had probably started
1094
00:33:15,170 --> 00:33:15,180
{\an1}that the universe had probably started
1095
00:33:15,180 --> 00:33:19,700
{\an1}that the universe had probably started
from the Big Bang
1096
00:33:19,700 --> 00:33:19,710
{\an1}
1097
00:33:19,710 --> 00:33:22,830
{\an1}the telescope collects enough data to
1098
00:33:22,830 --> 00:33:22,840
{\an1}the telescope collects enough data to
1099
00:33:22,840 --> 00:33:24,360
{\an1}the telescope collects enough data to
show that all the stars in the universe
1100
00:33:24,360 --> 00:33:24,370
{\an1}show that all the stars in the universe
1101
00:33:24,370 --> 00:33:29,900
{\an1}show that all the stars in the universe
are moving away from a single point
1102
00:33:29,900 --> 00:33:29,910
{\an1}
1103
00:33:29,910 --> 00:33:32,300
{\an1}this suggests that everything in
1104
00:33:32,300 --> 00:33:32,310
{\an1}this suggests that everything in
1105
00:33:32,310 --> 00:33:35,060
{\an1}this suggests that everything in
existence started at that one point and
1106
00:33:35,060 --> 00:33:35,070
{\an1}existence started at that one point and
1107
00:33:35,070 --> 00:33:37,400
{\an1}existence started at that one point and
then a cataclysmic event propelled
1108
00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:37,410
{\an1}then a cataclysmic event propelled
1109
00:33:37,410 --> 00:33:41,390
{\an1}then a cataclysmic event propelled
everything outwards this event was
1110
00:33:41,390 --> 00:33:41,400
{\an1}everything outwards this event was
1111
00:33:41,400 --> 00:33:50,049
{\an1}everything outwards this event was
christened
1112
00:33:50,049 --> 00:33:50,059
{\an1}
1113
00:33:50,059 --> 00:33:54,919
{\an1}23rd of October 2003 the astronomers at
1114
00:33:54,919 --> 00:33:54,929
{\an1}23rd of October 2003 the astronomers at
1115
00:33:54,929 --> 00:33:56,930
{\an1}23rd of October 2003 the astronomers at
the LBG are eagerly awaiting the
1116
00:33:56,930 --> 00:33:56,940
{\an1}the LBG are eagerly awaiting the
1117
00:33:56,940 --> 00:34:03,490
{\an1}the LBG are eagerly awaiting the
delivery of their giant mirrors
1118
00:34:03,490 --> 00:34:03,500
{\an1}
1119
00:34:03,500 --> 00:34:05,320
{\an1}although they will not have to travel as
1120
00:34:05,320 --> 00:34:05,330
{\an1}although they will not have to travel as
1121
00:34:05,330 --> 00:34:08,200
{\an1}although they will not have to travel as
far as Hales great disc the teams still
1122
00:34:08,200 --> 00:34:08,210
{\an1}far as Hales great disc the teams still
1123
00:34:08,210 --> 00:34:10,119
{\an1}far as Hales great disc the teams still
have to transport them to the top of the
1124
00:34:10,119 --> 00:34:10,129
{\an1}have to transport them to the top of the
1125
00:34:10,129 --> 00:34:15,820
{\an1}have to transport them to the top of the
mountain over 3,000 metres high this
1126
00:34:15,820 --> 00:34:15,830
{\an1}mountain over 3,000 metres high this
1127
00:34:15,830 --> 00:34:18,129
{\an1}mountain over 3,000 metres high this
journey also runs the risk of being
1128
00:34:18,129 --> 00:34:18,139
{\an1}journey also runs the risk of being
1129
00:34:18,139 --> 00:34:22,450
{\an1}journey also runs the risk of being
sabotaged but this time the threat
1130
00:34:22,450 --> 00:34:22,460
{\an1}sabotaged but this time the threat
1131
00:34:22,460 --> 00:34:23,770
{\an1}sabotaged but this time the threat
doesn't come from religious
1132
00:34:23,770 --> 00:34:23,780
{\an1}doesn't come from religious
1133
00:34:23,780 --> 00:34:26,580
{\an1}doesn't come from religious
fundamentalists it comes from
1134
00:34:26,580 --> 00:34:26,590
{\an1}fundamentalists it comes from
1135
00:34:26,590 --> 00:34:29,830
{\an1}fundamentalists it comes from
environmentalists we're in the middle of
1136
00:34:29,830 --> 00:34:29,840
{\an1}environmentalists we're in the middle of
1137
00:34:29,840 --> 00:34:32,740
{\an1}environmentalists we're in the middle of
a United States National Forest and when
1138
00:34:32,740 --> 00:34:32,750
{\an1}a United States National Forest and when
1139
00:34:32,750 --> 00:34:34,480
{\an1}a United States National Forest and when
you drive into a National Forest
1140
00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:34,490
{\an1}you drive into a National Forest
1141
00:34:34,490 --> 00:34:37,570
{\an1}you drive into a National Forest
boundary it says land of many uses and
1142
00:34:37,570 --> 00:34:37,580
{\an1}boundary it says land of many uses and
1143
00:34:37,580 --> 00:34:40,570
{\an1}boundary it says land of many uses and
it turns out that different groups have
1144
00:34:40,570 --> 00:34:40,580
{\an1}it turns out that different groups have
1145
00:34:40,580 --> 00:34:42,970
{\an1}it turns out that different groups have
different visions for what the use of
1146
00:34:42,970 --> 00:34:42,980
{\an1}different visions for what the use of
1147
00:34:42,980 --> 00:34:47,760
{\an1}different visions for what the use of
this mountaintop should be
1148
00:34:47,760 --> 00:34:47,770
{\an1}
1149
00:34:47,770 --> 00:34:51,500
{\an1}a group of militant environmentalists
1150
00:34:51,500 --> 00:34:51,510
{\an1}a group of militant environmentalists
1151
00:34:51,510 --> 00:34:54,180
{\an1}a group of militant environmentalists
argue that the telescope has desecrated
1152
00:34:54,180 --> 00:34:54,190
{\an1}argue that the telescope has desecrated
1153
00:34:54,190 --> 00:34:58,650
{\an1}argue that the telescope has desecrated
a national forest suddenly there Roth as
1154
00:34:58,650 --> 00:34:58,660
{\an1}a national forest suddenly there Roth as
1155
00:34:58,660 --> 00:35:09,250
{\an1}a national forest suddenly there Roth as
a focus the mirror convoy
1156
00:35:09,250 --> 00:35:09,260
{\an1}
1157
00:35:09,260 --> 00:35:11,830
{\an1}a police escort protects the precious
1158
00:35:11,830 --> 00:35:11,840
{\an1}a police escort protects the precious
1159
00:35:11,840 --> 00:35:13,720
{\an1}a police escort protects the precious
load until it reaches the foot of the
1160
00:35:13,720 --> 00:35:13,730
{\an1}load until it reaches the foot of the
1161
00:35:13,730 --> 00:35:16,870
{\an1}load until it reaches the foot of the
mountain once there the team face their
1162
00:35:16,870 --> 00:35:16,880
{\an1}mountain once there the team face their
1163
00:35:16,880 --> 00:35:24,950
{\an1}mountain once there the team face their
biggest challenge
1164
00:35:24,950 --> 00:35:24,960
{\an1}
1165
00:35:24,960 --> 00:35:27,349
{\an1}the road to the top isn't full of
