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the Titanic is one of the
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most famous and tragic
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stories of all time.
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But how she met her fate
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was not just the result of
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a collision between a
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liner and an iceberg.
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Paul Louden-Brown: From
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the very day that she was
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designed she was
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almost doomed'.
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Jennifer McCarty: There
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were a lot of questions
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surrounding what
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role the materials played
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in the sinking of the ship.'
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Narrator: Astonishing new
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scientific evidence
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reveals the chain of
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events that brought about
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the demise of a ship that
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was thought to be unsinkable,
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and led to the
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death of over 1500 people;
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One of the greatest maritime
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losses in modern history.
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Narrator: April 14th 1912,
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an iceberg with a mass of
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a million tons drifts
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into the path of Titanic.
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Fleet: Iceberg right ahead.
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Murdoch: Hard a star board!
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Narrator: They have
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seconds to react.
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At 11:39 pm, Titanic
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scrapes an iceberg.
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Officers believe they have
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avoided disaster,
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but below the waterline
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it's another story.
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Now, almost a hundred
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years later many questions
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remain unanswered,
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who or what was responsible?
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And why did the mightiest ship
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of her time sink so quickly?
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Jennifer Hooper McCarty is
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re-examining survivor
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testimony and forensic
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evidence recovered from
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the wreck to finally
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unravel the mystery.
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Jennifer Hooper-McCarty:
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We have very little
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knowledge of what that
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impact was like.
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What we do know is only
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based on the survivor
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testimony from 1912.
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Narrator: A public inquiry
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is held just two weeks
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after the disaster.
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The key witness
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is Bruce Ismay,
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the fifty year-old
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chairman of White Star,
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the shipping company
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that owned the Titanic.
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He is one of the few men who
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survived the maiden voyage.
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Also called to testify are
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wireless operator Harold
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Bride and second officer
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Charles Lightholler,
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the most senior
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officer to survive.
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These three men's
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testimony are vital in
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deciding who was to blame.
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Attorney General: I gather
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that you yourself gave the
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instructions for the
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building of Titanic
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Ismay: Yes.
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Attorney General: And you
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of course considered the
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question of floatability
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of this ship in cases of
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accident or emergency?
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Ismay: We did.
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Narrator: Two years before
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the scheduled launch date,
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Ismay met with his Chief
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Designer, Alexander Carlisle.
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They make what they think
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to be seemingly
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insignificant changes,
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given the many safety
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features Titanic will boast.
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Ismay: The staircase needs
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to be much grander.
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Carlisle: The bulkheads
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will have to be lowered.
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Ismay: Is there a problem.
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Isn't she safe?
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Carlisle: Of course.
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Narrator: The bulkhead is
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a partition used to create
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watertight compartments or
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cells in the hull of the ship.
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The higher the bulkheads,
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the safer the ship,
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as it would be more likely
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that water could be
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contained within any
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damaged compartments.
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Each of the sixteen
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compartments are watertight.
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In the event of a leak
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each compartment can be
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sealed off by
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an electric powered door
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operated from the bridge.
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Even if four of the compartments
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flood, she'll stay afloat.
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Ismay: Good.
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Let's lower the bulkheads then.
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Narrator: The height of
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the watertight compartments
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will be reduced
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to as low as only
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10 feet above the water line.
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Ismay: The boat deck
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should not be so cluttered.
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Carlisle: Cluttered?
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Ismay: Yes, cluttered, people
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don't pay to look at lifeboats.
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Carlisle: I thought forty-eight
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to be a reasonable amount,
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especially if the Board of Trade
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increase their requirements.
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Ismay: Well let's not
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second guess the British
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Board of Trade shall we.
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Let's move on.
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Attorney General:
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And this meeting with
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Mr. Ismay lasted four hours?
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Carlisle: Yes we talked
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about the whole of the
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decorations of the ship.
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Attorney General: Never
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mind the decorations,
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we are talking about lifeboats.
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Carlisle: The lifeboat
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part I suppose took
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about five or ten minutes.
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Attorney General: And how
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many lifeboats did you
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think there ought to be?
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Carlisle: I thought
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there ought to be three
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on each set of davits.
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Attorney General: How many
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would that make altogether?
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Carlisle: Forty-eight boats.
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Attorney General: You
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thought there ought to be 48?
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Carlisle: Yes.
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Attorney General: Whereas,
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in point of fact,
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how many were there?
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Carlisle: Sixteen.
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Attorney General: Sixteen.
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Narrator:
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While Carlisle changes
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his designs for the Titanic,
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2000 miles away on
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the west Greenland coast,
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a glacier, made of ten
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thousand year-old snow,
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reaches the ocean.
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A mass of ice, weighing up to
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two million tons breaks free.
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It is one of 40 thousand
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icebergs born each year
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along the Greenland coast.
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One month later, the
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currents carry it on an
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unlikely two year journey
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that will take it around
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Baffin Bay and on to
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Newfoundland.
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April 1910,
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as the iceberg drifts up
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the West Greenland coast,
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work begins on building
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the hull of the Titanic.
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Shipbuilding is in transition.
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Machines are replacing
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men, steel replacing iron.
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Builders want the hull to
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be made of steel plates
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held together with
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mechanical fasteners
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called rivets which are
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inserted through aligned
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holes in the hull plate.
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For optimum strength these
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would be made from steel,
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which is stronger than iron.
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But inserting these steel
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rivets is only possible
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using a large pneumatic
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riveting machine.
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The equipment is too
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bulky to be used in the
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curved areas of the ship.
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So instead, men seal the
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plates with materials that
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are easier to
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hammer into place,
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rivets made of wrought iron.
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This will potentially
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weaken a small area of the
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bow section but is a
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widespread practice,
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and nothing unusual
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had ever come of it.
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The Captain chosen
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for the maiden voyage
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is Edward John Smith,
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the most experienced Captain
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in the White Star line.
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It is to be his last
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voyage before retiring.
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Paul Louden-Brown:
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Smith was nicknamed the
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millionaire's captain.
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People like, Guggenheim,
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or even JP Morgan,
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would actually change their
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sailings and their travel
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arrangements so that they
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could sail in a ship
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commanded by Captain Smith.
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Narrator: March 1912
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Titanic's sister ship,
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the Olympic, returns for
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emergency repairs,
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so work on the final
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stages of the Titanic
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comes to a standstill.
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Titanic's Maiden voyage
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pushes back a month.
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She will now sail in mid
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April, the month when most
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icebergs appear in the shipping
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lanes in the North Atlantic.
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Narrator: April 2nd 1912,
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the Titanic leaves Belfast
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for Southampton where it
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picks up its first passengers.
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The unexpected delay of
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the Titanic's maiden voyage
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forces Captain
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Smith into making a
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last minute reshuffle
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of the crew.
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Captain Smith: Good
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afternoon gentlemen.
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As you all know the Olympic
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is currently laid up.
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It has therefore been
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decided that the Olympic's
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chief officer Mr. Wild will
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be joining us as chief officer.
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So Mr. Murdoch you will
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now be first officer and
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Mr. Lightoller you
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will be second officer.
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Mr. Blair I would like to have
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a word with you in private.
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Lightoller: Can you believe it.
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Narrator: The arrival of
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officers from the Olympic
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means that Murdoch and
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Lightoller are both demoted.
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Second officer Blair is
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asked to leave the ship.
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In his haste to disembark
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Blair accidentally takes
295
00:10:32,567 --> 00:10:34,967
with him the key to his locker,
296
00:10:34,967 --> 00:10:35,467
which contains the
297
00:10:35,467 --> 00:10:36,133
binoculars for the look-outs
298
00:10:36,133 --> 00:10:42,600
in the crow's nest.
299
00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:43,233
The day before its maiden
300
00:10:43,233 --> 00:10:45,133
voyage to New York,
301
00:10:45,133 --> 00:10:45,733
the Titanic is given its
302
00:10:45,733 --> 00:10:46,333
final check by a British
303
00:10:46,333 --> 00:10:49,800
Board of Trade inspector.
304
00:10:49,800 --> 00:10:50,233
Lightoller: Sixteen
305
00:10:50,233 --> 00:10:51,633
standard lifeboats,
306
00:10:51,633 --> 00:10:52,033
passenger capacity
307
00:10:52,033 --> 00:10:53,667
sixty-five,
308
00:10:53,667 --> 00:10:57,867
seventy if push comes to shove.
309
00:10:57,867 --> 00:10:58,433
Narrator: The size of
310
00:10:58,433 --> 00:11:00,233
ocean liners has quadrupled
311
00:11:00,233 --> 00:11:02,433
in the last fifteen years,
312
00:11:02,433 --> 00:11:03,067
but the board of trade's
313
00:11:03,067 --> 00:11:04,367
lifeboat regulations
314
00:11:04,367 --> 00:11:07,267
have remained the same.
315
00:11:07,267 --> 00:11:09,200
The Titanic is approved.
316
00:11:09,200 --> 00:11:09,733
Sixteen lifeboats is
317
00:11:09,733 --> 00:11:10,267
deemed satisfactory
318
00:11:10,267 --> 00:11:19,833
for over 2000 people.
319
00:11:19,833 --> 00:11:20,333
RMS Titanic leaves
320
00:11:20,333 --> 00:11:22,933
Southampton docks for New York
321
00:11:22,933 --> 00:11:23,500
with six hundred crew
322
00:11:23,500 --> 00:11:29,067
and over 1500 passengers.
323
00:11:29,067 --> 00:11:29,567
Titanic isn't just
324
00:11:29,567 --> 00:11:31,633
carrying millionaires;
325
00:11:31,633 --> 00:11:32,167
many are third class
326
00:11:32,167 --> 00:11:33,600
passengers emigrating
327
00:11:33,600 --> 00:11:34,200
to the United States in
328
00:11:34,200 --> 00:11:37,733
search of a new life.
