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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:04,768 --> 00:00:07,726 Mosfilm 2 00:00:10,768 --> 00:00:14,727 Film Studio 3 3 00:00:15,768 --> 00:00:22,207 Ordinary fascism 4 00:00:22,288 --> 00:00:28,557 The documentary uses trophy documentary footage from the Film Archive 5 00:00:28,648 --> 00:00:34,917 of the German Ministry of Propaganda and the personal photo archive of Adolf Hitler, 6 00:00:35,008 --> 00:00:41,117 and also a variety of amateur photos taken by Nazi officials and soldiers. 7 00:00:41,208 --> 00:00:42,846 Ordinary Fascism 8 00:00:47,928 --> 00:00:55,357 In our documentary, we certainly do not intend to cover all aspects of such a complex phenomenon as fascism. 9 00:00:56,528 --> 00:00:59,088 This is simply impossible within the constraints of a single documentary. 10 00:00:59,768 --> 00:01:08,039 It is also impossible because many important aspects of fascism were never filmed, thus leaving no documentary evidence. 11 00:01:09,128 --> 00:01:15,363 From a vast amount of materials, we simply selected those that impressed us the most and those that, 12 00:01:16,168 --> 00:01:21,401 in our opinion, allow us together with our audience to ponder over this phenomenon. 13 00:01:25,208 --> 00:01:28,280 Chapter One 14 00:01:29,448 --> 00:01:30,676 A merry cat. 15 00:01:33,488 --> 00:01:34,716 A hungry cat. 16 00:01:36,768 --> 00:01:37,962 A sly cat. 17 00:01:46,728 --> 00:01:47,717 A bear. 18 00:01:48,968 --> 00:01:51,084 An unhappy lion in the zoo. 19 00:01:52,728 --> 00:01:57,848 Right from their first word and their first step, children feel the need for creative expression. 20 00:01:59,048 --> 00:02:00,800 And how different these children are. 21 00:02:01,888 --> 00:02:07,042 They contemplate the world and try to express it any way they can. 22 00:02:09,328 --> 00:02:10,727 A construction site. 23 00:02:12,088 --> 00:02:13,282 The first snow. 24 00:02:19,928 --> 00:02:21,043 A stadium. 25 00:02:24,408 --> 00:02:25,727 The 20th century. 26 00:02:27,168 --> 00:02:28,681 The 21 st century. 27 00:02:31,688 --> 00:02:33,838 These people do not realize that we are filming them... 28 00:02:34,248 --> 00:02:37,684 ...and, to a certain degree, we feel sorry for this. 29 00:02:38,408 --> 00:02:42,720 We came to one of Moscow's universities during the entrance exams, 30 00:02:43,448 --> 00:02:45,040 set up our camera in the yard and tried to observe, 31 00:02:45,928 --> 00:02:50,365 without being noticed, how people await the results of the exams, 32 00:02:51,448 --> 00:02:57,842 how differently they behaved and expressed their innermost feelings. 33 00:03:02,528 --> 00:03:06,441 Well, it is common knowledge that one has to wear one's oldest pair of shoes during the exams... 34 00:03:09,008 --> 00:03:12,478 ...and, of course, having a haircut on the eve of the exam bodes certain failure. 35 00:03:18,648 --> 00:03:20,161 And here is the announcement of the results. 36 00:03:47,608 --> 00:03:50,202 How amazingly diverse human beings are. 37 00:04:06,008 --> 00:04:07,566 And someone is waiting for these people. 38 00:04:08,928 --> 00:04:10,361 I think someone is. 39 00:04:12,328 --> 00:04:14,683 Although the waiting can be different, as well. 40 00:04:35,888 --> 00:04:40,359 Probably, only love can make people resemble each other in some way. 41 00:04:52,248 --> 00:04:53,442 This is Moscow. 42 00:04:56,168 --> 00:04:57,726 And here is Warsaw. 43 00:04:58,928 --> 00:05:00,725 There are many people down below, 44 00:05:01,328 --> 00:05:04,286 and all of them have their own personal perception of the surrounding world, 45 00:05:05,448 --> 00:05:07,166 and every one is a human being. 46 00:05:08,888 --> 00:05:12,244 For every mother, her child is the best in the world. 47 00:05:13,688 --> 00:05:21,447 For every child, his mother is the best, the most beautiful and unique. 48 00:05:22,488 --> 00:05:27,926 "My mother is the most beautiful woman" is the title of this series of children's drawings. 49 00:05:37,048 --> 00:05:38,527 My mother is a ballet dancer. 50 00:05:39,688 --> 00:05:41,167 And my mother is a singer. 51 00:05:43,848 --> 00:05:48,319 For this kid from Berlin, his Mom is the most beautiful woman, 52 00:05:53,488 --> 00:05:56,321 whereas for this kid from Moscow, his Mom is the best. 53 00:06:40,208 --> 00:06:43,678 "Deutchland uber alles" is written on this post. 54 00:06:44,168 --> 00:06:45,920 Germany is more important than anything. 55 00:06:46,888 --> 00:06:48,640 Germany is above all. 56 00:06:54,968 --> 00:07:02,283 Today, new museums replace former concentration camps in Europe. 57 00:07:03,968 --> 00:07:08,837 Wooden barracks have long been burnt down; only ruined chimneys jut out from the grass. 58 00:07:10,168 --> 00:07:19,042 Skeletons of brick buildings are overgrown with weeds and wild flowers. 59 00:07:21,328 --> 00:07:23,159 We can enter this building. 60 00:07:25,848 --> 00:07:29,158 The smell of human bodies has been gone for decades. 61 00:07:30,568 --> 00:07:32,160 Thousands died here. 62 00:07:33,408 --> 00:07:39,677 And now the visitors leave their inscriptions on the walls, as they do everywhere. 63 00:07:41,928 --> 00:07:45,762 These freshly painted furnaces cooled off a long time ago, 64 00:07:47,808 --> 00:07:54,646 and the bathtub built for the commandant of the crematorium right next to them is now useless. 65 00:07:56,528 --> 00:08:01,761 Tons of women's hair lie behind a special protective glass. 66 00:08:03,288 --> 00:08:08,408 Matted and tightly packed, it does not look like human hair anymore. 67 00:08:11,408 --> 00:08:13,205 There are thousands of prosthetic devices behind the glass. 68 00:08:27,448 --> 00:08:31,361 There are children's chamber-pots in a huge bunker. 69 00:08:32,688 --> 00:08:37,603 Mothers who came here with their kids thought they would live here. 70 00:08:46,128 --> 00:08:51,122 This neat mound is piled up from ashes and withered bones of a million of people. 71 00:09:01,128 --> 00:09:03,164 Certainly, those are human beings too. 72 00:09:03,408 --> 00:09:05,444 Well, they think they are. 73 00:09:06,088 --> 00:09:10,445 And this is a crowd, the masses, as Hitler used to call it. 74 00:09:12,048 --> 00:09:12,605 A crowd. 75 00:09:14,568 --> 00:09:17,605 Here, an individual carries no worth. 76 00:09:18,488 --> 00:09:22,117 The strength is in numbers - dozens, hundreds of thousands, millions. 77 00:09:36,088 --> 00:09:39,125 One chair was left for the Fuehrer. 78 00:09:40,608 --> 00:09:42,405 Just one. Just for him. 79 00:09:47,288 --> 00:09:48,516 He is going to sit down now. 80 00:09:53,928 --> 00:09:55,281 He sat. 81 00:09:56,408 --> 00:10:03,883 Chapter Two. "Mein Kampf" or how to treat calf's hides. 82 00:10:04,928 --> 00:10:08,807 At approximately the same time a unique copy of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf, 83 00:10:08,888 --> 00:10:17,239 the bible of German Fascism, was printed in an ancient German city. 84 00:10:18,768 --> 00:10:21,919 Calves of the best German breed were chosen for the cover. 85 00:10:22,688 --> 00:10:24,406 They were skinned, 86 00:10:24,968 --> 00:10:28,005 and the hides were tanned on ancient machines. 87 00:10:28,728 --> 00:10:31,561 Here you see a tanning machine built in the 1 8th century. 88 00:10:32,568 --> 00:10:35,401 Masters, who underwent background checks as far as ten generations 89 00:10:35,488 --> 00:10:39,879 made an especially durable parchment from these hides. 90 00:10:41,448 --> 00:10:47,125 A team of calligraphy experts re-wrote the book by hand, using special ink, 91 00:10:47,768 --> 00:10:51,397 unique quills and a unique typeface, 92 00:10:51,888 --> 00:10:55,005 which had been approved by dozens of officials. 93 00:10:56,288 --> 00:11:00,804 This footage is taken from a Kulturfilm called "Buch der Deutschen". 94 00:11:01,848 --> 00:11:02,963 You can hear the voice of the announcer. 95 00:11:03,728 --> 00:11:09,007 It is a long film, and, of course, we could show you only a small portion of it. 96 00:11:09,368 --> 00:11:14,886 As to the content of the book, it is a pity that people did not read it carefully. 97 00:11:15,408 --> 00:11:19,606 If the Germans had studied it thoroughly, 98 00:11:20,008 --> 00:11:23,125 the fate of Germany might have been different. 99 00:11:25,928 --> 00:11:35,200 A team of mine workers descended an old German mine and extracted ore. 100 00:11:36,168 --> 00:11:38,966 The ore was smelted in special kilns. 101 00:11:40,008 --> 00:11:43,080 Binder plates were made out of the ore. 102 00:11:43,688 --> 00:11:48,364 These were stainless, refractory steel plates. 103 00:11:49,528 --> 00:11:50,927 Here, they are being forged. 104 00:11:56,408 --> 00:11:59,047 Now they are going to be affixed, 105 00:11:59,568 --> 00:12:01,479 and the book will be ready. 106 00:12:02,008 --> 00:12:08,846 It is supposed to last for a thousand years in a perfect condition, without getting tarnished or rusty, 107 00:12:09,408 --> 00:12:15,040 because the Reich of Adolf Hitler, the Third Reich was supposed to last for a thousand years. 108 00:12:15,808 --> 00:12:19,437 Now, the book is going to be placed in a special sarcophagus. 109 00:12:20,648 --> 00:12:21,876 Here. 110 00:12:22,648 --> 00:12:25,526 Later, it will be buried in a special mausoleum. 111 00:12:27,608 --> 00:12:31,203 Chapter Three. A few words about the author. 112 00:12:31,488 --> 00:12:35,481 Adolf Hitler was known to the police since 1 91 2. 113 00:12:36,008 --> 00:12:38,078 Here is his police record card. 114 00:12:38,728 --> 00:12:41,879 A son of a petty bureaucrat and a mediocre painter, 115 00:12:42,248 --> 00:12:45,320 he reached the rank of corporal during World War I. 116 00:12:45,888 --> 00:12:49,847 After the war, he became a paid Reichswehr informer. 117 00:12:50,648 --> 00:12:54,800 A frequent customer of beer halls, he was sent as a spy... 118 00:12:55,328 --> 00:13:00,448 ...to the national-socialist German Worker's Party formed shortly after the war. 119 00:13:01,008 --> 00:13:08,847 You can judge by yourself to what extend it can be called a socialist and worker's party... 120 00:13:09,888 --> 00:13:16,407 ...while watching this old newsreel showing a procession of party activists and those who reviewed the parade. 121 00:13:16,808 --> 00:13:18,719 Hitler liked the party, though. 122 00:13:18,808 --> 00:13:25,122 He signed up under Number 7 and set upon a task of becoming a Number One. 123 00:13:27,008 --> 00:13:33,720 A petty bourgeois, an ordinary citizen, he understood very well the mentality of the masses. 124 00:13:34,088 --> 00:13:39,924 A skillful demagogue, he soon became the principal speaker for the party... 125 00:13:40,368 --> 00:13:43,883 ...and was later to become the Fuehrer of the Nazi party. 126 00:13:48,808 --> 00:13:57,603 By then, young men in uniform and swastika signs had started to appear on the streets of German towns. 127 00:13:57,848 --> 00:14:01,727 Storm troopers - the backbone of the party - are marching here. 128 00:14:02,248 --> 00:14:05,718 The ranks of storm troopers were formed from petty bourgeoisie 129 00:14:05,808 --> 00:14:09,642 (here goes a butcher, and there is a baker), 130 00:14:10,608 --> 00:14:14,044 from petty officials and lumpen proletariat. 131 00:14:14,568 --> 00:14:16,798 Party officials did not mind recruiting even common criminals. 132 00:14:16,968 --> 00:14:18,526 As Hitler once said: 133 00:14:19,008 --> 00:14:21,681 "I need people with strong fists... 134 00:14:21,968 --> 00:14:25,927 ...whose principles will not prevent them from taking human life if necessary." 135 00:14:25,968 --> 00:14:28,243 Here you see these people with strong fists. 136 00:14:28,288 --> 00:14:33,203 "And if on occasion they swipe a watch or a jewel, I don't care a tinker's damn." 137 00:14:34,168 --> 00:14:39,526 Commoners peered at this new party and new uniforms with open interest. 138 00:14:39,888 --> 00:14:44,245 They were impressed by the music bands, uniforms and swastikas. 139 00:14:44,968 --> 00:14:48,324 Initially, Hitler lacked the appearance of a leader. 140 00:14:48,888 --> 00:14:50,480 You will see it now. 141 00:14:52,968 --> 00:14:55,801 But he practiced, and practiced hard. 142 00:14:56,328 --> 00:15:00,321 Here, you see him practicing his speech in front of a mirror. 143 00:15:00,528 --> 00:15:03,122 Those are pictures from a photo album kept by his personal photographer. 144 00:15:06,568 --> 00:15:09,958 And now you will see how he applies his skills in practice. 145 00:15:13,968 --> 00:15:16,846 He delivered speeches frequently and promised a lot. 146 00:15:16,928 --> 00:15:23,197 He promised prosperity for everyone, promised to return German lands annexed by the Treaty of Versailles. 147 00:15:23,728 --> 00:15:29,678 He promised tenants lower rents, and landlords the opportunity to raise rents. 148 00:15:30,088 --> 00:15:34,479 He promised department store owners that he would eliminate competition, 149 00:15:34,728 --> 00:15:37,640 and owners of small shops that he would destroy department stores. 150 00:15:37,728 --> 00:15:40,037 In short, he was scattering promises generously to left and right. 151 00:15:43,808 --> 00:15:44,923 "Sieg Heil!" 152 00:15:50,328 --> 00:15:53,604 Rallies and parades of storm troopers were becoming more and more immense in scale. 153 00:15:53,688 --> 00:15:55,326 They cost a lot of money, 154 00:15:55,408 --> 00:16:01,085 although the party received generous subsidies from unknown sources. 155 00:16:01,928 --> 00:16:08,242 For instance, at one of the rallies, the participants consumed about a million or a million and two hundred thousand sausages. 156 00:16:08,808 --> 00:16:16,203 And in 1934, the amount of sausages consumed reached two and a half million per rally. 157 00:16:17,568 --> 00:16:20,321 The connection with the Reichswehr is seen in every frame. 158 00:16:22,488 --> 00:16:27,004 Great importance was attached to traditions and uniforms - 159 00:16:27,088 --> 00:16:29,807 starting from the ritual of banner consecration. Just look at Hitler's face. 160 00:16:32,848 --> 00:16:35,157 He certainly"grew up,"figuratively speaking. 161 00:16:42,088 --> 00:16:48,687 Parades in the cities assumed frightening proportions and resembled state ceremonies, 162 00:16:48,768 --> 00:16:51,965 although the future Nazi party did not yet hold the reigns of power. 