1166
00:35:27,349 --> 00:35:27,359
{\an1}the road to the top isn't full of
1167
00:35:27,359 --> 00:35:31,900
{\an1}the road to the top isn't full of
switchbacks and line of troops
1168
00:35:31,900 --> 00:35:31,910
{\an1}
1169
00:35:31,910 --> 00:35:36,860
{\an1}movers can't cut back a single tree
1170
00:35:36,860 --> 00:35:36,870
{\an1}
1171
00:35:36,870 --> 00:35:38,780
{\an1}they calculate that if they place the
1172
00:35:38,780 --> 00:35:38,790
{\an1}they calculate that if they place the
1173
00:35:38,790 --> 00:35:41,750
{\an1}they calculate that if they place the
mirror box at an angle of 60 degrees the
1174
00:35:41,750 --> 00:35:41,760
{\an1}mirror box at an angle of 60 degrees the
1175
00:35:41,760 --> 00:35:43,310
{\an1}mirror box at an angle of 60 degrees the
load will be narrow enough to fit
1176
00:35:43,310 --> 00:35:43,320
{\an1}load will be narrow enough to fit
1177
00:35:43,320 --> 00:35:45,920
{\an1}load will be narrow enough to fit
between tree tracks and low enough to
1178
00:35:45,920 --> 00:35:45,930
{\an1}between tree tracks and low enough to
1179
00:35:45,930 --> 00:35:49,280
{\an1}between tree tracks and low enough to
clear overhanging branches but with a
1180
00:35:49,280 --> 00:35:49,290
{\an1}clear overhanging branches but with a
1181
00:35:49,290 --> 00:35:51,860
{\an1}clear overhanging branches but with a
treacherous climb ahead this precarious
1182
00:35:51,860 --> 00:35:51,870
{\an1}treacherous climb ahead this precarious
1183
00:35:51,870 --> 00:36:00,170
{\an1}treacherous climb ahead this precarious
angle causes problems winter
1184
00:36:00,170 --> 00:36:00,180
{\an1}
1185
00:36:00,180 --> 00:36:03,270
{\an1}such a high center of gravity the
1186
00:36:03,270 --> 00:36:03,280
{\an1}such a high center of gravity the
1187
00:36:03,280 --> 00:36:05,970
{\an1}such a high center of gravity the
slightest tilt towards the load to tip
1188
00:36:05,970 --> 00:36:05,980
{\an1}slightest tilt towards the load to tip
1189
00:36:05,980 --> 00:36:12,190
{\an1}slightest tilt towards the load to tip
flattening trees and destroying
1190
00:36:12,190 --> 00:36:12,200
{\an1}
1191
00:36:12,200 --> 00:36:15,490
{\an1}to keep the trailer level
1192
00:36:15,490 --> 00:36:15,500
{\an1}to keep the trailer level
1193
00:36:15,500 --> 00:36:19,880
{\an1}to keep the trailer level
fit hydraulic pistons
1194
00:36:19,880 --> 00:36:19,890
{\an1}
1195
00:36:19,890 --> 00:36:23,710
{\an1}John the bangle
1196
00:36:23,710 --> 00:36:23,720
{\an1}
1197
00:36:23,720 --> 00:36:33,420
{\an1}keep them at the correct angle times
1198
00:36:33,420 --> 00:36:33,430
{\an1}
1199
00:36:33,430 --> 00:36:36,000
{\an1}near summit wind speeds which are
1200
00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:36,010
{\an1}near summit wind speeds which are
1201
00:36:36,010 --> 00:36:41,010
{\an1}near summit wind speeds which are
unequal
1202
00:36:41,010 --> 00:36:41,020
{\an1}
1203
00:36:41,020 --> 00:36:44,050
{\an1}give the cool battle on and the mirror
1204
00:36:44,050 --> 00:36:44,060
{\an1}give the cool battle on and the mirror
1205
00:36:44,060 --> 00:36:49,130
{\an1}give the cool battle on and the mirror
makes it to the enclosure safe and sound
1206
00:36:49,130 --> 00:36:49,140
{\an1}
1207
00:36:49,140 --> 00:36:52,380
{\an1}in three days they brought up the steel
1208
00:36:52,380 --> 00:36:52,390
{\an1}in three days they brought up the steel
1209
00:36:52,390 --> 00:36:54,900
{\an1}in three days they brought up the steel
mirror cells at each of the primary
1210
00:36:54,900 --> 00:36:54,910
{\an1}mirror cells at each of the primary
1211
00:36:54,910 --> 00:36:56,599
{\an1}mirror cells at each of the primary
mirrors when they were ready and
1212
00:36:56,599 --> 00:36:56,609
{\an1}mirrors when they were ready and
1213
00:36:56,609 --> 00:36:59,400
{\an1}mirrors when they were ready and
everything arrived in perfect condition
1214
00:36:59,400 --> 00:36:59,410
{\an1}everything arrived in perfect condition
1215
00:36:59,410 --> 00:37:01,829
{\an1}everything arrived in perfect condition
so it was a real it was an impressive
1216
00:37:01,829 --> 00:37:01,839
{\an1}so it was a real it was an impressive
1217
00:37:01,839 --> 00:37:04,859
{\an1}so it was a real it was an impressive
challenge that was well met and not a
1218
00:37:04,859 --> 00:37:04,869
{\an1}challenge that was well met and not a
1219
00:37:04,869 --> 00:37:14,779
{\an1}challenge that was well met and not a
single tree was damaged in the process
1220
00:37:14,779 --> 00:37:14,789
{\an1}
1221
00:37:14,789 --> 00:37:17,940
{\an1}access to high ground gives astronomers
1222
00:37:17,940 --> 00:37:17,950
{\an1}access to high ground gives astronomers
1223
00:37:17,950 --> 00:37:22,480
{\an1}access to high ground gives astronomers
a clearer view of the night sky
1224
00:37:22,480 --> 00:37:22,490
{\an1}
1225
00:37:22,490 --> 00:37:24,730
{\an1}and at high altitude freezing nighttime
1226
00:37:24,730 --> 00:37:24,740
{\an1}and at high altitude freezing nighttime
1227
00:37:24,740 --> 00:37:26,950
{\an1}and at high altitude freezing nighttime
temperatures create heaven they're
1228
00:37:26,950 --> 00:37:26,960
{\an1}temperatures create heaven they're
1229
00:37:26,960 --> 00:37:32,740
{\an1}temperatures create heaven they're
delicate temperatures so to locate then
1230
00:37:32,740 --> 00:37:32,750
{\an1}delicate temperatures so to locate then
1231
00:37:32,750 --> 00:37:35,040
{\an1}delicate temperatures so to locate then
you telescope higher than ever before
1232
00:37:35,040 --> 00:37:35,050
{\an1}you telescope higher than ever before
1233
00:37:35,050 --> 00:37:38,079
{\an1}you telescope higher than ever before
Soviet engineers must find a cool
1234
00:37:38,079 --> 00:37:38,089
{\an1}Soviet engineers must find a cool
1235
00:37:38,089 --> 00:37:46,730
{\an1}Soviet engineers must find a cool
solution to the problem
1236
00:37:46,730 --> 00:37:46,740
{\an1}
1237
00:37:46,740 --> 00:37:51,180
{\an1}in 1966 the Hale telescope in America is
1238
00:37:51,180 --> 00:37:51,190
{\an1}in 1966 the Hale telescope in America is
1239
00:37:51,190 --> 00:37:53,339
{\an1}in 1966 the Hale telescope in America is
still the biggest in the world and gives
1240
00:37:53,339 --> 00:37:53,349
{\an1}still the biggest in the world and gives
1241
00:37:53,349 --> 00:37:55,650
{\an1}still the biggest in the world and gives
the u.s. an unrivaled view of the
1242
00:37:55,650 --> 00:37:55,660
{\an1}the u.s. an unrivaled view of the
