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There are more things in heaven
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and earth than are dreamt of
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in your philosophy.
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Dracula, published in 1897,
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is one of the all time
great money-making novels.
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It has been sold in millions
of copies throughout the world.
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00:05:25,992 --> 00:05:28,153
This greatest of all
horror classics
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has also been a hit play
in several countries
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and has inspired more
commercially successful films
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than any other novel.
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Dracula was written by
the Irish author bram stoker,
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best known in his own time
as the business manager
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of Henry Irving,
one of the most famous,
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theatrical personalities
of the victorian age.
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Stoker is supposed
to have modeled Dracula's
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physical appearance on Irving.
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The novel tells the story
of count Dracula,
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who plans to gain control
of the world
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by turning everyone
into vampires.
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He leaves his ancestral home
in transylvania
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and goes to england,
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taking with him
several boxes of earth
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as his daylight hours
must be spent
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resting on his native soil.
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Transylvania, which means
the land beyond the forest
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is often thought to be
a mythical place,
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in fact, it is an ancient
province of Romania
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which consists of
a high plateau ringed
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by the rugged
carpathian mountains.
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Even today,
it is one of the wildest
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and least known parts of Europe.
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The population is of rich,
national origins.
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Romanian, Hungarian,
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slovak, German, and szekelys.
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In book, count Dracula
speaks of his decent
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from these székelys,
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who's ancestors
were probably huns.
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Stoker never visited
transylvania
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but gained most of his
knowledge at the British museum
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from old maps and guidebooks.
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He made free use of
transylvanian history,
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folklore and geography to create
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an atmosphere of terror.
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He wrote that, "every known
superstition in the world
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was gathered into the horseshoe
of the carpathians,
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as if it was some sort of
imaginary whirlpool.”
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On leaving the carpathians,
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count Dracula journeys
to england
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and proceeds immediately
to carfax,
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00:08:06,152 --> 00:08:08,518
an old castle
where he intends to hide
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while ravaging the countryside.
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Dracula must remain in
his grave during the daytime
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but at night, his lust for blood
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becomes unquenchable,
his brain power limitless,
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and his physical strength
irresistible.
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He quickly adds to his
countless list of victims.
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Eventually, Dracula is found out
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and forced to flee england.
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He makes for his remote castle
in transylvania,
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certain that no one will
be able to trace him there.
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Stoker located Dracula's castle
near bistrita
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in northern transylvania.
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Although he had never
visited the area,
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his descriptions were
remarkably accurate.
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He writes, "the road
was cut through pine woods
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that seemed in the darkness
to be closing down upon us,
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as the evening fell,
great masses of greyness
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produced a weird
and solemn effect.
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Beyond Rose the forest
up to the lofty steeps
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of the carpathian's themselves.
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00:10:03,228 --> 00:10:06,561
Blue and purple
in the shadows of the peaks,
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green and brown
where grass and rock mingle.
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An endless perspective
of mountains
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losing themselves
in the distance.
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00:10:16,574 --> 00:10:21,534
Then the mountains seem to
come nearer to us on each side,
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we were entering
the borgo pass itself.
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A sinister silence
seemed to settle,
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but for a strange music a far.”
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According to the novel,
Dracula's castle
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is not mentioned
in any guidebook
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nor did it appear on any map.
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Stoker wrote,
"we looked back and saw
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where the clear line of
Dracula's castle cut the sky,
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there was something wild
and uncanny about the place.
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We could hear the distance
howling of wolves."
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At the end of the story,
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count Dracula is about to
reach the safety of his castle
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when he is caught
by the hero Jonathan harker
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and the vampire expert,
Dr. Van Helsing.
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Just as the sun is about to set,
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Dracula's head is cut off
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with a kukri knife,
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and a bowing knife
is plunged into his heart.
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Count Dracula
instantly turns to dust
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and vanishes forever.
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In reality, peasant life
in the more remote villages
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of transylvania has not
changed much for centuries,
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and belief in vampires
and other superstitions
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is still strong, though such
things are now rarely spoken.
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Living today,
in the valley of arges
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below castle Dracula,
is the gypsy tinker.
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Should it calls
that when her father
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was laid out for burial in 1932,
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it was discovered that
rigor mortis had not set in,
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the skin was still pliable
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and the cheeks bore
a ruddy completion.
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The villagers believed, that
of course he must be a vampire.
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So they plunged a wooden stake
through his heart
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and as an added safeguard,
burned his body.
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Vampire belief has existed
since the dawn of civilization
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throughout the world,
but has been most common
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in eastern Europe.
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00:13:07,036 --> 00:13:09,994
Vampires are creatures
of the night
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who can either be men or women.
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In eastern Europe they're
supposed to have two souls
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and are neither alive nor dead
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but undead,
as one's soul never dies.
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Vampires cannot rest
in the grave
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but will spend the night
searching for victims,
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people, or animals
whose blood they drink.
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00:13:29,434 --> 00:13:31,846
The victims either
die immediately
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or gradually waste away,
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00:13:33,187 --> 00:13:36,554
and some become vampires
after death.
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00:13:36,566 --> 00:13:39,729
At cockcrow or when
the morning bell tolls,
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vampires must return
to their coffins
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or risk dissolving
in the sunlight.
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They spend their daylight hours
in the grave,
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their bodies undecomposed
and around their mouths
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and under their fingernails
are traces of blood.
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00:13:54,459 --> 00:13:56,495
The universal fear of death
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and the impossible desire
for eternal life
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are deeply rooted
in vampire belief.
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00:14:02,050 --> 00:14:04,962
As is the oriental concept
of reincarnation
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or eternal return.
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00:14:34,791 --> 00:14:38,375
In transylvania,
vampirism was originally
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a folk superstition
rather than a religious idea,
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00:14:42,382 --> 00:14:45,215
it probably came from Asia
by caravan route
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and with a nomadic magyars
around the birth of Christ,
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centering in
the carpathian mountains
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and mixing with the rich
folklore of that region.
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00:14:58,398 --> 00:15:01,140
Who can become a vampire?
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00:15:01,150 --> 00:15:04,813
Criminals, witches,
those born with teeth,
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00:15:04,821 --> 00:15:06,436
those under a curse,
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and young children
who die unchristened.
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00:15:09,033 --> 00:15:13,117
The seventh son
of a seventh son is doomed.
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00:15:13,121 --> 00:15:15,237
And one must be
very cautious of a man
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who does not eat garlic.
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00:15:40,523 --> 00:15:43,560
Vampires can assume
a variety of animal forms,
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such as large dogs,
snakes, or bats
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00:15:47,238 --> 00:15:50,981
and in Romania, particularly,
wolves and black cats.
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They are tremendously strong,
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they cast no shadow,
have no reflection in mirrors,
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and can make
themselves invisible
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by dissolving into a mist.
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00:16:10,178 --> 00:16:12,009
It is also believed
that every year
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on Saint Andrew's Eve,
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vampires meet at places
like graveyards,
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to decide on their programs
for the coming year.
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00:16:21,481 --> 00:16:24,894
Who is to be killed and by who.
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00:16:55,515 --> 00:16:58,882
In transylvania folklore,
vampires are almost always
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peasants rather than nobleman,
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as literary tradition
would have it.
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However, countess
Elizabeth barthory
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born in 15670
was a famous exception.
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Her family coat of arms
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consisted of three wolves teeth,
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and Elizabeth herself
was said to have been
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a living vampiress or werewolf.
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00:17:18,538 --> 00:17:20,153
In her castle
in northern Hungary,
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she butchered nearly
600 young girls,
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bathing and showering
in their blood,
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which she hoped would
keep her eternally young
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and beautiful.
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00:17:31,634 --> 00:17:35,673
Still standing in Vienna
is her house on blutgasse,
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blood street,
where she perpetrated
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many of her horrible deeds.
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Eventually, Elizabeth's
monstrous crimes
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were discovered and she was
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walled into a cell
in her castle.
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Here, she died 12 years later.
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Never again having seen
the light of day.
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This traditional Romanian dance
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here performed by
the national folklore ballet,
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was once used to exercise
evil spirits.
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The solo dancer
was beaten with sticks
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and bitten by his fellow dancers
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in an attempt to
frighten away the devil.
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00:18:38,784 --> 00:18:42,902
In Romania, witchcraft,
diabolism, and vampirism
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are all closely associated.
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00:18:44,707 --> 00:18:47,619
For instance,
the snake or dragon
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is an ancient symbol
for the devil.
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00:18:50,671 --> 00:18:53,959
Dracul in Romanian,
which frequently appears
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00:18:53,966 --> 00:18:56,298
in Romanian paintings
and literature.
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00:18:58,304 --> 00:19:00,215
The legend of Saint George
and the dragon
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00:19:00,222 --> 00:19:02,929
is very reminiscent
of both vlad's impalings
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00:19:02,933 --> 00:19:06,266
and the killings
of vampires with stakes.
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00:19:06,270 --> 00:19:08,386
Vampires are also
said to be most active
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00:19:08,397 --> 00:19:11,685
between the Eve's of
Saint Andrew and Saint George,
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a superstition
which is closely tied
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00:19:13,402 --> 00:19:16,519
fo the Greek orthodox religion.