163 00:16:52,368 --> 00:16:57,158 In order to seize this power, the fascists needed Hindenburg. Here he is. 164 00:17:01,928 --> 00:17:07,321 An old Imperial General, a close supporter of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 165 00:17:07,568 --> 00:17:12,688 Hindenburg became President of German republic by a twist of fate. 166 00:17:13,288 --> 00:17:17,281 Respect for the institution of the Kaiser and a thirst for revenge played an important role. 167 00:17:17,928 --> 00:17:21,443 He probably did not even realize what the notion "republic" meant, 168 00:17:21,768 --> 00:17:26,444 but...Sorry, it seems he is lost...Ah, that's all right, he is going to find the way... There he goes... 169 00:17:29,288 --> 00:17:30,437 He did it! 170 00:17:30,768 --> 00:17:36,400 So, I was saying that probably did not even know what the republic was; but nevertheless, he became its president. 171 00:17:37,208 --> 00:17:42,157 An old aristocrat, he despised Hitler and called him a corporal. 172 00:17:42,488 --> 00:17:49,121 However, in 1 933, he received a letter from a group of the most influential German industrialists, the owners of monopolies. 173 00:17:49,888 --> 00:17:52,846 To the letter was attached two billion German marks, 174 00:17:52,968 --> 00:17:58,964 and those two billion demanded that Hindenburg appointed Hitler to the post of German Reichschancellor. 175 00:18:00,408 --> 00:18:02,683 Large business needed a dictator. 176 00:18:04,288 --> 00:18:06,722 Hindenburg did not want to appoint Hitler, 177 00:18:07,048 --> 00:18:08,561 but two billion marks... 178 00:18:09,408 --> 00:18:14,402 You will see now how he parts with twenty pfennig and understand what two billion marks meant to him. 179 00:18:15,208 --> 00:18:15,799 There it goes! 180 00:18:16,968 --> 00:18:17,639 Gone! 181 00:18:19,968 --> 00:18:21,879 He meticulously closes his wallet. 182 00:18:23,568 --> 00:18:27,083 Nevertheless, he appointed Hitler as Reichschancellor. 183 00:18:28,368 --> 00:18:30,882 Hitler was greeted with the fascist salute. 184 00:18:33,568 --> 00:18:38,403 Later Hitler stated, "We managed to persuade the old man in three weeks. 185 00:18:39,128 --> 00:18:43,644 He thanked Hindenburg in kind. 186 00:18:45,168 --> 00:18:46,726 And now Hitler is finally in his office. 187 00:18:47,568 --> 00:18:52,244 In the beginning, he maintains a collegiate attitude; he even refuses to be the first to sit down and offers a seat to his colleagues. 188 00:18:53,448 --> 00:19:04,803 The members of his Cabinet included Goering, von Papen, von Blomberg, Frick, Hugenberg - his party comrades and large industrialists. 189 00:19:05,888 --> 00:19:07,241 Hitler sits down. 190 00:19:09,008 --> 00:19:12,717 From that moment, the fate of Germany took a drastic turn. 191 00:20:08,728 --> 00:20:08,888 Chapter Four. Meanwhile... 192 00:20:08,888 --> 00:20:12,483 Chapter Four. Meanwhile... 193 00:20:13,248 --> 00:20:17,207 Let's see find out what interested western moviemakers during that period, 194 00:20:18,008 --> 00:20:19,964 the years of Hitler's rise to power. 195 00:20:21,088 --> 00:20:23,158 This is video footage from the World In Review newsreel. 196 00:20:24,368 --> 00:20:26,404 Here is the King of England. 197 00:20:28,608 --> 00:20:32,806 He was, incidentally, a cousin of Nicolas II. As you can see, he was still alive and kicking then. 198 00:20:38,128 --> 00:20:40,926 And here is the former King of Spain. He was also filmed. 199 00:20:41,608 --> 00:20:43,963 Look at his face. Does it strike you as a face of an intellectual person? 200 00:20:49,128 --> 00:20:52,165 The King of Norway apparently attending a ship launching ceremony. 201 00:20:55,648 --> 00:20:59,004 The Dutch Queen descends a ladder accompanying her own yacht. 202 00:21:03,128 --> 00:21:05,278 The Swedish King plays tennis. 203 00:21:05,488 --> 00:21:08,719 Not bad for a man of his age. 204 00:21:15,688 --> 00:21:18,521 Former German Emperor Wilhelm II. 205 00:21:19,448 --> 00:21:20,483 He feeds ducks. 206 00:21:26,408 --> 00:21:28,364 France, Briand. 207 00:21:31,008 --> 00:21:35,081 Hero of World War I Clemenceau, nicknamed The Tiger. 208 00:21:36,488 --> 00:21:40,083 French President Lebrun with his family. 209 00:21:40,808 --> 00:21:47,646 Important political figures in the West assumed that after coming to power Hitler would introduce a moderate policy. 210 00:21:48,008 --> 00:21:49,760 Look at this man! 211 00:21:51,888 --> 00:21:59,568 None of the European rulers could imagine the role this man would play in their destinies. 212 00:22:00,728 --> 00:22:03,606 Hitler and his entourage visit an opera theater. 213 00:22:04,088 --> 00:22:07,285 This event is also considered important enough to be included in the newsreel. 214 00:22:11,488 --> 00:22:13,683 A short speech honoring Hindenburg. 215 00:22:24,968 --> 00:22:27,198 A seal. It slightly resembles Hindenburg. 216 00:22:28,448 --> 00:22:32,839 However, seals are not included in the footage just because of that. 217 00:22:33,728 --> 00:22:38,199 They are shown here simply because viewers had been always fascinated by the fact that animals often behave like human beings. 218 00:22:39,648 --> 00:22:44,961 So, here they are, appearing in the same program as royalty and Hitler. 219 00:22:56,448 --> 00:22:59,679 The 20th century continued its course. 220 00:23:01,208 --> 00:23:03,164 It was only the end of its first third. 221 00:23:10,048 --> 00:23:14,087 The population of the planet had barely surpassed two billion. 222 00:23:19,048 --> 00:23:21,687 This car race reduced it a fraction. 223 00:23:32,528 --> 00:23:37,727 It is not 1 964. It is 1934. 224 00:23:40,448 --> 00:23:41,563 Looks the same, though. 225 00:23:47,728 --> 00:23:49,719 And here is another phenomenon of the 20th century. 226 00:23:50,248 --> 00:23:56,198 Cab Calloway - famous jazz singer, the legend of the 1930s. 227 00:24:10,648 --> 00:24:13,560 And here is the trendiest song of the 1930s. 228 00:24:14,648 --> 00:24:16,843 It was performed in all world capitals. 229 00:24:17,888 --> 00:24:18,764 This is New York. 230 00:24:49,888 --> 00:24:52,163 It is either London, or Paris. 231 00:25:12,128 --> 00:25:13,607 Everything looked normal. 232 00:25:14,608 --> 00:25:17,441 Only Marlene Dietrich refused to return to Germany. 233 00:25:18,128 --> 00:25:21,677 For political reasons. She is giving an interview. 234 00:25:24,288 --> 00:25:28,918 Meanwhile, she is working as a model in Hollywood waiting for her lucky break. 235 00:25:42,928 --> 00:25:45,920 And there is a Venus Measurement contest nearby. 236 00:25:47,008 --> 00:25:48,600 Sorry, you are not quite a Venus type. 237 00:25:52,848 --> 00:25:54,167 Well, that is more like it! 238 00:25:57,448 --> 00:26:00,008 These"Venuses" earn their living by "alternative" methods, so to speak. 239 00:26:01,368 --> 00:26:03,006 After all, they need to eat somehow. 240 00:26:07,088 --> 00:26:08,487 New York, of course. 241 00:26:10,848 --> 00:26:13,442 Even this evokes the 20th century. 242 00:26:16,768 --> 00:26:17,598 And that, too. 243 00:26:23,128 --> 00:26:27,440 Police practicing on dummies - a great show! 244 00:26:34,808 --> 00:26:36,605 The reality is almost the same, though. 245 00:26:48,408 --> 00:26:49,682 And here is London. 246 00:26:49,928 --> 00:26:52,726 There were particular causes of street disturbances here. 247 00:26:53,288 --> 00:26:56,325 The focus is the leader of British fascists - Oswald Mosley - 248 00:26:56,688 --> 00:26:59,521 here he walks in the middle, here, near the sign, this is Mosley. 249 00:27:00,008 --> 00:27:03,205 He heads to a meeting. He plans to deliver a speech. 250 00:27:03,688 --> 00:27:07,966 The Londoners are trying to beat him up. The police have to come to his rescue. 251 00:27:25,888 --> 00:27:26,718 Marseilles. 252 00:27:27,488 --> 00:27:33,358 King Alexander of Yugoslavia arrives in France by invitation of the French Foreign Minister Barthou. 253 00:27:34,688 --> 00:27:37,600 Mr. Barthou feared Germany. 254 00:27:37,688 --> 00:27:40,441 He was a proponent of closer ties with the Soviet Union... 255 00:27:40,968 --> 00:27:44,677 ...and tried to establish friendly relations with Balkan states, as well. 256 00:27:51,568 --> 00:27:55,686 Both Barthou and King Alexander were assassinated in the car. 257 00:27:56,568 --> 00:28:01,244 The killer was killed at the scene, killed by the police. 258 00:28:02,088 --> 00:28:05,558 This assassination bears a striking resemblance to the Kennedy assassination. 259 00:28:07,168 --> 00:28:11,047 Later, it was revealed that the assassination was plotted by Berlin, 260 00:28:11,888 --> 00:28:13,719 although nobody knew it then. 261 00:28:14,768 --> 00:28:17,362 Pierre Laval became Barthou's successor. 262 00:28:18,568 --> 00:28:23,517 He favored Germany. He was later charged with treason. 263 00:28:24,408 --> 00:28:26,763 The French policy drastically changed, though. 264 00:28:28,848 --> 00:28:33,558 Well, let us go back to Germany, though, and see what is going on there. 265 00:28:44,208 --> 00:28:44,408 Chapter Five. The Culture of the Third Reich. "Any corporal can become a teacher; not every teacher can become a corporal, though."Adolf Hitler 266 00:28:44,408 --> 00:28:53,806 Chapter Five. The Culture of the Third Reich. "Any corporal can become a teacher; not every teacher can become a corporal, though."Adolf Hitler 267 00:28:54,768 --> 00:29:02,846 These torch-marches - Fackelzuge - continued for three days in a row after Hitler's coming to power. 268 00:29:04,368 --> 00:29:09,567 I look at this river of fire and try to understand the real, 269 00:29:09,648 --> 00:29:13,482 deep meaning behind these fire shows. 270 00:29:15,008 --> 00:29:23,245 Certainly, they demonstrated the might of the new order; they frightened and excited simple souls. 271 00:29:24,368 --> 00:29:29,920 Although, I think their major purpose was to turn a human being into a beast... 272 00:29:30,528 --> 00:29:35,238 ...in a course of a solemn ceremony, 273 00:29:35,688 --> 00:29:39,283 so that while being dehumanized, people would feel like they were becoming heroes. 274 00:29:40,488 --> 00:29:44,242 And we all know too well that the Third Reich desperately needed barbarians ready for anything. 275 00:29:45,368 --> 00:29:52,843 Germany needed barbarians primarily to destroy anything that stood in the way of Nazism. 276 00:30:00,608 --> 00:30:02,838 Communists were the first targets. 277 00:30:03,408 --> 00:30:05,126 They were sent to concentration camps and prisons. 278 00:30:05,888 --> 00:30:07,685 Then came the turn of social-democrats, 279 00:30:08,488 --> 00:30:11,719 union leaders, labor activists, 280 00:30:12,248 --> 00:30:14,887 editors of magazines, newspapers, radio stations 281 00:30:15,448 --> 00:30:19,760 - all those who dared to think differently from Hitler. 282 00:30:22,168 --> 00:30:25,319 I look at this fiery swastika... 283 00:30:26,128 --> 00:30:29,086 ...and cannot but wonder how could it happen that in Germany, 284 00:30:29,608 --> 00:30:35,365 a country with great cultural traditions, a mass of semi-literate, 285 00:30:35,768 --> 00:30:41,286 self-complacent and narrow-minded people that made every effort to turn human beings into raging barbarians had come to power. 286 00:30:43,768 --> 00:30:45,804 They are burning books. 287 00:30:46,448 --> 00:30:49,406 At that time, books were burnt in the yards of all universities. 288 00:30:50,168 --> 00:30:53,843 Goebbels addressed crowds in front of the Berlin University. 289 00:30:53,928 --> 00:30:56,647 He delivered exultant and elaborate speeches. 290 00:30:57,288 --> 00:31:02,078 He spoke of the triumph of German spirit, of the new German culture. 291 00:31:02,608 --> 00:31:10,288 Meanwhile, students, together with Goebbels' SS troopers, 292 00:31:10,368 --> 00:31:11,118 threw books onto bonfires. 293 00:31:13,848 --> 00:31:15,406 Which books do you think were burnt? 294 00:31:15,928 --> 00:31:21,639 Those authored by Tolstoy and Mayakovsky, Voltaire and Anatole France, 295 00:31:22,088 --> 00:31:24,648 Romain Rolland and Jack London. 296 00:31:25,208 --> 00:31:31,363 Goebells kept speaking and they kept burning books written by the best German authors: 297 00:31:31,768 --> 00:31:39,197 Heine, Thomas and Heinrich Mann, Feuchtwanger, Remarque, Berthold Brecht, 298 00:31:39,648 --> 00:31:43,482 and, of course, works of Marx, Engels and Lenin. 299 00:31:44,448 --> 00:31:48,566 They burnt the works of the greatest non-Arian scientists. 300 00:31:50,208 --> 00:31:53,564 Pearls of human thought were consumed by fire. 301 00:31:55,768 --> 00:31:57,599 So, what was left in the end? 302 00:31:58,088 --> 00:31:59,726 That's what was left. 303 00:32:00,088 --> 00:32:04,081 Here is how the German Academy of Sciences gradually began to appear. 304 00:32:04,608 --> 00:32:10,877 Goebbels again is making a speech. He is presenting the new president of the Academy, Seyss-Inquart. 305 00:32:10,968 --> 00:32:14,358 He is given a document confirming his authority as president. 306 00:32:15,728 --> 00:32:23,567 Seyss-Inquart - the Gauleiter of Austria, a common murderer in short, is delivering his inauguration address. 307 00:32:24,768 --> 00:32:27,328 Pay attention to the listening crowd. Quite an interesting bunch... 308 00:32:29,888 --> 00:32:32,197 And here is the Academy of Law. 309 00:32:32,288 --> 00:32:33,846 Frank is speaking. 310 00:32:33,928 --> 00:32:38,285 The crowd looks strikingly familiar. 311 00:32:38,888 --> 00:32:47,683 The Academy of Law, incidentally, passed a resolution establishing that the love to Fuehrer is a legal notion; 312 00:32:48,208 --> 00:32:52,167 therefore, those who dislike him could be prosecuted according to the Criminal Code. 313 00:32:52,248 --> 00:32:58,084 And here is a meeting of large farm owners. Do not confuse this with the meeting of the Academy of Law. 314 00:32:58,248 --> 00:33:00,603 The Agricultural Minister Walter Darre is speaking. 315 00:33:01,008 --> 00:33:04,762 In attendance is the farmer elite of the new type, 316 00:33:04,848 --> 00:33:07,726 the so-called "ploughmen" of the Third Reich. 317 00:33:08,888 --> 00:33:11,607 And here is the command of the Empire. 318 00:33:12,168 --> 00:33:14,079 Please, meet Mr. Hitler. 