1243
00:37:55,660 --> 00:37:59,930
{\an1}the u.s. an unrivaled view of the
universe
1244
00:37:59,930 --> 00:37:59,940
{\an1}
1245
00:37:59,940 --> 00:38:03,049
{\an1}not to be outdone the Soviet Union wants
1246
00:38:03,049 --> 00:38:03,059
{\an1}not to be outdone the Soviet Union wants
1247
00:38:03,059 --> 00:38:05,569
{\an1}not to be outdone the Soviet Union wants
to go bigger higher and even more remote
1248
00:38:05,569 --> 00:38:05,579
{\an1}to go bigger higher and even more remote
1249
00:38:05,579 --> 00:38:08,569
{\an1}to go bigger higher and even more remote
with the Bolshoi telescope they choose
1250
00:38:08,569 --> 00:38:08,579
{\an1}with the Bolshoi telescope they choose
1251
00:38:08,579 --> 00:38:18,570
{\an1}with the Bolshoi telescope they choose
the Caucasus Mountains in South Russia
1252
00:38:18,570 --> 00:38:18,580
{\an1}
1253
00:38:18,580 --> 00:38:21,060
{\an1}but nighttime temperatures up here for
1254
00:38:21,060 --> 00:38:21,070
{\an1}but nighttime temperatures up here for
1255
00:38:21,070 --> 00:38:21,790
{\an1}but nighttime temperatures up here for
well
1256
00:38:21,790 --> 00:38:21,800
{\an1}well
1257
00:38:21,800 --> 00:38:27,099
{\an1}well
- ten degrees Celsius
1258
00:38:27,099 --> 00:38:27,109
{\an1}
1259
00:38:27,109 --> 00:38:30,140
{\an1}the thick metal walls of the telescope
1260
00:38:30,140 --> 00:38:30,150
{\an1}the thick metal walls of the telescope
1261
00:38:30,150 --> 00:38:32,150
{\an1}the thick metal walls of the telescope
enclosure lock the heat from the
1262
00:38:32,150 --> 00:38:32,160
{\an1}enclosure lock the heat from the
1263
00:38:32,160 --> 00:38:34,700
{\an1}enclosure lock the heat from the
afternoon Sun inside keeping the
1264
00:38:34,700 --> 00:38:34,710
{\an1}afternoon Sun inside keeping the
1265
00:38:34,710 --> 00:38:38,200
{\an1}afternoon Sun inside keeping the
apparatus wore
1266
00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:38,210
{\an1}
1267
00:38:38,210 --> 00:38:40,570
{\an1}but when the doors open for observation
1268
00:38:40,570 --> 00:38:40,580
{\an1}but when the doors open for observation
1269
00:38:40,580 --> 00:38:44,020
{\an1}but when the doors open for observation
the cold night air rushes in causing the
1270
00:38:44,020 --> 00:38:44,030
{\an1}the cold night air rushes in causing the
1271
00:38:44,030 --> 00:38:48,400
{\an1}the cold night air rushes in causing the
temperature to drop
1272
00:38:48,400 --> 00:38:48,410
{\an1}
1273
00:38:48,410 --> 00:38:51,800
{\an1}this cools the mirror down and it begins
1274
00:38:51,800 --> 00:38:51,810
{\an1}this cools the mirror down and it begins
1275
00:38:51,810 --> 00:38:55,850
{\an1}this cools the mirror down and it begins
to contract distorting the perfect
1276
00:38:55,850 --> 00:38:55,860
{\an1}to contract distorting the perfect
1277
00:38:55,860 --> 00:39:03,770
{\an1}to contract distorting the perfect
surface and blurring the image dr.
1278
00:39:03,770 --> 00:39:03,780
{\an1}surface and blurring the image dr.
1279
00:39:03,780 --> 00:39:06,170
{\an1}surface and blurring the image dr.
Maggie a daring Pocock explains how
1280
00:39:06,170 --> 00:39:06,180
{\an1}Maggie a daring Pocock explains how
1281
00:39:06,180 --> 00:39:08,660
{\an1}Maggie a daring Pocock explains how
changing temperatures can throw out an
1282
00:39:08,660 --> 00:39:08,670
{\an1}changing temperatures can throw out an
1283
00:39:08,670 --> 00:39:11,840
{\an1}changing temperatures can throw out an
astronomers readings now I've got this
1284
00:39:11,840 --> 00:39:11,850
{\an1}astronomers readings now I've got this
1285
00:39:11,850 --> 00:39:13,190
{\an1}astronomers readings now I've got this
fruit bowl which represents my mirror
1286
00:39:13,190 --> 00:39:13,200
{\an1}fruit bowl which represents my mirror
1287
00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:14,690
{\an1}fruit bowl which represents my mirror
what I need to do is going to make a
1288
00:39:14,690 --> 00:39:14,700
{\an1}what I need to do is going to make a
1289
00:39:14,700 --> 00:39:17,120
{\an1}what I need to do is going to make a
parabola on this surface and to do that
1290
00:39:17,120 --> 00:39:17,130
{\an1}parabola on this surface and to do that
1291
00:39:17,130 --> 00:39:24,320
{\an1}parabola on this surface and to do that
I'm going to apply a vacuum so now this
1292
00:39:24,320 --> 00:39:24,330
{\an1}I'm going to apply a vacuum so now this
1293
00:39:24,330 --> 00:39:26,150
{\an1}I'm going to apply a vacuum so now this
curved surface represents the mirror of
1294
00:39:26,150 --> 00:39:26,160
{\an1}curved surface represents the mirror of
1295
00:39:26,160 --> 00:39:28,610
{\an1}curved surface represents the mirror of
the telescope now we get light coming in
1296
00:39:28,610 --> 00:39:28,620
{\an1}the telescope now we get light coming in
1297
00:39:28,620 --> 00:39:30,710
{\an1}the telescope now we get light coming in
from stars billions of miles away and
1298
00:39:30,710 --> 00:39:30,720
{\an1}from stars billions of miles away and
1299
00:39:30,720 --> 00:39:32,480
{\an1}from stars billions of miles away and
that's represented by these lasers so
1300
00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:32,490
{\an1}that's represented by these lasers so
1301
00:39:32,490 --> 00:39:35,090
{\an1}that's represented by these lasers so
just tweak this on and I've got them
1302
00:39:35,090 --> 00:39:35,100
{\an1}just tweak this on and I've got them
1303
00:39:35,100 --> 00:39:36,980
{\an1}just tweak this on and I've got them
reflecting onto the parabolic mirror and
1304
00:39:36,980 --> 00:39:36,990
{\an1}reflecting onto the parabolic mirror and
1305
00:39:36,990 --> 00:39:39,110
{\an1}reflecting onto the parabolic mirror and
I can see that can bring the light into
1306
00:39:39,110 --> 00:39:39,120
{\an1}I can see that can bring the light into
1307
00:39:39,120 --> 00:39:41,390
{\an1}I can see that can bring the light into
a nice tight focus so I bring this
1308
00:39:41,390 --> 00:39:41,400
{\an1}a nice tight focus so I bring this
1309
00:39:41,400 --> 00:39:44,420
{\an1}a nice tight focus so I bring this
screen in now I've got the two points of
1310
00:39:44,420 --> 00:39:44,430
{\an1}screen in now I've got the two points of
1311
00:39:44,430 --> 00:39:46,070
{\an1}screen in now I've got the two points of
light focus together on the telescope
1312
00:39:46,070 --> 00:39:46,080
{\an1}light focus together on the telescope
1313
00:39:46,080 --> 00:39:48,200
