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It's August of 1983,
and Reno, Nevada,
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is hosting its sixth annual gay rodeo.
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But this year, the public backlash
has been especially harsh.
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Out here in the West in the United States,
we believe in rodeos,
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and we think homosexuals
are giving rodeos a bad name.
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That's not American. That's not rodeo.
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They are forcing themselves upon us
and giving Reno a bad name.
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Their prejudice
is fueled by terror.
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A new disease is hitting
the gay community hard.
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It's called AIDS.
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Locals have gathered
around 8,000 signatures
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protesting the rodeo,
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identifying those with AIDS as a threat.
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I don't plan on dying from this,
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and if he would take the hate he's trying
to generate and turn it into love,
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we might find a cure for this disease.
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There are
nearly 40 million people worldwide
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infected with HIV,
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about the population of Canada.
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It's hit every continent on the planet.
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Africa has suffered the most,
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with nearly one in every 25 adults
living with HIV.
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Around 25% of those with HIV
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don't actually know they have it.
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That's over 9 million people.
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So far, there's been over
35 million AIDS-related deaths...
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almost the same number of people
who are currently infected with HIV.
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AIDS is a truly devastating
modern epidemic.
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But after four decades
of activism and scientific research,
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how far have we come
in finding a cure and battling the stigma?
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It makes me f****** crazy.
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It's Spring of 1981,
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and a mystery illness is exploding
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across the gay communities
of New York, LA, and San Francisco.
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Men are inexplicably
coming down with cancer
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and other mysterious illnesses,
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and many are dying within weeks.
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Health workers say many patients
have never heard of the illness.
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People find out some of these things
through the national press,
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and the national press
hasn't give this particular...
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syndrome a lot of... a lot of play.
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As more cases
are confirmed across the Atlantic,
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in Spain and the UK,
it becomes known as the "gay plague."
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But nobody understands exactly what it is
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or why it's spreading so fast.
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Misinformation is rampant.
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Of course, the main question
is why only gays get the disease.
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Almost everyone
who gets the illness uses this liquid.
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It contains a vapor which,
when inhaled, acts on the heart.
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In the gay community,
it's used as an aphrodisiac.
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But soon it becomes clear.
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This disease isn't just
targeting homosexuals.
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Hemophiliacs and injection drug users
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start coming down with the same symptoms.
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And their families, too.
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Patrick is a hemophiliac.
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He contracted the deadly disease from
one of his regular blood transfusions.
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He unwittingly
passed the virus on to Lauren,
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who, in turn, passed it on
to their unborn baby, Dwight,
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who's now desperately ill in hospital.
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She knows that her mommy
and daddy and brother are very sick.
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But what sick and dying
means to a child...
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Mother ain't gonna die soon...
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'cause you ain't very old yet.
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It's only in 1982
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that this mysterious plague earns a name:
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acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
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The disease is abbreviated A.I.D.S.
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and is referred to as "AIDS."
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You've probably never heard of it,
but experts say that illness is causing
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the biggest epidemic
in this country since smallpox.
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But the general response
from the US federal government
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is crickets.
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And when the subject is raised
at a White House press conference,
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it's treated as a joke.
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It's a pretty serious thing
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that one in every three people
that get this have died.
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And I wonder if the president
is aware of this.
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I don't have it. Are you...
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- Do you?
- You don't have it?
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Well, I'm relieved to hear that, Larry.
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Does the president-- In other words,
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the White House
looks on this as a great joke?
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00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:06,680
No, I don't know
anything about it, Lester.
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00:05:07,760 --> 00:05:10,240
But while the White House
ignores the issue,
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the global numbers
of AIDS victims are growing.
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Making matters worse,
the federal agencies
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best equipped to confront the emergency
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have recently had their budgets
slashed by the administration.
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It isn't until 1983 that scientists
uncover the culprit behind AIDS.
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It's a virus,
and they eventually call it HIV.
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The human immunodeficiency virus.
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Anyone can be infected.
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But still, most of the victims
are men in their 20s.