329
00:11:37,733 --> 00:11:38,333
The last living survivor
330
00:11:38,333 --> 00:11:40,633
is Millvina Dean,
331
00:11:40,633 --> 00:11:41,233
then a ten week old baby
332
00:11:41,233 --> 00:11:45,367
traveling with her parents.
333
00:11:45,367 --> 00:11:45,867
Millvina Dean: My father
334
00:11:45,867 --> 00:11:47,300
was going to open a
335
00:11:47,300 --> 00:11:47,733
tobacconists shop in
336
00:11:47,733 --> 00:11:49,400
Kansas, so he spent all
337
00:11:49,400 --> 00:11:49,933
his money on that and then
338
00:11:49,933 --> 00:11:51,867
couldn't afford
339
00:11:51,867 --> 00:11:52,300
to do anything else
340
00:11:52,300 --> 00:11:54,500
but go third class.
341
00:11:54,500 --> 00:11:54,967
Because it was such a
342
00:11:54,967 --> 00:11:56,533
luxury ship,
343
00:11:56,533 --> 00:11:57,067
all the millionaires were
344
00:11:57,067 --> 00:11:59,900
on it and also the most
345
00:11:59,900 --> 00:12:00,467
important thing was they
346
00:12:00,467 --> 00:12:11,067
said it was unsinkable.
347
00:12:11,067 --> 00:12:11,667
Narrator: After picking
348
00:12:11,667 --> 00:12:12,167
up more passengers
349
00:12:12,167 --> 00:12:14,467
in France and Ireland,
350
00:12:14,467 --> 00:12:15,100
Captain Smith's plan is to
351
00:12:15,100 --> 00:12:24,567
cross the Atlantic in six days.
352
00:12:24,567 --> 00:12:25,133
He will need to cross
353
00:12:25,133 --> 00:12:25,667
the 3000 mile ocean
354
00:12:25,667 --> 00:12:29,467
at just over 19 knots,
355
00:12:29,467 --> 00:12:29,967
the equivalent of
356
00:12:29,967 --> 00:12:40,667
22 miles per hour.
357
00:12:40,667 --> 00:12:41,267
To avoid the spring time
358
00:12:41,267 --> 00:12:43,300
icebergs Captain Smith
359
00:12:43,300 --> 00:12:43,867
plots a southern route
360
00:12:43,867 --> 00:12:48,267
across the Atlantic.
361
00:12:48,267 --> 00:12:48,867
By going this far south
362
00:12:48,867 --> 00:12:49,500
he will take the ship out
363
00:12:49,500 --> 00:12:55,067
of the known ice region.
364
00:12:55,067 --> 00:12:55,633
But the vast white iceberg
365
00:12:55,633 --> 00:12:57,833
continues to drift
366
00:12:57,833 --> 00:12:58,400
even further southward
367
00:12:58,400 --> 00:13:02,533
towards the Grand Banks.
368
00:13:02,533 --> 00:13:03,133
Despite being eroded by
369
00:13:03,133 --> 00:13:05,633
the sea, it is still over
370
00:13:05,633 --> 00:13:06,167
four times the size
371
00:13:06,167 --> 00:13:25,233
of the Titanic.
372
00:13:25,233 --> 00:13:25,900
The Titanic is already over
373
00:13:25,900 --> 00:13:30,300
half way across the Atlantic.
374
00:13:30,300 --> 00:13:30,900
Her 200-foot tall masts
375
00:13:30,900 --> 00:13:33,100
support aerials that allow
376
00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:33,633
her state of the art
377
00:13:33,633 --> 00:13:35,200
wireless system to
378
00:13:35,200 --> 00:13:35,767
communicate with other
379
00:13:35,767 --> 00:13:41,333
ships up to 400 miles away.
380
00:13:41,333 --> 00:13:41,967
Ships use this to send and
381
00:13:41,967 --> 00:13:44,600
receive weather reports,
382
00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:45,200
check positions and call
383
00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:49,067
for help in emergencies.
384
00:13:49,067 --> 00:13:49,700
Midday, Sunday April 14th
385
00:13:49,700 --> 00:13:52,800
Titanic receives the
386
00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:55,867
second ice warning of the day.
387
00:13:55,867 --> 00:13:56,467
It is from the steamship
388
00:13:56,467 --> 00:13:58,167
Baltic and gives the
389
00:13:58,167 --> 00:13:58,800
location of a region that
390
00:13:58,800 --> 00:14:04,367
contains icebergs.
391
00:14:04,367 --> 00:14:05,067
The MSG prefix would show it
392
00:14:05,067 --> 00:14:08,767
was for the Captains attention.
393
00:14:08,767 --> 00:14:09,333
There will be five ice
394
00:14:09,333 --> 00:14:11,800
warnings during the day,
395
00:14:11,800 --> 00:14:12,433
but this will be the last
396
00:14:12,433 --> 00:14:16,633
that the Captain will receive.
397
00:14:16,633 --> 00:14:17,233
Captain Smith planned a
398
00:14:17,233 --> 00:14:18,567
change in course
399
00:14:18,567 --> 00:14:19,067
from South West to
400
00:14:19,067 --> 00:14:22,533
due West at 5:30 pm.
401
00:14:22,533 --> 00:14:23,167
But, he delays the change
402
00:14:23,167 --> 00:14:25,600
in direction by 20 minutes
403
00:14:25,600 --> 00:14:26,133
to allow the ship to
404
00:14:26,133 --> 00:14:28,233
travel further South and
405
00:14:28,233 --> 00:14:28,767
avoid the ice region
406
00:14:28,767 --> 00:14:29,367
reported in the Baltic's
407
00:14:29,367 --> 00:14:41,800
wireless message.
408
00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:42,067
Smith:
409
00:14:42,067 --> 00:14:47,167
South 86 West Mr. Hitchins.
410
00:14:47,167 --> 00:14:53,133
Steady as she goes.
411
00:14:53,133 --> 00:14:53,700
Narrator: The Captain
412
00:14:53,700 --> 00:14:54,400
believes he is heading
413
00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:55,067
toward a safe area of the
414
00:14:55,067 --> 00:14:56,700
gulf stream where there
415
00:14:56,700 --> 00:14:57,233
are no icebergs, but
416
00:14:57,233 --> 00:15:00,133
unbeknown to him he takes
417
00:15:00,133 --> 00:15:00,833
the Ship in a direct collision
418
00:15:00,833 --> 00:15:16,067
course with the iceberg.
419
00:15:16,067 --> 00:15:16,633
In 1912 a phenomenon takes
420
00:15:16,633 --> 00:15:19,167
place that allowed icebergs
421
00:15:19,167 --> 00:15:19,767
to travel further South
422
00:15:19,767 --> 00:15:23,600
than is thought possible.
423
00:15:23,600 --> 00:15:24,233
The cold Labrador current
424
00:15:24,233 --> 00:15:25,800
that pushes itself into
425
00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:26,367
the gulf stream forms
426
00:15:26,367 --> 00:15:26,967
a cold protective layer
427
00:15:26,967 --> 00:15:31,133
around the iceberg.
428
00:15:31,133 --> 00:15:31,533
Donald Murphy: The
429
00:15:31,533 --> 00:15:32,467
Labrador current goes
430
00:15:32,467 --> 00:15:32,933
where the gulf stream
431
00:15:32,933 --> 00:15:35,667
permits it to go.
432
00:15:35,667 --> 00:15:36,167
Depending upon the exact
433
00:15:36,167 --> 00:15:39,500
location of the gulf stream
434
00:15:39,500 --> 00:15:39,900
the cold water can
435
00:15:39,900 --> 00:15:42,300
move quite far to the
436
00:15:42,300 --> 00:15:44,667
South of the tail of the bank.
437
00:15:44,667 --> 00:15:45,133
If the gulf stream is
438
00:15:45,133 --> 00:15:47,167
southward moving you have
439
00:15:47,167 --> 00:15:47,633
relatively cold water
440
00:15:47,633 --> 00:15:50,467
pushing very far South into
441
00:15:50,467 --> 00:15:51,067
the North Atlantic Ocean,
442
00:15:51,067 --> 00:15:53,067
into the shipping lanes.
443
00:15:53,067 --> 00:15:53,567
In recent years icebergs
444
00:15:53,567 --> 00:15:54,100
have moved as far South as
445
00:15:54,100 --> 00:16:00,767
latitude of Philadelphia.
446
00:16:00,767 --> 00:16:01,367
Narrator: As the iceberg
447
00:16:01,367 --> 00:16:02,933
moves into the shipping
448
00:16:02,933 --> 00:16:03,567
lanes it is seen by other
449
00:16:03,567 --> 00:16:04,167
ships that send wireless
450
00:16:04,167 --> 00:16:08,067
warnings to the Titanic.
451
00:16:08,067 --> 00:16:08,633
But, the inquiry will
452
00:16:08,633 --> 00:16:10,400
later learn that these
453
00:16:10,400 --> 00:16:10,933
messages will never
454
00:16:10,933 --> 00:16:16,067
reach the Captain.
455
00:16:16,067 --> 00:16:16,733
The wireless operators on the
456
00:16:16,733 --> 00:16:19,933
Titanic serve two functions:
457
00:16:19,933 --> 00:16:20,433
they relay weather
458
00:16:20,433 --> 00:16:22,567
reports and ice warnings,
459
00:16:22,567 --> 00:16:23,100
but what pays their
460
00:16:23,100 --> 00:16:24,567
salary is sending and
461
00:16:24,567 --> 00:16:25,200
receiving messages for the
462
00:16:25,200 --> 00:16:32,433
wealthy passengers on board.