{\an1}light focus together on the telescope
I've got a nice sharp image the problem
1314
00:39:48,200 --> 00:39:48,210
{\an1}I've got a nice sharp image the problem
1315
00:39:48,210 --> 00:39:49,910
{\an1}I've got a nice sharp image the problem
is if I introduce some heat to the
1316
00:39:49,910 --> 00:39:49,920
{\an1}is if I introduce some heat to the
1317
00:39:49,920 --> 00:39:51,830
{\an1}is if I introduce some heat to the
mirror the two spots of light
1318
00:39:51,830 --> 00:39:51,840
{\an1}mirror the two spots of light
1319
00:39:51,840 --> 00:39:53,690
{\an1}mirror the two spots of light
lose focus they separate and that
1320
00:39:53,690 --> 00:39:53,700
{\an1}lose focus they separate and that
1321
00:39:53,700 --> 00:39:55,490
{\an1}lose focus they separate and that
results in a blurry image which is
1322
00:39:55,490 --> 00:39:55,500
{\an1}results in a blurry image which is
1323
00:39:55,500 --> 00:39:57,950
{\an1}results in a blurry image which is
useless for astronomy now I've taken the
1324
00:39:57,950 --> 00:39:57,960
{\an1}useless for astronomy now I've taken the
1325
00:39:57,960 --> 00:39:59,690
{\an1}useless for astronomy now I've taken the
heat away from the telescope so this
1326
00:39:59,690 --> 00:39:59,700
{\an1}heat away from the telescope so this
1327
00:39:59,700 --> 00:40:01,310
{\an1}heat away from the telescope so this
could be opened up the dome in the
1328
00:40:01,310 --> 00:40:01,320
{\an1}could be opened up the dome in the
1329
00:40:01,320 --> 00:40:03,110
{\an1}could be opened up the dome in the
evening but the two points of light are
1330
00:40:03,110 --> 00:40:03,120
{\an1}evening but the two points of light are
1331
00:40:03,120 --> 00:40:04,820
{\an1}evening but the two points of light are
still separated because I'll take a long
1332
00:40:04,820 --> 00:40:04,830
{\an1}still separated because I'll take a long
1333
00:40:04,830 --> 00:40:06,950
{\an1}still separated because I'll take a long
time to recover and so this is just a
1334
00:40:06,950 --> 00:40:06,960
{\an1}time to recover and so this is just a
1335
00:40:06,960 --> 00:40:09,080
{\an1}time to recover and so this is just a
fruit bowl but if we scale this up to a
1336
00:40:09,080 --> 00:40:09,090
{\an1}fruit bowl but if we scale this up to a
1337
00:40:09,090 --> 00:40:11,300
{\an1}fruit bowl but if we scale this up to a
telescope 6 metres in diameter we're
1338
00:40:11,300 --> 00:40:11,310
{\an1}telescope 6 metres in diameter we're
1339
00:40:11,310 --> 00:40:12,860
{\an1}telescope 6 metres in diameter we're
talking a long time to bring those two
1340
00:40:12,860 --> 00:40:12,870
{\an1}talking a long time to bring those two
1341
00:40:12,870 --> 00:40:14,630
{\an1}talking a long time to bring those two
points of light back into focus and
1342
00:40:14,630 --> 00:40:14,640
{\an1}points of light back into focus and
1343
00:40:14,640 --> 00:40:15,710
{\an1}points of light back into focus and
that's one of the problems we
1344
00:40:15,710 --> 00:40:15,720
{\an1}that's one of the problems we
1345
00:40:15,720 --> 00:40:18,740
{\an1}that's one of the problems we
experienced on the telus game
1346
00:40:18,740 --> 00:40:18,750
{\an1}experienced on the telus game
1347
00:40:18,750 --> 00:40:21,750
{\an1}experienced on the telus game
to solve this problem Soviet engineers
1348
00:40:21,750 --> 00:40:21,760
{\an1}to solve this problem Soviet engineers
1349
00:40:21,760 --> 00:40:24,630
{\an1}to solve this problem Soviet engineers
all showing telescope must keep the
1350
00:40:24,630 --> 00:40:24,640
{\an1}all showing telescope must keep the
1351
00:40:24,640 --> 00:40:29,260
{\an1}all showing telescope must keep the
temperature of them near a constant
1352
00:40:29,260 --> 00:40:29,270
{\an1}
1353
00:40:29,270 --> 00:40:37,110
{\an1}they installed next door to them done
1354
00:40:37,110 --> 00:40:37,120
{\an1}
1355
00:40:37,120 --> 00:40:40,530
{\an1}fans suck in a relatively warm daytime
1356
00:40:40,530 --> 00:40:40,540
{\an1}fans suck in a relatively warm daytime
1357
00:40:40,540 --> 00:40:43,520
{\an1}fans suck in a relatively warm daytime
and shoot it over pipe the content
1358
00:40:43,520 --> 00:40:43,530
{\an1}and shoot it over pipe the content
1359
00:40:43,530 --> 00:40:46,420
{\an1}and shoot it over pipe the content
guys
1360
00:40:46,420 --> 00:40:46,430
{\an1}
1361
00:40:46,430 --> 00:40:48,880
{\an1}this calls the air down tonight type
1362
00:40:48,880 --> 00:40:48,890
{\an1}this calls the air down tonight type
1363
00:40:48,890 --> 00:40:52,480
{\an1}this calls the air down tonight type
temperature
1364
00:40:52,480 --> 00:40:52,490
{\an1}
1365
00:40:52,490 --> 00:40:54,730
{\an1}hunts down propel the cooler air into
1366
00:40:54,730 --> 00:40:54,740
{\an1}hunts down propel the cooler air into
1367
00:40:54,740 --> 00:40:58,000
{\an1}hunts down propel the cooler air into
the dome reducing the temperature to
1368
00:40:58,000 --> 00:40:58,010
{\an1}the dome reducing the temperature to
1369
00:40:58,010 --> 00:41:00,099
{\an1}the dome reducing the temperature to
match conditions outdoors when he
1370
00:41:00,099 --> 00:41:00,109
{\an1}match conditions outdoors when he
1371
00:41:00,109 --> 00:41:11,309
{\an1}match conditions outdoors when he
enclosure opens in the lead
1372
00:41:11,309 --> 00:41:11,319
{\an1}
1373
00:41:11,319 --> 00:41:13,209
{\an1}astronomers at the large binocular
1374
00:41:13,209 --> 00:41:13,219
{\an1}astronomers at the large binocular
1375
00:41:13,219 --> 00:41:15,729
{\an1}astronomers at the large binocular
telescope in Arizona share the same
1376
00:41:15,729 --> 00:41:15,739
{\an1}telescope in Arizona share the same
1377
00:41:15,739 --> 00:41:19,769
{\an1}telescope in Arizona share the same
concerns as their Russian counterparts
1378
00:41:19,769 --> 00:41:19,779
{\an1}
1379
00:41:19,779 --> 00:41:23,439
{\an1}we are on the top of a ten thousand five
1380
00:41:23,439 --> 00:41:23,449
{\an1}we are on the top of a ten thousand five
1381
00:41:23,449 --> 00:41:28,170
{\an1}we are on the top of a ten thousand five
hundred foot summit which has a very
1382
00:41:28,170 --> 00:41:28,180
{\an1}hundred foot summit which has a very
1383
00:41:28,180 --> 00:41:30,819
{\an1}hundred foot summit which has a very
continental American climate in
1384
00:41:30,819 --> 00:41:30,829
{\an1}continental American climate in
1385
00:41:30,829 --> 00:41:34,059
{\an1}continental American climate in