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Tilt your head back.
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David is 22 years old.
All the doctors can do for him
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is treat his symptoms,
like sore throat and diarrhea,
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and cheer him up as he slowly gets worse.
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For me, I've pretty much accepted
the fact that I'm gonna die.
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So what makes
this virus so deadly?
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After decades of research,
we now know a lot more than we did then.
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White blood cells play a vital role
in the body's immune system
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by recognizing and fighting infection.
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The HIV virus might look like
a pretty piece of sea coral,
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but HIV is deadly.
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The outer coat of the virus locks onto
a particular type of white blood cell.
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Over time, these cells are killed off,
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and the body's ability to recognize
and fight infection begins to decline.
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When the cells are depleted,
the result is AIDS,
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and the body becomes lethally vulnerable
to diseases like pneumonia and cancer.
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By 1983, AIDS is spreading
rapidly across the globe,
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and nations are terrified.
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Because still, most people
aren't sure how it's being transmitted.
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Like some prison officers
demanding protective clothing,
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some policemen wearing masks and gloves
when dealing with homosexuals.
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Discrimination and homophobia
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start erupting everywhere.
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We've had health care personnel
refusing to, uh... to care.
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We've had, uh, morticians refusing to...
to bury our people.
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I mean, we've run the gamut
of dealing with a panicked response.
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Ignorance about HIV
remains rampant.
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In December 1985,
a report in The Los Angeles Times
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states that half of respondents
support a quarantine of AIDS patients.
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Forty-eight percent would approve
of making those who test positive for HIV
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carry identity cards.
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And 15% actually favor
tattooing AIDS victims.
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Recently, a sufferer of the syndrome
fell ill on a flight to Washington.
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The airline offloaded him
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and told him that his name
was being placed in their computer,
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ensuring that they would
never sell him a ticket again.
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The following day,
he re-embarked on one of their planes,
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this time traveling under an assumed name,
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wearing sunglasses and a false mustache.
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But then, children start
feeling the weight of the prejudice,
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including three-year-old Eve,
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who's contracted AIDS
through an infected blood transfusion.
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The parents at her school
in rural Australia
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are terrified their kids are at risk.
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I don't want her to take
any chance of catching it.
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- Do you think there's any chance?
- Well, I think there is if she's got AIDS.
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The truth is,
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the US Center for Disease Control
has already confirmed
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AIDS cannot be spread by casual contact.
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It can only be transmitted through blood,
sexual intercourse,
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pregnancy, and breast milk.
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But word has been slow getting out.
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By 1984, in Africa,
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an estimated 970,000 people are infected.
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It's clearly a global epidemic.
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The question is, where did it start?
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Researchers come up with a theory.
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HIV originates in chimps.
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Around 1920,
in the Democratic Republic of Congo,
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an infected chimp is either eaten
or has its blood mixed with a human's,
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perhaps during a hunt.
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By the 1960s, it reaches Haiti,
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home to many people
who work in the Congo
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and who may have
brought it back with them.
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By 1980, up to 300,000 people
worldwide are likely infected
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without yet knowing what it is...
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which leads us back to 1981,
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where the first confirmed cases
of what later becomes known as HIV
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start to pop up.
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And a new epidemic is born.
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As the death toll climbs,
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the top priority becomes
preventing the spread of AIDS.
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We know so little about AIDS,
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but what we do know
is how it is transmitted.
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And therefore, we know how
it is prevented from being transmitted.
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And people need to practice safer sex.
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You put the condom on over--
We always give our banana a name.
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Let's call this one, uh... Charles.
Call this one Charles.
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And then you put
the condom over the erect penis
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and roll it down, smooth.
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And there you have, uh... Charles
all ready to practice safe sex.
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As people
start talking more about safe sex,
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condom use skyrockets.
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Sales increase 25% from 1986 to 1988.
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There's also some progress
towards treatment.
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Never before
has so much been known
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about a new disease
in such a short time.
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Research has proceeded at a frantic pace.