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00:19:27,583 --> 00:19:29,869
The Greek orthodox church
has often unjustly
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00:19:29,877 --> 00:19:32,869
been credited with originating
the vampire concept,
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00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:35,713
however, the Greek church
has always leaned towards
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00:19:35,716 --> 00:19:38,378
mysticism and attached great
importance to complicated
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00:19:38,386 --> 00:19:41,093
rituals in the worship
of saints and icons,
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00:19:41,097 --> 00:19:44,385
thus creating a hotbed
for all sorts of superstitions.
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00:19:44,392 --> 00:19:47,134
Vampire belief may sometimes
have been used by the church
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to increase its
hold on the people.
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00:19:49,146 --> 00:19:51,933
In much the same way as
the Jews believe in witchcraft.
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00:19:54,151 --> 00:19:56,358
For centuries,
the Greek orthodox church
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00:19:56,362 --> 00:19:58,444
taught that the bodies
of those excommunicated
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would not decompose
in the grave.
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00:20:01,117 --> 00:20:03,529
As vampires,
according to popular belief,
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00:20:03,536 --> 00:20:05,151
were recognizable
because their bodies
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00:20:05,162 --> 00:20:06,993
did not decompose in the grave,
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00:20:06,997 --> 00:20:11,081
excommunication meant
becoming a vampire on death.
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00:20:42,116 --> 00:20:46,075
The church claimed that if
a priest administered exorcism,
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00:20:46,078 --> 00:20:49,662
this was sufficient to seal
the vampire in its grave.
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00:20:49,665 --> 00:20:52,077
However, history shows
that most people
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00:20:52,084 --> 00:20:55,747
did not trust the power
of the church over vampires.
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00:21:01,510 --> 00:21:04,752
The drinking of blood
and sacrificial blood offerings
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00:21:04,764 --> 00:21:08,382
have played an important role
in most great religions.
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00:21:08,392 --> 00:21:11,008
For thousands of years,
man has endowed blood
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00:21:11,020 --> 00:21:14,512
with magical powers such as,
that drinking the blood
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00:21:14,523 --> 00:21:16,559
of someone of great strength
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00:21:16,567 --> 00:21:19,058
increases ones own strength.
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00:21:20,821 --> 00:21:23,904
During mass, priest drinks wine,
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00:21:23,908 --> 00:21:25,364
which has become
the blood of Christ
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00:21:25,367 --> 00:21:27,232
through transubstantiation
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00:21:27,244 --> 00:21:30,236
and the congregation eats
the bread or flesh of Christ
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00:21:30,247 --> 00:21:33,455
fo has thus sacrificed
to god anew
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00:21:33,459 --> 00:21:36,121
the gospel according to
Saint John holds a passage
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00:21:36,128 --> 00:21:38,460
which could well apply to
the vampire mixing its blood
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00:21:38,464 --> 00:21:40,250
with that of its victim.
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00:21:40,299 --> 00:21:43,166
"Except ye eat flesh
to the son of man
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00:21:43,177 --> 00:21:47,045
and drink his blood,
ye have no life in you.
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00:21:47,056 --> 00:21:50,264
So eat my flesh
and drinkith my blood
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00:21:50,309 --> 00:21:54,894
hath eternal life and I will
raise him up on the last day.”
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00:21:59,360 --> 00:22:02,193
The vampire bat
has many things in common
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00:22:02,196 --> 00:22:04,778
with its human counterpart.
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00:22:04,782 --> 00:22:07,740
An erect head,
web-like hands for wings,
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00:22:07,743 --> 00:22:11,110
and the ability to walk upright.
243
00:22:15,876 --> 00:22:18,743
A bite from its
extremely sharp teeth
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00:22:18,754 --> 00:22:21,245
has an anesthetic quality
and its saliva
245
00:22:21,257 --> 00:22:23,122
contains an anticoagulant
246
00:22:23,133 --> 00:22:25,169
which quickens the flow
of blood from the wounds
247
00:22:25,177 --> 00:22:29,136
it inflicts on its victims.
248
00:22:29,139 --> 00:22:31,676
The attack of the vampire bat
249
00:22:31,684 --> 00:22:34,300
is very like that
of the folklore vampire.
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00:22:34,311 --> 00:22:38,270
It first stalks
and hypnotizes its prey,
251
00:22:38,274 --> 00:22:41,482
after which,
it bites into a vein
252
00:22:41,485 --> 00:22:43,692
and begins to lap up blood
253
00:22:43,696 --> 00:22:46,403
with its long tongue.
254
00:24:11,575 --> 00:24:13,816
At sundown,
creatures of the night
255
00:24:13,827 --> 00:24:18,070
are thought to stir and
vampires rise from the grave.
256
00:24:18,082 --> 00:24:20,744
People must be careful
in passing low ruins,
257
00:24:20,751 --> 00:24:23,868
crossroads, and churchyards.
258
00:24:31,053 --> 00:24:34,545
The erotic element
in vampirism is very strong,
259
00:24:34,556 --> 00:24:37,969
for instance, a vampire is said
to be the only night creature
260
00:24:37,977 --> 00:24:41,435
capable of sex,
although his children are born
261
00:24:41,438 --> 00:24:43,975
without bones.
262
00:24:43,983 --> 00:24:45,894
He usually chooses
one particular woman,
263
00:24:45,901 --> 00:24:48,438
in a specific locality
to be his bride
264
00:24:48,487 --> 00:24:50,318
and relentlessly pursues her
265
00:24:50,322 --> 00:24:53,780
in a kind of macabre courtship.
266
00:24:53,784 --> 00:24:55,445
He may attack others,
267
00:24:55,452 --> 00:24:58,819
but if he is denied
his chosen loved one,
268
00:24:58,831 --> 00:25:02,415
he may go berserk
and wreak havoc.
269
00:28:44,765 --> 00:28:47,848
In former times,
the report of a vampire attack
270
00:28:47,851 --> 00:28:50,684
created panic, everyone
took immediate precautions
271
00:28:50,687 --> 00:28:52,769
to protect themselves,
especially during the hours
272
00:28:52,773 --> 00:28:56,436
between sundown and sunrise.
273
00:28:56,443 --> 00:28:58,434
Bells were rung
to sound the alarm
274
00:28:58,445 --> 00:29:01,027
and were thought to
frighten vampires away.
275
00:29:01,031 --> 00:29:03,693
People shut themselves
tightly indoors.
276
00:29:03,742 --> 00:29:06,779
Many left the countryside
to seek shelter in towns,
277
00:29:06,787 --> 00:29:09,199
and Shepherds drove
their flocks to safety,
278
00:29:09,206 --> 00:29:12,573
as vampires might attack
sheep as well as humans.
279
00:29:15,337 --> 00:29:18,500
At night,
torches were lit outside
280
00:29:18,507 --> 00:29:22,250
and many candles
were kept burning inside.
281
00:29:22,261 --> 00:29:25,594
People sat up until cockcrow
and told stories
282
00:29:25,597 --> 00:29:27,508
for when stories are told,
283
00:29:27,516 --> 00:29:29,677
vampires cannot approach.
284
00:29:33,814 --> 00:29:36,021
In some areas, vampires
were thought to be unable
285
00:29:36,024 --> 00:29:38,982
to cross running water
and throughout transylvania
286
00:29:38,986 --> 00:29:42,319
garlic was an
extremely potent weapon.
287
00:29:42,322 --> 00:29:44,859
Windows and doors
were anointed with this garlic
288
00:29:44,866 --> 00:29:47,357
and all cows and other
farm animals were supposed to
289
00:29:47,369 --> 00:29:50,111
be rubbed with it
to protect them as well.
290
00:29:57,254 --> 00:30:01,293
The thorns of wild roses were
sure to keep vampires away,
291
00:30:01,300 --> 00:30:04,667
thus thorns or Poppy seeds
were spread on the paths
292
00:30:04,678 --> 00:30:07,215
leading from the local
churchyard to the village.
293
00:30:07,222 --> 00:30:09,053
When the vampire took the path,
294
00:30:09,057 --> 00:30:13,551
he had to stop to pick up every
one of the thorns or seeds.
295
00:30:13,562 --> 00:30:16,269
This so delayed him as he
could not reach the village
296
00:30:16,273 --> 00:30:20,391
before sunrise, at which time
he had to return to the grave.
297
00:30:22,654 --> 00:30:25,361
Large black dogs
with an extra set of eyes
298
00:30:25,365 --> 00:30:29,074
painted on them in white,
also discouraged vampires.
299
00:30:34,499 --> 00:30:37,707
The church added the cross
and the communion wafer
300
00:30:37,711 --> 00:30:40,999
as major weapons
against vampires.
301
00:31:20,379 --> 00:31:23,462
As soon as a vampire
began to ravage an area,
302
00:31:23,465 --> 00:31:26,298
an all out effort was made
to find it in its grave
303
00:31:26,301 --> 00:31:27,757
and destroy it.
304
00:31:27,761 --> 00:31:29,717
One common method
of locating the vampire
305
00:31:29,721 --> 00:31:32,679
was to chose a boy or girl,
young enough to be a virgin
306
00:31:32,682 --> 00:31:35,515
and seat them naked
on a horse of a solid color,
307
00:31:35,519 --> 00:31:39,057
which was also a virgin
and it never stumbled.
308
00:31:39,064 --> 00:31:40,804
The horse was lead
through the cemetery
309
00:31:40,816 --> 00:31:43,273
and over all the graves
recognizable
310
00:31:43,276 --> 00:31:46,518
from one or several holes
big enough,
311
00:31:46,530 --> 00:31:48,987
the vampires tomb
was also supposed to be
312
00:31:48,990 --> 00:31:51,732
for a servant to pass though.