319 00:33:17,128 --> 00:33:21,201 We could not find a single person person wearing civilian clothes among the crowd, 320 00:33:21,288 --> 00:33:24,758 or at least a coat or a hat. 321 00:33:37,568 --> 00:33:40,480 Chapter Six. The great nationalist idea in action. 322 00:33:41,368 --> 00:33:43,518 Hitler once stated, 323 00:33:43,968 --> 00:33:47,643 "If someone finds a scull somewhere, do not say it belongs to our ancestors. 324 00:33:48,128 --> 00:33:51,757 I insist that Neanderthal was not our ancestor. 325 00:33:52,288 --> 00:33:54,882 We descend directly from the Ancient Greeks." 326 00:33:56,048 --> 00:34:01,441 In general, scull proportions were an integral part of the Nazi racial theory. 327 00:34:01,928 --> 00:34:03,407 Here you see a lecturer. 328 00:34:03,928 --> 00:34:07,318 He shows the world map with the locations of areas where the "right sculls" reside, 329 00:34:07,888 --> 00:34:12,598 those of the Nordic type, pure Aryan, pure German. 330 00:34:13,368 --> 00:34:17,327 He holds the right scull in one hand, and the wrong one - in another. 331 00:34:17,728 --> 00:34:21,243 One hand holds the Nordic scull, and another - a non-Nordic scull. 332 00:34:21,728 --> 00:34:25,118 These are people with the right kind of scull. This one. 333 00:34:26,288 --> 00:34:27,801 And this one. 334 00:34:28,808 --> 00:34:30,321 And that one. 335 00:34:31,488 --> 00:34:34,286 Here is an entire row with the right kind of scull. 336 00:34:34,928 --> 00:34:41,163 And here is the wrong kind of scull - Alexander Pushkin, a Slav with mixture of Negro blood. 337 00:34:41,728 --> 00:34:45,243 Or Leo Tolstoy, for instance. He has the wrong kind of scull, too. 338 00:34:46,288 --> 00:34:49,246 Karl Marx is certainly out of the question. 339 00:34:50,288 --> 00:34:53,325 And Anton Chekhov. 340 00:34:54,328 --> 00:34:56,046 And Mayakovsky. 341 00:34:58,648 --> 00:35:03,642 Einstein's scull is even less appropriate, can't you see? 342 00:35:05,288 --> 00:35:08,644 And here we finally have a man with the right scull - Martin Bormann. 343 00:35:09,008 --> 00:35:12,762 They say he is still hiding his scull somewhere in the Argentinean selva. 344 00:35:12,848 --> 00:35:16,238 Or Ernst Roehm, for instance. Such a nice scull. 345 00:35:16,848 --> 00:35:21,763 Julius Streicher - the main Nazi "preacher" of racism, obscurantism and anti-semitism. 346 00:35:21,848 --> 00:35:25,397 He probably also believes his scull has the perfect proportions. 347 00:35:25,968 --> 00:35:29,324 This is Die Deutsche Wochenschau newsreel edition of the Nazi period. 348 00:35:29,568 --> 00:35:31,877 We found it in the Goebbels'archives. 349 00:35:32,248 --> 00:35:38,244 The announcer says, "Look at the Jews dividing the Soviet riches among themselves." 350 00:35:38,768 --> 00:35:45,924 And whom do you think we see? It is Alexander Dovzhenko giving the Stalin Award to Ivan Pyryev. 351 00:35:46,008 --> 00:35:48,238 Do you hear the announcer? Right now. 352 00:35:49,728 --> 00:35:51,400 And here is Pirogov. 353 00:35:55,088 --> 00:35:56,965 Serafimovich. 354 00:35:57,768 --> 00:36:04,879 This trick is characteristic of Goebbels' propaganda methods. 355 00:36:07,128 --> 00:36:08,561 Here is Tarkhanov. 356 00:36:10,168 --> 00:36:12,807 Meanwhile, Streicher continues with his speech. 357 00:36:12,888 --> 00:36:16,927 He demands that Germany should be rid of the wrong kind of scull. 358 00:36:17,808 --> 00:36:19,924 So Germany started a meticulous clean-up operation. 359 00:36:21,088 --> 00:36:27,766 Those with the wrong kind of scull who were wise enough to flee the country before it was too late were saved. 360 00:36:27,848 --> 00:36:33,559 See, they have special tags; they leave a ship somewhere abroad. 361 00:36:35,048 --> 00:36:42,523 The fate of those who did not want or could not decide to leave was much worse. 362 00:36:48,448 --> 00:36:54,205 Here is footage from a propaganda film commissioned by the National-Socialist party. 363 00:36:54,368 --> 00:36:58,077 The film describes a perfect procedure for a truly Arian marriage. 364 00:36:59,008 --> 00:37:02,557 A doctor asks, "Are documents ready?"- "They are." 365 00:37:02,648 --> 00:37:05,606 "Is the bride present?"- "She is."- "Then send her in." 366 00:37:08,008 --> 00:37:09,839 Here are the bride and groom. 367 00:37:10,768 --> 00:37:12,406 The bride enters the doctor's office. 368 00:37:13,848 --> 00:37:15,201 The groom has to wait outside. 369 00:37:16,248 --> 00:37:17,886 He is a bit nervous. 370 00:37:19,168 --> 00:37:20,647 "Freulein,"the doctor says, 371 00:37:21,168 --> 00:37:26,561 "when two young people are joined in matrimony, they assume a great responsibility." 372 00:37:27,208 --> 00:37:29,768 We will, however, not translate the doctor's monologue any further. 373 00:37:29,848 --> 00:37:34,524 We would rather refer to a higher authority on the subject. 374 00:37:35,568 --> 00:37:38,162 In one of his speeches, Kaltenbrunner announced, 375 00:37:38,688 --> 00:37:45,799 "We should demand that all married and single German women who have less than four children... 376 00:37:45,888 --> 00:37:50,006 ...must conceive from men with an immaculate racial background. 377 00:37:50,768 --> 00:37:53,680 Whether these men are married or not is irrelevant. 378 00:37:54,008 --> 00:38:01,084 Each family that already has four children must loan a man for this purpose." 379 00:38:01,168 --> 00:38:03,477 Look at how attentive the bride is. 380 00:38:03,768 --> 00:38:10,685 We are not sure whether the groom is ready to accept Kaltenbrunner's statement. Or this new visitor. 381 00:38:11,128 --> 00:38:13,244 Let us continue with the quotes, though. 382 00:38:14,128 --> 00:38:21,000 Once Hitler said, "I wanted to do something for the local residents of Berchtesgaden. 383 00:38:21,088 --> 00:38:25,764 The population here is not quite pure racially, it is rather weak I should say. 384 00:38:25,848 --> 00:38:29,682 However, after a Leibstandart regiment had been stationed in the area for a year, 385 00:38:29,768 --> 00:38:34,239 many vivacious, healthy and strong kids appeared in the neighborhood. 386 00:38:34,888 --> 00:38:40,167 We must offer similar help to the population of Bavaria and Eastern Prussia, 387 00:38:40,688 --> 00:38:45,808 and send elite troops there to enhance the local breed of the population." 388 00:38:46,888 --> 00:38:51,439 On other occasion, he stated, "Generally speaking, in a hundred years, 389 00:38:51,528 --> 00:38:57,285 the elite part of the German nation will be a product of SS activity." 390 00:38:57,368 --> 00:39:00,087 He meant, of course, a special activity, 391 00:39:00,168 --> 00:39:04,923 a highly effective activity, so to speak, aimed at provoking the reproduction of purebred Aryan children. 392 00:39:06,528 --> 00:39:10,999 Well, the inquiry and check-up seem to be over. 393 00:39:14,288 --> 00:39:18,167 Everything is apparently in order. The bride comes out of the office. 394 00:39:18,768 --> 00:39:21,202 "Many congratulations,"the doctor says. 395 00:39:21,288 --> 00:39:24,917 The groom is exultant. "Thank you, thank you so much, doctor!" 396 00:39:25,408 --> 00:39:32,837 "Do not thank me,"says the doctor. "Thank Freulein's ancestors. You can get married now." 397 00:39:37,728 --> 00:39:40,686 A few years later, during the war, 398 00:39:40,808 --> 00:39:44,767 the Nazis had found another practical way of exploiting the nationalist idea. 399 00:39:45,528 --> 00:39:52,400 Soldiers going home on leave received a special sectional cradle. There it is. 400 00:39:53,288 --> 00:39:56,724 Soldiers were supposed to give these cradles to their women. 401 00:39:57,248 --> 00:40:04,165 They also received an official document stating that if their girlfriends or wives became pregnant it would be considered a patriotic act. 402 00:40:04,448 --> 00:40:07,440 Here is a soldier equipped with a cradle. 403 00:40:08,088 --> 00:40:12,366 Himmler even issued a special directive, an elaborate directive. 404 00:40:12,808 --> 00:40:17,006 It basically ordered women to submit to the sexual advances of soldiers. 405 00:40:17,488 --> 00:40:20,161 This woman, as you can see, followed the order. 406 00:40:21,048 --> 00:40:28,762 Here, the officials came to her apartment with a bouquet of flowers. 407 00:40:29,088 --> 00:40:34,208 They are going to give her a certificate (look, he is going to take it from his pocket). 408 00:40:34,288 --> 00:40:38,361 The certificate confirms that both the woman and the baby are authentic Aryans. 409 00:40:38,848 --> 00:40:41,840 They called such babies"Gifts from the Fuehrer." 410 00:40:43,368 --> 00:40:45,484 However, let jump back several years. 411 00:40:46,248 --> 00:40:53,518 In the 1 930s, the so-called "mass processions" became very popular in Germany. 412 00:40:54,608 --> 00:41:02,959 The processions, apparently, were meant to prove that 2,000 years of German history were only a prelude to the Third Reich. 413 00:41:03,808 --> 00:41:08,962 It appears that fascism starts with a certain nationalist self-importance, 414 00:41:09,048 --> 00:41:13,724 when people start to believe that they are better than others just because they are Germans. 415 00:41:14,288 --> 00:41:22,286 Looking at these peaceful parades, it is hard to imagine, though, that they were a prelude to the extermination of other nations. 416 00:41:22,968 --> 00:41:24,481 Unfortunately, that's what it was. 417 00:41:25,128 --> 00:41:28,200 Let us have another look into the future. 418 00:41:29,608 --> 00:41:34,477 What you see is the report of Warsaw police chief Jurgen Stroop 419 00:41:34,568 --> 00:41:39,358 dealing with the destruction of the Warsaw Jewish ghetto. 420 00:41:40,048 --> 00:41:46,965 To prove the authenticity and correctness of the report, it was accompanied by these pictures, 421 00:41:47,048 --> 00:41:54,284 of people who had been singled out for elimination and had been eliminated, down to the last person. 422 00:42:14,648 --> 00:42:17,208 This picture was attached to the report. 423 00:42:22,368 --> 00:42:24,928 These people are ready to die. 424 00:42:29,928 --> 00:42:32,123 They are waiting for a shot. 425 00:42:35,728 --> 00:42:36,843 They are waiting. 426 00:42:50,008 --> 00:42:55,719 The report is signed, "Brigadenfuehrer, Major General of Police Jurgen Stroop." 427 00:42:59,408 --> 00:43:04,721 Chapter Seven. Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Feuhrer. 428 00:43:04,808 --> 00:43:08,437 "One people, one Reich, one Feuhrer," referring to the unity of the nation. 429 00:43:08,528 --> 00:43:14,558 In order to demonstrate this unity, the whole of Germany would on certain days eat soup at charity soup kitchens. 430 00:43:14,648 --> 00:43:17,082 It was part of the Winter Aid campaign. 431 00:43:17,648 --> 00:43:20,401 Germany ate soup to the marches played by military bands. 432 00:43:20,808 --> 00:43:23,641 Ein Topf - a pot. 433 00:43:24,248 --> 00:43:31,677 Huge vats, soup and coins disappearing through the slot in a tin box. Just Like that. 434 00:43:32,088 --> 00:43:35,558 It was not just about coins and soup though. 435 00:43:36,008 --> 00:43:39,284 It was all for the sake of showing loyalty to the regime. 436 00:43:40,048 --> 00:43:46,726 You shared soup with the crowd and therefore exhibited solidarity with the events organized by the Nazi party and governments. 437 00:43:47,128 --> 00:43:52,122 As simple as that -just eat soup and drop a few coins. 438 00:43:55,488 --> 00:43:58,286 Charity soup events were common even at the chambers of the Reich. 439 00:43:58,368 --> 00:44:00,928 The crowd here was more refined, though. 440 00:44:01,608 --> 00:44:04,486 Even Hitler attended the eating ceremony. 441 00:44:06,128 --> 00:44:12,647 Yet I doubt he ate the soup because he was a vegetarian, strange as it might seem. 442 00:44:13,088 --> 00:44:15,238 Nevertheless, he did dole out coins. 443 00:44:15,928 --> 00:44:21,844 Here, he puts one in, and now, maybe a second. 444 00:44:23,128 --> 00:44:26,245 Let's wait and see. Definitely worth waiting. 445 00:44:28,488 --> 00:44:30,206 Still waiting. 446 00:44:32,608 --> 00:44:34,439 Well, too bad, cannot wait any longer, but that's all right. 447 00:44:35,568 --> 00:44:41,040 Swaying is also a peculiar symbol of unity. It is an old German tradition, though. 448 00:44:41,608 --> 00:44:47,524 There is indeed a feel of a common action in swaying. 449 00:44:48,008 --> 00:44:55,767 Besides, it helped the commoners to cast away the anxiety that, probably, swept over them once in a while. 450 00:44:55,848 --> 00:44:59,397 You swayed with a group of other people, and immediately felt better. 451 00:44:59,888 --> 00:45:03,676 Swaying took place on a massive scale in those years. 452 00:45:04,768 --> 00:45:10,400 To demonstrate unity, the party leaders - here is Goering - frequently attended public festivities. 453 00:45:11,648 --> 00:45:14,481 Archery competitions are a tradition in Germany. 454 00:45:14,568 --> 00:45:16,559 Goering shoots. 455 00:45:18,168 --> 00:45:22,207 Goering hits the target. I do not know how he fared in real life, but in the film he scored highly. 456 00:45:23,728 --> 00:45:26,686 He is served a traditional mug of beer. 457 00:45:28,128 --> 00:45:32,485 Where you want it or not, you have to drink it. For the sake of solidarity. 458 00:45:36,088 --> 00:45:39,524 Heil!, the Reichsmarshal drinks beer! 459 00:45:44,008 --> 00:45:49,401 He finishes the mug and wipes his mouth with the back of his hand, just like the rest of common folk to show again solidarity with people. 460 00:45:50,728 --> 00:45:56,121 And here is real solidarity - Goering again but this time with Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach - 461 00:45:56,208 --> 00:46:02,283 yes, the one who was commonly known as the king of guns, the king of tanks, the king of everything that kills. 462 00:46:03,288 --> 00:46:09,124 On the anniversary of Krupp's industrial empire, the entire Nazi ruling elite paid a visit to this industrial mogul. 463 00:46:12,008 --> 00:46:15,637 The Nazi leaders promised to hold back the greedy German capital once. 464 00:46:16,168 --> 00:46:18,966 Now, they are queuing for a handshake. 