wintertime it gets down to single digits
1386
00:41:34,059 --> 00:41:34,069
{\an1}wintertime it gets down to single digits
1387
00:41:34,069 --> 00:41:37,779
{\an1}wintertime it gets down to single digits
in Fahrenheit - 15 16 centigrade with a
1388
00:41:37,779 --> 00:41:37,789
{\an1}in Fahrenheit - 15 16 centigrade with a
1389
00:41:37,789 --> 00:41:40,089
{\an1}in Fahrenheit - 15 16 centigrade with a
good stiff wind and in the summertime it
1390
00:41:40,089 --> 00:41:40,099
{\an1}good stiff wind and in the summertime it
1391
00:41:40,099 --> 00:41:43,749
{\an1}good stiff wind and in the summertime it
can be as balmy as 60 or 65 fahrenheit
1392
00:41:43,749 --> 00:41:43,759
{\an1}can be as balmy as 60 or 65 fahrenheit
1393
00:41:43,759 --> 00:41:48,759
{\an1}can be as balmy as 60 or 65 fahrenheit
in the upper 20s centigrade rather than
1394
00:41:48,759 --> 00:41:48,769
{\an1}in the upper 20s centigrade rather than
1395
00:41:48,769 --> 00:41:51,009
{\an1}in the upper 20s centigrade rather than
cooling the whole building the engineers
1396
00:41:51,009 --> 00:41:51,019
{\an1}cooling the whole building the engineers
1397
00:41:51,019 --> 00:41:57,180
{\an1}cooling the whole building the engineers
decide to simply cool the mirror itself
1398
00:41:57,180 --> 00:41:57,190
{\an1}
1399
00:41:57,190 --> 00:41:59,890
{\an1}they take advantage of honeycomb-like
1400
00:41:59,890 --> 00:41:59,900
{\an1}they take advantage of honeycomb-like
1401
00:41:59,900 --> 00:42:08,569
{\an1}they take advantage of honeycomb-like
cavities built into the back
1402
00:42:08,569 --> 00:42:08,579
{\an1}
1403
00:42:08,579 --> 00:42:11,819
{\an1}they shoot cold air from tiny jets
1404
00:42:11,819 --> 00:42:11,829
{\an1}they shoot cold air from tiny jets
1405
00:42:11,829 --> 00:42:20,020
{\an1}they shoot cold air from tiny jets
intimate
1406
00:42:20,020 --> 00:42:20,030
{\an1}
1407
00:42:20,030 --> 00:42:22,450
{\an1}this cools the mirror from the inside
1408
00:42:22,450 --> 00:42:22,460
{\an1}this cools the mirror from the inside
1409
00:42:22,460 --> 00:42:25,020
{\an1}this cools the mirror from the inside
keeping the temperature constant and
1410
00:42:25,020 --> 00:42:25,030
{\an1}keeping the temperature constant and
1411
00:42:25,030 --> 00:42:32,670
{\an1}keeping the temperature constant and
preventing the front plate of impending
1412
00:42:32,670 --> 00:42:32,680
{\an1}
1413
00:42:32,680 --> 00:42:36,009
{\an1}that allows us within a very short time
1414
00:42:36,009 --> 00:42:36,019
{\an1}that allows us within a very short time
1415
00:42:36,019 --> 00:42:38,470
{\an1}that allows us within a very short time
to get the front plate that one-inch
1416
00:42:38,470 --> 00:42:38,480
{\an1}to get the front plate that one-inch
1417
00:42:38,480 --> 00:42:41,499
{\an1}to get the front plate that one-inch
thick plate of glass that forms the
1418
00:42:41,499 --> 00:42:41,509
{\an1}thick plate of glass that forms the
1419
00:42:41,509 --> 00:42:44,019
{\an1}thick plate of glass that forms the
perfect surface of the mirror to be an
1420
00:42:44,019 --> 00:42:44,029
{\an1}perfect surface of the mirror to be an
1421
00:42:44,029 --> 00:42:53,810
{\an1}perfect surface of the mirror to be an
equilibrium with its surroundings
1422
00:42:53,810 --> 00:42:53,820
{\an1}
1423
00:42:53,820 --> 00:42:57,660
{\an1}back in 1975 air-conditioned mirrors
1424
00:42:57,660 --> 00:42:57,670
{\an1}back in 1975 air-conditioned mirrors
1425
00:42:57,670 --> 00:42:59,430
{\an1}back in 1975 air-conditioned mirrors
allowed astronomers of the bolshoi
1426
00:42:59,430 --> 00:42:59,440
{\an1}allowed astronomers of the bolshoi
1427
00:42:59,440 --> 00:43:01,890
{\an1}allowed astronomers of the bolshoi
telescope to make accurate observations
1428
00:43:01,890 --> 00:43:01,900
{\an1}telescope to make accurate observations
1429
00:43:01,900 --> 00:43:06,720
{\an1}telescope to make accurate observations
on even the coldest nights only one more
1430
00:43:06,720 --> 00:43:06,730
{\an1}on even the coldest nights only one more
1431
00:43:06,730 --> 00:43:08,940
{\an1}on even the coldest nights only one more
obstacle now stands in the way of the
1432
00:43:08,940 --> 00:43:08,950
{\an1}obstacle now stands in the way of the
1433
00:43:08,950 --> 00:43:15,900
{\an1}obstacle now stands in the way of the
perfect view of the universe to build a
1434
00:43:15,900 --> 00:43:15,910
{\an1}perfect view of the universe to build a
1435
00:43:15,910 --> 00:43:18,950
{\an1}perfect view of the universe to build a
large binocular telescope in Arizona
1436
00:43:18,950 --> 00:43:18,960
{\an1}large binocular telescope in Arizona
1437
00:43:18,960 --> 00:43:21,150
{\an1}large binocular telescope in Arizona
astronomers need to find a way of
1438
00:43:21,150 --> 00:43:21,160
{\an1}astronomers need to find a way of
1439
00:43:21,160 --> 00:43:23,010
{\an1}astronomers need to find a way of
clearing a path through the Earth's
1440
00:43:23,010 --> 00:43:23,020
{\an1}clearing a path through the Earth's
1441
00:43:23,020 --> 00:43:29,400
{\an1}clearing a path through the Earth's
dense atmosphere when we look up at the
1442
00:43:29,400 --> 00:43:29,410
{\an1}dense atmosphere when we look up at the
1443
00:43:29,410 --> 00:43:31,650
{\an1}dense atmosphere when we look up at the
night sky we often see stars twinkling
1444
00:43:31,650 --> 00:43:31,660
{\an1}night sky we often see stars twinkling
1445
00:43:31,660 --> 00:43:33,870
{\an1}night sky we often see stars twinkling
now this is very beautiful for us but
1446
00:43:33,870 --> 00:43:33,880
{\an1}now this is very beautiful for us but
1447
00:43:33,880 --> 00:43:36,030
{\an1}now this is very beautiful for us but
it's a real pain for astronomers the
1448
00:43:36,030 --> 00:43:36,040
{\an1}it's a real pain for astronomers the
1449
00:43:36,040 --> 00:43:37,350
{\an1}it's a real pain for astronomers the
twinkling is caused by atmospheric
1450
00:43:37,350 --> 00:43:37,360
{\an1}twinkling is caused by atmospheric
1451
00:43:37,360 --> 00:43:40,530
{\an1}twinkling is caused by atmospheric
turbulence light actually travels faster
1452
00:43:40,530 --> 00:43:40,540
{\an1}turbulence light actually travels faster
1453
00:43:40,540 --> 00:43:42,330
{\an1}turbulence light actually travels faster
through hot pockets rather than cold
1454
00:43:42,330 --> 00:43:42,340
{\an1}through hot pockets rather than cold
1455
00:43:42,340 --> 00:43:44,160
{\an1}through hot pockets rather than cold
pockets there and this causes the