313
00:32:15,016 --> 00:32:17,348
The most usual way
of killing a vampire
314
00:32:17,352 --> 00:32:19,593
was to drive a stake
though the heart or navel
315
00:32:19,604 --> 00:32:22,846
during daylight hours, when
the vampire lay in its grave.
316
00:32:22,858 --> 00:32:25,520
The stake had to be made
from a wild rosebush,
317
00:32:25,527 --> 00:32:28,143
an ash, or Aspen tree.
318
00:32:28,155 --> 00:32:31,898
In some areas, iron bars,
preferably heated red-hot,
319
00:32:31,908 --> 00:32:33,990
were used instead of wood.
320
00:32:56,600 --> 00:32:59,057
The stake had to be
driven though the body
321
00:32:59,060 --> 00:33:01,301
and into the ground under
the corpse
322
00:33:01,313 --> 00:33:04,396
fo keep the vampire
from rising again.
323
00:33:04,399 --> 00:33:07,812
As the stake pierced it,
the body twisted in agony
324
00:33:07,819 --> 00:33:10,435
and fresh blood flowed,
a horrible scream
325
00:33:10,447 --> 00:33:12,278
also accompanied the act,
326
00:33:12,282 --> 00:33:16,946
after which a look of peace
settled on the vampire's face,
327
00:33:16,995 --> 00:33:20,704
final release of torment
and real death.
328
00:33:23,752 --> 00:33:26,289
Ah!
329
00:33:36,681 --> 00:33:39,263
Many other means of killing
vampires were practiced.
330
00:33:39,267 --> 00:33:41,053
The vampire's head
was sometimes cut off
331
00:33:41,061 --> 00:33:42,801
and put between
the legs of the corpse,
332
00:33:42,812 --> 00:33:44,973
or the body could be
buried at crossroads,
333
00:33:44,981 --> 00:33:48,439
or burnt and the ashes
strewn in a river.
334
00:34:21,810 --> 00:34:23,675
According to Romanian legend,
335
00:34:23,687 --> 00:34:26,394
if a vampire is not found
and rendered harmless,
336
00:34:26,398 --> 00:34:29,356
it first kills all members
of its immediate family
337
00:34:29,359 --> 00:34:32,601
and then the other
inhabitants of the village.
338
00:34:32,612 --> 00:34:35,103
At last, the vampire climbs up
339
00:34:35,115 --> 00:34:37,026
into the belfry of the church
340
00:34:37,075 --> 00:34:39,817
and calls out the names
of any survivors
341
00:34:39,828 --> 00:34:41,989
who instantly die.
342
00:34:41,997 --> 00:34:45,910
Or in some areas, the vampire
rings the death knell
343
00:34:45,917 --> 00:34:48,329
and all who hear it
die on the spot.
344
00:35:29,252 --> 00:35:32,164
Inevitably, the folkloric
vampire of eastern Europe
345
00:35:32,172 --> 00:35:34,629
began to disappear
in modern times,
346
00:35:34,633 --> 00:35:37,875
but in 1964, Dr. Robert mccully
347
00:35:37,886 --> 00:35:40,719
of the medical university
of south Carolina
348
00:35:40,722 --> 00:35:44,180
published the only authentic
psychological case study
349
00:35:44,184 --> 00:35:47,847
of a person showing
vampire traits.
350
00:35:47,854 --> 00:35:50,061
The subject was bill, a young,
351
00:35:50,065 --> 00:35:52,556
unmarried, white male American.
352
00:35:52,567 --> 00:35:56,560
He displayed the essential
vampire characteristics.
353
00:35:56,571 --> 00:35:59,483
He was clearly aware
of bearing eternal curse,
354
00:35:59,491 --> 00:36:02,403
the ever constant desire
for life and renewal,
355
00:36:02,410 --> 00:36:05,117
coupled with a horrible wish
to destroy human beings
356
00:36:05,163 --> 00:36:08,781
in order to maintain
his own existence.
357
00:36:08,792 --> 00:36:12,250
Bill performed acts
of vampirism on himself,
358
00:36:12,253 --> 00:36:14,995
that is, he drank his own blood.
359
00:37:07,642 --> 00:37:10,258
The vampire's always been
a creature of nightmares,
360
00:37:10,270 --> 00:37:13,057
the nocturnal spirit
who embraces the sleeper
361
00:37:13,064 --> 00:37:15,020
to suck his blood.
362
00:37:15,024 --> 00:37:18,266
Bill frequented reported
dreams of bloodletting
363
00:37:18,278 --> 00:37:21,315
and felt anxiety upon awakening.
364
00:37:27,746 --> 00:37:30,909
Sometimes these dreams were
filled with a sense of peace
365
00:37:30,915 --> 00:37:33,122
and being loved by someone,
366
00:37:33,126 --> 00:37:35,913
but sometimes bill felt
that he had subdued someone
367
00:37:35,920 --> 00:37:38,252
who had attacked him.
368
00:37:40,508 --> 00:37:42,544
He often dreamed
of sucking blood
369
00:37:42,552 --> 00:37:46,044
from the necks of young boys.
370
00:37:46,055 --> 00:37:48,797
Bill spent most of his time
wandering about alone
371
00:37:48,808 --> 00:37:52,392
and constantly suffered
from an unexplained cycle.
372
00:37:52,395 --> 00:37:54,306
Four days of elation,
373
00:37:54,314 --> 00:37:57,602
followed by twelve days
of depression,
374
00:37:57,609 --> 00:37:59,645
his deepest depression coincided
375
00:37:59,652 --> 00:38:02,735
with the appearance
of the full moon.
376
00:38:04,657 --> 00:38:08,241
Bills case defies
conventional psychology.
377
00:38:08,244 --> 00:38:10,656
He had no knowledge
of the vampire myth.
378
00:38:10,663 --> 00:38:13,029
However, his earliest
childhood memories
379
00:38:13,041 --> 00:38:15,032
were strangely significant.
380
00:38:15,043 --> 00:38:18,376
At the age of seven,
he saw a dog hit by a car,
381
00:38:18,379 --> 00:38:21,371
lying in a dark pool of blood
in the street.
382
00:38:26,304 --> 00:38:28,590
He also recalls that
after a walk in the park
383
00:38:28,598 --> 00:38:30,384
together with his nurse,
384
00:38:30,391 --> 00:38:33,474
she placed his warm hands
on her cold neck.
385
00:38:35,563 --> 00:38:39,272
Extensive psychological testing
showed bill to be intelligent,
386
00:38:39,317 --> 00:38:41,979
but emotionally very immature.
387
00:38:41,986 --> 00:38:45,524
However, nothing directly
pathological was established,
388
00:38:45,532 --> 00:38:48,615
except possibly,
a fascination with blood
389
00:38:48,618 --> 00:38:51,280
and the mystical.
390
00:38:51,287 --> 00:38:54,154
Bill's interpretation
of the rorschach cards
391
00:38:54,165 --> 00:38:56,622
was very revealing.
392
00:38:56,626 --> 00:38:58,207
The lower part of the anatomy
393
00:38:58,211 --> 00:39:00,702
of some large animal,
394
00:39:00,713 --> 00:39:02,249
part of a living thing,
395
00:39:02,257 --> 00:39:05,294
or once part of a living thing.
396
00:39:05,301 --> 00:39:08,919
The red could be blood
that came from it,
397
00:39:08,930 --> 00:39:11,842
ripped out of
a dissected corpse.
398
00:39:11,850 --> 00:39:15,263
On second look,
the red seems like a fluid,
399
00:39:15,270 --> 00:39:18,683
draining symmetrically.
400
00:39:18,690 --> 00:39:21,978
Dr. mccully reasons that bill
may not have been mentally ill
401
00:39:21,985 --> 00:39:25,694
in the usual sense
and offers a startling theory,
402
00:39:25,697 --> 00:39:28,029
that the ancient vampire
image may be one
403
00:39:28,032 --> 00:39:30,318
of the primitive archetypes
404
00:39:30,326 --> 00:39:32,942
suggested by Dr. Carl jung.
405
00:39:32,954 --> 00:39:35,946
Concepts which supposedly
govern our thoughts
406
00:39:35,957 --> 00:39:39,745
hidden deep within
everybody's unconscious mind.
407
00:39:39,752 --> 00:39:42,459
Mccully speculates that
the vampire archetype
408
00:39:42,463 --> 00:39:44,829
may have mysteriously risen
from the unconscious
409
00:39:44,841 --> 00:39:46,957
and taken possession of bill,
410
00:39:46,968 --> 00:39:48,424
of that in the same way,
411
00:39:48,428 --> 00:39:50,259
all of us might have
the potential
412
00:39:50,263 --> 00:39:52,754
fo become vampires.
413
00:39:52,765 --> 00:39:56,257
How happy this would
have made count Dracula.
414
00:39:56,269 --> 00:40:00,137
In criminology, the
living-vampire is not uncommon.
415
00:40:00,148 --> 00:40:02,764
The term refers to
the sadistic sex murderer,
416
00:40:02,775 --> 00:40:05,858
mostly male,
bites or cuts the throats
417
00:40:05,862 --> 00:40:08,820
of his victims
and drinks their blood.
418
00:40:08,823 --> 00:40:11,940
One famous example
is Peter kiirten
419
00:40:11,951 --> 00:40:13,816
the vampire of Dusseldorf
420
00:40:13,828 --> 00:40:17,946
who directly inspired
Fritz lang's famous film m.