465 00:46:19,728 --> 00:46:24,483 Himmler, the Gestapo chief is in the line, as well. Here comes his turn, finally. He obviously does not hold back this time. 466 00:46:24,928 --> 00:46:29,683 A short embrace. Another one. 467 00:46:32,368 --> 00:46:38,443 These celebrations clearly showed the real essence of the economic program of Nazi Germany 468 00:46:38,528 --> 00:46:44,000 (this is Hess, Hitler's deputy in the Nazi party leadership). 469 00:46:45,888 --> 00:46:47,844 Here is the Krupp family. 470 00:46:47,928 --> 00:46:54,083 Krupp junior - the owner of Krupp industries in today's Germany will appear in an minute from the right. 471 00:46:54,568 --> 00:46:58,481 The speaker is Krupp senior, the father. 472 00:47:00,128 --> 00:47:02,358 Aren't you curious as to how he is going to end the speech? Krupp's speech. 473 00:47:06,088 --> 00:47:08,727 "Heil Hitler!"- that's how he ends it. 474 00:47:12,088 --> 00:47:17,799 And here is another exhibition of solidarity, this time - on the basis of Autobahns, or highways. 475 00:47:17,888 --> 00:47:21,597 The construction of highways is not a big deal, you might say, 476 00:47:21,688 --> 00:47:27,365 but those were strategic highways, the first steps to war. 477 00:47:29,448 --> 00:47:32,565 Hitler is going to deliver a speech in a moment. 478 00:47:32,648 --> 00:47:37,085 He will do it in his usual excitably manner. 479 00:47:38,408 --> 00:47:43,482 He starts fairly hesitantly and gradually works himself up to a crescendo of shouting and gesticulation. 480 00:47:50,048 --> 00:47:51,561 There we go. He is raging. 481 00:47:52,808 --> 00:47:58,838 He is raging, incidentally, about fairly mundane matters. We must work, we must work hard, and we must build highways. 482 00:47:59,328 --> 00:48:03,958 In short, workers - to work! Obviously, one could have announced the same things in a much calmer way. 483 00:48:04,888 --> 00:48:06,606 Yet his style appealed to the public. 484 00:48:13,608 --> 00:48:21,367 Achtung! Fuehrer starts digging. Loose soil goes down from a special car. 485 00:48:23,768 --> 00:48:29,126 Let's roll back the frame. Look at this man behind Hitler. 486 00:48:30,568 --> 00:48:31,842 Here we go. 487 00:48:33,608 --> 00:48:35,007 Like this. 488 00:48:36,648 --> 00:48:38,047 And like that. 489 00:48:40,168 --> 00:48:41,726 And like that. 490 00:48:43,328 --> 00:48:46,843 Goering opens the construction of the second highway, 491 00:48:51,168 --> 00:48:53,523 Rudolf Hess - the third. 492 00:48:53,688 --> 00:48:58,762 A fuehrer of a lower rank opens the construction of a smaller highway. 493 00:48:58,848 --> 00:49:05,003 He does not look too excited about digging, does he? 494 00:49:05,088 --> 00:49:07,124 Am I done, yet! Thank Goodness, I can go now! 495 00:49:08,208 --> 00:49:10,278 Here is an industrial exhibition. 496 00:49:10,848 --> 00:49:13,681 It clearly demonstrates where Germany was heading. 497 00:49:13,888 --> 00:49:15,685 Submarines. 498 00:49:17,368 --> 00:49:18,960 Tanks. 499 00:49:19,208 --> 00:49:23,599 Planes. Bombs. And a portrait of Fuehrer hanging above it all. 500 00:49:25,168 --> 00:49:25,208 Chapter Eight. About myself. 501 00:49:25,208 --> 00:49:28,564 Chapter Eight. About myself. 502 00:49:28,648 --> 00:49:37,397 "My mother was an ordinary woman, but she gave Germany an extraordinary son." Adolf Hitler. 503 00:49:37,888 --> 00:49:39,799 My uniform cap en face. 504 00:49:40,728 --> 00:49:42,639 My uniform cap half-face. 505 00:49:43,728 --> 00:49:45,639 I am against a mountain background. 506 00:49:47,608 --> 00:49:49,280 I am against a sea background. 507 00:49:50,928 --> 00:49:52,486 I am with a squirrel. 508 00:49:54,488 --> 00:49:56,206 I am with a girl. 509 00:49:57,768 --> 00:49:59,724 I am with lions. 510 00:50:02,328 --> 00:50:05,001 And here I am with my fans. 511 00:50:08,208 --> 00:50:10,927 This is my birthday cake. 512 00:50:11,008 --> 00:50:13,442 The bakers were searched, just in case. 513 00:50:17,768 --> 00:50:19,406 Here is another present. 514 00:50:19,488 --> 00:50:22,719 Socks that German women knitted specially for me. 515 00:50:24,728 --> 00:50:28,198 "Me and Siegfried"- a painting by an unknown author. 516 00:50:29,088 --> 00:50:34,321 A pity, I am peeking from under his armpit. I would prefer the other way round. 517 00:50:34,848 --> 00:50:36,918 I am in a good mood. 518 00:50:39,408 --> 00:50:42,844 I am in a bad mood. I Cannot remember what was wrong. 519 00:50:44,088 --> 00:50:49,242 Here I am in a good mood again. Mussolini is in the background, but you do not have to pay attention to him for now. 520 00:50:50,608 --> 00:50:55,318 Wow! An autograph! Well, there is always an obliging back available. 521 00:51:02,528 --> 00:51:04,405 I crossed my arms over my chest. 522 00:51:05,288 --> 00:51:07,882 Later, I found a better place to stick them. 523 00:51:11,008 --> 00:51:15,160 A rare occasion - I am wearing a tuxedo while reviewing the guards of honor detachment. 524 00:51:16,968 --> 00:51:21,644 The tailor was paid in kind. True, the fit is perfect! 525 00:51:40,608 --> 00:51:42,087 I am going to leave now. 526 00:51:44,728 --> 00:51:46,764 I am delivering a speech. 527 00:51:47,328 --> 00:51:53,597 By the way, in this speech, Hitler announced that he had achieved everything in his life, imagine, by pure dedication and hard work. 528 00:51:54,408 --> 00:51:59,118 He complained about the hard times he went through in his childhood and youth, including even starvation, but, nevertheless, 529 00:51:59,208 --> 00:52:06,000 he had stubbornly pursued his glorious goal, had overcome"unimaginable" obstacles and had finally reached it. 530 00:52:10,888 --> 00:52:15,279 "No, it was not intelligentsia that gave me strength," 531 00:52:15,368 --> 00:52:18,804 Hitler continued and stated that he had always found support among the workers and peasants. 532 00:52:19,128 --> 00:52:23,565 No wonder, it was the 20th century; who else he could lean on, after all? 533 00:52:23,648 --> 00:52:26,606 Even Erhard had to count on workers and peasants. 534 00:52:26,968 --> 00:52:29,846 Hitler delivered a great variety of speeches. 535 00:52:30,248 --> 00:52:34,924 They are all rather banal in terms of context, but he certainly delivered them with a lot of fanfare. 536 00:52:35,368 --> 00:52:40,886 In addition, all his conversations at various events have been recorded. It is a true treasure-trove of"wisdom." 537 00:52:41,248 --> 00:52:49,519 Hitler stated that only the Germans represent a true nation of rulers called upon to dominate the entire world. 538 00:52:49,968 --> 00:52:53,005 In his opinion, Slavs were the innate race of slaves; 539 00:52:53,088 --> 00:52:59,323 it was necessary to eliminate the majority of Russians and the remaining ones should not be educated. 540 00:52:59,568 --> 00:53:03,641 Ukrainians should wear beads, like all colonized nations; 541 00:53:03,888 --> 00:53:07,642 Arabs were"lacquered monkeys," Italians were lazy 542 00:53:07,728 --> 00:53:11,164 and there was only one decent person among Romanians - Antonescu, for that matter. 543 00:53:11,248 --> 00:53:13,921 Switzerland was a "pimple on the face of Europe," 544 00:53:14,008 --> 00:53:19,560 and if the Swiss-germans had not shown such strength of spirit, it should have been eliminated as well. 545 00:53:19,888 --> 00:53:29,206 "In general," Hitler announced, "I alone have the right to decide which nation will exist and which nation must be exterminated." 546 00:53:29,648 --> 00:53:31,957 For instance, in this speech, Hitler said, 547 00:53:32,648 --> 00:53:38,166 "Some people claim: the Fuehrer is "a Gift of God", but the party is something else." 548 00:53:38,248 --> 00:53:42,924 "No, my friends,"he continued, "I am the party." 549 00:53:43,008 --> 00:53:48,287 The announcement provoked an overwhelming response and he had to wait for the loud applause to subside. 550 00:53:51,448 --> 00:53:56,078 "And as long as I am part of the Party," Hitler continued, 551 00:53:56,168 --> 00:53:59,524 "the Party is part of me." 552 00:53:59,928 --> 00:54:04,956 Just think about it - the Nazi party is part of Adolf Hitler himself. 553 00:54:05,208 --> 00:54:08,598 It is a pity he was not specific about what part he was talking about. 554 00:54:08,968 --> 00:54:11,243 He concluded his speech in the following manner, 555 00:54:11,328 --> 00:54:16,322 "And if I ever die, my spirit will live forever!" 556 00:54:20,408 --> 00:54:21,966 "Sieg Heil!" 557 00:54:27,808 --> 00:54:31,039 Many great historical figures had a habit of keeping their arms crossed. 558 00:54:31,808 --> 00:54:35,084 Yet Hitler finally discovered another place to keep them 559 00:54:35,168 --> 00:54:39,081 - to put it delicately - below his waist. 560 00:54:39,608 --> 00:54:42,406 He stubbornly kept them in this position. 561 00:54:43,128 --> 00:54:46,325 If his right hand was occupied, he would put his left arm there. 562 00:54:53,408 --> 00:54:55,080 People started to imitate his gesture. 563 00:54:57,048 --> 00:54:59,323 The number of imitators was growing. 564 00:55:03,048 --> 00:55:07,200 The first to follow Hitler's example was chief of the Gestapo Himmler. 565 00:55:07,648 --> 00:55:10,446 Hitler used to call him "my loyal Heinrich." 566 00:55:11,888 --> 00:55:14,766 It was more difficult for Goering because of his beer-belly. 567 00:55:15,768 --> 00:55:18,487 But Roehm and Hess also followed this example. 568 00:55:18,568 --> 00:55:21,526 Hess is on the right, Roehm is on the left. 569 00:55:21,848 --> 00:55:27,127 Roehm was the commander of storm troopers and one of Hitler's closest supporters. 570 00:55:27,528 --> 00:55:31,237 However, during one parade of storm troopers, he made a grave mistake. 571 00:55:31,888 --> 00:55:38,964 Hitler invited him to join him in the car, just to be polite, but Roehm took it seriously and jumped in the car. 572 00:55:39,688 --> 00:55:42,725 Apparently, he did not read Mein Kampf thoroughly. 573 00:55:42,808 --> 00:55:48,246 In the book, Hitler clearly stated that the party must have a single leader, not two. 574 00:55:48,768 --> 00:55:54,559 Besides, Roehm certainly did not hold any great popularity among the military brass who feared the storm troopers. 575 00:55:54,648 --> 00:56:02,202 In short, they had to shoot him, and Hitler's personal photographer had to spoil several photos. 576 00:56:04,248 --> 00:56:05,647 Well, enough about Hitler. 577 00:56:05,728 --> 00:56:10,756 Why do we keep talking about him? We should say a few words about Mussolini, instead. Here he is. 578 00:56:10,848 --> 00:56:16,002 After all, he was Hitler's predecessor and the word "fascism" has Italian origins. 579 00:56:16,848 --> 00:56:22,559 Mussolini had invented this gesture, and Hitler simply mimicked it. 580 00:56:24,088 --> 00:56:26,761 Mussolini was the first to swing a pickaxe while digging ground, 581 00:56:26,848 --> 00:56:29,362 and Hitler just followed suit with a shovel. 582 00:56:29,448 --> 00:56:34,124 And, of course, Mussolini sometimes could handle a threshing machine, and Hitler simply would never dare to attempt such a feat. 583 00:56:35,568 --> 00:56:39,402 As for self-promotion (you can see DUCE written everywhere. 584 00:56:39,488 --> 00:56:41,922 Il Duce in Italian means the Leader, the Fuehrer) 585 00:56:42,128 --> 00:56:47,760 ...So, as to self-promotion. Mussolini surpassed even Hitler himself. 586 00:56:47,848 --> 00:56:50,408 You could not find such a giant wall in the Third Reich. 587 00:56:53,768 --> 00:56:58,046 Mussolini's torch marches, in contrast, were poorly organized, though. 588 00:56:59,008 --> 00:57:02,000 It seems as if they are going to set the whole of Rome on fire. 589 00:57:03,168 --> 00:57:08,561 Hitler once commented that Mussolini was undoubtedly a descendant of Caesar. 590 00:57:09,368 --> 00:57:10,767 Maybe so. 591 00:57:11,528 --> 00:57:17,160 Look there, in the background. His portrait will to appear over the crowd in a second. Pretty amusing, isn't it? 592 00:57:21,248 --> 00:57:23,762 And here is the Duce delivering a speech. 593 00:57:24,808 --> 00:57:28,517 His gestures, his facial expressions are rather peculiar. 594 00:57:31,728 --> 00:57:42,605 Just look at him. What is curious, though, is the fact that the right side of the picture is blackened out. 595 00:57:42,688 --> 00:57:46,317 Apparently, there is someone there who irritates Mussolini, 596 00:57:46,408 --> 00:57:54,201 and the Nazi filmmakers decided to cover that part of the picture. 597 00:57:55,448 --> 00:57:58,360 It is probably Victor Immanuel, the Italian king. 598 00:57:59,208 --> 00:58:04,521 Mussolini despised him for being short, and in general disliked and envied. 599 00:58:10,048 --> 00:58:11,276 Look. 600 00:58:13,928 --> 00:58:17,045 The content of the speech is irrelevant. 601 00:58:17,128 --> 00:58:20,325 You must see his face rather than listen to what he is saying. 602 00:58:20,928 --> 00:58:23,203 Look at the Duce. 603 00:58:24,328 --> 00:58:26,319 His facial expressions are rather funny. 604 00:58:31,928 --> 00:58:33,646 Great stuff! 605 00:58:38,488 --> 00:58:40,319 He is great, isn't he? 606 00:58:41,168 --> 00:58:42,487 There! 607 00:58:45,448 --> 00:58:49,760 And here he definitely shows some similarities with Hitler. 608 00:58:58,808 --> 00:59:01,038 All right, we are done with Mussolini. 609 00:59:01,128 --> 00:59:04,359 We are going to show you some of his sculptures, instead. 610 00:59:04,888 --> 00:59:09,006 Besides, we move to the topic of Nazi art. 611 00:59:14,768 --> 00:59:21,367 Chapter Nine. Nazi Art. "Once in a while we should wag a finger at our actors and artists"Adolf Hitler. 612 00:59:25,728 --> 00:59:29,243 You might think it is another parade. You are wrong. 613 00:59:30,448 --> 00:59:36,000 It is Hitler attending an exhibition of sculpture and fine art. 614 01:00:02,088 --> 01:00:05,797 Incidentally, Hitler chose the artwork for the exhibition himself. 615 01:00:16,768 --> 01:00:19,441 Look closely at the face of this soldier. 616 01:00:21,688 --> 01:00:23,246 Here is Hitler again. 617 01:00:24,688 --> 01:00:26,440 And again. 618 01:00:31,688 --> 01:00:33,440 And again. 619 01:00:36,608 --> 01:00:39,281 At least some space left for Goering. 620 01:00:44,728 --> 01:00:48,687 "What can I do?"the statue seems to complain. 621 01:00:51,648 --> 01:00:55,721 And here is what was not shown at the exhibition, and actually could not be shown. 622 01:00:56,448 --> 01:01:01,568 This is the art studio of Joseph Torak, the leading sculptor of the Third Reich. 