1456
00:43:44,160 --> 00:43:44,170
{\an1}pockets there and this causes the
1457
00:43:44,170 --> 00:43:46,410
{\an1}pockets there and this causes the
twinkling what I've got set up here is a
1458
00:43:46,410 --> 00:43:46,420
{\an1}twinkling what I've got set up here is a
1459
00:43:46,420 --> 00:43:48,570
{\an1}twinkling what I've got set up here is a
laser reflecting off this flat mirror
1460
00:43:48,570 --> 00:43:48,580
{\an1}laser reflecting off this flat mirror
1461
00:43:48,580 --> 00:43:51,240
{\an1}laser reflecting off this flat mirror
onto this piece of card now if I tell
1462
00:43:51,240 --> 00:43:51,250
{\an1}onto this piece of card now if I tell
1463
00:43:51,250 --> 00:43:53,280
{\an1}onto this piece of card now if I tell
the laser on is here we get a nice
1464
00:43:53,280 --> 00:43:53,290
{\an1}the laser on is here we get a nice
1465
00:43:53,290 --> 00:43:55,560
{\an1}the laser on is here we get a nice
steady spot of light now let's introduce
1466
00:43:55,560 --> 00:43:55,570
{\an1}steady spot of light now let's introduce
1467
00:43:55,570 --> 00:43:58,490
{\an1}steady spot of light now let's introduce
some turbulence
1468
00:43:58,490 --> 00:43:58,500
{\an1}some turbulence
1469
00:43:58,500 --> 00:44:01,130
{\an1}some turbulence
Maggie places a flame beneath the part
1470
00:44:01,130 --> 00:44:01,140
{\an1}Maggie places a flame beneath the part
1471
00:44:01,140 --> 00:44:03,290
{\an1}Maggie places a flame beneath the part
of the light to create pockets of hot
1472
00:44:03,290 --> 00:44:03,300
{\an1}of the light to create pockets of hot
1473
00:44:03,300 --> 00:44:07,850
{\an1}of the light to create pockets of hot
air or turbulence we can see now that
1474
00:44:07,850 --> 00:44:07,860
{\an1}air or turbulence we can see now that
1475
00:44:07,860 --> 00:44:09,650
{\an1}air or turbulence we can see now that
the spot of light isn't steady anymore
1476
00:44:09,650 --> 00:44:09,660
{\an1}the spot of light isn't steady anymore
1477
00:44:09,660 --> 00:44:11,930
{\an1}the spot of light isn't steady anymore
it's moving around or twinkling and
1478
00:44:11,930 --> 00:44:11,940
{\an1}it's moving around or twinkling and
1479
00:44:11,940 --> 00:44:13,610
{\an1}it's moving around or twinkling and
that's the a problem that astronomers
1480
00:44:13,610 --> 00:44:13,620
{\an1}that's the a problem that astronomers
1481
00:44:13,620 --> 00:44:19,790
{\an1}that's the a problem that astronomers
face light rays from stars travel
1482
00:44:19,790 --> 00:44:19,800
{\an1}face light rays from stars travel
1483
00:44:19,800 --> 00:44:23,420
{\an1}face light rays from stars travel
through space like waves these waves are
1484
00:44:23,420 --> 00:44:23,430
{\an1}through space like waves these waves are
1485
00:44:23,430 --> 00:44:26,000
{\an1}through space like waves these waves are
always parallel or in phase with each
1486
00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:26,010
{\an1}always parallel or in phase with each
1487
00:44:26,010 --> 00:44:29,340
{\an1}always parallel or in phase with each
other
1488
00:44:29,340 --> 00:44:29,350
{\an1}
1489
00:44:29,350 --> 00:44:32,530
{\an1}without the atmosphere the ways of light
1490
00:44:32,530 --> 00:44:32,540
{\an1}without the atmosphere the ways of light
1491
00:44:32,540 --> 00:44:34,630
{\an1}without the atmosphere the ways of light
we've reached telescopes on earth in
1492
00:44:34,630 --> 00:44:34,640
{\an1}we've reached telescopes on earth in
1493
00:44:34,640 --> 00:44:42,730
{\an1}we've reached telescopes on earth in
phase telescope mirrors would be able to
1494
00:44:42,730 --> 00:44:42,740
{\an1}phase telescope mirrors would be able to
1495
00:44:42,740 --> 00:44:44,920
{\an1}phase telescope mirrors would be able to
focus the light to create a crystal
1496
00:44:44,920 --> 00:44:44,930
{\an1}focus the light to create a crystal
1497
00:44:44,930 --> 00:44:50,029
{\an1}focus the light to create a crystal
clear image of the star
1498
00:44:50,029 --> 00:44:50,039
{\an1}
1499
00:44:50,039 --> 00:44:53,249
{\an1}however as a band of light waves it is
1500
00:44:53,249 --> 00:44:53,259
{\an1}however as a band of light waves it is
1501
00:44:53,259 --> 00:44:56,279
{\an1}however as a band of light waves it is
the earth and the waves passing from
1502
00:44:56,279 --> 00:44:56,289
{\an1}the earth and the waves passing from
1503
00:44:56,289 --> 00:44:58,840
{\an1}the earth and the waves passing from
areas of what a scanner
1504
00:44:58,840 --> 00:44:58,850
{\an1}areas of what a scanner
1505
00:44:58,850 --> 00:45:05,020
{\an1}areas of what a scanner
while those possible colder air this
1506
00:45:05,020 --> 00:45:05,030
{\an1}while those possible colder air this
1507
00:45:05,030 --> 00:45:06,880
{\an1}while those possible colder air this
means when they reach telescopes on
1508
00:45:06,880 --> 00:45:06,890
{\an1}means when they reach telescopes on
1509
00:45:06,890 --> 00:45:07,660
{\an1}means when they reach telescopes on
ground
1510
00:45:07,660 --> 00:45:07,670
{\an1}ground
1511
00:45:07,670 --> 00:45:09,610
{\an1}ground
the waves are out of phase with one
1512
00:45:09,610 --> 00:45:09,620
{\an1}the waves are out of phase with one
1513
00:45:09,620 --> 00:45:12,400
{\an1}the waves are out of phase with one
another leading to the image being
1514
00:45:12,400 --> 00:45:12,410
{\an1}another leading to the image being
1515
00:45:12,410 --> 00:45:17,800
{\an1}another leading to the image being
blurred
1516
00:45:17,800 --> 00:45:17,810
{\an1}
1517
00:45:17,810 --> 00:45:20,440
{\an1}telescope designers soon realized that
1518
00:45:20,440 --> 00:45:20,450
{\an1}telescope designers soon realized that
1519
00:45:20,450 --> 00:45:22,450
{\an1}telescope designers soon realized that
putting their observatories on top of
1520
00:45:22,450 --> 00:45:22,460
{\an1}putting their observatories on top of
1521
00:45:22,460 --> 00:45:24,730
{\an1}putting their observatories on top of
mountains is only going halfway to
1522
00:45:24,730 --> 00:45:24,740
{\an1}mountains is only going halfway to
1523
00:45:24,740 --> 00:45:26,920
{\an1}mountains is only going halfway to
solving the problems caused by the
1524
00:45:26,920 --> 00:45:26,930
{\an1}solving the problems caused by the
1525
00:45:26,930 --> 00:45:29,570
{\an1}solving the problems caused by the
Earth's atmosphere
1526
00:45:29,570 --> 00:45:29,580
{\an1}
1527
00:45:29,580 --> 00:45:32,570
{\an1}in a radical move astronomers decide to