421
00:40:17,957 --> 00:40:20,994
Kiirten was executed in 1931
422
00:40:21,002 --> 00:40:23,835
for 29 murders.
423
00:40:23,838 --> 00:40:26,500
In the daytime, he was
a hardworking lorry driver
424
00:40:26,507 --> 00:40:28,043
and considerate husband,
425
00:40:28,051 --> 00:40:31,293
but at night,
he became a vampire.
426
00:40:41,064 --> 00:40:43,055
He wrote to the mother
of one of his victims,
427
00:40:43,066 --> 00:40:45,808
five-year-old girl,
428
00:40:45,818 --> 00:40:48,810
"what do you want me to do,
madame?
429
00:40:48,821 --> 00:40:52,109
I need blood
as others need alcohol.”
430
00:40:54,744 --> 00:40:57,110
John haigh, the vampire of
London,
431
00:40:57,121 --> 00:40:59,077
writes in his confession
432
00:40:59,082 --> 00:41:01,243
that his thirst
for blood was awakened
433
00:41:01,250 --> 00:41:03,832
when he cut his finger
as a small boy
434
00:41:03,836 --> 00:41:05,701
and licked the wound.
435
00:41:05,713 --> 00:41:08,045
The feeling of lust,
he then experienced,
436
00:41:08,049 --> 00:41:09,960
changed his whole nature.
437
00:41:09,968 --> 00:41:12,425
He said, "I then realized
that I belong
438
00:41:12,428 --> 00:41:15,010
to the species of vampires.”
439
00:41:15,014 --> 00:41:16,970
He killed nine people,
440
00:41:16,975 --> 00:41:19,682
slitting their throats
and drinking their blood
441
00:41:19,686 --> 00:41:23,554
directly from the wounds.
442
00:41:23,564 --> 00:41:25,429
Modern criminologists
may well term
443
00:41:25,483 --> 00:41:29,943
the 18th century prince,
vlad tepes Dracula
444
00:41:29,946 --> 00:41:34,235
a living vampire.
445
00:41:34,242 --> 00:41:35,857
This dreaded Romanian prince,
446
00:41:35,868 --> 00:41:37,984
described in contemporary
pamphlets as,
447
00:41:37,996 --> 00:41:40,453
"a monster
of tyrannical cruelty,”
448
00:41:40,456 --> 00:41:44,540
inspired bram stoker to create
his character, count Dracula.
449
00:41:51,968 --> 00:41:55,802
The prince was best known as,
"te 0 e s, ”
450
00:41:55,805 --> 00:41:58,342
which means, "impaler,"
451
00:41:58,349 --> 00:41:59,805
because of his fondness
for that form
452
00:41:59,809 --> 00:42:02,391
of torture and execution.
453
00:42:02,395 --> 00:42:06,638
However, he was also known as,
"Dracula,"
454
00:42:06,649 --> 00:42:08,480
which, in Romanian, can mean
455
00:42:08,526 --> 00:42:11,563
either, "son of the devil,"
456
00:42:11,571 --> 00:42:14,529
or, "son of the dragon.”
457
00:42:17,410 --> 00:42:18,900
Stoker simply drew upon
458
00:42:18,911 --> 00:42:21,072
the rich Romanian
vampire tradition
459
00:42:21,080 --> 00:42:24,789
in resurrecting vlad
as count Dracula.
460
00:42:24,792 --> 00:42:27,204
The count,
as described in the novel,
461
00:42:27,211 --> 00:42:31,170
closely resembles various
15th century portraits of vlad.
462
00:42:31,174 --> 00:42:35,417
Stoker writes,
"his face was a strong aquiline
463
00:42:35,428 --> 00:42:37,510
with a thin, high-bridged nose
464
00:42:37,513 --> 00:42:40,596
and peculiarly arched nostrils.
465
00:42:40,600 --> 00:42:44,513
His eyebrows were very massive,
almost meeting over the nose,
466
00:42:44,562 --> 00:42:49,022
and with bushy hair that seemed
to curl in its own profusion.
467
00:42:49,025 --> 00:42:52,517
The mouth, so far
as I could see it under
468
00:42:52,570 --> 00:42:55,983
the heavy moustache was fixed
and rather cruel-looking."
469
00:42:59,911 --> 00:43:02,152
This painting
of a martyrdom of St. Andrew
470
00:43:02,163 --> 00:43:04,279
from Dracula's own time
471
00:43:04,290 --> 00:43:06,781
includes him as an observer.
472
00:43:12,256 --> 00:43:14,542
As St. Andrew was the patron
Saint of the saxons,
473
00:43:14,550 --> 00:43:16,086
vlad may have been shown
474
00:43:16,094 --> 00:43:18,961
because of his reputed cruelty
towards saxons.
475
00:43:18,971 --> 00:43:22,304
But, in Romania,
St. Andrew is also said to be
476
00:43:22,308 --> 00:43:24,424
a protector of vampires.
477
00:43:30,566 --> 00:43:33,808
The only existing life-sized
portrait of vlad
478
00:43:33,820 --> 00:43:37,608
is located at ambras castle
near innsbruck, Austria.
479
00:43:40,451 --> 00:43:42,658
Archduke ferdinand ii
who owned the castle
480
00:43:42,662 --> 00:43:44,402
during the 16th century
481
00:43:44,413 --> 00:43:47,325
had a perverse hobby
of documenting the villains
482
00:43:47,333 --> 00:43:50,791
and deformed personalities
of history.
483
00:43:50,795 --> 00:43:53,161
If such persons
could be found alive,
484
00:43:53,172 --> 00:43:56,164
the archduke tried
to settle them in the castle.
485
00:43:56,175 --> 00:43:59,167
A few giants, a notorious dwarf,
486
00:43:59,178 --> 00:44:01,464
and the wolf man
from the canary islands
487
00:44:01,472 --> 00:44:03,758
stayed on at ambras castle
for some years
488
00:44:03,766 --> 00:44:06,599
in order to have
their portraits painted.
489
00:44:06,602 --> 00:44:09,309
The wolf man had a hormal wife
490
00:44:09,313 --> 00:44:11,850
but his two children
inherited his hairy skin
491
00:44:11,858 --> 00:44:13,644
and devilish countenance.
492
00:44:22,034 --> 00:44:24,616
Ferdinand's gallery
of rogues and monsters
493
00:44:24,620 --> 00:44:26,736
contains many grisly studies.
494
00:44:32,253 --> 00:44:35,165
Dracula's reputation
as a mass murderer
495
00:44:35,173 --> 00:44:39,792
ensured his place
in the archduke's collection.
496
00:44:39,802 --> 00:44:42,965
Vlad Dracula's birthplace
in transylvania
497
00:44:42,972 --> 00:44:46,590
is the old German fortified
town of sighisoara,
498
00:44:46,601 --> 00:44:49,217
south of bistrita.
499
00:44:49,228 --> 00:44:51,310
The house in which viad was born
500
00:44:51,314 --> 00:44:54,272
bears a plaque
identifying his father,
501
00:44:54,275 --> 00:44:59,019
vlad dracul, the devil,
prince of wallachia.
502
00:45:01,657 --> 00:45:04,945
Some historians consider
vlad Dracula a hero,
503
00:45:04,952 --> 00:45:07,068
who fought for christianity
and the independence
504
00:45:07,079 --> 00:45:08,990
of his country
against the turks.
505
00:45:08,998 --> 00:45:11,489
Others claim he was
a madman who killed
506
00:45:11,500 --> 00:45:14,663
and tortured wantonly
for sadistic pleasure.
507
00:45:18,216 --> 00:45:20,332
Dracula may not
have been more cruel
508
00:45:20,343 --> 00:45:22,379
than many other rulers
of the 15th century,
509
00:45:22,386 --> 00:45:24,627
such as Mohammed il of Turkey,
510
00:45:24,639 --> 00:45:27,802
Ivan the terrible,
or cesare borgia.
511
00:45:27,808 --> 00:45:32,677
But, his executions
were much greater in number.
512
00:45:32,688 --> 00:45:35,020
In creating count Dracula,
513
00:45:35,024 --> 00:45:37,140
stoker may have been
struck by the similarity
514
00:45:37,151 --> 00:45:40,109
between viad's impalings
and the killing of vampires
515
00:45:40,112 --> 00:45:42,398
by driving stakes
through their bodies.
516
00:45:45,910 --> 00:45:48,572
Impalement was a fairly
rare form of execution
517
00:45:48,579 --> 00:45:53,869
and vlad was one
of the few rulers to use it.
518
00:45:53,876 --> 00:45:57,039
Horses were usually employed
to pull a victim onto a stake
519
00:45:57,046 --> 00:45:59,708
so that it pierced
the length of the body.
520
00:45:59,757 --> 00:46:02,624
The pale was then put
in an upright position
521
00:46:02,635 --> 00:46:04,717
and the victim left to die,
522
00:46:04,720 --> 00:46:06,961
which sometimes took
agonizing hours,
523
00:46:06,973 --> 00:46:09,715
or even days.
524
00:46:09,767 --> 00:46:12,304
Dracula's best known
mass impalement
525
00:46:12,311 --> 00:46:14,427
took place in 1459,
526
00:46:14,438 --> 00:46:17,726
on tampa hill, above brasov.