623 01:01:02,128 --> 01:01:09,318 Hitler once said, "When we walk representatives of conquered peoples through Berlin, 624 01:01:09,408 --> 01:01:14,846 they must be both impressed and dispirited by the grandeur of our monuments." 625 01:01:17,648 --> 01:01:20,401 True, there is certainly a lot of material here. 626 01:01:26,608 --> 01:01:30,078 Huge bundles of muscle and the total absence of thought. 627 01:01:30,648 --> 01:01:33,287 Only horses represent the animal world. 628 01:01:34,568 --> 01:01:39,084 And here is a special case - a monument to a warrior-conqueror. 629 01:01:39,808 --> 01:01:47,158 Such monuments, 30-meters high, were supposed to be installed along the borders of the New Reich - 630 01:01:47,248 --> 01:01:53,642 in the Urals, at the White Sea, at the Black Sea, and in the Caucasus. 631 01:01:56,568 --> 01:02:02,677 The statue of a slave - that was our destiny - has been carved, as well. 632 01:02:05,288 --> 01:02:11,284 And here is the sculptured head of a conqueror. Do not expect mercy from someone like that. 633 01:02:17,088 --> 01:02:19,841 Let us move to literature, though. 634 01:02:20,608 --> 01:02:23,486 Goethe and Schiller between two swastikas. 635 01:02:24,128 --> 01:02:28,201 A book fair was held in this house in Weimar. 636 01:02:29,368 --> 01:02:35,716 Goebbels was among the visitors. Of course, his books were assigned a special place. 637 01:02:36,488 --> 01:02:39,161 A lot of work went into it. 638 01:02:43,288 --> 01:02:45,199 The author is pleased. 639 01:02:46,288 --> 01:02:50,998 As to the contents of other sections of the book fair, you can judge by these stands. 640 01:02:51,608 --> 01:02:54,600 Hitler is here. Hitler is there. 641 01:02:55,128 --> 01:02:59,883 Hitler is in Italy. Hitler is at his birthplace. Just like that. 642 01:03:01,648 --> 01:03:08,121 And here are the writers.They are led by a moderate protection detail to breakfast. 643 01:03:08,328 --> 01:03:10,523 The food is pretty good. 644 01:03:10,888 --> 01:03:16,440 As to writers themselves, well, do not ask for more - what's left, is left. 645 01:03:17,968 --> 01:03:23,565 Later, they listen to Goebbels' instructions - what to write and how to write. 646 01:03:24,248 --> 01:03:29,197 They take note. They discuss their creative plans. 647 01:03:29,888 --> 01:03:32,482 And this is the world of performing arts, theater and cinema. 648 01:03:34,328 --> 01:03:40,244 After all, common people need to relax once in a while, enjoy the"beautiful life." 649 01:03:52,768 --> 01:03:55,441 Nice, very nice. 650 01:04:00,768 --> 01:04:07,401 The difference between these girls and, let's say, American girls, or French and British girls 651 01:04:07,488 --> 01:04:09,956 is the size of their thighs. 652 01:04:10,648 --> 01:04:14,800 The girls of the Third Reich had to have robust thighs. 653 01:04:20,528 --> 01:04:25,921 And here is Marika Roekk - the superstar of German cinema. 654 01:04:27,928 --> 01:04:29,600 A little bit of sex. 655 01:04:31,328 --> 01:04:35,241 After all, the life of common citizens of the Third Reich was not easy; 656 01:04:35,328 --> 01:04:38,638 they had to work hard and put in long hours; 657 01:04:38,728 --> 01:04:41,800 there was shortage of food supplies. 658 01:04:42,368 --> 01:04:49,683 Goering insisted that butter was fattening and had to be replaced by something else in daily rations. 659 01:04:50,448 --> 01:04:53,042 Here is a decent replacement for you. 660 01:04:55,408 --> 01:04:59,765 And people loved it! They still love it. 661 01:05:00,728 --> 01:05:03,640 I am afraid people will always love it. 662 01:05:09,048 --> 01:05:10,925 A comic duet. 663 01:05:12,168 --> 01:05:14,045 The size of the thighs is the same, standard. 664 01:05:31,968 --> 01:05:35,199 This standard is different, though. 665 01:05:35,408 --> 01:05:41,085 This is a vamp, and a vamp must be skinny by definition. 666 01:05:43,488 --> 01:05:50,485 You fantasize about her, and go back to your official wife and boring job. 667 01:06:05,808 --> 01:06:13,522 Yet this performance was considered the most important type of art in the Third Reich. 668 01:06:15,088 --> 01:06:19,718 A parade - that was the true form of art. 669 01:06:33,488 --> 01:06:40,838 It is here where imagination could really let fly and creative inspiration brought excellent results. 670 01:06:41,448 --> 01:06:44,520 It became immensely popular among masses. 671 01:06:46,808 --> 01:06:48,878 Here is a first-class solo performer! 672 01:07:10,168 --> 01:07:15,720 Just look at the inspired performance of this virtuoso. 673 01:07:16,648 --> 01:07:20,800 Guess, who this man is. It is von Richthofen, the commander of the Condor Legion. 674 01:07:20,888 --> 01:07:25,757 It was he who bombed Guernika, Madrid, and later - Stalingrad. 675 01:07:37,328 --> 01:07:39,842 Bravo! Encore! 676 01:07:54,568 --> 01:07:57,526 End of Part I 677 01:08:01,126 --> 01:08:06,883 Part Two 678 01:08:08,126 --> 01:08:12,961 Chapter Ten."We belong to you..." 679 01:08:15,126 --> 01:08:22,362 Let's take a short break from this bloody show and have a look at the children of the Third Reich. 680 01:08:23,486 --> 01:08:27,001 Nice little kids. 681 01:08:28,166 --> 01:08:30,555 They play. They listen to an old street-organ. 682 01:08:31,486 --> 01:08:35,718 It doesn't matter if the street-organ plays the official Nazi hymn - the Horst Wessel 683 01:08:36,286 --> 01:08:38,846 - after all, children cannot recognize it for what it is. 684 01:08:42,566 --> 01:08:43,840 The sun. 685 01:08:46,486 --> 01:08:48,317 A woman. 686 01:08:50,206 --> 01:08:51,764 Dad and Mom. 687 01:08:53,646 --> 01:09:01,121 A trumpet and drums. Boys always liked to draw soldiers: a bayonet, a rifle, a knife, a tank, a swastika. 688 01:09:03,766 --> 01:09:07,554 This is a school. The first exercise in handwriting -"Heil Hitler". 689 01:09:07,646 --> 01:09:09,796 Apparently, the education must start with this phrase. 690 01:09:11,766 --> 01:09:17,443 Another line -"Storm troopers are marching. We salute the standard." 691 01:09:20,086 --> 01:09:23,556 And here is a notable verse dedicated to the Fuehrer's birthday, 692 01:09:24,166 --> 01:09:27,681 "You are where German hearts beat more ardently, 693 01:09:27,766 --> 01:09:32,635 where German hands work harder, where German children laugh with happiness. 694 01:09:32,726 --> 01:09:36,355 We give you our hearts, oh Fuehrer! 695 01:09:36,446 --> 01:09:38,357 You are the savior of Germany. 696 01:09:38,446 --> 01:09:42,405 You are the hope.You are the loyalty.You are the love.You are the faith. 697 01:09:43,166 --> 01:09:48,160 I love you with all my heart and I want to belong to you. 698 01:09:48,246 --> 01:09:55,197 I want to serve you every day and every hour as a loyal warrior and a brave soldier. 699 01:09:55,286 --> 01:10:00,041 A footnote - "Not to read, but to learn by heart." 700 01:10:01,086 --> 01:10:03,919 It is time now to learn how to stand at attention, 701 01:10:04,006 --> 01:10:06,474 how to eye him with admiration, 702 01:10:07,326 --> 01:10:09,521 how to take in his every word... 703 01:10:09,566 --> 01:10:13,195 ...because he is going to address the German youth in a moment. 704 01:10:13,846 --> 01:10:16,280 What does he want from the German youth after all? 705 01:10:17,206 --> 01:10:21,757 The German youth must be strong and agile; 706 01:10:21,846 --> 01:10:29,116 resilient as leather, fast as a hound and sturdy as Krupp's steel. 707 01:10:29,206 --> 01:10:34,200 That's all for now. And children are delighted. 708 01:10:35,126 --> 01:10:39,597 The phrase"We belong to you" is laid out with children's bodies. 709 01:10:40,806 --> 01:10:45,322 They do not realize yet that it is shameful and wrong to belong to somebody; 710 01:10:45,686 --> 01:10:47,358 even it is the Fuehrer himself. 711 01:10:48,366 --> 01:10:50,402 They look at him with admiration now; 712 01:10:51,486 --> 01:10:58,562 and for many years they will hear every day and every hour that he is infallible, 713 01:10:59,126 --> 01:11:00,798 that he is always right, 714 01:11:01,206 --> 01:11:06,758 that he is great, he is the savior, the faith, the hope, the love, and he is very wise. 715 01:11:07,526 --> 01:11:08,754 Hitler used to say, 716 01:11:09,726 --> 01:11:15,198 "A German boy must learn to endure beating and get used to violence beginning in childhood." 717 01:11:16,046 --> 01:11:20,085 That's how they are getting used to violence. Just look at the faces chosen by the cameraman. 718 01:11:21,806 --> 01:11:23,319 That's how they learn to endure the beating. 719 01:11:26,486 --> 01:11:28,397 Robert Ley once said, 720 01:11:29,006 --> 01:11:32,362 "At the age of four, we give a child a small banner, and from then on, 721 01:11:32,446 --> 01:11:37,042 without realizing it, he becomes exposed to continuous indoctrination, 722 01:11:37,126 --> 01:11:41,005 which lasts till his death." 723 01:11:46,326 --> 01:11:48,635 They must turn into dough, 724 01:11:48,726 --> 01:11:51,479 ready to take any shape. 725 01:11:55,766 --> 01:11:57,085 They must turn into roe. 726 01:12:04,526 --> 01:12:11,045 A crucial moment has come - they are about to take an oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler. 727 01:12:12,126 --> 01:12:13,844 Let us listen to it. 728 01:12:46,006 --> 01:12:50,363 Yesterday, they were still boys; they were still schoolchildren. 729 01:12:51,086 --> 01:12:54,203 They have learned by heart all the required axioms. 730 01:12:54,286 --> 01:12:56,641 They know that Hitler is infallible. 731 01:12:56,726 --> 01:13:00,116 They are ready to die with his name in their last breath; 732 01:13:00,206 --> 01:13:05,519 they are ready to kill and pillage on his behalf. 733 01:13:07,006 --> 01:13:09,236 Soldiers were not the only ones to take an oath, though. 734 01:13:09,326 --> 01:13:16,277 Nurses, office workers, functionaries, postal and railroad workers - they were all taking an oath. 735 01:13:16,766 --> 01:13:20,554 Throughout Germany people took an oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler 736 01:13:21,006 --> 01:13:24,885 because the entire country had to be bound by mutual responsibility. 737 01:13:25,806 --> 01:13:29,196 Of course, members of the Nazi party also took an oath. 738 01:13:29,806 --> 01:13:32,081 It was the shortest of all. 739 01:13:32,886 --> 01:13:35,764 Here is its text, word for word, 740 01:13:35,846 --> 01:13:39,202 "I swear my loyalty to Adolf Hitler, 741 01:13:40,046 --> 01:13:45,837 to him personally and to all superiors he is going to appoint over me. 742 01:13:46,726 --> 01:13:50,924 I swear to obey implicitly all their orders." 743 01:13:51,006 --> 01:13:52,200 That's it. 744 01:13:52,286 --> 01:13:56,484 There is no mention of Germany, of the Motherland or the people whatsoever. 745 01:13:57,006 --> 01:14:04,321 You have sworn to obey blindly any orders of your superiors and now you can put your hat back on. 746 01:14:06,046 --> 01:14:10,517 In essence, these people swear to become inhuman. 747 01:14:11,086 --> 01:14:15,682 They willingly abandon the right and the duty of any human being 748 01:14:15,766 --> 01:14:19,315 - the right and the duty to think, to rationalize. 749 01:14:26,606 --> 01:14:32,203 Chapter Eleven.There was a different Germany, though. 750 01:14:35,366 --> 01:14:37,800 Yes, there certainly was a different Germany. 751 01:14:39,766 --> 01:14:43,315 These people still remember the collapse of the Kaiser Empire, 752 01:14:43,406 --> 01:14:45,920 the 1 918 German revolution, 753 01:14:46,006 --> 01:14:49,635 a year after the October Revolution in Russia. 754 01:14:51,046 --> 01:14:55,358 They remember the trucks filled with armed workers and soldiers, 755 01:14:56,166 --> 01:15:00,842 the throngs of people on the streets, the rallies. 756 01:15:02,886 --> 01:15:04,524 Karl Liebknecht' speech. 757 01:15:05,646 --> 01:15:07,876 It is so similar to the Russian revolution. 758 01:15:09,606 --> 01:15:12,040 These people so much resemble the Russian people. 759 01:15:14,726 --> 01:15:17,638 Even the air is filled with a familiar smell - the smell of freedom. 760 01:15:22,686 --> 01:15:25,200 Yet they remember the outcome of the revolution. 761 01:15:25,806 --> 01:15:28,445 The murder of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg. 762 01:15:29,046 --> 01:15:30,843 The bloody massacres. 763 01:15:33,926 --> 01:15:34,995 They worked. 764 01:15:36,206 --> 01:15:38,003 They had always been working. 765 01:15:41,166 --> 01:15:47,082 The German worker - a great master and a diligent laborer. 766 01:15:54,366 --> 01:15:56,004 Here they are, in front of our eyes. 767 01:15:57,726 --> 01:16:02,880 They still recall mass demonstrations by the proletariat during the 1 920s. 768 01:16:03,766 --> 01:16:05,677 They were much younger at the time. 769 01:16:06,486 --> 01:16:09,637 They believed in the socialist future of Germany. 770 01:16:10,606 --> 01:16:12,836 They took upon the streets 771 01:16:14,566 --> 01:16:20,675 and some of them probably carried similar posters announcing, "Fascism is hunger and war," 772 01:16:21,326 --> 01:16:22,918 and saw Ernst Thaelmann. 773 01:16:53,726 --> 01:16:58,038 Yet local residents still remember the bloody end of such demonstrations. 774 01:16:58,126 --> 01:17:03,484 The wounded and, occasionally, killed were brought here. 775 01:17:08,446 --> 01:17:11,597 German proletariat was divided. 776 01:17:13,406 --> 01:17:15,761 It was easy to defeat it that way. 777 01:17:18,006 --> 01:17:20,156 And it was defeated. 778 01:17:26,486 --> 01:17:28,681 And Hitler came out a winner. 779 01:17:39,526 --> 01:17:43,235 No, I do not want to say that the German nation was blind. 780 01:17:44,726 --> 01:17:46,717 It was deceived. 781 01:17:50,086 --> 01:17:54,477 If you have to live under Hitler, you have to work hard. 782 01:17:58,166 --> 01:18:00,885 They would do any kind of work, just to make ends meet. 783 01:18:13,166 --> 01:18:15,282 These are ordinary workers. 784 01:18:16,766 --> 01:18:22,045 Probably, some of them still remember the last Rot Front demonstration. 785 01:18:22,566 --> 01:18:25,034 The Rot Front organization had already been banned, 786 01:18:25,126 --> 01:18:28,163 and it was extremely dangerous to come out on the streets. 787 01:18:41,086 --> 01:18:44,476 How many of these people have lived to the present? 