All language subtitles for Episode 06 The Last Frontier

The polar regions
are more hostile to life

than any other part of the Earth.

Human beings have little
natural protection against the cold.

So why, for thousands of years,

have we endured the hardships
that come from living here?

And what keeps us coming back today
to the farthest extremes of our planet?

Winter in the most northerly town
on Earth, Longyearbyen.

Here, for three months of the year,
the sun never rises.

Only the full moon,
which never sets as far north as this,

sheds any light into the darkness.

This town was built here in Svalbard,
only 700 miles from the North Pole,

to support a mine.

The Arctic is rich in coal, oil
and minerals.

In Siberia, the Russian Arctic,

the mineral wealth has
given rise to large cities.

This is Norilsk,
the coldest city on Earth.

Temperatures regularly drop
to below -50 degrees centigrade.

Fuel freezes in the tanks of the trucks

and has to be melted
in a rather alarming way.

Ships are frozen into the rivers
for nine months of the year.

The ice must be cut away
from their hulls

because steel becomes brittle
and vulnerable to the thickening ice.

Like all Arctic cities,

Norilsk depends on a power plant,
which heats everybody's home.

Waste heat from the plant
even keeps a lake ice-free all winter.

Even at air temperatures of -50,

the Norilsk Walrus Club come here
every day.

There is evidence that
a dip in cold water

is good for the immune system,

but when the water
is a degree above freezing,

it's hard to imagine that the benefits
could outweigh the pain.

Today's Arctic city dwellers

can lead an almost normal existence,
thanks to technology.

But towns and cities
are very recent arrivals

in the polar landscape.

The polar regions are the least
populated part of our planet.

Most of the Arctic remains
empty of human beings.

In the north, the Pole itself is
covered by a freezing ocean.

Around it lie vast lands,

of which Siberia is
the largest and coldest.

Human beings first ventured onto
the great plains of Siberia, the tundra,

thousands of years ago,
and some live here still.

The Dolgan are one of the few tribes
who still live in much the same way

as those first Arctic pioneers.

They are reindeer people.

Reindeer are one of the few animals

that can endure these
bitterly cold conditions,

scraping a living
by nibbling tiny plants

that survive beneath the snow.

Nobody has ever totally tamed reindeer,

but today's animals are docile enough

to allow the Dolgan to
drive them across the tundra

in an everlasting search for their food.

This is a typical Dolgan village,

home to just two extended families.

Here, in the coldest part of the Arctic,

the only way to get water
for nine months of the year

is to melt ice from the frozen rivers.

At least there's no problem
preventing food from decay.

Outside is one big deep-freeze.

Survival is only possible
because of reindeer fur.

It makes wonderfully warm clothing,

though small children still have to be
sewn into their clothes

to prevent instant frostbite.

The Dolgan even use reindeer fur
to insulate their huts.

This is living at its most communal.

Good relations with the in-laws
are essential.

Reindeer are so valuable

that the people only eat them
if they have no other choice.

Their favorite food is raw fish
from the frozen rivers.

Every week or so,
these families have to travel

to find new feeding grounds
for their herds.

First, they round up
their strongest animals with lassoes,

a skill that their ancestors brought
with them

when they came north from Central Asia.

And then, literally, they move house.

A whole Dolgan village can
move on in just a few hours.

Over the year, they travel
hundreds of miles like this

across the vast tundra.

It was the herds of reindeer
wandering over the lands of the Arctic

that brought the first Dolgan here.

Other people, however,
took on an even greater challenge.

They left the land

and looked for their food
out on the frozen sea.

Here, in the shifting world
of the sea-ice,

they found sea mammals.

Pasha leads a group of Inuit men
in Chukotka,

the northeastern corner of Russia.

The men have travelled many hours
from home in the bitter cold,

fighting their way
through a dangerous maze.

These 100-tonne ice floes

could crush their small boats
like eggshells.

The men have big families

and this is the only way they have
of feeding them.

Pasha is looking for the puffs
of steamy air produced by their quarry,

an animal that is bigger
than many Arctic whales.