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A major breakthrough
has been a new blood test
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that should ensure that, in future,
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nobody contracts AIDS
from a blood transfusion.
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But the number of people
dying from AIDS is growing daily.
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When your government fails you,
you self-organize,
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and that's what happened with AIDS.
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Hundreds of calls
are received here each day
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from members
of the public and the gay community.
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AIDS patients and their loved
ones start uniting all over the world,
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demanding greater access
to experimental drugs,
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pleading for more funding,
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and taking aim at the bigotry
that's emerging around AIDS.
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All gay people must unite
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to overcome discrimination
against people with AIDS.
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If we do not...
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...we will all suffer.
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We will all be defeated.
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We will all truly be victims of AIDS.
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They simply cannot
put us away in leper colonies,
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which seems to be what they're--
what they're talking about doing now.
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People are looking
for leadership.
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But when the president mentions AIDS
at a fundraising gala in Washington, DC,
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in support of a policy
to screen immigrants,
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it doesn't go down well.
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Add the AIDS virus
to the list of contagious diseases
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for which immigrants and aliens seeking
permanent residence in the United States
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can be denied entry.
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It's not exactly
the rousing call to arms
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00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:07,520
his audience was hoping for.
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00:13:09,160 --> 00:13:13,200
For many who have been fighting
this battle for years, enough is enough.
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It's time to make people and politicians
across the world listen.
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- Jose Salles.
- John Ferrera.
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In 1987,
on the National Mall in Washington, DC,
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activists unveil a massive quilt,
larger than a football field.
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Each panel commemorates a victim of AIDS.
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00:13:34,640 --> 00:13:37,080
And with its 1,920 panels,
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the AIDS quilt becomes
a searing symbol of the crisis,
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told through a medium
as American as apple pie.
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00:13:52,360 --> 00:13:55,640
It's one of the many
creative approaches activists use
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00:13:55,720 --> 00:13:58,400
to bring the nation's attention
to the crisis.
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But nobody is more outspoken
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00:14:01,080 --> 00:14:05,720
than NYC playwright and legendary
gay rights activist Larry Kramer.
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00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:09,440
I, myself, have lost now
18 friends who have died
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00:14:09,520 --> 00:14:12,440
in my own immediate circle of friends,
a community.
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00:14:12,520 --> 00:14:14,200
I mean, it's like wartime when that--
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when you have those kind of statistics
that affect you personally.
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Kramer helps create
a whole new performative form of protest:
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ACT UP,
the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power.
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00:14:27,080 --> 00:14:29,960
I wanna know why I'm being arrested!
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With over 140 chapters
and thousands of members worldwide,
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00:14:34,240 --> 00:14:38,120
ACT UP is not only big.
They're bold, and they're loud.
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00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:41,760
This is a group of AIDS victims
who've just turned up at the White House
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00:14:41,840 --> 00:14:44,320
to protest
the administration's policy on AIDS.
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00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:47,480
And they're hoping to be arrested
to make their point of view.
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Activists come
in all shapes and sizes,
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including Ryan White,
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00:14:56,680 --> 00:15:00,360
a hemophiliac diagnosed
with AIDS at 13 years old,
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and given just six months to live.
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00:15:03,560 --> 00:15:05,000
Excuse me.
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00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:07,640
I became the target of Ryan White jokes.
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00:15:07,920 --> 00:15:09,440
Lies about me biting people,
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spitting on vegetables and cookies
in grocery stores,
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and urinating on bathroom walls.
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00:15:14,920 --> 00:15:18,880
This cute Indiana kid
becomes a poster boy for AIDS campaigns,
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supporting fundraising efforts
and raising awareness.
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A few months after he passes away,
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Congress introduces
the Ryan White Care Act...
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creating the largest federally-funded
program for people living with HIV/AIDS.
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Public perception starts to shift
in support of those grieving,
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and awareness
of the universal threat of AIDS grows.
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If American politicians
muddle their response
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to the AIDS crisis at first,
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other well-known faces
are more sure-footed.