527
00:46:17,733 --> 00:46:20,475
Here Dracula and his boyars
528
00:46:20,486 --> 00:46:22,568
feasted for a whole month,
529
00:46:22,571 --> 00:46:25,278
while thousands of saxons
were methodically impaled
530
00:46:25,283 --> 00:46:28,446
on neat rows of stakes
around them.
531
00:46:28,452 --> 00:46:30,989
This contemporary German woodcut
532
00:46:30,997 --> 00:46:33,955
depicts the scene.
533
00:46:33,958 --> 00:46:36,665
It is said that Dracula's
chief pleasure
534
00:46:36,669 --> 00:46:38,751
was to dine with his court
535
00:46:38,754 --> 00:46:43,623
surrounded by dead and dying
people impaled on stakes.
536
00:46:43,634 --> 00:46:46,421
Once, a certain nobleman
was supposed to have complained
537
00:46:46,429 --> 00:46:48,135
that he could not enjoy his meal
538
00:46:48,139 --> 00:46:50,175
because of the stench
of rotting corpses
539
00:46:50,182 --> 00:46:52,173
surrounding the table.
540
00:46:52,184 --> 00:46:55,392
Dracula thereupon
had the nobleman impaled
541
00:46:55,396 --> 00:46:57,762
on a much higher stake
than the others,
542
00:46:57,773 --> 00:47:00,515
so that he would be
above the stench.
543
00:47:10,161 --> 00:47:13,403
Countless such tales
about Dracula's bloody deeds
544
00:47:13,414 --> 00:47:15,029
and macabre sense of humor
545
00:47:15,041 --> 00:47:17,373
persist to this day
in transylvania.
546
00:47:17,376 --> 00:47:20,243
Most of them portray him
as merciless,
547
00:47:20,254 --> 00:47:23,746
yet possessed of a strange
sense of justice
548
00:47:23,758 --> 00:47:27,296
and tragic destiny,
much like count Dracula.
549
00:47:32,808 --> 00:47:35,515
According to legend,
a Hungarian merchant
550
00:47:35,519 --> 00:47:38,101
once came to viad's city.
551
00:47:38,105 --> 00:47:42,189
While he slept, someone stole
160 gold ducats from him.
552
00:47:44,945 --> 00:47:47,937
The merchant went to Dracula
and told him of his loss.
553
00:47:47,948 --> 00:47:50,280
Dracula said, "go your way
554
00:47:50,284 --> 00:47:53,367
and in the morning
you will find your gold."
555
00:47:53,371 --> 00:47:55,953
He then commanded that
a search be made for the gold
556
00:47:55,956 --> 00:47:58,368
throughout the city and said
that if the thief was not found
557
00:47:58,376 --> 00:48:00,833
he would burn the entire town.
558
00:48:06,467 --> 00:48:08,003
When the merchant arose
next morning,
559
00:48:08,010 --> 00:48:10,126
he found his money returned.
560
00:48:10,137 --> 00:48:12,924
He counted it once,
and then twice.
561
00:48:12,932 --> 00:48:16,800
There was one ducat too many.
562
00:48:16,811 --> 00:48:18,847
The merchant went again
to Dracula and said,
563
00:48:18,896 --> 00:48:21,387
"my lord, I have found the gold,
564
00:48:21,399 --> 00:48:24,311
but there is one ducat more
which is not mine."
565
00:48:24,318 --> 00:48:26,980
Dracula then revealed that
he had ordered the extra ducat
566
00:48:26,987 --> 00:48:28,978
placed there and said that
567
00:48:28,989 --> 00:48:30,945
if the merchant had
not told him about it,
568
00:48:30,950 --> 00:48:33,487
he would have impaled
him with the thief.
569
00:48:35,621 --> 00:48:38,237
The merchant was
very grateful to Dracula
570
00:48:38,249 --> 00:48:41,207
and took his cart
and left the city.
571
00:48:47,216 --> 00:48:50,379
Though Dracula showed a certain
kindness to the merchant,
572
00:48:50,386 --> 00:48:52,718
he is said to have solved
the problem of poverty
573
00:48:52,721 --> 00:48:56,134
in his kingdom by inviting
all poor people and beggars
574
00:48:56,142 --> 00:48:59,350
to a great banquet, and then,
575
00:48:59,353 --> 00:49:02,220
setting fire to the hall.
576
00:49:02,231 --> 00:49:05,143
Everyone inside
was burned alive.
577
00:49:10,990 --> 00:49:12,571
In a particular place,
578
00:49:12,575 --> 00:49:14,691
there was a spring of cola,
fresh water
579
00:49:14,702 --> 00:49:16,863
and many came to drink.
580
00:49:16,871 --> 00:49:21,331
Dracula placed a large, fine,
golden cup by the spring.
581
00:49:21,333 --> 00:49:24,746
All who drank from the cup
returned it to its place,
582
00:49:24,753 --> 00:49:29,338
and while vlad Dracula lived,
no one dared steal it.
583
00:49:34,472 --> 00:49:36,258
Dracula had a peasant mistress
584
00:49:36,265 --> 00:49:40,349
who lived in a poor,
outlying part of targoviste.
585
00:49:40,352 --> 00:49:42,058
He visited her often,
586
00:49:42,062 --> 00:49:44,098
but his interest
was purely physical.
587
00:49:44,106 --> 00:49:46,939
The woman, on the other hand,
fell in love with Dracula
588
00:49:46,942 --> 00:49:49,604
and grew afraid of losing him.
589
00:49:49,612 --> 00:49:53,571
One night she told him that she
was going to have his child.
590
00:49:53,574 --> 00:49:57,692
Dracula became angry and said
that this would not be.
591
00:49:57,703 --> 00:50:02,117
He then cut her open from her
loins to her breast and said,
592
00:50:02,124 --> 00:50:06,117
"let the world see where I have
been and where my fruit lay."
593
00:50:23,646 --> 00:50:26,228
Bram stoker
did not know that a real
594
00:50:26,232 --> 00:50:28,974
castle Dracula existed.
595
00:50:28,984 --> 00:50:31,066
But his description
of the count's castle
596
00:50:31,070 --> 00:50:35,188
at the borgo pass
is uncannily apt.
597
00:50:35,199 --> 00:50:39,158
The real castle Dracula
is perched on top of a rock
598
00:50:39,161 --> 00:50:42,995
1,000 feet above
the arges river in wallachia.
599
00:50:42,998 --> 00:50:46,035
It is nearly inaccessible
from the valley.
600
00:50:47,628 --> 00:50:49,459
The original fortress
was very old,
601
00:50:49,463 --> 00:50:51,829
but vlad rebuilt it
when he came to power.
602
00:50:51,840 --> 00:50:53,922
And, ever since,
it has been known as the castle
603
00:50:53,926 --> 00:50:57,510
of vlad tepes, viad the impaler.
604
00:51:07,773 --> 00:51:11,482
Reconstruction of the castle
was a nearly super human feat,
605
00:51:11,485 --> 00:51:15,319
accomplished in typical
Dracula fashion.
606
00:51:15,322 --> 00:51:18,189
One of vlad's brothers, mircea,
607
00:51:18,200 --> 00:51:20,942
had been killed
by the boyars of tirgoviste.
608
00:51:20,953 --> 00:51:22,944
It is said that
Dracula retaliated
609
00:51:22,955 --> 00:51:25,742
by seizing the boyars
during the easter celebrations
610
00:51:25,749 --> 00:51:29,913
when they were all dressed
in their finest clothes.
611
00:51:29,920 --> 00:51:33,458
He impaled the old people
and put the younger people,
612
00:51:33,465 --> 00:51:37,799
men, women, and children,
to work rebuilding the castle.
613
00:51:37,803 --> 00:51:39,634
They are supposed
to have labored
614
00:51:39,638 --> 00:51:44,052
until their clothes became rags
and dropped off their backs.
615
00:51:44,059 --> 00:51:47,768
Many died from over-work
and fell from the cliffs.
616
00:51:47,771 --> 00:51:51,855
But the caste was finished
within a few months.
617
00:51:57,323 --> 00:52:00,941
Dracula's reign was dominated
by his confrontation
618
00:52:00,951 --> 00:52:02,942
with Mohammed the conqueror
of Turkey.
619
00:52:05,039 --> 00:52:09,157
By 1461, vlad had achieved
sufficient power
620
00:52:09,168 --> 00:52:13,582
to plan an all out campaign
to rid Romania of the turks.
621
00:52:13,589 --> 00:52:16,296
The sultan became aware
of his ambitions
622
00:52:16,300 --> 00:52:19,508
and sent envoys to negotiate
a truce with him.
623
00:52:19,511 --> 00:52:21,923
However, they had
secret instructions
624
00:52:21,930 --> 00:52:23,716
fo lure vlad into a trap
625
00:52:23,724 --> 00:52:27,512
where he would be seized
by turkish troops.
626
00:52:27,519 --> 00:52:29,430
The story goes that
when the emissaries refused
627
00:52:29,438 --> 00:52:32,271
fo remove their turbans
in vlad's presence,
628
00:52:32,274 --> 00:52:34,265
as it was against their custom,
629
00:52:34,276 --> 00:52:36,938
he ordered the turbans
nailed to their heads
630
00:52:36,945 --> 00:52:39,106
and sent them away
saying that the turks
631
00:52:39,114 --> 00:52:43,107
must learn to respect
the customs of a great leader.
632
00:52:48,040 --> 00:52:51,624
History records only
that vlad sensed treachery
633
00:52:51,627 --> 00:52:54,539
and captured
the entire turkish force.