A two-ton seal with formidable tusks.

A walrus.

It's heading for open water.
They must reach it before it dives.

An angry walrus could easily
overturn the boats.

The harpoon sticks firmly
in the walrus's thick layer of blubber

and floats attached to it
prevent the animal from diving.

Pasha wants to kill quickly
with a single clean shot.

The hunters are exhausted
after a long day,

but they still have
a lot more work to do.

This enormous prize will feed
everyone's family for weeks.

It will take
many hours to butcher.

Nothing will go to waste.

The meat is parceled up in bags
made of the animal's skin.

It's midnight, but the sun is still up.

Summer is almost here.

This far north, the seasons change fast.

The sun is rising higher
and growing warmer

with each passing day.

The transformation from winter to summer
is so dramatic

that it dominates the lives
of all who live here.

The ice around the coast
has almost disappeared

and gone are the seals and walrus
that Pasha and his men relied on.

They set off on another search for food.

Their destination is
an island in the bay.

Their walrus-skin boat
is an ancient design,

light enough to carry high up the beach
so it doesn't drift away.

Once again, the men will
have to work as a team.

But one of them of will be
taking very serious risks.

The lightest man in the group,
Kolya, is also the oldest.

He will trust his life to
a length of old nylon rope

and the strength of his friends.

These 100-metre-high cliffs
are home to thousands of guillemots

and Kolya is after their eggs.

He relies on the men above
to lower him to the right place.

Kolya is tough
but his stress is obvious.

The men lower Kolya down
to the bottom of the cliff

and from there he works his way
back up the crumbling rock face.

This mission will
produce no more than about 50 eggs,

but at least there's no need
to carry a packed lunch.

Over the years, many men
have fallen to their deaths

collecting seabird eggs.

This is truly dangerous work.

These Arctic peoples can't grow crops.

The frozen ground never thaws
to allow them to do so.

They rely on animals for their food,

so the chance
to collect a few dozen eggs

has to be taken,
even if it means risking your life.

The change of season has
transformed the Arctic's coastline

and inland,
the difference is just as extreme.

July temperatures on the tundra
can be surprisingly high,

over 30 degrees centigrade.

Reindeer now move
not just to find fresh pasture,

but also to avoid the summer swarms
of bloodsucking flies.

To keep their animals healthy,

the local herders are
driving them to the sea.

The cooler conditions on the coast
bring relief to the herds

and the chance every year
for different tribes to meet.

Pasha and his hunters live close by.

They've had word
of the herders' arrival.

The hunters' cargo is
highly prized for the winter ahead,

fat-rich walrus meat

that's been fermenting
in the skin bags for two months.

Today will see an exchange
that has taken place

every summer for centuries.

The herders barter reindeer skins
for walrus meat.

Pooling their resources
has helped these communities

to survive for so long.

A fry-up of guillemot eggs
is all the better

when shared with old friends.

Summer brings a brief chance
for isolated peoples to meet.

This is an opportunity to exchange news,

arrange weddings,
and tell the latest jokes.

By August, the summer is over.

Winter arrives only too swiftly,

but the peoples of the Arctic,
who came here originally to hunt,

have devised ways to deal with
the hostile and changing conditions

that have stood the test of time.

Today, there's a new draw to the Arctic.

This is Greenland,
a territory of Denmark,

now known to be rich in oil
and precious metals.

This sled team is part of
the Danish Special Forces.

They're on one of the world's
toughest journeys,

a 2,000-mile patrol

to maintain Denmark's claim
to this valuable wilderness.

But the patrol's mission
is only possible

with the help of man's
oldest Arctic companion.

Rasmus and Roland have
spent the summer months

training and getting to know
their team of Greenland huskies.

They need to have a very close bond
with every single dog.

This is Roger and Armstrong.

Actually the oldest dog
in the whole patrol,

but he's still going strong.

The men are totally dependent

on the stamina of their dogs,
which will keep on running

all through the bitter cold
of the winter.

This is the last time the team
will see the sun for two months.