463
00:16:32,433 --> 00:16:33,067
At 7:20 pm, Bride finishes
464
00:16:33,067 --> 00:16:35,633
his accounts, and then
465
00:16:35,633 --> 00:16:36,200
intercepts the message
466
00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:38,767
from the Californian,
467
00:16:38,767 --> 00:16:39,367
it warns of three large
468
00:16:39,367 --> 00:16:41,933
icebergs seen at 42 North,
469
00:16:41,933 --> 00:16:42,533
49 West, directly in the
470
00:16:42,533 --> 00:16:50,500
path of the Titanic.
471
00:16:50,500 --> 00:16:51,067
Bride: It's for the Captain;
472
00:16:51,067 --> 00:16:54,933
I'm going to the bridge.
473
00:16:54,933 --> 00:16:55,500
Narrator: But Captain
474
00:16:55,500 --> 00:16:56,400
Smith has already left the
475
00:16:56,400 --> 00:16:57,067
bridge and is now dining
476
00:16:57,067 --> 00:17:00,833
with passengers.
477
00:17:00,833 --> 00:17:01,433
Had Bride taken down the
478
00:17:01,433 --> 00:17:02,800
message earlier,
479
00:17:02,800 --> 00:17:03,367
the Captain would have
480
00:17:03,367 --> 00:17:04,067
received it and could have
481
00:17:04,067 --> 00:17:08,567
taken evasive action.
482
00:17:08,567 --> 00:17:09,100
Attorney General: And you
483
00:17:09,100 --> 00:17:10,233
simply delivered it to an
484
00:17:10,233 --> 00:17:12,767
officer on the bridge.
485
00:17:12,767 --> 00:17:18,767
Bride: It's for the Captain.
486
00:17:18,767 --> 00:17:21,067
Attorney General: Which officer?
487
00:17:21,067 --> 00:17:25,600
Bride: I can't remember.
488
00:17:25,600 --> 00:17:26,167
Narrator: None of the
489
00:17:26,167 --> 00:17:26,900
surviving officers
490
00:17:26,900 --> 00:17:27,400
recall ever seeing
491
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,167
this vital message.
492
00:17:30,167 --> 00:17:30,800
To this day, nobody knows
493
00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:33,600
if the message was delivered.
494
00:17:33,600 --> 00:17:34,133
Titanic unwittingly
495
00:17:34,133 --> 00:17:34,700
steams ahead into the
496
00:17:34,700 --> 00:17:37,833
path of the iceberg.
497
00:17:41,933 --> 00:17:42,567
Narrator: April 14th 1912,
498
00:17:42,567 --> 00:17:45,600
The Titanic heads toward
499
00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:46,233
The United States at 24mph with
500
00:17:46,233 --> 00:17:58,267
over 1300 passengers aboard.
501
00:17:58,267 --> 00:17:58,900
Captain Smith checks the bridge
502
00:17:58,900 --> 00:18:04,100
before retiring for the night.
503
00:18:04,100 --> 00:18:05,833
Smith: It's cold.
504
00:18:05,833 --> 00:18:07,933
Lightoller: Yes, it is cold sir.
505
00:18:07,933 --> 00:18:08,267
Captain Smith:
506
00:18:08,267 --> 00:18:10,833
Not much wind either
507
00:18:10,833 --> 00:18:11,833
Lightoller: No sir.
508
00:18:11,833 --> 00:18:12,267
As a matter of fact,
509
00:18:12,267 --> 00:18:14,633
it's a flat calm.
510
00:18:14,633 --> 00:18:14,967
Captain Smith:
511
00:18:14,967 --> 00:18:20,200
Yes, a flat calm.
512
00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:20,733
Attorney General: You both
513
00:18:20,733 --> 00:18:21,533
realized at the time,
514
00:18:21,533 --> 00:18:22,100
did you that since it was a
515
00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:24,833
flat calm it would be more
516
00:18:24,833 --> 00:18:27,867
difficult to see the ice.
517
00:18:27,867 --> 00:18:28,467
Lightoller: As far as the case
518
00:18:28,467 --> 00:18:31,733
of the berg was concerned, yes.
519
00:18:31,733 --> 00:18:34,300
It would be much more difficult.
520
00:18:34,300 --> 00:18:34,733
Naturally you would
521
00:18:34,733 --> 00:18:35,267
not see the water breaking
522
00:18:35,267 --> 00:18:38,800
on it if there was no wind.
523
00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:39,167
So you would not
524
00:18:39,167 --> 00:18:47,967
have that to look for.
525
00:18:47,967 --> 00:18:48,467
Attorney General: If you
526
00:18:48,467 --> 00:18:49,467
were placed in similar
527
00:18:49,467 --> 00:18:50,067
circumstances would you still
528
00:18:50,067 --> 00:18:52,500
bang on at 21 and a half knots?
529
00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:53,067
Lightoller: Well that looks
530
00:18:53,067 --> 00:18:55,933
like carelessness you know,
531
00:18:55,933 --> 00:18:56,267
that we should
532
00:18:56,267 --> 00:18:57,533
recklessly bang on and
533
00:18:57,533 --> 00:18:58,067
slap her into an iceberg
534
00:18:58,067 --> 00:19:01,967
regardless of anything.
535
00:19:01,967 --> 00:19:02,367
But undoubtedly we
536
00:19:02,367 --> 00:19:04,600
should not do that.
537
00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:05,100
Attorney General: What I
538
00:19:05,100 --> 00:19:05,933
want to suggest to you is
539
00:19:05,933 --> 00:19:06,433
that was recklessness in
540
00:19:06,433 --> 00:19:09,367
view of the abnormal
541
00:19:09,367 --> 00:19:09,900
conditions and in view of
542
00:19:09,900 --> 00:19:11,800
the knowledge you had that
543
00:19:11,800 --> 00:19:12,300
ice was in the immediate
544
00:19:12,300 --> 00:19:12,733
vicinity to proceed
545
00:19:12,733 --> 00:19:18,367
at 21 and a half knots.
546
00:19:18,367 --> 00:19:18,900
Lightoller: Then all I can
547
00:19:18,900 --> 00:19:19,833
say is that recklessness
548
00:19:19,833 --> 00:19:20,300
applies to practically
549
00:19:20,300 --> 00:19:22,133
every commander in every
550
00:19:22,133 --> 00:19:22,600
ship that crosses the
551
00:19:22,600 --> 00:19:31,700
Atlantic ocean.
552
00:19:31,700 --> 00:19:32,333
Narrator: In the wireless
553
00:19:32,333 --> 00:19:33,533
room, Philips has a two hour
554
00:19:33,533 --> 00:19:34,067
window to send every
555
00:19:34,067 --> 00:19:36,633
passenger message while
556
00:19:36,633 --> 00:19:37,067
the Titanic is
557
00:19:37,067 --> 00:19:37,700
in range of the Cape Race
558
00:19:37,700 --> 00:19:41,367
receiver at Newfoundland.
559
00:19:41,367 --> 00:19:41,967
He is interrupted by the
560
00:19:41,967 --> 00:19:43,167
fifth and the most
561
00:19:43,167 --> 00:19:43,567
critical ice
562
00:19:43,567 --> 00:19:46,067
warning of the day.
563
00:19:46,067 --> 00:19:46,633
It is from another ship,
564
00:19:46,633 --> 00:19:49,467
the SS Mesaba.
565
00:19:49,467 --> 00:19:49,933
The Mesaba gives
566
00:19:49,933 --> 00:19:50,533
the precise location of
567
00:19:50,533 --> 00:19:54,067
an area containing icebergs;
568
00:19:54,067 --> 00:19:54,533
only 50 miles away
569
00:19:54,533 --> 00:19:59,400
from the Titanic.
570
00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:00,067
This would alert the
571
00:20:00,067 --> 00:20:01,433
Captain that the Titanic
572
00:20:01,433 --> 00:20:01,967
is heading straight
573
00:20:01,967 --> 00:20:04,533
towards the iceberg.
574
00:20:04,533 --> 00:20:05,233
But the warning comes without
575
00:20:05,233 --> 00:20:09,633
the critical MSG prefix.
576
00:20:09,633 --> 00:20:10,200
Philips interprets the
577
00:20:10,200 --> 00:20:12,167
message as non urgent and
578
00:20:12,167 --> 00:20:12,700
goes back to sending
579
00:20:12,700 --> 00:20:17,900
passenger messages.
580
00:20:17,900 --> 00:20:18,500
The closest ship to the
581
00:20:18,500 --> 00:20:20,900
Titanic, the Californian,
582
00:20:20,900 --> 00:20:22,767
also sends a message.
583
00:20:22,767 --> 00:20:23,433
She has decided to stop for
584
00:20:23,433 --> 00:20:26,067
the night because of ice.
585
00:20:26,067 --> 00:20:26,567
But their wireless
586
00:20:26,567 --> 00:20:28,000
operator does not wait
587
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:28,433
for Philips to
588
00:20:28,433 --> 00:20:31,167
stop sending his messages.
589
00:20:31,167 --> 00:20:31,767
And overrides it with a
590
00:20:31,767 --> 00:20:34,433
powerful signal.
591
00:20:34,433 --> 00:20:42,767
Philips: Arrrrah! Bloody idiot!
592
00:20:42,767 --> 00:20:43,400
Narrator: Philips reply is
593
00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:44,800
to tell the Californian to
594
00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:45,267
stop sending ice
595
00:20:45,267 --> 00:20:45,900
warnings while he is busy
596
00:20:45,900 --> 00:20:56,833
with passenger messages.