634
00:52:54,546 --> 00:52:57,003
He impaled them
oh a forest of stakes
635
00:52:57,007 --> 00:53:00,249
outside the walls
of his capital, tirgoviste,
636
00:53:00,260 --> 00:53:03,878
placing the envoys on two
stakes higher than the rest,
637
00:53:03,889 --> 00:53:07,097
in deference to their rank.
638
00:53:07,101 --> 00:53:08,966
He then launched
his famous campaign
639
00:53:08,977 --> 00:53:11,218
along the danube river
640
00:53:11,230 --> 00:53:14,222
with a force of between
10 and 20,000 men,
641
00:53:14,233 --> 00:53:16,724
consisting mostly
of rapid moving cavalry
642
00:53:16,735 --> 00:53:18,566
and peasant conscripts,
643
00:53:18,570 --> 00:53:22,404
vlad pushed all the way
to the black sea.
644
00:53:22,408 --> 00:53:26,026
At first,
vlad met with great success.
645
00:53:26,036 --> 00:53:28,573
After his capture
of the fortress of giurgiu,
646
00:53:28,580 --> 00:53:30,536
he wrote to king Matthias
of Hungary
647
00:53:30,541 --> 00:53:34,159
that 23,809 men
648
00:53:34,169 --> 00:53:38,162
had been slain and impaled.
649
00:53:38,215 --> 00:53:39,955
Vlad was certain
with the figure,
650
00:53:39,967 --> 00:53:42,549
because their heads
had been carefully counted,
651
00:53:42,553 --> 00:53:45,386
apart from 884 who were
burned in their houses,
652
00:53:45,389 --> 00:53:49,428
and whose heads, of course,
could not be connected.
653
00:53:49,435 --> 00:53:51,926
During the famous
night of terror,
654
00:53:51,937 --> 00:53:54,053
he boldly attacked
the sultan's camp.
655
00:53:54,064 --> 00:53:56,020
However, his bodyguard read it
656
00:53:56,024 --> 00:53:59,892
and vlad was forced to retreat.
657
00:53:59,903 --> 00:54:02,315
The road to tirgoviste
now lay open.
658
00:54:02,322 --> 00:54:04,563
But the turks were greeted
by the grisly remains
659
00:54:04,575 --> 00:54:06,486
of the sultan's
envoys and troops
660
00:54:06,493 --> 00:54:08,950
impaled by vlad
the previous year
661
00:54:08,954 --> 00:54:12,788
and now blackened by the sun
and half eaten by birds.
662
00:54:12,791 --> 00:54:15,624
The sultan was moved
to tears and said,
663
00:54:15,627 --> 00:54:19,415
"what can we do
with a man like this?"
664
00:54:19,423 --> 00:54:21,334
He ordered the retreat
of his army
665
00:54:21,341 --> 00:54:24,549
but a small force in command
of vlad's own brother, radu,
666
00:54:24,553 --> 00:54:27,386
was directed to pursue Dracula
to his remote castle
667
00:54:27,389 --> 00:54:30,973
high in the mountains
above the arges river.
668
00:54:30,976 --> 00:54:33,592
Radu laid siege to the
fortress, during which,
669
00:54:33,604 --> 00:54:36,220
Dracula's wife despaired
and took her own life
670
00:54:36,273 --> 00:54:37,763
by casting herself
from a parapet
671
00:54:37,775 --> 00:54:40,312
to the arges river far below.
672
00:54:42,446 --> 00:54:44,607
Viad himself was forced to flee
673
00:54:44,615 --> 00:54:48,779
through a secret tunnel
on a horse shod backwards
674
00:54:48,786 --> 00:54:50,572
to confuse pursuers.
675
00:54:52,998 --> 00:54:54,829
After escaping the turks
by crossing
676
00:54:54,833 --> 00:54:58,121
the nearly impossible
transylvanian alps,
677
00:54:58,128 --> 00:55:00,084
Dracula sought the protection
of king Matthias
678
00:55:00,088 --> 00:55:02,420
at fagaras castle.
679
00:55:02,424 --> 00:55:04,415
Instead of granting
vlad sanctuary,
680
00:55:04,426 --> 00:55:06,917
the king had him arrested.
681
00:55:06,929 --> 00:55:09,341
Little is known about
Dracula's life of exile,
682
00:55:09,348 --> 00:55:12,590
but he, apparently, could not
control his lust for blood.
683
00:55:12,601 --> 00:55:15,092
A Russian story relates
that he used to catch mice
684
00:55:15,103 --> 00:55:16,513
and buy birds in the market
685
00:55:16,522 --> 00:55:17,853
and then torture and impale them
686
00:55:17,856 --> 00:55:20,393
on rows of small stakes.
687
00:55:20,400 --> 00:55:23,938
In stoker's novel,
count Dracula's mad helper,
688
00:55:23,946 --> 00:55:26,938
renfield, also took
a sadistic pleasure
689
00:55:26,949 --> 00:55:30,567
in torturing small animals.
690
00:55:30,577 --> 00:55:32,613
Viad was a handsome man
691
00:55:32,621 --> 00:55:34,907
and his fabled power over women
692
00:55:34,915 --> 00:55:39,033
soon led to a romance with
one of king Matthias's sisters.
693
00:55:39,044 --> 00:55:40,625
They were eventually married
694
00:55:40,629 --> 00:55:43,496
and Dracula regained
his freedom.
695
00:55:43,507 --> 00:55:46,544
Viad did succeed
in recapturing tirgoviste
696
00:55:46,552 --> 00:55:49,760
and the citadel of Bucharest
from his brother, rad...
697
00:55:49,763 --> 00:55:52,596
But only two months after
regaining the wallachian throne
698
00:55:52,599 --> 00:55:55,762
he was killed outside
of Bucharest.
699
00:55:55,769 --> 00:55:57,805
He had disguised himself
as a turkish soldier
700
00:55:57,813 --> 00:56:02,227
in order to obtain precise
information about the enemy.
701
00:56:02,234 --> 00:56:04,850
His head was sent to Istanbul
702
00:56:04,862 --> 00:56:07,649
as a trophy for the sultan.
703
00:56:11,785 --> 00:56:14,822
Viad's headless body is said
to have been found by monks
704
00:56:14,830 --> 00:56:17,822
from snagov monastery
in the marshes near Bucharest,
705
00:56:17,833 --> 00:56:19,664
who secretly
interred him in a crypt
706
00:56:19,668 --> 00:56:22,250
facing the chapel alter.
707
00:56:25,465 --> 00:56:29,333
In 1931, the tomb was opened,
708
00:56:29,386 --> 00:56:31,968
but the casket
and body were missing.
709
00:56:31,972 --> 00:56:33,758
Later on, another grave
was discovered
710
00:56:33,765 --> 00:56:36,131
near the front door
to the chapel.
711
00:56:36,143 --> 00:56:39,101
It is possible
that vlad's body was moved
712
00:56:39,104 --> 00:56:41,095
because the monks
did not want to have someone
713
00:56:41,106 --> 00:56:45,065
of his sinister reputation
buried close to the alter.
714
00:56:49,781 --> 00:56:52,238
A Romanian peasant belief holds
715
00:56:52,242 --> 00:56:55,700
that vlad Dracula
will someday rise again
716
00:56:55,704 --> 00:56:59,196
to save the country
in a time of great trouble.
717
00:56:59,207 --> 00:57:02,040
A well known Romanian poem goes,
718
00:57:02,044 --> 00:57:06,083
"Dracula, where are you now
that we need you?"
719
00:57:11,136 --> 00:57:14,003
Eastern Europe,
and particularly transylvania,
720
00:57:14,014 --> 00:57:16,471
has long been known
to folklore experts
721
00:57:16,475 --> 00:57:18,966
and devotees of Dracula alike
722
00:57:18,977 --> 00:57:21,389
as the center of vampire belief.
723
00:57:21,438 --> 00:57:24,350
But the vampire in literature
owes its fame almost entirely
724
00:57:24,358 --> 00:57:27,691
to the works
of english and Irish authors.
725
00:57:27,694 --> 00:57:29,400
The most successful
of these vampire tales
726
00:57:29,404 --> 00:57:31,861
were written during
the 19th century.
727
00:57:31,865 --> 00:57:34,572
This was the age
of gothic horror,
728
00:57:34,576 --> 00:57:37,409
and countless stories
of the terrible and the unknown
729
00:57:37,412 --> 00:57:40,119
flooded the bookshops
of england.
730
00:57:40,123 --> 00:57:42,990
Strangely enough,
the two most famous
731
00:57:43,001 --> 00:57:47,165
literary and movie monsters
were born at the same time,
732
00:57:47,172 --> 00:57:49,584
the undead vampire count
733
00:57:49,591 --> 00:57:52,924
and Dr. Frankenstein's
living monster,
734
00:57:52,928 --> 00:57:55,169
fashioned from dead bodies.
735
00:57:59,643 --> 00:58:02,931
It happened in 1815
at the magnificent villa,
736
00:58:02,938 --> 00:58:07,853
diodati, on the shores
of lake Geneva in Switzerland.
737
00:58:07,859 --> 00:58:11,852
Lord Byron, the leading
literary figure of the century,
738
00:58:11,863 --> 00:58:13,774
was spending the summer there
739
00:58:13,782 --> 00:58:17,070
together with his 20-year-old
physician, John polidori.