The most intelligent dogs always lead,
choosing the safest route,

feeling for hidden crevasses
and thin ice.

This is one of six teams

that patrol the whole
of northeast Greenland,

the only people in an empty wilderness

that is larger than France
and Great Britain combined.

Conditions here are too extreme
for current mining technology.

But someday, ways will be found

of digging out
the huge mineral treasures

that lie hidden within these mountains.

The patrol secures Denmark's claim
to do so simply by being here.

But it's not the prospect
of getting rich

that makes men sign up for this patrol,

it's the chance
for the journey of a lifetime.

The team travel over the ice
for six months,

covering up to 40 miles in a day.

Friendship and teamwork are essential
if they are to succeed.

Their dogs can sleep outside
no matter how cold it gets.

Rasmus and Roland
have a nice, cozy tent.

They have a few modern conveniences,

including a radio with which
they report their position

back to headquarters in Denmark
and catch up on the latest news.

Right now, it's the section of money,

what's new in the economy in Denmark,
the financial crisis

and all the other things that
we actually don't care about out here.

If you can cope
with the conditions,

then winter in the Arctic
can be magical,

especially when the greatest
light show on Earth is overhead.

The first humans in the Arctic
believed the Northern Lights,

or Aurora Borealis,
were dancing spirits.

Now we know the lights are caused

by electrically charged particles
streaming from the sun,

attracted by the magnetic pull
of the Earth's poles.

A big aurora storm
contains enough energy

to knock out satellite communications

and power supplies
across the Northern Hemisphere.

So, understanding the aurora is vital.

In Alaska, rockets are used
to study the Lights.

A hundred miles up,
at the edge of outer space,

the rockets release
a cloud of glowing smoke

that's visible from Earth.

The smoke is blown by fierce winds,
which are generated by the aurora.

Mapping the movement of the smoke
helps scientists to understand

how this unearthly spectacle
affects our atmosphere.

They constantly monitor the aurora
to help protect us from its effects,

so the rest of us can
simply enjoy the magic,

just as the Arctic's first people
must have done

thousands of years ago.

For all the many peoples of the Arctic,

the aurora is a reminder
of the sun's presence

throughout the dark days of winter.

But when the sun is below
the horizon in the north,

it's above it at the southern end
of our planet.

Here, humanity's history
has been very different.

Antarctica is far colder
than the Arctic,

and 99% of its land
is permanently blanketed by ice.

Antarctica is so utterly remote
and inhospitable

that no people ever settled here.

It was only 200 years ago

that the first human beings
even glimpsed the vast continent.

The first people
who crossed the Southern Ocean

did so for the same reason

that the first people went
to the Arctic Ocean,

to hunt sea mammals.

The populations of whales and seals
are only now beginning to recover

from 150 years of intensive hunting.

But none of those hunters
ever tried to venture

into the frigid interior of
the Antarctic continent.

The first successful attempt to do that
was made only 100 years ago.

This hut was the base

for one of the most famous expeditions
in polar history.

It was from here, in 1911 ,

that Captain Scott
and his team launched their attempt

to be the first people
to reach the South Pole.

The cold, dry conditions
have preserved the interior of the hut

almost exactly as
the expedition members left it.

Expedition photographer Herbert Ponting

captured the spirit of
the age of exploration.

These first explorers

borrowed the techniques
of the Arctic peoples.

They wore fur gloves and boots
and burned seal blubber to keep warm.

They built sleds based on
a traditional Inuit design.

They even made their sleeping bags
from reindeer hide.

Scott and his men sought
the glory of discovery

in an untouched wilderness
and died in the attempt.

But he and those who followed him

were the first to reveal
the splendor of Antarctica

to the rest of the world.

The lure of adventure
still draws intrepid travelers today.

Like the first explorers,

most modern visitors
come during the brief summer,

when the cold relents enough
for the toughest icebreakers

to reach the edge of the continent.

But most still need
a helicopter to go further.

The scenery in Antarctica
is magnificent and dramatic.