597
00:20:56,833 --> 00:20:57,300
The Californian
598
00:20:57,300 --> 00:20:57,867
turns off its wireless
599
00:20:57,867 --> 00:21:00,667
equipment for the night.
600
00:21:00,667 --> 00:21:01,267
The Titanic has now lost
601
00:21:01,267 --> 00:21:03,467
radio contact with the
602
00:21:03,467 --> 00:21:03,900
only ship less
603
00:21:03,900 --> 00:21:13,200
than two hours away.
604
00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:15,267
11:30pm.
605
00:21:15,267 --> 00:21:15,700
The iceberg is
606
00:21:15,700 --> 00:21:18,167
just four miles away,
607
00:21:18,167 --> 00:21:18,667
Titanic will reach
608
00:21:18,667 --> 00:21:24,367
it in just ten minutes.
609
00:21:24,367 --> 00:21:25,733
Murdoch: See anything?
610
00:21:25,733 --> 00:21:27,400
Fleet: No sir.
611
00:21:27,400 --> 00:21:28,067
Narrator: Because Blair
612
00:21:28,067 --> 00:21:28,567
has left with the keys
613
00:21:28,567 --> 00:21:30,433
to the binoculars locker,
614
00:21:30,433 --> 00:21:31,133
lookouts Fleet and Lee have to
615
00:21:31,133 --> 00:21:36,433
rely on their own eyesight.
616
00:21:36,433 --> 00:21:36,967
Attorney General: If there
617
00:21:36,967 --> 00:21:37,633
had been glasses in the
618
00:21:37,633 --> 00:21:38,067
crow's nest would
619
00:21:38,067 --> 00:21:41,800
you have used them?
620
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:42,700
Fleet: Yes.
621
00:21:42,700 --> 00:21:44,667
Attorney General: Constantly?
622
00:21:44,667 --> 00:21:45,400
Fleet: Yes.
623
00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:45,900
Attorney General: After
624
00:21:45,900 --> 00:21:46,400
all you are the man who
625
00:21:46,400 --> 00:21:48,600
discovered the iceberg.
626
00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:49,900
Fleet: Yes.
627
00:21:49,900 --> 00:21:50,400
Attorney General: If it
628
00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:51,333
was necessary to have glasses,
629
00:21:51,333 --> 00:21:51,700
do you not think
630
00:21:51,700 --> 00:21:52,533
you should have gone to,
631
00:21:52,533 --> 00:21:53,067
or telephoned the Bridge
632
00:21:53,067 --> 00:21:55,633
and said I'm told to keep
633
00:21:55,633 --> 00:21:56,167
a sharp look out and I've
634
00:21:56,167 --> 00:21:58,533
not got any glasses.
635
00:21:58,533 --> 00:22:00,067
Fleet: They would know that.
636
00:22:00,067 --> 00:22:00,667
Attorney General: But you did
637
00:22:00,667 --> 00:22:04,067
not call their attention to it.
638
00:22:04,067 --> 00:22:07,133
Fleet: No I did not.
639
00:22:07,133 --> 00:22:07,633
Attorney General: Do you
640
00:22:07,633 --> 00:22:08,367
think that if you had had
641
00:22:08,367 --> 00:22:08,833
glasses you could have
642
00:22:08,833 --> 00:22:11,333
seen the iceberg sooner?
643
00:22:11,333 --> 00:22:12,367
Fleet: Certainly.
644
00:22:12,367 --> 00:22:12,833
Attorney General: How
645
00:22:12,833 --> 00:22:13,367
much sooner, do you think
646
00:22:13,367 --> 00:22:15,533
you could have seen it?
647
00:22:15,533 --> 00:22:16,067
Fleet: In time for the
648
00:22:16,067 --> 00:22:17,500
ship to get out of the way.
649
00:22:17,500 --> 00:22:18,067
Attorney General: So it is
650
00:22:18,067 --> 00:22:19,300
your view that if you had
651
00:22:19,300 --> 00:22:19,833
had glasses it would have
652
00:22:19,833 --> 00:22:22,167
made all the difference
653
00:22:22,167 --> 00:22:25,533
between safety and disaster?
654
00:22:25,533 --> 00:22:27,500
Fleet: Yes.
655
00:22:51,067 --> 00:22:51,567
Narrator: The lookouts
656
00:22:51,567 --> 00:22:53,367
still haven't seen the iceberg,
657
00:22:53,367 --> 00:23:15,700
it is only 1000 yards away.
658
00:23:15,700 --> 00:23:20,133
Fleet: Iceberg right ahead.
659
00:23:20,133 --> 00:23:23,833
Murdoch: Hard a starboard!
660
00:23:23,833 --> 00:23:24,500
Narrator: After putting the
661
00:23:24,500 --> 00:23:26,267
ships engines into reverse,
662
00:23:26,267 --> 00:23:26,767
the officer on the
663
00:23:26,767 --> 00:23:28,300
bridge's instinct is
664
00:23:28,300 --> 00:23:28,733
to steer away
665
00:23:28,733 --> 00:23:35,067
from the iceberg.
666
00:24:11,067 --> 00:24:11,633
The collision is so gentle
667
00:24:11,633 --> 00:24:12,900
that many of the
668
00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:13,333
passengers and
669
00:24:13,333 --> 00:24:16,833
crew sleep through it.
670
00:24:16,833 --> 00:24:17,467
Hooper McCarty re-examines
671
00:24:17,467 --> 00:24:21,067
the survivor testimonies.
672
00:24:21,067 --> 00:24:21,500
Jennifer Hooper McCarty:
673
00:24:21,500 --> 00:24:22,833
Some people barely felt it,
674
00:24:22,833 --> 00:24:23,400
some explained it as a sort
675
00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:27,167
of a glancing blow, a shudder,
676
00:24:27,167 --> 00:24:27,633
but not something that
677
00:24:27,633 --> 00:24:35,100
moved them across the ship.
678
00:24:35,100 --> 00:24:35,533
Fireman Barrett was
679
00:24:35,533 --> 00:24:36,067
one of the most important
680
00:24:36,067 --> 00:24:40,700
pieces of testimony.
681
00:24:40,700 --> 00:24:41,200
He talked about standing
682
00:24:41,200 --> 00:24:44,267
in boiler room number 6
683
00:24:44,267 --> 00:24:46,767
and seeing water coming in.
684
00:24:46,767 --> 00:24:47,233
Attorney General: Your
685
00:24:47,233 --> 00:24:49,167
name is Frederick Barrett?
686
00:24:49,167 --> 00:24:50,567
Barre Yes.
687
00:24:50,567 --> 00:24:51,200
Attorney General: Now just tell
688
00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:53,233
us what happened that you saw?
689
00:24:53,233 --> 00:24:53,767
Barre In the stokehold
690
00:24:53,767 --> 00:24:55,833
a red light goes on when
691
00:24:55,833 --> 00:25:05,200
the ship is supposed to stop.
692
00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:07,933
This red light came up.
693
00:25:07,933 --> 00:25:08,467
I am the man in charge of
694
00:25:08,467 --> 00:25:12,633
the watch, and I called out,
695
00:25:12,633 --> 00:25:13,900
shut all dampers.
696
00:25:13,900 --> 00:25:14,500
Attorney General: And what was
697
00:25:14,500 --> 00:25:16,700
the next thing that happened?
698
00:25:16,700 --> 00:25:17,267
Barre The crash happened
699
00:25:17,267 --> 00:25:19,167
before we had [inaudible].
700
00:25:19,167 --> 00:25:19,667
Attorney General: Where
701
00:25:19,667 --> 00:25:21,567
was this crash?
702
00:25:21,567 --> 00:25:22,067
Barre Water came
703
00:25:22,067 --> 00:25:22,533
pouring in two feet above
704
00:25:22,533 --> 00:25:25,133
the stokehold plate.
705
00:25:25,133 --> 00:25:25,767
Attorney General: Can you point
706
00:25:25,767 --> 00:25:39,567
to where that is on the ship?
707
00:25:48,067 --> 00:25:48,267
Barre
708
00:25:48,267 --> 00:25:50,267
The ships side was torn,
709
00:25:50,267 --> 00:25:50,767
from the third stokehold
710
00:25:50,767 --> 00:25:53,700
to the forward end.
711
00:25:53,700 --> 00:25:54,300
Narrator: Barrett is one
712
00:25:54,300 --> 00:25:55,133
of the few firemen that
713
00:25:55,133 --> 00:25:55,733
manages to escape before
714
00:25:55,733 --> 00:25:59,400
the bulkhead doors close.
715
00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:00,067
Forensic metallurgist
716
00:26:00,067 --> 00:26:00,867
Hooper McCarty,
717
00:26:00,867 --> 00:26:01,567
believes the only way the side
718
00:26:01,567 --> 00:26:04,400
of the ship could tear,
719
00:26:04,400 --> 00:26:04,933
is if the seams had
720
00:26:04,933 --> 00:26:07,367
split open suggesting that
721
00:26:07,367 --> 00:26:07,867
maybe there was a
722
00:26:07,867 --> 00:26:10,300
problem with the rivets?
723
00:26:10,300 --> 00:26:10,833
Jennifer McCarty: Fireman
724
00:26:10,833 --> 00:26:11,700
Barrett's testimony
725
00:26:11,700 --> 00:26:12,200
suggests that the damage
726
00:26:12,200 --> 00:26:18,767
wasn't due to fracture mid
727
00:26:18,767 --> 00:26:19,300
plate or within the whole
728
00:26:19,300 --> 00:26:21,967
plates but instead it
729
00:26:21,967 --> 00:26:22,500
suggests that there may be
730
00:26:22,500 --> 00:26:25,867
something wrong with the seams.