788 01:18:45,206 --> 01:18:49,882 They have simply vanished, vanished behind barbed wire. 789 01:19:10,206 --> 01:19:13,323 Still, a different Germany did exist. 790 01:19:31,246 --> 01:19:35,239 Chapter Twelve."The masses should be treated like a woman."Adolf Hitler 791 01:19:35,406 --> 01:19:38,398 One of the Nazi precepts started with a phrase, 792 01:19:39,086 --> 01:19:40,405 "You are nothing." 793 01:19:41,326 --> 01:19:45,001 We wanted to find at least some footage of ordinary people. 794 01:19:45,406 --> 01:19:48,921 We were simply curious about day-to-day life of German citizens at the time. 795 01:19:49,526 --> 01:19:52,086 Obviously, they did something else other than shouting "Sieg! Heil!" 796 01:19:53,126 --> 01:19:56,243 Yet among 2 million meters of Nazi documentary materials, 797 01:19:56,326 --> 01:20:00,524 we managed to find only these rare scenes. 798 01:20:00,606 --> 01:20:04,281 Really, why bother filming ordinary people if they are nothing. 799 01:20:05,246 --> 01:20:07,282 True, the phrase continued, 800 01:20:07,366 --> 01:20:10,244 "You are nothing. Your people are everything!" 801 01:20:10,326 --> 01:20:13,238 However, how can one believe that the people are everything 802 01:20:13,326 --> 01:20:16,602 if an individual representative of the people is nothing. 803 01:20:17,726 --> 01:20:19,318 And then, the clock strikes. 804 01:20:20,966 --> 01:20:24,163 SS soldiers clad in black rush out onto the streets. 805 01:20:25,246 --> 01:20:26,838 Something is happening. 806 01:20:28,806 --> 01:20:32,082 Nurses burst out of the building, rushing to meet him. 807 01:20:32,126 --> 01:20:34,242 Why so many nurses? 808 01:20:34,966 --> 01:20:37,878 Well, it's quite simple - the mass hysteria of excitement is coming up. 809 01:20:37,966 --> 01:20:41,925 The cameras are rolling - the Fuehrer arrived. 810 01:20:42,286 --> 01:20:43,924 Now is the time for filming. 811 01:20:44,326 --> 01:20:48,239 So, you are nothing, but your people are everything. 812 01:20:48,806 --> 01:20:51,764 Hitler liked to call people the masses. 813 01:20:52,326 --> 01:20:56,399 The masses should be treated like a woman. 814 01:20:56,486 --> 01:21:02,038 And a woman, Hitler used to say, eagerly succumbs to power. 815 01:21:02,126 --> 01:21:05,038 It is worthless to count on the intellect of the masses. 816 01:21:05,126 --> 01:21:08,675 It is necessary to appeal to their most basic instincts. 817 01:21:08,766 --> 01:21:12,839 That's what appeals to their instincts. 818 01:21:12,926 --> 01:21:15,565 A planned incident 819 01:21:15,646 --> 01:21:19,241 - somebody from the crowd brings over two babies with flowers. 820 01:21:21,126 --> 01:21:22,400 Very touching indeed. 821 01:21:23,126 --> 01:21:26,118 That was a great play on feelings.Time to move on. 822 01:21:28,046 --> 01:21:31,925 Oops! An unplanned incident. Somebody brings over the flowers on his own initiative. 823 01:21:32,006 --> 01:21:33,519 Perfect! Let's go! 824 01:21:34,726 --> 01:21:39,038 Another unplanned incident - a petitioner. That's all right. A smile. 825 01:21:39,126 --> 01:21:42,721 A bodily search (just in case). 826 01:21:42,806 --> 01:21:47,800 You can go now. Let's continue exercising influence over the most primitive feelings of the masses. 827 01:21:49,086 --> 01:21:53,364 "The masses are mentally lazy and conceited," Hitler had stated and even written, 828 01:21:53,446 --> 01:21:58,122 "they do not like to read or think. 829 01:21:58,206 --> 01:22:04,600 They must face one enemy and know one God." 830 01:22:05,366 --> 01:22:06,958 Here is their God. 831 01:22:09,046 --> 01:22:11,560 And then they will follow you 832 01:22:11,646 --> 01:22:14,035 because an individual is nothing, 833 01:22:14,126 --> 01:22:18,517 and together they form the masses, and masses must be treated as a woman, 834 01:22:18,606 --> 01:22:21,643 and a woman willingly succumbs to power. 835 01:22:21,726 --> 01:22:27,403 "Besides," Hitler said, "the masses need to be kept in trepidation." 836 01:22:28,566 --> 01:22:31,126 A note to the future candidates for fuehrers 837 01:22:31,486 --> 01:22:36,924 - with all propaganda means available today, 838 01:22:37,006 --> 01:22:39,964 it is an affordable and practical way to be raised to the Heavens while still alive. 839 01:22:52,126 --> 01:23:04,641 Chapter Thirteen."The Fuehrer issued an order - we carry it out." "For the sake of the German people, we must seek wars every fifteen-twenty years."AdoIf HitIer 840 01:23:05,926 --> 01:23:15,881 The moment had come when Nazism set about accomplishing its most important and, possibly, the ultimate task. 841 01:23:17,166 --> 01:23:18,758 It all started in Spain. 842 01:23:25,446 --> 01:23:28,483 "Fuehrer commands, we follow" 843 01:23:41,326 --> 01:23:43,044 This is Poland. 844 01:23:44,886 --> 01:23:48,959 "Fuehrer commands, we follow," 845 01:23:50,086 --> 01:23:54,921 because we have taken an oath and we are not allowed to think. 846 01:24:02,806 --> 01:24:04,364 Warsaw is burning. 847 01:24:20,646 --> 01:24:25,083 In the 1 9th century, the great Rodin created this famous statue - The Thinker. 848 01:24:27,486 --> 01:24:32,640 And ten thousand years ago, an unknown sculptor carved this thinker... 849 01:24:32,726 --> 01:24:37,675 ...that looks as if he were contemplating the future trying to foresee the things to come. 850 01:24:39,686 --> 01:24:43,725 This rock painting is about 20 thousand years old. 851 01:24:44,846 --> 01:24:50,318 Man still dwelled in caves, wore animal skins, 852 01:24:50,406 --> 01:24:58,199 worked with a stone axe, but he was already a great artist and a creator. 853 01:25:00,806 --> 01:25:07,245 He appreciated the beauty of lines, the perfection of form and the expressiveness of movements. 854 01:25:08,966 --> 01:25:13,801 The paintings on the walls of this cave did not fade away in 20 thousand years, 855 01:25:13,886 --> 01:25:18,038 although the animals that inhabited Earth at that time had vanished. 856 01:25:23,926 --> 01:25:27,316 Stone Age man was even familiar with abstract art. 857 01:25:31,046 --> 01:25:33,799 Let us return to the 20th century. 858 01:25:34,646 --> 01:25:38,639 Is this really an image of modern times? 859 01:25:42,126 --> 01:25:46,085 Is this going to remain as a monument to our epoch? 860 01:25:47,486 --> 01:25:53,595 To a pilot looking down from the altitude of his flight, though, these skeletons of the buildings appear quiet, peaceful and even beautiful, 861 01:25:54,486 --> 01:26:00,083 and people down below look like ants or cockroaches; therefore, it does not take too much courage to rake them with machine-gun fire. 862 01:26:08,366 --> 01:26:15,681 Yesterday, these people still lived peaceful lives in their countries, worked, fell in love, and had dreams. 863 01:26:15,766 --> 01:26:18,234 Now, they are behind barbed wire. 864 01:26:18,686 --> 01:26:21,758 They do not understand where they are being taken 865 01:26:21,846 --> 01:26:29,685 and what awaits them in the future. 866 01:26:31,246 --> 01:26:34,477 Meanwhile, the war was portrayed as a joyride. 867 01:26:34,566 --> 01:26:37,638 These merry guys marched across Europe. 868 01:26:37,726 --> 01:26:44,074 They walked, grinning, along the roads of Belgium, Holland and Denmark. 869 01:26:45,326 --> 01:26:48,159 They stomped on the cobblestone pavements of Paris boulevards, 870 01:26:50,686 --> 01:26:52,597 marched across the Balkans 871 01:26:54,286 --> 01:26:57,437 and ascended the steps of the ancient Acropolis like tourists. 872 01:27:00,206 --> 01:27:04,279 The morning of June 22, 1 941 . 873 01:27:05,686 --> 01:27:11,716 On this quiet morning, the Berliners heard the news of the attack on the Soviet Union. 874 01:27:13,806 --> 01:27:18,322 That morning did not seem to be different from any other morning; 875 01:27:18,406 --> 01:27:21,079 everything looked ordinary and peaceful. 876 01:27:22,126 --> 01:27:27,723 Nobody could imagine that during those morning hours the fate of the Third Reich had been sealed. 877 01:27:28,806 --> 01:27:34,119 And certainly nobody knew that the war had started several hours ago, 878 01:27:35,726 --> 01:27:43,314 without an official declaration, and that for several hours the bombs had been raining on the Soviet soil. 879 01:27:59,446 --> 01:28:02,836 These are Muscovites, our contemporaries. 880 01:28:03,806 --> 01:28:05,956 They sit and think their own thoughts. 881 01:28:06,726 --> 01:28:12,801 They did the same on that day in June 882 01:28:13,846 --> 01:28:20,797 Everything seemed quite ordinary; it felt good and peaceful. 883 01:28:22,286 --> 01:28:28,998 Instead, that morning left a scar, an open wound in the lives of each of us. 884 01:28:30,206 --> 01:28:35,155 Some people lost their sons, brothers, fathers or mothers; 885 01:28:35,246 --> 01:28:41,845 others lost entire families or their houses were destroyed.Their lives were broken. 886 01:28:43,046 --> 01:28:47,324 Yet for now, they are caught in the present moment; 887 01:28:47,406 --> 01:28:52,526 they are concerned only about the immediate reality. 888 01:28:54,486 --> 01:29:02,757 They think, they fall in love, they talk, they live, 889 01:29:03,566 --> 01:29:05,921 and that is what really matters. 890 01:29:07,606 --> 01:29:09,324 Who are these two? 891 01:29:11,126 --> 01:29:12,241 Or those? 892 01:29:12,326 --> 01:29:19,562 Students, future scientists, chemists, or rocket-builders? 893 01:29:19,646 --> 01:29:21,523 What are they discussing? 894 01:29:23,886 --> 01:29:26,161 What are these two thinking about? 895 01:29:26,846 --> 01:29:30,236 Why is he so frustrated? 896 01:29:33,566 --> 01:29:34,919 Or this girl. 897 01:29:35,006 --> 01:29:38,157 Is she explaining a complex scientific problem... 898 01:29:38,246 --> 01:29:41,921 ...or giving directions to a country house in the outskirts of the city? 899 01:29:44,246 --> 01:29:45,599 Or these two. 900 01:29:45,686 --> 01:29:50,680 Maybe they are researchers at an institute and they are discussing an important issue; 901 01:29:50,766 --> 01:29:53,360 but the little girl simply feels like dancing. 902 01:29:54,206 --> 01:29:58,165 Or maybe these two are ordinary housewives and they are gossiping about their nasty neighbor; 903 01:29:58,966 --> 01:30:04,120 but the little girl simply feels like dancing and she can't wait until the lady who is talking to her Mom leaves. 904 01:30:04,206 --> 01:30:08,996 Yet her mother is so indulged in the conversation that she doesn't even notice that the girl walked away. 905 01:30:09,086 --> 01:30:10,804 Or those three. 906 01:30:11,646 --> 01:30:15,321 Whatever is transpiring between them at this moment is very important; 907 01:30:15,406 --> 01:30:19,922 they would want so much to have beautiful lives and keep their friendship forever. 908 01:30:21,046 --> 01:30:25,039 And I wish they had beautiful lives and remained friends forever. 909 01:30:25,126 --> 01:30:31,235 I wish they did not have to face the nightmare that befell on us in June 1941, 910 01:30:31,326 --> 01:30:35,319 when the day turned into the night. 911 01:30:54,846 --> 01:30:58,725 Chapter Fourteen. Ordinary Fascism. 912 01:31:00,166 --> 01:31:02,964 A bunch of merry guys marched on Russian soil. 913 01:31:07,806 --> 01:31:14,996 They seem nice and handsome, and educated. 914 01:31:16,406 --> 01:31:17,680 They worked. 915 01:31:20,006 --> 01:31:21,359 And rested. 916 01:31:23,206 --> 01:31:24,878 And worked again. 917 01:31:34,206 --> 01:31:35,958 Their names are well known. 918 01:31:36,806 --> 01:31:40,401 Small stacks of photos were found in their pockets. 919 01:31:42,206 --> 01:31:47,758 The photos captured images of these soldiers, their wives, mothers, children 920 01:31:48,206 --> 01:31:49,400 ...and... these scenes. 921 01:31:50,566 --> 01:31:56,721 They kept these photos together with pictures of their children and their mothers. 922 01:31:58,166 --> 01:32:06,676 To what extent a person must be desensitized so that he can keep such photos as pleasant memories. 923 01:32:09,006 --> 01:32:12,237 From the personal archives of the chief of the Gestapo office in Libau (Latvia). 924 01:32:15,366 --> 01:32:17,322 A brother and a sister. 925 01:32:17,966 --> 01:32:19,957 The sister is already naked; 926 01:32:22,606 --> 01:32:25,916 the brother is still undressing. In a minute, they will cease to exist. 927 01:32:29,686 --> 01:32:35,044 Look at this cheerful fellow and notice what he is standing next to. 928 01:32:35,126 --> 01:32:37,515 He kept this photo as a little memento. 929 01:33:33,526 --> 01:33:35,198 The L'vov pogrom. 930 01:33:36,366 --> 01:33:39,483 These are photos attached to the official report. 931 01:33:53,406 --> 01:33:57,365 Yet even in a moment like this, a human being can remain a human being. 932 01:33:58,486 --> 01:34:00,636 She is a Saint of our century. 933 01:34:34,646 --> 01:34:38,719 They herded people like livestock, and livestock like people. 934 01:34:41,086 --> 01:34:44,522 The first shipment of food from Ukraine to Berlin. 935 01:34:46,406 --> 01:34:50,115 The Reich Minister for Food and Agriculture personally arrived at the train station to inspect the food supplies. 936 01:34:53,566 --> 01:34:58,037 They even filmed the interior of a food store to show 937 01:34:58,886 --> 01:35:03,801 how good and comfortable life in the Third Reich was. 938 01:35:05,286 --> 01:35:11,680 Kraft durch Freude society, which conducted business in the sphere of tourism, sports and recreation, 939 01:35:11,766 --> 01:35:16,556 became quite popular during those years. 940 01:35:16,646 --> 01:35:22,118 One of the tourist itineraries included a tour of the Warsaw ghetto. 941 01:35:23,006 --> 01:35:25,964 This is a bridge leading to the ghetto. 942 01:35:27,246 --> 01:35:33,435 certain death of starvation. 943 01:35:36,206 --> 01:35:38,117 That's amateur footage. 944 01:35:38,206 --> 01:35:40,800 I don't know who filmed these scenes. 945 01:35:41,926 --> 01:35:51,597 And I certainly cannot fathom what kind of strength or excitement one could draw from a visit to that ghetto. 946 01:35:56,926 --> 01:36:09,077 Sometimes, older boys managed to escape from the ghetto to procure some food for their mothers and sisters. 947 01:36:10,486 --> 01:36:12,716 They often ended up like this. 948 01:36:24,926 --> 01:36:27,918 Yet even in the ghetto, children manifested their creative inclinations. 