But what really attracts people here
is the wildlife.

An emperor penguin colony
is a particular highlight.

Because human beings
didn't arrive in the Antarctic

until the past few centuries,

the animals have never
developed a fear of man.

But very strict regulations

govern how close people
can approach any wildlife.

And when visitors leave,

they must take every trace
of their visit away with them.

Since 1959, the whole of Antarctica

has been protected
by international treaty.

The nations of the world have agreed
that no country can claim Antarctica,

or prospect for its oil or minerals.

The only significant
human activities allowed here

are those that extend
our scientific knowledge.

But unlocking Antarctica's secrets
requires some unusual tools.

This brand-new robot submarine

has been designed to go far
beyond the limits of any human.

Today this diver is putting
the sub through its paces

on one of its very first dives.

It's designed to be small
and nimble enough

to explore the Antarctic seabed
without damaging it.

The submarine's mission
as it journeys into the unknown

is to map the sea floor
and look for species new to science.

The seawater here
is a degree below zero,

so even the toughest human diver
can't stay down for long.

The submarine will explore
deeper under the ice

than anyone has gone before.

From the depths of the ocean
to the highest peaks of the land,

new discoveries are being made

even in places which were
first visited over a century ago.

Mount Erebus was an irresistible draw

to the legendary explorer
Ernest Shackleton.

In 1908, his men became the first
to climb this active volcano.

They soon discovered

that this is the coldest place
on the Antarctic coast.

Today's explorers still have to
guard against frostbite

in the height of summer,

when temperatures rarely creep
above -30 degrees centigrade.

Shackleton's men had no idea

of the extraordinary spectacle
that lay beneath their feet.

Yeah, okay, up on
the wall there somewhere now.

Under the ice and snow
is a network of caves,

which only a handful of expert cavers
have ever dared to enter.

This is the first scientific expedition
to explore them in detail.

Here there are ice formations
that occur nowhere else on Earth.

Each cave contains its own
unique collection of structures.

The team is mapping the caves

to see how their shape changes
over the years.

Okay, flat side to here.

That's 126.8 degrees for the angle.

-126.8.
- Correct.

Steam leaking
from vents in the side of the volcano

is constantly sculpting this labyrinth
that extends deep under the ice.

When the hot breath
of the volcano hits the icy walls,

the moisture in the air
freezes into beautiful shapes.

Some of the crystals are so unusual

that the cavers are investigating
a remote but tantalizing possibility

about their formation.

Could it be that some of these
extraordinary crystal shapes

are formed by highly
specialized bacteria

living in the ice?

Nobody yet knows the answer.

This is just one of
the many strange mysteries

that draw people to work in a place
that is so hostile to human life.

While some scientists come to Erebus
to explore its bizarre ice caves,

others visit the volcano

to study the innermost workings
of our planet.

Erebus is one of the most
active volcanoes on Earth,

but even so, volcanologists work
on the very rim of its crater.

They stand in the bitter cold,

while 100 meters below them
is a lava lake

where temperatures are
over 1 ,000 degrees centigrade.

This is a rare glimpse
of the molten rock

that lies beneath the Earth's crust.

But research here is
looking up as well as down,

measuring how the gases
that bubble out of the volcano

influence the make-up
of the air we breathe.

Antarctica is the best place to measure
any changes in our atmosphere

because it has
the least polluted air on Earth.

It's also the perfect place
to launch more outward-looking missions.

This balloon, made of material
no thicker than cling film,

will eventually grow to be
300 meters tall.

It will carry a device
for detecting cosmic rays,

tiny particles
from the beginning of time

that are only now reaching Earth.

The balloon will travel to
the very edge of outer space

to gather clues about
the formation of the universe.

Even today, very few ever make
the journey inland from the coast.

We still know remarkably little
about the interior of the continent.

The people on this plane
are trying to answer

one of the fundamental questions.

How much ice is there in Antarctica?

They measure the depth of the ice sheet,

which is over 4,000 meters in places,
using radar.

Their work will enable us to see

how the volume of Antarctica's ice
changes in the future.