731
00:26:25,867 --> 00:26:26,333
Maybe the question was
732
00:26:26,333 --> 00:26:29,167
really in the rivets,
733
00:26:29,167 --> 00:26:34,533
the quality of the rivets.
734
00:26:34,533 --> 00:26:35,133
Narrator: Her suspicions
735
00:26:35,133 --> 00:26:36,167
are confirmed when she
736
00:26:36,167 --> 00:26:36,733
analyses the 46 rivets
737
00:26:36,733 --> 00:26:40,633
retrieved in 1998,
738
00:26:40,633 --> 00:26:41,233
during an expedition to
739
00:26:41,233 --> 00:26:43,833
the wreck of the Titanic.
740
00:26:43,833 --> 00:26:44,267
Some are found
741
00:26:44,267 --> 00:26:45,833
to be made of steel,
742
00:26:45,833 --> 00:26:52,067
and some are wrought iron.
743
00:26:52,067 --> 00:26:52,533
Jennifer McCarty: The
744
00:26:52,533 --> 00:26:53,900
first step in the forensic
745
00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:54,433
investigation was to find
746
00:26:54,433 --> 00:26:57,367
out what those rivets were
747
00:26:57,367 --> 00:26:57,800
made of and how that
748
00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:02,467
material would act under
749
00:27:02,467 --> 00:27:09,733
different mechanical tests.
750
00:27:09,733 --> 00:27:10,367
Narrator: The builders of
751
00:27:10,367 --> 00:27:11,767
the Titanic are convinced
752
00:27:11,767 --> 00:27:12,367
that iron rivets in the
753
00:27:12,367 --> 00:27:13,600
bow section would be
754
00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:14,067
strong enough to
755
00:27:14,067 --> 00:27:29,300
seal the plates.
756
00:27:29,300 --> 00:27:29,933
To explore the effects of
757
00:27:29,933 --> 00:27:31,667
using wrought iron,
758
00:27:31,667 --> 00:27:32,200
rather than steel, a
759
00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:32,800
section of the Titanic's
760
00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:36,067
hull is reproduced
761
00:27:36,067 --> 00:27:36,667
using steel plates held
762
00:27:36,667 --> 00:27:39,733
together by iron rivets.
763
00:27:39,733 --> 00:27:40,167
Jennifer McCarty: We
764
00:27:40,167 --> 00:27:41,133
compared a wrought iron
765
00:27:41,133 --> 00:27:41,667
rivet to a steel rivet and
766
00:27:41,667 --> 00:27:46,333
found that with just very
767
00:27:46,333 --> 00:27:46,867
little movement of a steel
768
00:27:46,867 --> 00:27:51,733
plate, 5mm, you would
769
00:27:51,733 --> 00:27:52,100
reach a point in
770
00:27:52,100 --> 00:27:52,667
the wrought iron rivet when
771
00:27:52,667 --> 00:28:00,067
it would begin to fail.
772
00:28:00,067 --> 00:28:00,500
Narrator: The test
773
00:28:00,500 --> 00:28:01,267
simulates the amount of
774
00:28:01,267 --> 00:28:01,833
pressure the Titanic's
775
00:28:01,833 --> 00:28:02,367
hull would have been
776
00:28:02,367 --> 00:28:07,133
under after the collision.
777
00:28:07,133 --> 00:28:07,633
As the rivets snap
778
00:28:07,633 --> 00:28:08,967
one at a time,
779
00:28:08,967 --> 00:28:09,467
the Titanic's hull
780
00:28:09,467 --> 00:28:15,067
opens up like a zipper.
781
00:28:15,067 --> 00:28:15,433
So here we have a
782
00:28:15,433 --> 00:28:18,267
ship that's unsinkable,
783
00:28:18,267 --> 00:28:18,767
that's state of art for
784
00:28:18,767 --> 00:28:21,333
1912, that's built with 1h
785
00:28:21,333 --> 00:28:21,833
inch thick steel plates
786
00:28:21,833 --> 00:28:26,767
and wrought iron rivets!
787
00:28:26,767 --> 00:28:27,333
Narrator: Wrought iron
788
00:28:27,333 --> 00:28:27,867
produced in 1911 is
789
00:28:27,867 --> 00:28:31,267
1/3rd weaker than steel
790
00:28:31,267 --> 00:28:32,633
of the same era,
791
00:28:32,633 --> 00:28:33,233
but it still should have
792
00:28:33,233 --> 00:28:33,800
been strong enough to
793
00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:36,667
hold the hull together.
794
00:28:36,667 --> 00:28:37,300
Could something else have
795
00:28:37,300 --> 00:28:39,433
weakened the rivets?
796
00:28:39,433 --> 00:28:39,967
To find out, Hooper
797
00:28:39,967 --> 00:28:41,467
McCarty examines the
798
00:28:41,467 --> 00:28:42,067
hundred year-old rivets
799
00:28:42,067 --> 00:28:45,200
under an electron microscope,
800
00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:45,667
and finds large
801
00:28:45,667 --> 00:28:46,300
impurities embedded in the
802
00:28:46,300 --> 00:28:50,700
structure of the iron.
803
00:28:50,700 --> 00:28:51,233
Jennifer McCarty: When you
804
00:28:51,233 --> 00:28:52,300
look at wrought iron you
805
00:28:52,300 --> 00:28:52,833
see a combination of both
806
00:28:52,833 --> 00:28:56,400
iron or pure iron,
807
00:28:56,400 --> 00:28:56,867
and these impurities,
808
00:28:56,867 --> 00:28:57,267
that are caught in
809
00:28:57,267 --> 00:29:01,800
particles known as slag.
810
00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:02,433
Slag can actually strengthen the
811
00:29:02,433 --> 00:29:06,600
wrought iron in one direction,
812
00:29:06,600 --> 00:29:07,100
but it can weaken it in
813
00:29:07,100 --> 00:29:09,633
the opposite direction,
814
00:29:09,633 --> 00:29:13,067
in the perpendicular direction.
815
00:29:13,067 --> 00:29:13,633
Narrator: Using iron was a
816
00:29:13,633 --> 00:29:15,267
compromise anyway
817
00:29:15,267 --> 00:29:15,800
but this particular
818
00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:20,933
iron was flawed.
819
00:29:20,933 --> 00:29:21,600
When the wrought iron rivets
820
00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:23,667
were hammered into place,
821
00:29:23,667 --> 00:29:24,167
the slag particles
822
00:29:24,167 --> 00:29:27,600
were at a 90 degree angle.
823
00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:28,200
It created a weakness in
824
00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:32,133
the head of the rivets.
825
00:29:32,133 --> 00:29:32,767
It is a defect that might
826
00:29:32,767 --> 00:29:34,133
have gone unnoticed
827
00:29:34,133 --> 00:29:34,600
had the ship not
828
00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:38,300
struck the iceberg.
829
00:29:38,300 --> 00:29:38,800
Jennifer McCarty: During
830
00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:40,367
the collision that night
831
00:29:40,367 --> 00:29:40,900
those weak rivets couldn't
832
00:29:40,900 --> 00:29:41,400
withstand that force and
833
00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:50,467
their heads popped.
834
00:29:50,467 --> 00:29:50,967
What fireman Barrett was
835
00:29:50,967 --> 00:29:57,467
probably describing was a
836
00:29:57,467 --> 00:29:57,933
parted seam due to the
837
00:29:57,933 --> 00:30:07,000
popping of rivet heads.
838
00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:07,500
Paul Louden-Brown: From
839
00:30:07,500 --> 00:30:08,167
the very day that
840
00:30:08,167 --> 00:30:08,600
she was designed she
841
00:30:08,600 --> 00:30:11,300
was almost doomed.
842
00:30:11,300 --> 00:30:11,767
So this is the, if you
843
00:30:11,767 --> 00:30:14,100
like, you could put it as
844
00:30:14,100 --> 00:30:14,567
bluntly as this is the
845
00:30:14,567 --> 00:30:18,600
Achilles heel of the Titanic.
846
00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:19,267
Captain: What did we hit?
847
00:30:19,267 --> 00:30:19,500
Murdoch:
848
00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:20,033
We've hit an Iceberg sir.
849
00:30:20,033 --> 00:30:20,400
I've closed the
850
00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:21,200
water tight door.
851
00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:21,600
Captain: Have you
852
00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:22,100
rung the warning bell?
853
00:30:22,100 --> 00:30:22,733
Murdoch: Yes sir.
854
00:30:22,733 --> 00:30:23,133
I've sent Boxhall
855
00:30:23,133 --> 00:30:26,500
to look for any damage.
856
00:30:26,500 --> 00:30:27,100
Narrator: The watertight
857
00:30:27,100 --> 00:30:27,733
doors were shut off as the
858
00:30:27,733 --> 00:30:30,100
collision took place,
859
00:30:30,100 --> 00:30:30,667
but design compromises
860
00:30:30,667 --> 00:30:31,167
made earlier will
861
00:30:31,167 --> 00:30:42,033
now become apparent.
862
00:30:42,033 --> 00:30:43,467
Ismay: Is anything the matter?
863
00:30:43,467 --> 00:30:46,333
Have we hit something?
864
00:30:46,333 --> 00:30:46,867
Captain Smith: I'm afraid
865
00:30:46,867 --> 00:30:49,867
so, we've struck an iceberg.
866
00:30:49,867 --> 00:30:50,967
Ismay: How bad is it?
867
00:30:50,967 --> 00:30:53,533
Is she taking on water?