949 01:36:28,006 --> 01:36:31,794 If they did not have pencils, they made paper dolls. 950 01:36:31,886 --> 01:36:35,162 Sadly, these are not paper dolls from the Warsaw ghetto 951 01:36:35,766 --> 01:36:40,396 - it was razed to the ground. Nothing was left; even the dust vanished. 952 01:36:40,486 --> 01:36:43,239 These are drawings from another ghetto. 953 01:36:44,326 --> 01:36:47,636 Children drew pictures, remembered the past 954 01:36:47,726 --> 01:36:53,517 and the past seemed to be very bright because a child is normally born to be happy. 955 01:36:55,406 --> 01:37:03,359 They also contemplated the present and dreamed of leaving the ghetto. 956 01:37:03,966 --> 01:37:07,038 Eventually, they would leave... like this. 957 01:37:12,166 --> 01:37:19,004 Prominent writer and educator Janusz Korczak volunteered to live in a ghetto and refused to leave. 958 01:37:20,086 --> 01:37:22,998 He stayed with children until the end 959 01:37:23,086 --> 01:37:26,556 and was taken away on a train similar to this one. 960 01:37:27,846 --> 01:37:34,240 Until his last breath, he was with the children, telling them fairy tales. 961 01:37:34,966 --> 01:37:41,439 His body was found in a gas chamber surrounded by the bodies of dead children clinging to him. 962 01:37:44,926 --> 01:37:49,920 Four million people had passed through these gates. 963 01:37:51,406 --> 01:37:53,601 Four million... 964 01:38:01,646 --> 01:38:03,364 The train has arrived. 965 01:38:04,246 --> 01:38:08,637 These pictures were taken by an SS soldier, a zealous amateur photographer. 966 01:38:09,646 --> 01:38:14,003 He took the pictures despite a strict order not to film on the territory of concentration camps. 967 01:38:15,326 --> 01:38:17,886 What you see is the selection procedure. 968 01:38:19,166 --> 01:38:22,681 Those who were selected to live in the camp for a while - to the right. 969 01:38:22,766 --> 01:38:26,395 Those who were picked for immediate extermination - to the left. 970 01:38:26,486 --> 01:38:29,876 Those who were healthier and younger than the rest - to the right. 971 01:38:29,966 --> 01:38:34,118 Old, weak and ailing people - to the left. 972 01:38:35,526 --> 01:38:39,155 Children shorter than 1 .2 meters - to the left. 973 01:38:40,206 --> 01:38:47,317 Some kids knew somehow about this rule and tried to walk on their tiptoes when they had to pass under a measuring bar, 974 01:38:48,086 --> 01:38:52,762 only to be punished for cheating. 975 01:38:55,646 --> 01:38:58,399 Later, all were ordered to shed their clothes... 976 01:39:02,286 --> 01:39:04,163 ...and then... 977 01:39:04,766 --> 01:39:10,477 The entire world knows what happened next - gas chambers and furnaces. 978 01:39:12,086 --> 01:39:14,805 Here is what was left from the train. 979 01:39:19,126 --> 01:39:24,996 Those who had been selected to live in concentration camps were dressed in camp uniforms 980 01:39:26,366 --> 01:39:30,837 and in three weeks, they looked like this. 981 01:39:32,606 --> 01:39:36,155 Each prisoner had to be photographed for the record. 982 01:39:36,246 --> 01:39:38,521 Half face, en face. 983 01:39:39,566 --> 01:39:46,483 Thousands, dozens and hundreds of thousands of these ID photos remained in camp archives. 984 01:39:48,686 --> 01:39:58,004 We have chosen just a few of them so that you could look into the eyes of those who perished in Oswenzim. 985 01:40:00,686 --> 01:40:06,522 These people vanished a long time ago, but their eyes on these pictures are very much alive. 986 01:40:17,006 --> 01:40:19,679 Their eyes are still looking at us. 987 01:40:39,966 --> 01:40:47,361 Each prisoner working in a concentration camp brought about 1,500 marks in revenues for the Third Reich every year. 988 01:40:48,886 --> 01:40:55,564 The so-called "rational use of bodies and personal items"contributed another 200 marks. 989 01:40:57,286 --> 01:41:05,637 Overall, each prisoner contributed on average 1,631 marks every ear, with the deduction of two marks spent on the maintenance of gas chambers 990 01:41:05,726 --> 01:41:16,842 and furnaces and the inclusion of the cost of hair, teeth, bones and ashes. 991 01:41:23,566 --> 01:41:25,522 This is the house of a commandant of a concentration camp. 992 01:41:25,606 --> 01:41:27,119 That's his wife. 993 01:41:29,806 --> 01:41:31,285 That's his pastime. 994 01:41:32,806 --> 01:41:34,285 His friends. 995 01:41:35,766 --> 01:41:37,085 His work. 996 01:41:40,126 --> 01:41:49,797 A diary of a concentration camp doctor, the bearer of doctorate degrees in medicine and philosophy, professor extraordinaire Josef Kramer. 997 01:41:49,886 --> 01:41:52,559 We will quote two short excerpts from his diary. 998 01:41:52,646 --> 01:41:56,525 "Attended a special activity today. 999 01:41:56,606 --> 01:41:59,359 It was more awful than Dante's Inferno. 1000 01:41:59,446 --> 01:42:02,916 Had to order new trousers, boots and a coat from Berlin." 1001 01:42:03,886 --> 01:42:06,116 "Had to attend a special activity again. 1002 01:42:06,206 --> 01:42:10,518 This time, emaciated women were selected for extermination. 1003 01:42:10,606 --> 01:42:15,236 They knew what was going to happen and SS soldiers had a hard time dealing with them. 1004 01:42:15,326 --> 01:42:21,401 The lunch menu is tomato soup, half-chicken, unlimited beer and vanilla ice cream. 1005 01:42:21,486 --> 01:42:25,638 At night - a pleasant dinner party at the commandant's house." 1006 01:42:26,646 --> 01:42:32,721 Eight hundred thousand pairs of shoes were found in Maidanek.The Nazis were late in sending them to Germany. 1007 01:42:32,806 --> 01:42:38,563 A director of one of the IG Farbenindustrie plants wrote, 1008 01:42:38,646 --> 01:42:44,596 "Request sending a new shipment of young Polish women immediately, the previous one has been depleted. 1009 01:42:44,686 --> 01:42:49,806 Pay special attention to health of selected material." 1010 01:42:49,886 --> 01:42:52,002 A commandant of a concentration camp wrote in response, 1011 01:42:52,086 --> 01:42:59,766 "The new shipment of young women is on the way; could not select the best material- the quality of goods is standard." 1012 01:42:59,846 --> 01:43:04,283 Maidanek, Auschwitz, Treblinka, though, 1013 01:43:04,326 --> 01:43:10,720 were simply working models and cadre training centers for the future mass extermination camps 1014 01:43:10,806 --> 01:43:14,116 Himmler planned to build on the other side of the Urals. 1015 01:43:14,206 --> 01:43:23,399 The Nazis intended to quickly exterminate other peoples. 1016 01:43:23,486 --> 01:43:32,394 The plans had been already drawn up; projects of access routes designed; orders for equipment placed. 1017 01:43:32,486 --> 01:43:37,799 Industrial firms of the Third Reich were getting ready to accomplish a vast amount of work. 1018 01:43:48,126 --> 01:43:50,117 They are crying. 1019 01:43:51,246 --> 01:43:53,760 They are crying from deep affection. 1020 01:43:53,846 --> 01:43:57,475 No, I do not want to claim that they are thrilled about gas chambers. 1021 01:43:57,566 --> 01:44:00,558 Probably, they are not even aware of their existence. 1022 01:44:00,646 --> 01:44:04,002 And if they were told about gas chambers, they would not believe it. 1023 01:44:04,086 --> 01:44:07,362 Even if they saw them, 1024 01:44:07,446 --> 01:44:13,078 I think it would have been easy to convince them that these chambers were necessary for the sake of the Third Reich. 1025 01:44:15,046 --> 01:44:18,880 It is certainly a disease, an epidemic. 1026 01:44:19,606 --> 01:44:25,124 All right, all right, go ahead, reach out for your idol and squeeze his finger. 1027 01:44:29,166 --> 01:44:33,717 Yet there was a different Germany. 1028 01:44:33,806 --> 01:44:37,321 Here is a boy punished by public ridicule. 1029 01:44:37,406 --> 01:44:43,845 The placard on his chest says, "I said no - I am a traitor to people!" 1030 01:44:43,926 --> 01:44:48,317 That means there were young Germans who dared to say"no"to Hitler. 1031 01:44:48,406 --> 01:44:55,357 There were people who were stubbornly saying "no"to Nazism year after year. 1032 01:44:55,446 --> 01:44:58,165 One must have a lot of courage to face death. 1033 01:44:58,246 --> 01:45:04,242 Although, probably, one must have the same amount of courage to say"no,"when everybody else says "yes;" 1034 01:45:04,326 --> 01:45:10,515 to remain a human being and a fighter, when everybody else ceases to be a human being; 1035 01:45:10,606 --> 01:45:13,723 to think, when thinking is strictly forbidden. 1036 01:45:13,806 --> 01:45:16,764 Look at these wonderful faces. 1037 01:45:16,846 --> 01:45:22,842 There were few of these, but they were out there, always. 1038 01:45:22,926 --> 01:45:26,760 These people are not only the pride of the German nation, 1039 01:45:26,846 --> 01:45:33,763 they are its hope because such people are the future of Germany. 1040 01:45:38,806 --> 01:45:42,799 Chapter Fifteen. The End of the Third Reich. 1041 01:45:43,686 --> 01:45:47,315 They trained hard for the winter campaign every year. 1042 01:45:47,406 --> 01:45:50,079 All you have to do is to smack your knees... like this; 1043 01:45:50,166 --> 01:45:52,634 then do a bit of self-spanking...like that; 1044 01:45:52,726 --> 01:45:55,399 and finish up by jumping up and down. 1045 01:45:55,486 --> 01:46:00,606 Perfect! Now, the frost is no threat to you. 1046 01:46:00,686 --> 01:46:04,998 In reality, though, everything turned out to be a bit different. 1047 01:46:05,086 --> 01:46:10,399 A German soldier caught in the Stalingrad "cauldron"wrote to his wife, 1048 01:46:10,486 --> 01:46:13,558 "I bear partial responsibility for what happened, even though it is not significant. 1049 01:46:13,646 --> 01:46:21,564 I am only one out of 70 million Germans who share this responsibility with me, 1050 01:46:21,646 --> 01:46:26,674 but I have to pay for it with my own life." 1051 01:46:27,686 --> 01:46:37,721 If only they always thought this way, and not just in dire circumstances. 1052 01:46:37,806 --> 01:46:43,756 If only all people on Earth thought this way, always. 1053 01:46:59,246 --> 01:47:01,760 Twenty million lives. 1054 01:47:03,206 --> 01:47:07,518 Twenty million lives is the price the Russian people 1055 01:47:07,606 --> 01:47:11,918 had to pay to rid the world of fascism. 1056 01:47:16,126 --> 01:47:21,723 And now the war was rolling toward the west like an unstoppable avalanche. 1057 01:47:31,326 --> 01:47:33,282 Twenty million. 1058 01:47:35,566 --> 01:47:39,605 They died believing that fascism would finally cease to exist, 1059 01:47:39,686 --> 01:47:47,195 that it would vanish from the face of Earth, from every country, forever. 1060 01:47:53,166 --> 01:48:04,964 On May 8, 1965, veterans of the Great Patriotic War gathered on Red Square on their own initiative; 1061 01:48:05,046 --> 01:48:08,277 they were looking for their brother-soldiers. 1062 01:48:08,886 --> 01:48:11,081 Some of them did find their brothers-in-arms. 1063 01:48:11,166 --> 01:48:17,116 This veteran from the 21 st Guards regiment didn't - no one else from his unit came. 1064 01:48:17,206 --> 01:48:23,441 This woman, a doctor, found her former patient. She saved his life. 1065 01:48:23,526 --> 01:48:26,962 They reminisce and reconstruct the past events, 1066 01:48:27,046 --> 01:48:31,836 and the girl, who never saw war, listens to them attentively. 1067 01:48:31,926 --> 01:48:37,603 This man found his fellow soldiers as well. 1068 01:48:39,166 --> 01:48:42,556 It might be the happiest day of his life. 1069 01:48:50,566 --> 01:48:57,916 Still, a lot of things had to be done and a long road to be traveled to reach the final destination. 1070 01:48:58,006 --> 01:49:10,316 They still had to fight their way to Kiev, then to Warsaw, liberate Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Poland, 1071 01:49:10,406 --> 01:49:19,838 enter Germany, reach Berlin and...die, die, die along the way. 1072 01:49:28,486 --> 01:49:35,995 "Total war or capitulation," Goebbels says. "I ask you: do you want capitulation?" (Shouts: "Never! Never! "). 1073 01:49:36,966 --> 01:49:40,163 "I ask you: do you want total war? " 1074 01:49:40,206 --> 01:49:46,156 "Yes, we do!" "Long live total war!" 1075 01:50:06,726 --> 01:50:09,001 Total war. 1076 01:50:11,566 --> 01:50:17,323 Everything that you have seen so far is not total war. 1077 01:50:18,806 --> 01:50:21,718 This is the real face of total war. 1078 01:50:24,286 --> 01:50:29,963 This woman, these two children shot at point-blank range. 1079 01:50:31,086 --> 01:50:33,441 Shot at point-blank range with a pistol. 1080 01:50:34,446 --> 01:50:36,914 Imagine, at point-blank range... 1081 01:50:38,886 --> 01:50:45,075 How many murderers had to be raised to shoot at point-blank range, 1082 01:50:45,166 --> 01:50:57,920 to gas, to burn alive or gun down with machine guns millions and millions of women and children? 1083 01:50:59,846 --> 01:51:04,522 How many cold-blooded executioners were necessary 1084 01:51:04,606 --> 01:51:10,238 to raze to the ground everything that mankind had created in the course of many centuries? 1085 01:51:13,926 --> 01:51:17,396 The call to total war did not help them though. It simply couldn't. 1086 01:51:17,486 --> 01:51:21,399 This is the Moscow horse-race track. It is summer 1944. 1087 01:51:21,486 --> 01:51:23,363 These are German prisoners of war. 1088 01:51:23,446 --> 01:51:29,362 These are people who were supposed to carry out the order issued by Hitler in July: 1089 01:51:29,446 --> 01:51:38,275 "The Slavs must become an unlimited source of slave labor in the spirit of Ancient Egypt or Babylon." 1090 01:51:41,366 --> 01:51:53,836 Now, the Muscovites can have a closer look at these would-be slave masters, slave drivers, landowners and governors. 1091 01:51:56,326 --> 01:52:01,764 And this butcher from Eastern Prussia can have a closer look at Soviet soldiers. 1092 01:52:03,446 --> 01:52:13,879 These are people who decided the outcome of the most horrible and the bloodiest confrontation in human history. 1093 01:52:13,966 --> 01:52:17,515 Do they look special though? No, they don't. 1094 01:52:17,606 --> 01:52:21,918 You don't even see orders on their chests, only soldiers' medals, if that. 1095 01:52:25,126 --> 01:52:31,964 Hitler promised once: "In ten years, the Berliners would not recognize their city." 1096 01:52:33,086 --> 01:52:37,284 True, the look of German cities has drastically changed. 