It also makes it possible
to map a hidden landscape.

This plane is following the same route
through the Transantarctic Mountains

that Captain Scott took 100 years ago.

His team hauled their sleds
over 100 miles

up this glacier, the Beardmore.

Skirting seemingly endless crevasses,
with no map to guide them

and no idea of what lay ahead,

it was a journey of
extraordinary suffering.

Their target lay beyond the mountains,
over 3,000 meters above sea level,

on the Antarctic Plateau.

An unbroken sheet of ice
larger than Western Europe,

this is the coldest, the windiest,
the most lifeless place on Earth.

Roald Amundsen's team
narrowly defeated Scott's

to become the first people
to reach the South Pole

on the 14th of December, 1911 .

Nobody else successfully
completed the journey

for nearly 50 years after that.

But since 1957, there has been
a permanent base at the South Pole.

You can even land a plane
on the ice runway.

The early explorers would be astounded

by the facilities at
the South Pole today.

Construction work isn't easy

when the average summer temperature
is -25 degrees centigrade.

But despite the difficulties,

the most high-tech scientific
research station ever built

was unveiled here in 2006.

The brand-new Amundsen-Scott
South Pole Station

is designed to cope with
the world's most extreme conditions.

The building's sloping edge
deflects the prevailing wind.

Beneath, there are stilts
that can raise the whole building

a further eight meters to keep it
above the accumulating snow.

Living inside is as close to
being on a space-station

as you can find on Earth.

This base is totally self-sufficient.

The people are completely cut off
from the outside world

for more than half the year over winter.

The total darkness
makes this the perfect place

to study the night sky.

The group of stargazers will be the
most isolated community on our planet,

but they will have
all their needs catered for.

There is even a greenhouse,

where fresh vegetables
grow under artificial light

all through the darkest,
coldest winter anywhere.

The sun sets in March at the South Pole
and won't rise again for six months.

For a few days at this time of year,

high-altitude clouds of ice crystals
continue to catch the sunlight,

even when the sun itself
is far below the horizon.

But soon all trace of the sun disappears

and today's over-wintering scientists
remember the first explorers.

These men, who endured the winter
in flimsy wooden huts,

borrowed knowledge from
the Arctic pioneers before them,

but they came here to study and explore,
rather than to hunt or exploit.

They embodied the human spirit

that has enabled us to survive
at the Poles.

Here we are pushed to our limits,

but in being pushed,
humanity has achieved the extraordinary

and opened up the last frontier.

To tell the story of
how we survive at the Poles,

Frozen Planet travelled to Siberia,
the far north of Russia,

where most of the Arctic's people live.

The team got to know
many extraordinary people.

But one group of men above all
really opened their eyes

to what it means to live off the land

in the most unforgiving environment
on Earth.

Men who take their life
in their hands every day

just to find their food.

Producer Dan Rees
led the Frozen Planet team

on their longest journey in the Arctic.

Their mission was to film walrus hunters

in Russia's most remote region,
Chukotka,

the closest point to
their old enemy the United States,

4,000 miles and nine time zones
east of Moscow.

It's still a sensitive region

and the team soon learn
that the border guards

remain twitchy
about foreigners with cameras.

To get permission to film,

the crew relied on anthropologist
Niobe Thompson,

one of the few westerners
to have worked with the people here.

But even Niobe finds
a lot of doors closed to him.

I have experienced
a level of red tape

I never could have anticipated.

We've got... We've got our Russian visas
in our passports, that's fine,

but that's just the beginning.

Here is the special permission
given by the security services

to be in the region of Chukotka,

the special permission
to be in every one

of the population centers
we will visit on our trip,

permission to shoot
with a telephoto lens,

permission to shoot from a helicopter,

permission to shoot
in a natural reserve.

But we still don't have
our migration cards,

I'm trying to get them,

and if we don't get them
by the end of the day,

we're going to be deported
back to Alaska,

it'll take three months to get new ones.

Niobe's paper chase
takes two days,

but finally the team is
allowed to begin their journey

to the hunters' camp.