868
00:30:53,533 --> 00:30:53,867
Captain Smith:
869
00:30:53,867 --> 00:30:56,333
She's sinking Mr. Ismay.
870
00:30:56,333 --> 00:30:57,967
Ismay: But that's impossible.
871
00:30:57,967 --> 00:30:58,367
Captain Smith: In
872
00:30:58,367 --> 00:30:58,867
two hours she will be at
873
00:30:58,867 --> 00:31:01,233
the bottom of the ocean.
874
00:31:01,233 --> 00:31:01,767
Ismay: Can't we close off
875
00:31:01,767 --> 00:31:03,233
the compartments?
876
00:31:03,233 --> 00:31:03,700
Captain Smith: We have
877
00:31:03,700 --> 00:31:07,500
trapping hundreds of men below.
878
00:31:07,500 --> 00:31:09,100
It isn't working.
879
00:31:09,100 --> 00:31:09,633
Ismay: I don't understand
880
00:31:09,633 --> 00:31:10,533
she is supposed to stay
881
00:31:10,533 --> 00:31:10,900
afloat with four
882
00:31:10,900 --> 00:31:13,200
compartments flooding.
883
00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:13,800
Captain Smith: We're flooding
884
00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:19,967
in five compartments Mr. Ismay.
885
00:31:19,967 --> 00:31:20,467
I'll be in the wireless
886
00:31:20,467 --> 00:31:23,467
room Mr. Murdoch.
887
00:31:23,467 --> 00:31:23,967
Murdoch: Shall I prepare
888
00:31:23,967 --> 00:31:26,667
the lifeboats Sir?
889
00:31:26,667 --> 00:31:27,200
Captain Smith: Yes, but no
890
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:30,200
need to panic the passengers.
891
00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:33,433
Murdoch: I understand Sir.
892
00:31:33,433 --> 00:31:34,067
Narrator: The majority of
893
00:31:34,067 --> 00:31:34,800
the crew and all the
894
00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:35,467
passengers believe that the
895
00:31:35,467 --> 00:31:38,867
damage to the ship is minimal,
896
00:31:38,867 --> 00:31:39,433
unaware that the ship
897
00:31:39,433 --> 00:31:39,967
is letting in water
898
00:31:39,967 --> 00:31:44,600
at 400 tons a minute.
899
00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:45,233
Ismay's decision to lower
900
00:31:45,233 --> 00:31:47,067
the bulkheads means the
901
00:31:47,067 --> 00:31:49,533
ship is flooding rapidly.
902
00:31:49,533 --> 00:31:50,100
With higher bulkheads,
903
00:31:50,100 --> 00:31:51,433
the flooding in each
904
00:31:51,433 --> 00:31:52,067
compartment would have
905
00:31:52,067 --> 00:31:53,900
taken longer to fill and
906
00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:54,333
over flow into
907
00:31:54,333 --> 00:31:59,067
the next compartment.
908
00:31:59,067 --> 00:31:59,633
But they didn't lower the
909
00:31:59,633 --> 00:32:00,867
front bulkhead because
910
00:32:00,867 --> 00:32:01,400
they believed it to
911
00:32:01,400 --> 00:32:04,833
be the crucial one.
912
00:32:04,833 --> 00:32:05,467
The designers were anticipating
913
00:32:05,467 --> 00:32:09,400
any collision to be head on.
914
00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:10,067
The water wouldn't flood beyond
915
00:32:10,067 --> 00:32:13,467
the front collision bulkhead.
916
00:32:13,467 --> 00:32:14,067
but they hit the iceberg
917
00:32:14,067 --> 00:32:17,500
side on and the sides
918
00:32:17,500 --> 00:32:18,100
weren't designed to take
919
00:32:18,100 --> 00:32:25,467
the force of an impact.
920
00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:27,733
Paul Louden-Brown: I think
921
00:32:27,733 --> 00:32:28,600
if William Murdoch had
922
00:32:28,600 --> 00:32:29,233
plowed directly into the iceberg
923
00:32:29,233 --> 00:32:32,800
Titanic would have survived.
924
00:32:32,800 --> 00:32:33,433
The main impact would have been
925
00:32:33,433 --> 00:32:36,200
taken by her collision bulkhead,
926
00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:36,633
the steel wall right
927
00:32:36,633 --> 00:32:39,367
up to the weather deck,
928
00:32:39,367 --> 00:32:39,733
the highest deck
929
00:32:39,733 --> 00:32:43,933
within the vessel.
930
00:32:43,933 --> 00:32:44,433
Narrator: The last
931
00:32:44,433 --> 00:32:45,067
time that a ship struck
932
00:32:45,067 --> 00:32:48,733
an iceberg was in 1879,
933
00:32:48,733 --> 00:32:49,200
when SS Arizona
934
00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:52,333
ploughed into one head on.
935
00:32:52,333 --> 00:32:52,933
The bow is badly crushed
936
00:32:52,933 --> 00:32:59,100
but she stays afloat.
937
00:32:59,100 --> 00:32:59,700
The watertight doors are
938
00:32:59,700 --> 00:33:01,667
now failing but there is
939
00:33:01,667 --> 00:33:02,267
still a chance of rescue
940
00:33:02,267 --> 00:33:02,867
as long as the wireless
941
00:33:02,867 --> 00:33:07,067
continues to work.
942
00:33:07,067 --> 00:33:07,467
Paul Louden-Brown: All
943
00:33:07,467 --> 00:33:08,300
steamships followed
944
00:33:08,300 --> 00:33:08,833
established tracks across
945
00:33:08,833 --> 00:33:11,767
the Atlantic.
946
00:33:11,767 --> 00:33:12,200
It was nicknamed the
947
00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:14,067
trans-Atlantic railway.
948
00:33:14,067 --> 00:33:14,467
There were hundreds of
949
00:33:14,467 --> 00:33:16,767
ship movements every day.
950
00:33:16,767 --> 00:33:17,233
So there was always an
951
00:33:17,233 --> 00:33:19,067
opportunity of remaining
952
00:33:19,067 --> 00:33:19,467
in radio contact with
953
00:33:19,467 --> 00:33:21,133
another vessel
954
00:33:21,133 --> 00:33:21,600
or even seeing another
955
00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:22,167
vessel so you could call up
956
00:33:22,167 --> 00:33:28,533
assistance if you needed it.
957
00:33:28,533 --> 00:33:29,133
Phillips: I don't know why the
958
00:33:29,133 --> 00:33:34,067
Californian's not responding?
959
00:33:34,067 --> 00:33:34,667
Narrator: The nearest, the
960
00:33:34,667 --> 00:33:37,200
Californian, is two hours away,
961
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:39,500
near enough to save everybody,
962
00:33:39,500 --> 00:33:40,100
but after receiving the
963
00:33:40,100 --> 00:33:41,867
rude message from Philips
964
00:33:41,867 --> 00:33:42,500
their wireless will remain
965
00:33:42,500 --> 00:33:48,933
switched off until morning.
966
00:33:48,933 --> 00:33:49,333
Philips: It's the
967
00:33:49,333 --> 00:33:49,867
Carpathia, they're putting
968
00:33:49,867 --> 00:34:00,233
about and heading for us.
969
00:34:00,233 --> 00:34:06,167
Take this to the Captain.
970
00:34:06,167 --> 00:34:06,600
Bride: It's from the
971
00:34:06,600 --> 00:34:08,067
Carpathia Sir.
972
00:34:08,067 --> 00:34:08,567
She's turned around and is
973
00:34:08,567 --> 00:34:10,533
coming as quickly as she can.
974
00:34:10,533 --> 00:34:11,633
Captain Smith: No other ships?
975
00:34:11,633 --> 00:34:12,133
Bride: The Frankfurt has
976
00:34:12,133 --> 00:34:13,267
told us to standby.
977
00:34:13,267 --> 00:34:13,867
We're trying the Californian,
978
00:34:13,867 --> 00:34:15,733
but she's not replying.
979
00:34:15,733 --> 00:34:16,067
Captain Smith:
980
00:34:16,067 --> 00:34:17,600
Thank you Mr. Bride.
981
00:34:17,600 --> 00:34:21,800
Bride: Sir.
982
00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:23,067
Anything?
983
00:34:23,067 --> 00:34:23,433
Philips: The Olympic
984
00:34:23,433 --> 00:34:25,267
might be on its way.
985
00:34:25,267 --> 00:34:25,867
Narrator: Even with only
986
00:34:25,867 --> 00:34:28,067
16 lifeboats everyone can be
987
00:34:28,067 --> 00:34:28,767
saved if the Carpathia reaches
988
00:34:28,767 --> 00:34:33,100
the Titanic within two hours;
989
00:34:33,100 --> 00:34:35,800
but she is four hours away.
990
00:34:39,633 --> 00:34:39,967
Murdoch: She's
991
00:34:39,967 --> 00:34:43,067
58 miles away Sir.
992
00:34:43,067 --> 00:34:43,367
Captain Smith:
993
00:34:43,367 --> 00:34:43,900
The Carpathia's top speed
994
00:34:43,900 --> 00:34:47,367
is no more than 15 knots.
995
00:34:47,367 --> 00:34:47,667
Murdoch: She
996
00:34:47,667 --> 00:34:50,133
is four hours away Sir.
997
00:34:50,133 --> 00:34:50,700
Ismay: But we can only stay
998
00:34:50,700 --> 00:34:54,100
afloat for another two hours.
999
00:34:54,100 --> 00:34:54,567
Captain Smith: Perhaps
1000
00:34:54,567 --> 00:34:55,067
you had better return to
1001
00:34:55,067 --> 00:34:57,733
the boat deck Mr. Murdoch.