740
00:58:19,121 --> 00:58:23,831
Percy bysshe shelley and his
18-year-old wife-to-be, Mary,
741
00:58:23,834 --> 00:58:26,667
had rented
a modest house nearby.
742
00:58:34,720 --> 00:58:36,551
According to Mary's diary,
743
00:58:36,555 --> 00:58:38,796
rainy evenings
were spent round the fire
744
00:58:38,807 --> 00:58:41,924
at the villa diodati
reading ghost stories
745
00:58:41,935 --> 00:58:45,678
and discussing the supernatural.
746
00:58:45,689 --> 00:58:48,681
One night, Byron suggested
that they all write
747
00:58:48,692 --> 00:58:52,150
their own ghost stories.
748
00:58:52,154 --> 00:58:54,611
He himself never finished his.
749
00:58:54,614 --> 00:58:57,697
But, polidori, who also
had literary ambitions,
750
00:58:57,701 --> 00:58:59,362
turned Byron's story info
751
00:58:59,369 --> 00:59:02,281
the first english vampire novel:
752
00:59:02,289 --> 00:59:07,033
The vampyre, published in 1816.
753
00:59:07,044 --> 00:59:11,253
His hero, lord ruthven,
was the first in a long line
754
00:59:11,256 --> 00:59:16,922
of vampire counts culminating
in stoker's, count Dracula.
755
00:59:16,928 --> 00:59:19,089
Polidori probably intended
lord ruthven
756
00:59:19,097 --> 00:59:23,181
as a parody to Byron who,
he felt, had mistreated him.
757
00:59:25,062 --> 00:59:28,600
Byron did had some classic
vampire characteristics.
758
00:59:28,607 --> 00:59:31,474
He once, for instance,
lived in a half ruined Abbey.
759
00:59:31,485 --> 00:59:33,521
And, in later years,
wore only black,
760
00:59:33,570 --> 00:59:35,526
ate almost nothing to keep slim,
761
00:59:35,572 --> 00:59:37,938
and drank vinegar
to make his face pale.
762
00:59:37,949 --> 00:59:42,192
He also had an extraordinary
power over women and young men.
763
00:59:54,257 --> 00:59:56,543
Mary shelley's Frankenstein,
764
00:59:56,551 --> 00:59:59,793
perhaps the first work
of science fiction,
765
00:59:59,805 --> 01:00:03,218
also took form one evening
at the villa diodati,
766
01:00:03,225 --> 01:00:06,433
during which, everybody
discussed Darwin's theories
767
01:00:06,436 --> 01:00:09,269
and human efforts
to create life.
768
01:00:13,735 --> 01:00:17,068
Afterwards, Mary went to bed
in an uneasy mood
769
01:00:17,072 --> 01:00:19,404
and experienced
a terrible nightmare.
770
01:01:37,110 --> 01:01:40,318
She awoke in fright
and could not go back to sleep.
771
01:01:40,322 --> 01:01:44,156
The next morning
she began writing her story.
772
01:01:44,159 --> 01:01:47,993
"Twas on a dreary night
of November that I beheld
773
01:01:47,996 --> 01:01:51,363
the accomplishment of my task.
774
01:01:51,374 --> 01:01:54,241
It was already
one in the morning.
775
01:01:54,252 --> 01:01:57,415
The rain pattered dismally
against the panes
776
01:01:57,422 --> 01:01:59,788
and my candle
was nearly burnt out.
777
01:02:02,177 --> 01:02:06,671
Then, by the glimmer
of the half extinguished light,
778
01:02:06,723 --> 01:02:12,639
I saw the dull, yellow eye
of the creature open.
779
01:02:12,646 --> 01:02:16,389
It breathes hard
and convulsive motion
780
01:02:16,399 --> 01:02:18,890
agitates its limbs."
781
01:02:26,952 --> 01:02:29,568
Mary shelley's diary
provides some clues
782
01:02:29,579 --> 01:02:32,616
as to how she conceived
of Frankenstein.
783
01:02:32,624 --> 01:02:37,584
During 1814, she took a trip
up the rhine river.
784
01:02:37,587 --> 01:02:40,420
On Sunday, September the 4th,
she writes,
785
01:02:40,423 --> 01:02:44,632
"we leave mainz at six o'clock
and proceed in a little boat.
786
01:02:44,636 --> 01:02:46,718
The banks of the rhine
are very fine,
787
01:02:46,721 --> 01:02:50,930
rocks and mountains
crowned with lonely castles."
788
01:02:50,934 --> 01:02:53,141
One such castle
Mary probably visited
789
01:02:53,144 --> 01:02:56,102
was the burg Frankenstein,
790
01:02:56,106 --> 01:03:00,475
built atop the densely forested
magnetburg mountain.
791
01:03:06,908 --> 01:03:10,025
Within this castle, in 1673,
792
01:03:10,036 --> 01:03:12,118
was born the famous alchemist,
793
01:03:12,122 --> 01:03:14,408
who searched
for the elixir of life
794
01:03:14,416 --> 01:03:17,658
through diabolical experiments.
795
01:03:17,669 --> 01:03:20,251
Mary no doubt heard this
strange story,
796
01:03:20,255 --> 01:03:23,167
as well as others,
about the mysterious barons
797
01:03:23,174 --> 01:03:26,917
Frankenstein.
798
01:03:26,928 --> 01:03:30,011
The castle chapel
has an eerie atmosphere
799
01:03:30,015 --> 01:03:31,676
which would have made
a strong impression
800
01:03:31,683 --> 01:03:34,015
on the young Mary shelley.
801
01:03:49,784 --> 01:03:51,740
Stone reliefs Mark the graves
802
01:03:51,745 --> 01:03:54,157
of several long dead
frankensteins
803
01:03:54,164 --> 01:03:56,780
who met with violent ends.
804
01:03:56,791 --> 01:03:59,077
A curse was supposed fo have
destroyed three members
805
01:03:59,085 --> 01:04:01,952
of the family
in rapid succession.
806
01:04:16,728 --> 01:04:20,437
There is also the legend of
baron Georg Von Frankenstein,
807
01:04:20,440 --> 01:04:23,432
who killed a dragon
that was chasing his lady love,
808
01:04:23,443 --> 01:04:26,480
annemarie,
only to be killed himself.
809
01:04:30,408 --> 01:04:34,367
Mary's diary also tells
of a visit to mont blanc
810
01:04:34,371 --> 01:04:37,408
and the sea of ice,
so lyrically described
811
01:04:37,415 --> 01:04:39,997
in her book
by the creature himself.
812
01:04:42,712 --> 01:04:46,796
"Monday, July the 22nd,
chamounix.
813
01:04:46,800 --> 01:04:51,294
As we continued, the mountains
increased in height and beauty.
814
01:04:51,304 --> 01:04:53,465
The summit of the highest
815
01:04:53,473 --> 01:04:55,464
was hidden in clouds.
816
01:04:55,475 --> 01:04:58,842
But they sometimes peeked
out into the blue sky higher,
817
01:04:58,853 --> 01:05:02,061
one would think, than the
safety of god would permit.
818
01:05:04,067 --> 01:05:07,810
Tuesday, July the 23rd,
chamounix.
819
01:05:07,821 --> 01:05:11,109
We continued our route on foot
and came to the source
820
01:05:11,116 --> 01:05:13,778
which lies like a stage,
surrounded on three sides
821
01:05:13,785 --> 01:05:16,492
by mountains and glaciers.
822
01:05:16,496 --> 01:05:20,284
We sat on a rock
which formed the fourth side,
823
01:05:20,291 --> 01:05:23,078
gazing on the scene before us.
824
01:05:23,086 --> 01:05:25,873
An immense glacier
was on our left.
825
01:05:51,990 --> 01:05:55,733
In the cathedral at sibiu,
transylvania,
826
01:05:55,743 --> 01:06:00,487
is buried
baron franc Von Frankenstein.
827
01:06:00,498 --> 01:06:04,616
Oddly enough,
Dracula's only legitimate son,
828
01:06:04,627 --> 01:06:08,040
mihnea the bad,
was murdered in the church
829
01:06:08,047 --> 01:06:10,754
and is said to be
buried there as well.
830
01:06:13,470 --> 01:06:15,711
By the middle
of the 19th century,
831
01:06:15,722 --> 01:06:18,213
interest in
vampires and vampirism
832
01:06:18,224 --> 01:06:20,260
had spread throughout Europe.
833
01:06:20,268 --> 01:06:24,511
In england, weekly serial
novels had become the rage.
834
01:06:24,522 --> 01:06:27,264
One of the most popular
was varney the vampire
835
01:06:27,275 --> 01:06:29,516
or the feast of blood.
836
01:06:29,527 --> 01:06:31,859
It was of doubtful
literary value,
837
01:06:31,863 --> 01:06:34,024
but the piece ended
spectacularly
838
01:06:34,032 --> 01:06:36,489
with the vampire baron
throwing himself
839
01:06:36,493 --> 01:06:39,951
into the hissing mouth
of mt. Vesuvius.
840
01:06:39,954 --> 01:06:42,661
But it was a woman vampire,
rather than a man,
841
01:06:42,665 --> 01:06:45,953
who set the stage for Dracula.
842
01:06:45,960 --> 01:06:49,293
Sheridan le fanu, Irish master
of the supernatural,
843
01:06:49,297 --> 01:06:52,585
published carmilla in 1872.