1097 01:52:39,566 --> 01:52:44,594 Yet, the habits remained the same: swastikas, posters. 1098 01:52:44,686 --> 01:52:48,599 "Our walls are broken, but our hearts are not!" 1099 01:53:03,166 --> 01:53:06,556 Goebbels keeps talking about total war, though. 1100 01:53:06,646 --> 01:53:13,199 A similar speech and similar people, but there is a new expression on their faces. 1101 01:53:13,286 --> 01:53:17,837 Look closely - they are thinking. 1102 01:53:20,286 --> 01:53:24,643 I doubt that they are even hearing Goebbels'words. 1103 01:53:28,366 --> 01:53:30,960 They are thinking. 1104 01:53:35,486 --> 01:53:42,995 Alas, habits die hard. "Sieg! Heil!"and the same oath. 1105 01:53:50,406 --> 01:53:54,240 The oath is the same, although the people have changed. 1106 01:53:57,886 --> 01:54:00,275 They are thinking now. 1107 01:54:09,486 --> 01:54:21,284 Drums keep beating, and Goebbels reviews the ranks trying to pick out those who are still capable to fight to prolong his existence even if for a few more minutes. 1108 01:54:21,366 --> 01:54:26,520 Children, women, elderly people - they were all thrown in the heat of battle. 1109 01:54:26,606 --> 01:54:29,962 Here, they are taught to fire a panzerfaust. 1110 01:54:33,846 --> 01:54:35,518 It really is a piece of cake, Fraulein. 1111 01:54:35,606 --> 01:54:40,885 All you have to do is to level your aim a bit, squeeze the trigger and... boom! ...it's done. 1112 01:54:41,846 --> 01:54:48,194 The last filming of Hitler. He is also reviewing the ranks, choosing whom to send in the line of fire. 1113 01:54:48,286 --> 01:54:54,202 Perhaps this boy, and certainly that one. 1114 01:54:55,526 --> 01:55:00,919 Too late, the war has swept over Berlin. 1115 01:55:03,246 --> 01:55:10,960 The last minutes of the Third Reich are elapsing; but in these last minutes people are still dying... 1116 01:55:17,806 --> 01:55:20,240 It is finally over! 1117 01:55:38,326 --> 01:55:44,242 The last chapter, unfinished... 1118 01:55:45,446 --> 01:55:49,803 New patches of grass appear; new babies are born. 1119 01:55:49,886 --> 01:55:54,164 Schoolchildren walk past places where ruins of buildings used to be. 1120 01:55:54,246 --> 01:55:58,478 This is the German Democratic Republic. This is Berlin. 1121 01:55:58,566 --> 01:56:03,321 These two girls simply do not want to go to school. 1122 01:56:03,406 --> 01:56:09,641 They would rather circle every tree on the way, no matter how many of them there are. 1123 01:56:14,406 --> 01:56:19,161 Here is another tree they can circle around. 1124 01:56:22,526 --> 01:56:28,396 And there goes a boy. Well, that's more interesting. Definitely worth stopping. 1125 01:56:29,726 --> 01:56:38,475 What do they know about fascism? And these older girls? What do they know about war? 1126 01:56:38,566 --> 01:56:43,082 Unless they learned from the stories told by their parents. 1127 01:56:46,726 --> 01:56:52,198 What do these young Parisians know about war and fascism? 1128 01:56:58,166 --> 01:57:07,165 They just want to dance, to dance and to fall in love. 1129 01:57:07,246 --> 01:57:15,278 After all, they are entitled to do so, these young people. Just look at this pretty girl. 1130 01:57:15,366 --> 01:57:17,834 Do you know, by the way, who this couple is singing at this little restaurant? 1131 01:57:17,926 --> 01:57:21,714 Hitler's niece and Mussolini's son-in-law. 1132 01:57:21,806 --> 01:57:24,274 The times have changed, indeed. 1133 01:57:24,326 --> 01:57:31,198 Everything is evolving; everything is moving forward; everything is changing. 1134 01:57:31,286 --> 01:57:35,325 People invent new sports... 1135 01:57:45,966 --> 01:57:49,720 And new art forms... 1136 01:58:05,486 --> 01:58:08,683 Well, it is rather nice. 1137 01:58:08,766 --> 01:58:17,162 It has been put on display and immediately attracted attention of experts, especially the hole. 1138 01:58:18,726 --> 01:58:20,637 Purchased. 1139 01:58:20,726 --> 01:58:23,445 This thing has probably been purchased as well. 1140 01:58:23,526 --> 01:58:26,757 It is called a monokini. 1141 01:58:31,446 --> 01:58:34,995 And this is a perfect male contest. 1142 01:58:35,086 --> 01:58:38,601 It is called "Mr. Germany." 1143 01:58:38,686 --> 01:58:45,683 To be more precise, it is rather a "Mr. West Germany" competition because there is another Germany. 1144 01:58:45,766 --> 01:58:49,236 He does look perfect though. 1145 01:58:51,846 --> 01:58:58,160 Where there is Mr. West Germany, there certainly is Miss West Germany. 1146 01:58:58,246 --> 01:59:03,843 A"Miss West Germany"contest. 1147 01:59:23,726 --> 01:59:32,634 People want to love, to give birth to children - girls and boys. 1148 01:59:34,046 --> 01:59:38,198 Yet boys might turn into somebody like this. 1149 01:59:40,246 --> 01:59:45,479 US Marines training camp, the United States of America. 1150 01:59:58,286 --> 02:00:02,359 They are trying to turn people into animals again. 1151 02:00:03,006 --> 02:00:06,362 And apparently they are succeeding. 1152 02:00:19,526 --> 02:00:25,158 This is not America any more, it is West Germany, NATO maneuvers. 1153 02:00:27,886 --> 02:00:32,801 Sometimes it seems as if this book has been taken out of its sarcophagus... 1154 02:00:32,886 --> 02:00:40,122 ...and thousands of"living dead"wearing Nazi decorations crawled out of their graves. 1155 02:00:40,206 --> 02:00:46,042 These former SS soldiers, for instance, these"nice guys." 1156 02:00:46,966 --> 02:00:54,156 Although West Berlin's Governing Mayor Willy Brandt announces that people must stop talking about fascism. 1157 02:00:54,246 --> 02:01:00,242 He claims that 20 years have past and their patience has been exhausted. 1158 02:01:00,326 --> 02:01:06,322 It is time to stop dwelling in the past. Nazism does not exist anymore! 1159 02:01:06,406 --> 02:01:09,523 Maybe he is right. You see, they applaud him. 1160 02:01:09,606 --> 02:01:16,682 Then why are these drums beating and what is this parade, 1161 02:01:16,766 --> 02:01:21,157 so similar to those that we have already seen in this documentary for? 1162 02:01:21,246 --> 02:01:29,517 I believe the tumor has been removed, although the cancer cells have remained, and not in West Germany alone. 1163 02:01:29,606 --> 02:01:35,158 Here is Mr. Mosley in Great Britain again. Of course, he got older and bolder. 1164 02:01:35,246 --> 02:01:38,283 He looks worn out and shows fewer teeth. 1165 02:01:38,366 --> 02:01:44,805 Yet he is still addressing the public. A group of young people applauds him, which means a new generation of his supporters has appeared. 1166 02:01:44,886 --> 02:01:49,676 The police are getting ready to protect him because he is going to come out of the building in a moment. 1167 02:01:49,766 --> 02:01:54,760 There he walks. Wait a second! Ah, there. They beat him up. 1168 02:01:54,846 --> 02:02:03,561 I have to admit, there is a noble touch to immutable British customs. Look at this temper! 1169 02:02:03,646 --> 02:02:07,002 And this is what you call famous British self-restraint? 1170 02:02:07,086 --> 02:02:12,877 Just look at this lady in the right corner, the one who's carrying a purse. 1171 02:02:12,966 --> 02:02:17,437 Or at this policeman who shows quite a bit of zeal. 1172 02:02:17,526 --> 02:02:23,601 True, Mr. Mosley has to speak from a shelter so that nobody can pummel his face. 1173 02:02:23,686 --> 02:02:28,885 On the other hand, he can smile now. The injured are tossed on the pavement, away from the action. 1174 02:02:28,966 --> 02:02:32,242 If they can do it in England, why can't they do it in West Germany? 1175 02:02:32,326 --> 02:02:40,358 Why can't they desecrate a Jewish cemetery, or leave these inscriptions and SS symbols on the graves, 1176 02:02:40,446 --> 02:02:42,516 and write something like "not enough of you are dead?" 1177 02:02:42,606 --> 02:02:47,839 It is written here, "You think Hitler is dead? We think not." 1178 02:02:47,926 --> 02:02:52,442 As you can see, this inscription, these symbols, they all contradict Willy Brandt, 1179 02:02:52,526 --> 02:03:00,160 as well as this revenge-seeker, who shows us his tongue, or his Scandinavian associate. 1180 02:03:00,246 --> 02:03:06,845 Or this youngster with swastika. This is Lew Rockwell, the leader of American fascists. 1181 02:03:06,926 --> 02:03:11,477 And here is the fuehrer of Swedish fascists. 1182 02:03:11,566 --> 02:03:19,359 American, Chilean, French, Portuguese swastikas. How many of those are out there? 1183 02:03:19,446 --> 02:03:25,362 They certainly look different, but their essence is the same. 1184 02:03:27,126 --> 02:03:36,319 Maybe they think the world has not changed and another Munich, another march to the East is still possible? 1185 02:03:38,286 --> 02:03:42,757 These swastikas are floating in front of the White House in Washington. 1186 02:03:42,846 --> 02:03:51,163 The placards say, "Free Rudolf Hess!"That same Rudolf Hess. He is still alive, serving a prison sentence. 1187 02:03:54,046 --> 02:04:00,679 West German monopolies are doing pretty well and their owners are quite prosperous, too. 1188 02:04:00,766 --> 02:04:17,798 Look at these smug, arrogant and sleek aristocrats. Notice the way they stare at the cameras, all these Thiessens and Flicks. 1189 02:04:22,686 --> 02:04:25,439 No doubt, they are doing just fine. 1190 02:04:25,526 --> 02:04:29,314 What you see is a high-society ball in West Germany. 1191 02:04:29,566 --> 02:04:38,201 Of course, it's too "lowbrow"for Krupp, Thiessen, Flick and similar moguls. 1192 02:04:38,286 --> 02:04:43,883 They never liked posing for pictures. They hate to do it now. 1193 02:04:44,046 --> 02:04:46,241 They like to stay in the shadows. 1194 02:04:46,326 --> 02:04:49,284 Nevertheless, there is creme de la creme of West German society in front of you. 1195 02:04:49,366 --> 02:04:56,397 Ministers, famous actors, industrial magnates, businessmen. Anything is at their service. 1196 02:04:56,486 --> 02:04:58,761 Girls directly from Paris, for instance. 1197 02:04:58,846 --> 02:05:05,194 While the girls are dancing though, let us recalculate the profits brought by war to Thiessen, Krupp and the bunch. 1198 02:05:05,286 --> 02:05:14,558 One hundred marks from every victim, regardless of nationality - Russians, French, Americans or even Germans. 1199 02:05:14,646 --> 02:05:20,881 If they decide, for whatever reason, to write a new letter to another Hindenburg, 1200 02:05:20,966 --> 02:05:26,962 it will be signed by 20 billion marks rather than two billion. 1201 02:05:27,646 --> 02:05:33,881 Add to it the Marines... Well, this prospect is definitely worth pondering. 1202 02:05:34,406 --> 02:05:37,557 Let's look at the dolphins for a change. 1203 02:05:37,766 --> 02:05:44,285 Recently, scientists found out that the dolphin's brain is as complex and large as the human brain. 1204 02:05:44,366 --> 02:05:47,961 I heard that they even use their own language for communication. 1205 02:05:48,046 --> 02:05:54,918 In any case, they are very intelligent and good-natured, kinder than many people are. 1206 02:05:55,006 --> 02:06:00,524 There are suggestions though to use dolphins for military purposes, as radar devices or something like that. 1207 02:06:00,606 --> 02:06:07,842 For now, they are simply tugging little boats, and generals, apparently, can still manage without them. 1208 02:06:09,926 --> 02:06:16,445 Hitler did not possess such weapons. Thank God, he didn't. 1209 02:06:16,526 --> 02:06:20,041 If he had something like that... 1210 02:06:20,126 --> 02:06:26,474 If he had something like that, do you think he would have hesitated even a second? 1211 02:06:26,566 --> 02:06:30,639 Even Truman ultimately found resolve to use it. 1212 02:06:34,326 --> 02:06:42,244 As to mankind... I don't know. 1213 02:06:45,766 --> 02:06:50,794 Maybe that's what would have been left from humanity... 1214 02:07:04,686 --> 02:07:09,316 Anyway, the military can do without dolphins for the time being. 1215 02:07:09,406 --> 02:07:14,764 Generals certainly have plenty of toys and money to play with. 1216 02:07:17,286 --> 02:07:24,158 Nevertheless, I still believe that human beings are intelligent because when they are born they are all wonderful. 1217 02:07:24,246 --> 02:07:26,760 There are no bad children. 1218 02:07:26,846 --> 02:07:30,725 All kids in the world are good. 1219 02:07:30,806 --> 02:07:38,884 Everything depends on how we will shape their characters, what we will turn them into. 1220 02:07:55,726 --> 02:08:01,164 "Once upon a time there lived an old man and his wife. 1221 02:08:01,246 --> 02:08:04,397 They had a little Speckled Hen. 1222 02:08:04,486 --> 02:08:14,885 One day the hen laid an egg; and it was not a simple egg but a golden one. 1223 02:08:16,006 --> 02:08:22,275 The old man tried to break it and couldn't. His wife tried to break it and couldn't. 1224 02:08:22,366 --> 02:08:30,717 They kept trying to break it but to no avail. A mouse ran by and wagged her little tail; the egg rolled, fell down and broke. 1225 02:08:30,806 --> 02:08:38,121 The old man is crying, and his wife is crying, but the hen is clucking, 1226 02:08:38,206 --> 02:08:43,917 "Don't you cry old man, don't you cry old woman, 1227 02:08:44,006 --> 02:08:52,198 I will lay a new egg, this time not a golden but a simple one." 1228 02:09:09,646 --> 02:09:15,198 Film Credits: Screenplay: M. Romm, M. Turovskaya, Y. Khanyutin. 1229 02:09:15,286 --> 02:09:21,156 Director and producer: Mikhail Romm. Director of photography: G. Lavrov. Executive director: L. Indenbom. 1230 02:09:21,246 --> 02:09:26,445 Music by: A. Karamanov. Sound by: S. Minevrin, V.Vengerovsky. 1231 02:09:26,526 --> 02:09:33,921 Conductor: E. Khachaturyan. Narrator: M. Romm. Interns: H. Stoichev, S. Kulish. 1232 02:09:34,006 --> 02:09:38,955 Camera: V. Zhanov, V. Pluzhnikov. Film editor: V. Kulagina. 1233 02:09:39,046 --> 02:09:43,881 Assistant directors: S. Linkov, K. Osin. Assistant cameraman - Y.Avdeev. Assistant film editor: T. Ivanova. 1234 02:09:43,966 --> 02:09:50,678 Photo design: B. Baldin. Consultant: Ernst Henry. Editor: I. Tsyzin. 1235 02:09:50,766 --> 02:09:56,636 Production manager: Y. Rogozovsky. 1236 02:09:57,486 --> 02:10:00,762 The End. 121502

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