1002
00:34:57,733 --> 00:35:03,300
Murdoch: Captain.
1003
00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:03,667
People don't pay
1004
00:35:03,667 --> 00:35:14,900
to look at lifeboats.
1005
00:35:16,533 --> 00:35:17,100
Narrator: One mystery
1006
00:35:17,100 --> 00:35:19,200
remains left to unravel,
1007
00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:19,833
why will the Titanic sink
1008
00:35:19,833 --> 00:35:22,300
in less than two hours,
1009
00:35:22,300 --> 00:35:22,800
when her designers
1010
00:35:22,800 --> 00:35:24,100
predicted in the event of
1011
00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:24,667
a collision she could
1012
00:35:24,667 --> 00:35:28,433
stay afloat for days?
1013
00:35:28,433 --> 00:35:29,067
Hooper McCarty suspects
1014
00:35:29,067 --> 00:35:30,900
the iron rivets used
1015
00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:31,533
throughout the ship's hull
1016
00:35:31,533 --> 00:35:35,600
are again to blame.
1017
00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:36,067
She goes through
1018
00:35:36,067 --> 00:35:36,733
the archives at the shipyard
1019
00:35:36,733 --> 00:35:42,233
where Titanic was built.
1020
00:35:42,233 --> 00:35:42,733
Jennifer McCarty: I went
1021
00:35:42,733 --> 00:35:43,500
to Belfast and looked
1022
00:35:43,500 --> 00:35:43,967
though the Harland and
1023
00:35:43,967 --> 00:35:46,733
Wolff archives;
1024
00:35:46,733 --> 00:35:47,333
from ordering contracts I was
1025
00:35:47,333 --> 00:35:49,700
seeing number 3 iron that
1026
00:35:49,700 --> 00:35:50,133
was used instead of
1027
00:35:50,133 --> 00:35:50,600
number 4 which was the
1028
00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:56,800
standard at the time.
1029
00:35:56,800 --> 00:35:57,433
Narrator: This lower grade
1030
00:35:57,433 --> 00:35:58,733
of iron will have had more
1031
00:35:58,733 --> 00:35:59,267
slag impurities and
1032
00:35:59,267 --> 00:35:59,900
so the heads of the rivets
1033
00:35:59,900 --> 00:36:05,067
will have been even weaker.
1034
00:36:05,067 --> 00:36:05,700
It was a small decision but one
1035
00:36:05,700 --> 00:36:09,833
that had terrible consequences.
1036
00:36:09,833 --> 00:36:10,300
Jennifer McCarty: The
1037
00:36:10,300 --> 00:36:11,600
critical issue is that
1038
00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:12,100
with bad or poor quality
1039
00:36:12,100 --> 00:36:13,900
wrought iron you end up
1040
00:36:13,900 --> 00:36:14,367
with a weakness at the
1041
00:36:14,367 --> 00:36:18,900
head of the rivet,
1042
00:36:18,900 --> 00:36:19,400
if you have good wrought
1043
00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:19,900
iron you don't have that
1044
00:36:19,900 --> 00:36:22,100
same weakness.
1045
00:36:22,100 --> 00:36:22,600
It will break, the rivet
1046
00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:23,167
will fail but it's going to
1047
00:36:23,167 --> 00:36:27,167
last a little longer,
1048
00:36:27,167 --> 00:36:27,767
and 1500 people they're lives
1049
00:36:27,767 --> 00:36:31,233
would have been saved.
1050
00:36:31,233 --> 00:36:31,733
A boat could have gotten
1051
00:36:31,733 --> 00:36:34,867
there and rescued people
1052
00:36:34,867 --> 00:36:37,967
before the ship was doomed.
1053
00:36:37,967 --> 00:36:38,567
Narrator: Two month old
1054
00:36:38,567 --> 00:36:39,767
Millvina Dean is one of
1055
00:36:39,767 --> 00:36:40,467
the few third class passengers
1056
00:36:40,467 --> 00:36:44,100
to make it into a lifeboat.
1057
00:36:44,100 --> 00:36:44,667
Now 96 she is the last
1058
00:36:44,667 --> 00:36:48,133
living survivor.
1059
00:36:48,133 --> 00:36:48,600
Millvina Dean: Lots of
1060
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:49,367
people thought the ship
1061
00:36:49,367 --> 00:36:49,833
was unsinkable and so
1062
00:36:49,833 --> 00:36:52,767
they just stayed.
1063
00:36:52,767 --> 00:36:53,267
My father was very quick
1064
00:36:53,267 --> 00:36:55,533
on the uptake;
1065
00:36:55,533 --> 00:36:56,067
he got us immediately
1066
00:36:56,067 --> 00:36:58,633
up on deck.
1067
00:36:58,633 --> 00:36:59,100
Lightoller: Hadn't we
1068
00:36:59,100 --> 00:36:59,767
better start getting
1069
00:36:59,767 --> 00:37:00,267
passengers into the
1070
00:37:00,267 --> 00:37:04,800
lifeboats Sir?
1071
00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:05,333
Captain Smith: Yes, women
1072
00:37:05,333 --> 00:37:09,700
and children first.
1073
00:37:09,700 --> 00:37:15,600
Yes, let's do that.
1074
00:37:15,600 --> 00:37:15,933
Millvina Dean:
1075
00:37:15,933 --> 00:37:16,433
And then my mother said
1076
00:37:16,433 --> 00:37:18,900
goodbye to my father.
1077
00:37:18,900 --> 00:37:19,433
They had only been married
1078
00:37:19,433 --> 00:37:21,467
for about four years.
1079
00:37:21,467 --> 00:37:21,967
And so she was so broken
1080
00:37:21,967 --> 00:37:22,433
hearted that she would
1081
00:37:22,433 --> 00:37:26,067
never speak about it.
1082
00:37:26,067 --> 00:37:26,533
Because I was so small
1083
00:37:26,533 --> 00:37:27,067
they couldn't hold me and
1084
00:37:27,067 --> 00:37:42,733
had to put me in a sack.
1085
00:37:42,733 --> 00:37:43,133
Paul Louden-Brown:
1086
00:37:43,133 --> 00:37:44,067
Lightoller interprets
1087
00:37:44,067 --> 00:37:44,567
Captain Smith's orders as
1088
00:37:44,567 --> 00:37:53,467
women and children only.
1089
00:37:53,467 --> 00:37:53,833
And that allowed
1090
00:37:53,833 --> 00:37:56,200
unnecessary deaths,
1091
00:37:56,200 --> 00:38:00,333
caused unnecessary deaths.
1092
00:38:00,333 --> 00:38:00,967
Narrator: Ismay is on the
1093
00:38:00,967 --> 00:38:02,167
Starboard boat deck
1094
00:38:02,167 --> 00:38:02,800
helping women and children
1095
00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:06,967
get into the last lifeboat.
1096
00:38:06,967 --> 00:38:07,500
Attorney General: Did you
1097
00:38:07,500 --> 00:38:08,233
see how many passengers
1098
00:38:08,233 --> 00:38:10,733
were put into this lifeboats?
1099
00:38:10,733 --> 00:38:11,100
Ismay: No, I did
1100
00:38:11,100 --> 00:38:12,900
not see at the time.
1101
00:38:12,900 --> 00:38:13,433
Attorney General: Did she
1102
00:38:13,433 --> 00:38:15,200
appear to be full?
1103
00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:15,733
Ismay: She was very full,
1104
00:38:15,733 --> 00:38:22,067
fairly full.
1105
00:38:22,067 --> 00:38:22,567
After all the women and
1106
00:38:22,567 --> 00:38:26,467
children were in and after
1107
00:38:26,467 --> 00:38:26,967
all the people that were
1108
00:38:26,967 --> 00:38:30,433
on the deck had got in,
1109
00:38:30,433 --> 00:38:30,800
I got in as she
1110
00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:34,067
was being lowered away.
1111
00:38:34,067 --> 00:38:34,500
Attorney General: There
1112
00:38:34,500 --> 00:38:37,600
was no order to you to get in?
1113
00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:45,100
Ismay: No, none.
1114
00:38:45,100 --> 00:38:45,600
Narrator: Ismay is
1115
00:38:45,600 --> 00:38:46,233
one of the few men to take
1116
00:38:46,233 --> 00:38:55,567
a place in the lifeboats.
1117
00:38:55,567 --> 00:38:56,200
The last of the 16 wooden
1118
00:38:56,200 --> 00:38:58,333
lifeboat leaves,
1119
00:38:58,333 --> 00:39:10,867
with 1700 people left on board.
1120
00:39:10,867 --> 00:39:11,467
The ship can stay afloat
1121
00:39:11,467 --> 00:39:20,767
for only thirty more minutes.
1122
00:39:20,767 --> 00:39:21,267
Smith: Men you have done
1123
00:39:21,267 --> 00:39:22,300
your full duty.
1124
00:39:22,300 --> 00:39:25,167
You can do nothing more.
1125
00:39:25,167 --> 00:39:27,733
Abandon your cabin.
1126
00:39:27,733 --> 00:40:00,767
It's every man for himself now.
1127
00:40:00,767 --> 00:40:01,400
Narrator: Captain Smith is
1128
00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:03,800
last seen on the bridge.
1129
00:40:03,800 --> 00:40:04,267
He will go down
1130
00:40:04,267 --> 00:40:11,033
with the ship.
1131
00:40:54,533 --> 00:40:55,167
The Titanic finally sinks
1132
00:40:55,167 --> 00:41:03,200
to the bottom of the ocean.
1133
00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:03,800
Bride is one of fifteen
1134
00:41:03,800 --> 00:41:05,500
hundred people that are
1135
00:41:05,500 --> 00:41:09,333
plunged into the icy ocean.