844
01:06:52,592 --> 01:06:55,675
The story made a deep
impression on bram stoker,
845
01:06:55,678 --> 01:06:57,464
who was then a civil
servant in Dublin
846
01:06:57,472 --> 01:06:59,838
and an unpaid theater critic.
847
01:06:59,849 --> 01:07:04,183
10 years later, the flamboyant,
red-bearded irishman
848
01:07:04,187 --> 01:07:08,305
became associated
with Henry Irving.
849
01:07:08,316 --> 01:07:12,104
Just as polidori had modelled
lord ruthvern on Byron,
850
01:07:12,111 --> 01:07:13,942
stoker no doubt gave Dracula
851
01:07:13,947 --> 01:07:17,815
some of Irving's
impressive qualities.
852
01:07:17,825 --> 01:07:20,612
Bram stoker claimed that
a nightmare about a vampire
853
01:07:20,620 --> 01:07:24,989
after a late supper of dressed
crab inspired Dracula.
854
01:07:25,041 --> 01:07:27,748
However, he had always
had an intense interest
855
01:07:27,752 --> 01:07:30,960
in the supernatural.
856
01:07:30,964 --> 01:07:33,671
He wrote 17 books in all,
857
01:07:33,675 --> 01:07:37,338
but only Dracula
is really remembered today.
858
01:07:37,345 --> 01:07:39,427
He did not live to see
the enormous success
859
01:07:39,430 --> 01:07:42,388
of his novel,
but died in near poverty,
860
01:07:42,392 --> 01:07:44,758
according to
the death certificate,
861
01:07:44,769 --> 01:07:46,760
"from exhaustion.”
862
01:07:46,771 --> 01:07:49,103
Stoker's description
of count Dracula
863
01:07:49,107 --> 01:07:52,395
still evokes a sense
of mysterious destiny.
864
01:07:52,402 --> 01:07:55,769
He wrote, "count must
indeed have been that
865
01:07:55,780 --> 01:07:57,987
voya vod Dracula
866
01:07:57,991 --> 01:08:00,733
who won his fame
against the turk.
867
01:08:00,743 --> 01:08:05,157
If it be so,
then he was no common man.
868
01:08:05,164 --> 01:08:08,281
For in that time,
and for centuries after,
869
01:08:08,293 --> 01:08:11,330
he was spoken of as the
cleverest and the most cunning,
870
01:08:11,337 --> 01:08:13,328
as well as the bravest
of the sons
871
01:08:13,339 --> 01:08:17,207
of the land beyond the forest,
transylvania.
872
01:08:22,390 --> 01:08:25,473
The Draculas were
a great and noble race,
873
01:08:25,476 --> 01:08:28,889
though, now and again,
were said to have dealings
874
01:08:28,896 --> 01:08:30,932
with the evil one.
875
01:08:30,940 --> 01:08:35,058
In one manuscript, this very
Dracula is spoken of as,
876
01:08:35,069 --> 01:08:37,651
'one peel which we all
877
01:08:37,655 --> 01:08:40,192
understand too well.'"
878
01:08:42,285 --> 01:08:44,947
the vampire has achieved
its greatest popularity
879
01:08:44,954 --> 01:08:48,162
as a movie theme.
880
01:08:48,166 --> 01:08:50,077
In the early days of movies,
881
01:08:50,126 --> 01:08:53,869
theda bara, immortalized
the term, "vamp,"
882
01:08:53,880 --> 01:08:57,168
which later became a symbol
for the roaring 20s.
883
01:08:57,175 --> 01:09:00,042
The vamp was a kind of vampire,
884
01:09:00,053 --> 01:09:02,294
a girl who first
charmed her victims
885
01:09:02,305 --> 01:09:05,092
before draining them
of their love or money,
886
01:09:05,141 --> 01:09:07,097
rather than their blood.
887
01:09:07,143 --> 01:09:09,976
However, in this scene
from the hawk's trail,
888
01:09:09,979 --> 01:09:14,564
made in 1919,
our vamp is hired by villains
889
01:09:14,567 --> 01:09:18,435
actually to do in
Ace detective Sheldon Steele.
890
01:11:24,238 --> 01:11:27,401
In 1921, Max schreck,
891
01:11:27,408 --> 01:11:31,742
became the first film Dracula
in nosferatu.
892
01:11:31,746 --> 01:11:33,486
This classic silent film
was directed
893
01:11:33,498 --> 01:11:36,615
by the German expressionist,
friedrich murnau.
894
01:11:36,626 --> 01:11:38,958
It drew openly on stoker's book,
895
01:11:38,961 --> 01:11:41,122
and, although murnau
gave stoker the credit,
896
01:11:41,130 --> 01:11:43,462
he did not seek permission.
897
01:11:43,466 --> 01:11:46,629
The court ordered the negative
and all prints destroyed.
898
01:11:46,636 --> 01:11:49,127
But, somehow, the film survived
899
01:11:49,138 --> 01:11:52,847
and was shown on a limited
basis in London and America.
900
01:11:52,850 --> 01:11:56,434
Legal or not,
nosferatu captured a mood
901
01:11:56,437 --> 01:11:59,019
which has seldom been equaled.
902
01:14:37,431 --> 01:14:40,673
Like bram stoker, the famous
Danish director, Carl dreyer,
903
01:14:40,685 --> 01:14:43,677
was fascinated by le fanu's
story, carmilla.
904
01:14:43,688 --> 01:14:47,226
In 1932, he made his
classic film, vampyr,
905
01:14:47,233 --> 01:14:49,394
based on the story.
906
01:14:49,402 --> 01:14:53,441
Briefly, a young woman
is victimized by a vampire.
907
01:14:53,447 --> 01:14:56,234
After many adventures,
the vampire's helper,
908
01:14:56,242 --> 01:14:59,575
Dr. hieronimko, is buried alive,
909
01:14:59,578 --> 01:15:01,034
and the hero drives a stake
910
01:15:01,038 --> 01:15:02,744
through the heart
of the vampire,
911
01:15:02,748 --> 01:15:04,454
an old countess.
912
01:15:04,458 --> 01:15:07,450
As always, dreyer obtained
fine performance
913
01:15:07,461 --> 01:15:10,828
from his amateur actors.
914
01:15:10,840 --> 01:15:14,924
The first mass audience
Dracula film was made in 1931
915
01:15:14,927 --> 01:15:18,294
and starred the Hungarian
actor, bela lugosi,
916
01:15:18,305 --> 01:15:20,091
who had also played
the role of Dracula
917
01:15:20,099 --> 01:15:22,181
innumerable times on the stage.
918
01:15:22,184 --> 01:15:25,472
The film was an immediate
and lasting success.
919
01:15:27,773 --> 01:15:30,685
Lugosi said that
90% of his fan mail
920
01:15:30,693 --> 01:15:34,777
was from women who found
Dracula strangely attractive.
921
01:15:37,533 --> 01:15:41,071
He himself was born
in the Hungarian town of lugos
922
01:15:41,078 --> 01:15:45,492
and immigrated
to the United States.
923
01:15:45,541 --> 01:15:50,285
In the mid-1920s,
lugosi starred with Lila Lee
924
01:15:50,296 --> 01:15:53,788
in the midnight girl,
a silent melodrama.
925
01:15:53,799 --> 01:15:56,666
His menacing role in this film
is very suggestive of Dracula,
926
01:15:56,677 --> 01:16:00,010
the role that was to make him
famous several years later.
927
01:19:35,896 --> 01:19:37,932
Although lugosi remained,
for most people,
928
01:19:37,940 --> 01:19:39,805
the one and only Dracula,
929
01:19:39,817 --> 01:19:42,980
a number of other Dracula films
were produced in the 40s.
930
01:19:51,036 --> 01:19:54,153
In 1958, the Dracula tradition
931
01:19:54,164 --> 01:19:57,577
was revived
in horror of Dracula.
932
01:19:57,584 --> 01:19:59,825
The film returned
more than eight times
933
01:19:59,837 --> 01:20:01,828
its production costs,
934
01:20:01,839 --> 01:20:05,002
and the producers,
hammer films of London,
935
01:20:05,009 --> 01:20:07,500
went on to make
6 more Dracula films
936
01:20:07,511 --> 01:20:09,467
over the next 16 years.
937
01:20:11,640 --> 01:20:14,757
75 years have passed
since bram stoker
938
01:20:14,768 --> 01:20:18,352
created his sinister
transylvanian count.
939
01:20:18,355 --> 01:20:23,270
However, he still fascinates
vast numbers of people,
940
01:20:23,277 --> 01:20:26,769
and will no doubt
continue to do so,
941
01:20:26,780 --> 01:20:29,613
for there is yet to be
another fictional character
942
01:20:29,616 --> 01:20:32,904
- quite like count Dracula.
- John?
943
01:20:35,831 --> 01:20:37,822
John?
944
01:21:25,130 --> 01:21:27,917
Just a word,
ladies and gentlemen,
945
01:21:27,925 --> 01:21:31,417
a word of reassurance.
946
01:21:31,428 --> 01:21:32,838
When you go to bed tonight,
947
01:21:32,846 --> 01:21:34,382
and the lights
have all been turned out,
948
01:21:34,390 --> 01:21:36,972
and you're afraid
to look behind the curtain,
949
01:21:36,975 --> 01:21:41,264
and you dread to see the face
appearing at the window,
950
01:21:41,271 --> 01:21:44,183
just remember...
951
01:21:44,191 --> 01:21:46,773
There are such things.
71945
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