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The Princess of Wales
felt not the slightest apprehension
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about her visit to the Middlesex Hospital
and its AIDS ward,
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according to press reports.
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In 1987,
Britain's Princess Diana
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helps to dispel ignorance,
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by shaking the hand of an AIDS patient.
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HIV does not make people
dangerous to know.
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So you can shake their hands
and give them a hug.
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Heaven knows, they need it.
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Some of those infected
are already in the public eye.
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In 1985, actor Rock Hudson
becomes the first major celebrity
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to announce that he has AIDS.
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He dies just two months later.
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Sadly, more big names are to follow.
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It's soon clear wealth, power, and fame
can't protect you.
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But they do put a spotlight
on the desperate situation.
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In 1991, the power of celebrity
is harnessed on the red carpet,
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where distinctive red ribbons
spread awareness of AIDS.
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The activism all starts
to pay off in the '90s,
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and it's a good thing it does.
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In 1995,
AIDS reaches a sobering milestone,
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becoming the leading
cause of death in the US
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for people 25 to 44 years of age.
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It's a grim high point.
But at the same time,
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big changes are happening
in the form of funding and research.
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In 1993, President Clinton
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sets up the White House
Office of National AIDS Policy.
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The National Institute of Health
expands its AIDS research.
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And with great funding,
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come great scientific breakthroughs
for the treatment and prevention of HIV.
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Between 2005 and 2018,
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there's a 45% decline
in AIDS-related deaths worldwide.
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But one troubling side effect
of all these scientific breakthroughs:
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complacency.
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00:18:18,640 --> 00:18:25,120
In 2017, people under 25 account
for over 20% of new infections in the US.
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00:18:25,680 --> 00:18:29,720
Only 15% of US high school students
say they've been tested for HIV.
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And just 66% percent of American men
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aged 15 to 44
use condoms on a regular basis.
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As people with HIV live longer,
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AIDS is a topic
that has drifted from the headlines.
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And with that drift of attention,
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we risk a real drift of funding
and of action to beat the virus.
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To bring attention
to the cause, in 2016,
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Prince Harry takes an HIV test
alongside pop star Rihanna.
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We just wanna show people
how easy it is to get tested, and how...
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you shouldn't be afraid
of knowing your status, most importantly.
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- We should all be afraid of the stigma--
- Of not knowing.
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And you should be afraid of not knowing,
afraid of not talking about it.
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And we get it.
There is a generational gap here.
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And we need to smash through that.
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The younger generation coming through
wanna talk about it,
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but there's still that stigma.
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In 2017, there were
nearly 37 million people worldwide
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living with HIV/AIDS.
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Africa has been the hardest hit.
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Nigeria has the highest
annual death rate,
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and Swaziland,
the highest rate of infection.
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Unlike most countries, in Russia,
the epidemic is growing.
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00:19:54,440 --> 00:19:59,400
Not coincidentally, a recent poll
suggested more than half the population
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still have a negative opinion
of those identifying as LGBT.
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If there wasn't this bigotry and hatred,
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that this disease could be eliminated
far quicker than you could ever think.
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And until we get that bloody dis--
idea out of our head,
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that gay people are less than,
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then I am afraid we will still
be sitting here in 20 years' time,
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discussing the same f****** thing. Okay?
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AIDS activists
have taught us the hard way
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that staying quiet can be deadly.
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Being visible has helped
mainstream culture
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overcome its fear and biases
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00:20:40,240 --> 00:20:42,560
and embrace people for who they are.
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Gay rights!
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00:20:44,120 --> 00:20:46,240
- When do we want 'em?
- Now!
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We've come a long way.
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From the grassroots activists,
who first got the world's attention,
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to the patients and their caretakers,
who battle HIV every day,
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00:20:59,080 --> 00:21:02,720
to the scientists on the front lines,
hunting for a cure.
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00:21:03,720 --> 00:21:08,080
But today,
ignorance and discrimination still exist.
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People of all ages and nationalities
are being infected.
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The worldwide fight
against AIDS continues.
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