1528
00:45:32,570 --> 00:45:32,580
{\an1}in a radical move astronomers decide to
1529
00:45:32,580 --> 00:45:36,220
{\an1}in a radical move astronomers decide to
eliminate the problem real together and
1530
00:45:36,220 --> 00:45:36,230
{\an1}eliminate the problem real together and
1531
00:45:36,230 --> 00:45:38,930
{\an1}eliminate the problem real together and
liftoff of the space shuttle discovery's
1532
00:45:38,930 --> 00:45:38,940
{\an1}liftoff of the space shuttle discovery's
1533
00:45:38,940 --> 00:45:42,470
{\an1}liftoff of the space shuttle discovery's
their bottom plate and fasten a
1534
00:45:42,470 --> 00:45:42,480
{\an1}their bottom plate and fasten a
1535
00:45:42,480 --> 00:45:48,920
{\an1}their bottom plate and fasten a
telescope to a space room
1536
00:45:48,920 --> 00:45:48,930
{\an1}
1537
00:45:48,930 --> 00:45:50,930
{\an1}why do you want to put a telescope in
1538
00:45:50,930 --> 00:45:50,940
{\an1}why do you want to put a telescope in
1539
00:45:50,940 --> 00:45:55,040
{\an1}why do you want to put a telescope in
space the real reason is is totally free
1540
00:45:55,040 --> 00:45:55,050
{\an1}space the real reason is is totally free
1541
00:45:55,050 --> 00:45:57,620
{\an1}space the real reason is is totally free
from all atmospheric and terrestrial
1542
00:45:57,620 --> 00:45:57,630
{\an1}from all atmospheric and terrestrial
1543
00:45:57,630 --> 00:46:00,350
{\an1}from all atmospheric and terrestrial
interference it's working in pure vacuum
1544
00:46:00,350 --> 00:46:00,360
{\an1}interference it's working in pure vacuum
1545
00:46:00,360 --> 00:46:02,810
{\an1}interference it's working in pure vacuum
conditions and you have perfect seeing
1546
00:46:02,810 --> 00:46:02,820
{\an1}conditions and you have perfect seeing
1547
00:46:02,820 --> 00:46:04,910
{\an1}conditions and you have perfect seeing
all the time and that's worth the
1548
00:46:04,910 --> 00:46:04,920
{\an1}all the time and that's worth the
1549
00:46:04,920 --> 00:46:07,610
{\an1}all the time and that's worth the
engineering and in my Beauregard's
1550
00:46:07,610 --> 00:46:07,620
{\an1}engineering and in my Beauregard's
1551
00:46:07,620 --> 00:46:11,300
{\an1}engineering and in my Beauregard's
corporation in 1990 a space shuttle
1552
00:46:11,300 --> 00:46:11,310
{\an1}corporation in 1990 a space shuttle
1553
00:46:11,310 --> 00:46:13,310
{\an1}corporation in 1990 a space shuttle
discovery carries the Hubble Space
1554
00:46:13,310 --> 00:46:13,320
{\an1}discovery carries the Hubble Space
1555
00:46:13,320 --> 00:46:16,580
{\an1}discovery carries the Hubble Space
Telescope into orbit Discovery's
1556
00:46:16,580 --> 00:46:16,590
{\an1}Telescope into orbit Discovery's
1557
00:46:16,590 --> 00:46:20,530
{\an1}Telescope into orbit Discovery's
velocity now 4,300 feet per second
1558
00:46:20,530 --> 00:46:20,540
{\an1}velocity now 4,300 feet per second
1559
00:46:20,540 --> 00:46:23,480
{\an1}velocity now 4,300 feet per second
floating over 500 kilometers above the
1560
00:46:23,480 --> 00:46:23,490
{\an1}floating over 500 kilometers above the
1561
00:46:23,490 --> 00:46:24,440
{\an1}floating over 500 kilometers above the
Earth's surface
1562
00:46:24,440 --> 00:46:24,450
{\an1}Earth's surface
1563
00:46:24,450 --> 00:46:32,330
{\an1}Earth's surface
Hubble is free the amusia story even
1564
00:46:32,330 --> 00:46:32,340
{\an1}Hubble is free the amusia story even
1565
00:46:32,340 --> 00:46:34,910
{\an1}Hubble is free the amusia story even
with a scaled-down mirror Hubble
1566
00:46:34,910 --> 00:46:34,920
{\an1}with a scaled-down mirror Hubble
1567
00:46:34,920 --> 00:46:37,670
{\an1}with a scaled-down mirror Hubble
produces breathtaking images of deep
1568
00:46:37,670 --> 00:46:37,680
{\an1}produces breathtaking images of deep
1569
00:46:37,680 --> 00:46:39,370
{\an1}produces breathtaking images of deep
space
1570
00:46:39,370 --> 00:46:39,380
{\an1}space
1571
00:46:39,380 --> 00:46:42,589
{\an1}space
of one momentous photograph the
1572
00:46:42,589 --> 00:46:42,599
{\an1}of one momentous photograph the
1573
00:46:42,599 --> 00:46:44,630
{\an1}of one momentous photograph the
astronomers deliberately train their
1574
00:46:44,630 --> 00:46:44,640
{\an1}astronomers deliberately train their
1575
00:46:44,640 --> 00:46:47,150
{\an1}astronomers deliberately train their
telescope on a patch of sky that looks
1576
00:46:47,150 --> 00:46:47,160
{\an1}telescope on a patch of sky that looks
1577
00:46:47,160 --> 00:46:50,599
{\an1}telescope on a patch of sky that looks
empty
1578
00:46:50,599 --> 00:46:50,609
{\an1}
1579
00:46:50,609 --> 00:46:53,630
{\an1}for an exposure lasting almost a million
1580
00:46:53,630 --> 00:46:53,640
{\an1}for an exposure lasting almost a million
1581
00:46:53,640 --> 00:46:56,280
{\an1}for an exposure lasting almost a million
seconds
1582
00:46:56,280 --> 00:46:56,290
{\an1}
1583
00:46:56,290 --> 00:46:59,610
{\an1}this is the result the deepest image of
1584
00:46:59,610 --> 00:46:59,620
{\an1}this is the result the deepest image of
1585
00:46:59,620 --> 00:47:03,080
{\an1}this is the result the deepest image of
the visible universe everting
1586
00:47:03,080 --> 00:47:03,090
{\an1}the visible universe everting
1587
00:47:03,090 --> 00:47:06,290
{\an1}the visible universe everting
what appeared to be a void contains ten
1588
00:47:06,290 --> 00:47:06,300
{\an1}what appeared to be a void contains ten
1589
00:47:06,300 --> 00:47:09,800
{\an1}what appeared to be a void contains ten
thousand galaxies each with as many as
1590
00:47:09,800 --> 00:47:09,810
{\an1}thousand galaxies each with as many as
1591
00:47:09,810 --> 00:47:15,500
{\an1}thousand galaxies each with as many as
ten billion stars
1592
00:47:15,500 --> 00:47:15,510
{\an1}
1593
00:47:15,510 --> 00:47:18,300
{\an1}but for all its undeniable qualities
1594
00:47:18,300 --> 00:47:18,310
{\an1}but for all its undeniable qualities
1595
00:47:18,310 --> 00:47:23,010
{\an1}but for all its undeniable qualities
Hubble has a serious flaw Mui if one of
1596
00:47:23,010 --> 00:47:23,020
{\an1}Hubble has a serious flaw Mui if one of
1597
00:47:23,020 --> 00:47:25,650
{\an1}Hubble has a serious flaw Mui if one of
its instruments fails in orbit engineers
1598
00:47:25,650 --> 00:47:25,660
{\an1}its instruments fails in orbit engineers
1599
00:47:25,660 --> 00:47:27,900
{\an1}its instruments fails in orbit engineers
have to send up a shuttle to fix out of
1600
00:47:27,900 --> 00:47:27,910