With no roads,
sometimes the only passable route

is over the fast-melting surfaces
of the lakes.

Okay.

They need to be
prepared for a quick exit.

The next day the crew
finally reach the coast.

The hunting camp is now
just 30 miles away across a bay,

but the crossing could be risky.

The frozen sea is melting fast
in the spring sunshine.

It's completely safe,
it's not going to break underneath us?

He said you'll be safe, 50/50.

50/50.

The locals employ
several generations of Arctic transport,

from the ancient to the nearly antique.

With the sea-ice
cracking up beneath them,

Dan has to trust the crew
and a ton of filming gear

to the experience of the locals.

Even by their standards,
this was fast becoming a risky journey.

Where the first sleds crossed
just minutes before

is now impassable.

It's broken right up,
we can't cross the leads in the ice here

so we need to get on some boats

and the ice is just breaking up
too fast for us at the moment.

Fortunately,
the hunters from the camp

turn up in the nick of time

to rescue the crew
for the final leg of the journey.

Six days and 5,000 miles from home,

the crew finally arrive at the place

that will be their home
for the next month.

This is an active hunting camp

and that evening, the team
are introduced to the realities

of fending for yourself in the Arctic.

Yeah, well, we've just seen
a walrus hunt

out here in the waters
of the Bering Sea.

All the meat will be eaten,

they eat an awful lot of
the internal organs as well,

they use the skin,

they use the sinews,
they use the stomach for making drums,

so it'll get used very heavily
and it is completely free-range,

you know, wild caught animal.

You can�t grow
any vegetables up here,

but sea mammal meat contains
all the nutrients the hunters need

and is very low in cholesterol.

Dan is keen to try some of
Kolya's health food.

Well, this is yesterday's seal

and a chunk of flesh there,
behind it is some intestine.

We should try a bit.

That's seal intestine.

It's quite fishy. Fishy...fishy rubber.

That's not too bad.

I thought it was going to be
more disgusting than it actually is.

- The salt helps.
- Yeah.

Would he like
to try some of what we eat?

It's chicken. Chicken korma? No?

I don't blame you, to be honest.

I think yours is much better.

As well as providing food,

the animals here traditionally
provided transport.

Kolya and Pasha, the oldest hunters,

keep alive the skill
of building walrus-skin boats.

You don't need a welding torch
to repair this boat,

just a juicy lump of seal fat
to bung any holes.

By living amongst them,

the crew had really begun to
get to know the hunters,

but there was one big part
of their lives which remained a mystery.

As spring turns to summer,

the hunters head out to an island
to gather seabird eggs.

The crew had heard stories of this,

but had little idea of
what it was going to involve.

That's where they climb,
those are impressive heights.

Quite something.

For cameraman Ted Giffords,

this was the first sight of
the rock face he was about to work on.

These cliffs can be treacherous,

as Kolya, the expert egg collector,
knows only too well.

Ted will rely on
steel stakes for anchors

and an array of climbing gear and ropes.

Kolya preferred to stick
with the simpler method

that has served him well for many years.

The crew can't quite believe
what they're seeing.

If he fell on that,
that would be absolutely horrendous.

It's...

Yeah, it's a bit sketchy,
and the rope is only about that thick.

It's an interesting method.

The limestone cliff
is loose and crumbling

because of hundreds of years
of freezing and thawing.

Even for a highly trained
professional climber like Ted,

it's a dangerous descent.

Kolya has been climbing here
for four decades,

but this is the first time
he's had company

and sometimes he forgets
that Ted is just below him.

Climbing supervisor Adam Scott
holds his breath as he watches.

A fall to the rocks 100 meters below
would almost certainly be fatal.

This is the most hardcore thing
I've ever seen.

It was when the team
returned to the boat to finish filming

that they got their
most spectacular view

of the lengths Kolya was going to
to get his dinner.

This shot sent the team home

with a fresh perspective
and a deep respect for these people

who still live off the land
in the Arctic,

a way of life
for which there is no safety net.