1136
00:41:09,333 --> 00:41:09,933
Attorney General: How did you
1137
00:41:09,933 --> 00:41:12,067
come off from the boat deck?
1138
00:41:12,067 --> 00:41:12,567
Bride: Swept off with a
1139
00:41:12,567 --> 00:41:14,267
collapsible boat.
1140
00:41:14,267 --> 00:41:14,867
Attorney General: And was the
1141
00:41:14,867 --> 00:41:16,500
water rising all the time?
1142
00:41:16,500 --> 00:41:18,067
Bride: Yes.
1143
00:41:18,067 --> 00:41:18,500
Attorney General: And
1144
00:41:18,500 --> 00:41:19,067
then the water was flush
1145
00:41:19,067 --> 00:41:20,567
with the boat deck?
1146
00:41:20,567 --> 00:41:22,100
Bride: Yes.
1147
00:41:22,100 --> 00:41:22,500
Attorney General:
1148
00:41:22,500 --> 00:41:23,067
And swept this boat off into
1149
00:41:23,067 --> 00:41:25,967
the sea and you with it.
1150
00:41:25,967 --> 00:41:28,067
Bride: Yes.
1151
00:41:28,067 --> 00:41:28,567
The last I saw of Philips he
1152
00:41:28,567 --> 00:41:33,633
was standing on the deckhouse.
1153
00:41:33,633 --> 00:41:34,233
Attorney General: So then you
1154
00:41:34,233 --> 00:41:36,067
found yourself in the water,
1155
00:41:36,067 --> 00:41:42,367
what happened next?
1156
00:41:42,367 --> 00:41:42,967
Narrator: Both Bride and
1157
00:41:42,967 --> 00:41:44,300
Lightholler manage to stay
1158
00:41:44,300 --> 00:41:44,967
out of the water by clinging
1159
00:41:44,967 --> 00:41:49,067
onto an upturned lifeboat.
1160
00:41:49,067 --> 00:41:49,633
They will eventually be
1161
00:41:49,633 --> 00:42:14,833
picked up by another lifeboat.
1162
00:42:14,833 --> 00:42:15,367
Two hours after the
1163
00:42:15,367 --> 00:42:17,233
Titanic sinks the
1164
00:42:17,233 --> 00:42:17,733
Carpathia arrives
1165
00:42:17,733 --> 00:42:18,367
in the early morning light
1166
00:42:18,367 --> 00:42:24,333
to rescue passengers.
1167
00:42:24,333 --> 00:42:25,067
Bride survives, suffering with
1168
00:42:25,067 --> 00:42:30,233
only frostbite on the feet.
1169
00:42:30,233 --> 00:42:30,933
The Carpathia arrives too late
1170
00:42:30,933 --> 00:42:33,067
for his friend and colleague,
1171
00:42:33,067 --> 00:42:42,300
Philips, who dies in the sea.
1172
00:42:42,300 --> 00:42:42,767
Of the 1523 that
1173
00:42:42,767 --> 00:42:45,467
die that night,
1174
00:42:45,467 --> 00:43:01,733
only 328 bodies are recovered.
1175
00:43:01,733 --> 00:43:02,233
Most are buried at
1176
00:43:02,233 --> 00:43:05,200
Fairview cemetery.
1177
00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:05,833
Many of the bodies cannot
1178
00:43:05,833 --> 00:43:07,533
be identified and are
1179
00:43:07,533 --> 00:43:12,833
simply marked with a number.
1180
00:43:12,833 --> 00:43:13,200
Cmdr. Rogerson:
1181
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:15,067
It was mostly men who died,
1182
00:43:15,067 --> 00:43:15,433
but that doesn't
1183
00:43:15,433 --> 00:43:17,200
mean it was only men.
1184
00:43:17,200 --> 00:43:17,633
That was part of the
1185
00:43:17,633 --> 00:43:19,867
tragedy, that there were
1186
00:43:19,867 --> 00:43:20,400
women and children in the
1187
00:43:20,400 --> 00:43:23,267
water and not in the
1188
00:43:23,267 --> 00:43:23,633
lifeboats was a
1189
00:43:23,633 --> 00:43:28,133
part of that tragedy.
1190
00:43:28,133 --> 00:43:28,600
There were quite a few
1191
00:43:28,600 --> 00:43:29,467
children and women
1192
00:43:29,467 --> 00:43:29,833
who did not make
1193
00:43:29,833 --> 00:43:41,700
it into the lifeboats.
1194
00:43:41,700 --> 00:43:42,333
Narrator: The findings of
1195
00:43:42,333 --> 00:43:43,533
the inquiry are that the
1196
00:43:43,533 --> 00:43:44,167
ship was traveling at excessive
1197
00:43:44,167 --> 00:43:47,267
speed in an ice region,
1198
00:43:47,267 --> 00:43:47,733
but none of the
1199
00:43:47,733 --> 00:43:49,867
crew are at fault,
1200
00:43:49,867 --> 00:43:50,533
they were only carrying out
1201
00:43:50,533 --> 00:43:53,733
standard practice for the time.
1202
00:43:53,733 --> 00:43:54,367
It is recommended that in
1203
00:43:54,367 --> 00:43:56,067
the future the number of
1204
00:43:56,067 --> 00:43:56,567
lifeboat accommodation
1205
00:43:56,567 --> 00:43:57,067
be sufficient for
1206
00:43:57,067 --> 00:44:02,333
all persons on board.
1207
00:44:02,333 --> 00:44:02,800
But the inquiry
1208
00:44:02,800 --> 00:44:04,133
makes no mention of the
1209
00:44:04,133 --> 00:44:04,733
British Board of Trade's
1210
00:44:04,733 --> 00:44:16,467
out-of-date safety regulations.
1211
00:44:16,467 --> 00:44:16,900
Paul Louden-Brown: I
1212
00:44:16,900 --> 00:44:17,933
think the inquiry was a
1213
00:44:17,933 --> 00:44:18,267
white wash, a
1214
00:44:18,267 --> 00:44:19,400
complete white wash.
1215
00:44:19,400 --> 00:44:19,933
You have a board of trade
1216
00:44:19,933 --> 00:44:24,633
in effect inquiring into a
1217
00:44:24,633 --> 00:44:25,133
disaster that is largely
1218
00:44:25,133 --> 00:44:27,833
of its own making.
1219
00:44:27,833 --> 00:44:28,400
Narrator: The inquiry
1220
00:44:28,400 --> 00:44:29,567
finds that Ismay had not
1221
00:44:29,567 --> 00:44:30,133
influenced the Captain
1222
00:44:30,133 --> 00:44:32,400
over speed and is
1223
00:44:32,400 --> 00:44:32,900
not at fault over
1224
00:44:32,900 --> 00:44:35,767
the design of the ship.
1225
00:44:35,767 --> 00:44:36,333
The press would brand
1226
00:44:36,333 --> 00:44:36,967
Ismay a coward for taking
1227
00:44:36,967 --> 00:44:39,900
a place in a lifeboat.
1228
00:44:39,900 --> 00:44:40,467
He resigns as Chairman
1229
00:44:40,467 --> 00:44:41,067
six months later and
1230
00:44:41,067 --> 00:44:45,800
dies at the age of 74.
1231
00:44:45,800 --> 00:44:46,433
The inquiry of 1912 is not
1232
00:44:46,433 --> 00:44:49,300
able to solve the mystery
1233
00:44:49,300 --> 00:44:49,900
of why the Titanic sinks
1234
00:44:49,900 --> 00:44:52,767
so quickly nor could it
1235
00:44:52,767 --> 00:44:53,300
conclude how a chain
1236
00:44:53,300 --> 00:44:53,900
of events and decisions
1237
00:44:53,900 --> 00:44:57,933
cause the disaster.
1238
00:44:57,933 --> 00:45:00,733
The sixteen lifeboats.
1239
00:45:00,733 --> 00:45:04,267
The height of the bulkheads.
1240
00:45:04,267 --> 00:45:04,700
The change in
1241
00:45:04,700 --> 00:45:07,467
the ship's direction.
1242
00:45:07,467 --> 00:45:08,100
The wireless message that
1243
00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:12,133
no officer would receive.
1244
00:45:12,133 --> 00:45:12,533
The wireless
1245
00:45:12,533 --> 00:45:15,167
message that is ignored.
1246
00:45:15,167 --> 00:45:15,800
The Californian switching
1247
00:45:15,800 --> 00:45:19,067
off its wireless.
1248
00:45:19,067 --> 00:45:19,633
The lack of binoculars
1249
00:45:19,633 --> 00:45:22,333
in the crows nest.
1250
00:45:22,333 --> 00:45:22,933
And the iceberg that is
1251
00:45:22,933 --> 00:45:25,067
born at the same time as
1252
00:45:25,067 --> 00:45:25,633
the Titanic and against
1253
00:45:25,633 --> 00:45:28,533
all odds travels further
1254
00:45:28,533 --> 00:45:31,867
south than is thought possible.
1255
00:45:31,867 --> 00:45:32,500
But it will take nearly a
1256
00:45:32,500 --> 00:45:34,433
hundred years to reveal
1257
00:45:34,433 --> 00:45:35,067
the fatal flaw located in
1258
00:45:35,067 --> 00:45:38,067
the hull of the Titanic,
1259
00:45:38,067 --> 00:45:38,600
which causes her to
1260
00:45:38,600 --> 00:45:40,733
sink so quickly,
1261
00:45:40,733 --> 00:45:41,167
just two hours
1262
00:45:41,167 --> 00:45:44,067
away from rescue.
74125
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