{\an1}have to send up a shuttle to fix out of
1601
00:47:27,910 --> 00:47:29,730
{\an1}have to send up a shuttle to fix out of
that line finally I watch in here the I
1602
00:47:29,730 --> 00:47:29,740
{\an1}that line finally I watch in here the I
1603
00:47:29,740 --> 00:47:32,040
{\an1}that line finally I watch in here the I
amuse look good the perfect tellus
1604
00:47:32,040 --> 00:47:32,050
{\an1}amuse look good the perfect tellus
1605
00:47:32,050 --> 00:47:34,290
{\an1}amuse look good the perfect tellus
ecology would be land-based yet somehow
1606
00:47:34,290 --> 00:47:34,300
{\an1}ecology would be land-based yet somehow
1607
00:47:34,300 --> 00:47:36,240
{\an1}ecology would be land-based yet somehow
able to see through the turbulent
1608
00:47:36,240 --> 00:47:36,250
{\an1}able to see through the turbulent
1609
00:47:36,250 --> 00:47:44,880
{\an1}able to see through the turbulent
atmosphere engineers at the large
1610
00:47:44,880 --> 00:47:44,890
{\an1}atmosphere engineers at the large
1611
00:47:44,890 --> 00:47:47,010
{\an1}atmosphere engineers at the large
binocular telescope think they have hit
1612
00:47:47,010 --> 00:47:47,020
{\an1}binocular telescope think they have hit
1613
00:47:47,020 --> 00:47:49,350
{\an1}binocular telescope think they have hit
upon a way to get crystal-clear images
1614
00:47:49,350 --> 00:47:49,360
{\an1}upon a way to get crystal-clear images
1615
00:47:49,360 --> 00:47:53,610
{\an1}upon a way to get crystal-clear images
of deep space from the ground their idea
1616
00:47:53,610 --> 00:47:53,620
{\an1}of deep space from the ground their idea
1617
00:47:53,620 --> 00:47:55,680
{\an1}of deep space from the ground their idea
is to measure the extent to which the
1618
00:47:55,680 --> 00:47:55,690
{\an1}is to measure the extent to which the
1619
00:47:55,690 --> 00:47:58,020
{\an1}is to measure the extent to which the
light is distorted by the atmosphere and
1620
00:47:58,020 --> 00:47:58,030
{\an1}light is distorted by the atmosphere and
1621
00:47:58,030 --> 00:48:00,420
{\an1}light is distorted by the atmosphere and
deliberately to form a second set of
1622
00:48:00,420 --> 00:48:00,430
{\an1}deliberately to form a second set of
1623
00:48:00,430 --> 00:48:08,740
{\an1}deliberately to form a second set of
mirrors to cancel out the effect
1624
00:48:08,740 --> 00:48:08,750
{\an1}
1625
00:48:08,750 --> 00:48:11,480
{\an1}these small memories will sit above the
1626
00:48:11,480 --> 00:48:11,490
{\an1}these small memories will sit above the
1627
00:48:11,490 --> 00:48:15,770
{\an1}these small memories will sit above the
main telescope
1628
00:48:15,770 --> 00:48:15,780
{\an1}
1629
00:48:15,780 --> 00:48:17,930
{\an1}behind them will be hundreds of
1630
00:48:17,930 --> 00:48:17,940
{\an1}behind them will be hundreds of
1631
00:48:17,940 --> 00:48:23,380
{\an1}behind them will be hundreds of
motorized pissed
1632
00:48:23,380 --> 00:48:23,390
{\an1}
1633
00:48:23,390 --> 00:48:27,010
{\an1}these will push and pull
1634
00:48:27,010 --> 00:48:27,020
{\an1}these will push and pull
1635
00:48:27,020 --> 00:48:30,120
{\an1}these will push and pull
there is service by a tiny amount
1636
00:48:30,120 --> 00:48:30,130
{\an1}there is service by a tiny amount
1637
00:48:30,130 --> 00:48:41,480
{\an1}there is service by a tiny amount
the waves of life
1638
00:48:41,480 --> 00:48:41,490
{\an1}
1639
00:48:41,490 --> 00:48:43,790
{\an1}in the light waves are bounced off of
1640
00:48:43,790 --> 00:48:43,800
{\an1}in the light waves are bounced off of
1641
00:48:43,800 --> 00:48:47,300
{\an1}in the light waves are bounced off of
focused into the camera perfect in
1642
00:48:47,300 --> 00:48:47,310
{\an1}focused into the camera perfect in
1643
00:48:47,310 --> 00:48:52,640
{\an1}focused into the camera perfect in
parallel and backing fails
1644
00:48:52,640 --> 00:48:52,650
{\an1}
1645
00:48:52,650 --> 00:48:55,490
{\an1}this will allow the LBT to produce
1646
00:48:55,490 --> 00:48:55,500
{\an1}this will allow the LBT to produce
1647
00:48:55,500 --> 00:48:58,730
{\an1}this will allow the LBT to produce
images ten times sharper than the Hubble
1648
00:48:58,730 --> 00:48:58,740
{\an1}images ten times sharper than the Hubble
1649
00:48:58,740 --> 00:49:05,860
{\an1}images ten times sharper than the Hubble
Space Telescope
1650
00:49:05,860 --> 00:49:05,870
{\an1}
1651
00:49:05,870 --> 00:49:08,860
{\an1}when this system is the astronomers will
1652
00:49:08,860 --> 00:49:08,870
{\an1}when this system is the astronomers will
1653
00:49:08,870 --> 00:49:10,510
{\an1}when this system is the astronomers will
be able to see straight through the
1654
00:49:10,510 --> 00:49:10,520
{\an1}be able to see straight through the
1655
00:49:10,520 --> 00:49:14,140
{\an1}be able to see straight through the
atmosphere as if it did not exist - they
1656
00:49:14,140 --> 00:49:14,150
{\an1}atmosphere as if it did not exist - they
1657
00:49:14,150 --> 00:49:15,940
{\an1}atmosphere as if it did not exist - they
will not only be able to see distant
1658
00:49:15,940 --> 00:49:15,950
{\an1}will not only be able to see distant
1659
00:49:15,950 --> 00:49:25,150
{\an1}will not only be able to see distant
stars but the planets orbitting
1660
00:49:25,150 --> 00:49:25,160
{\an1}
1661
00:49:25,160 --> 00:49:27,910
{\an1}by examining these distant worlds they
1662
00:49:27,910 --> 00:49:27,920
{\an1}by examining these distant worlds they
1663
00:49:27,920 --> 00:49:30,000
{\an1}by examining these distant worlds they
hope to learn
1664
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:30,010
{\an1}hope to learn
1665
00:49:30,010 --> 00:49:37,609
{\an1}hope to learn
and how life on a
1666
00:49:37,609 --> 00:49:37,619
{\an1}
1667
00:49:37,619 --> 00:49:39,830
{\an1}telescope is one of the Tron
1668
00:49:39,830 --> 00:49:39,840
{\an1}telescope is one of the Tron
1669
00:49:39,840 --> 00:49:42,680
{\an1}telescope is one of the Tron
one's science indebted to the
1670
00:49:42,680 --> 00:49:42,690
{\an1}one's science indebted to the
1671
00:49:42,690 --> 00:49:46,280
{\an1}one's science indebted to the
innovations daring in the past this is
1672
00:49:46,280 --> 00:49:46,290
{\an1}innovations daring in the past this is
1673
00:49:46,290 --> 00:49:46,960
{\an1}innovations daring in the past this is
the
1674
00:49:46,960 --> 00:49:46,970
{\an1}the
1675
00:49:46,970 --> 00:49:49,690
{\an1}the
- not window
157033
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