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Titanic.
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It's very name evokes a chill.
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And the tale of its
sinking is legendary.
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Captain Smith was the
man of the hour.
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A hero of the era.
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00:00:20,604 --> 00:00:23,022
You have crew who
were the best
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that white star
could offer.
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00:00:26,569 --> 00:00:28,485
There were stories of heroism;
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the way the band played
until the end.
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00:00:38,664 --> 00:00:40,205
But are
these stirring tales
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00:00:40,249 --> 00:00:43,375
of a heroic captain
and crew actually true?
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00:00:44,754 --> 00:00:46,003
Since the tragedy,
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00:00:46,088 --> 00:00:47,880
Titanic historians
have sought to acquire
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00:00:47,923 --> 00:00:50,674
the personal papers
of lord mersey.
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00:00:51,719 --> 00:00:54,970
The man charged in britain with
investigating the disaster.
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00:00:56,265 --> 00:00:59,767
His private journals
may hold the answers.
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00:01:00,770 --> 00:01:04,563
Now, for the first
time since 1912,
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00:01:04,607 --> 00:01:07,983
these critical documents
will be revealed.
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00:01:10,362 --> 00:01:13,447
A hundred and eight years later,
here we go.
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00:01:14,533 --> 00:01:16,283
Will this
information alter
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00:01:16,368 --> 00:01:20,913
the accepted story of how
and why Titanic sank?
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They didn't think that
they would need to have
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lifeboat drills.
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Titanic told 'em to
shut up and go away.
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Nearly the entire response
was completely improvised.
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Californian could have
galloped to the rescue
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like the 5th cavalry.
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What new light
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can the contents
of this box shed
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on one of history's
most enduring disasters?
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April 17, 1912.
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Two days since
Titanic's demise.
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The mackay-Bennett, a 269
foot cable repair ship
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in service since the 1880s
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is dispatched from halifax,
Nova Scotia on a grim task:
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00:02:32,194 --> 00:02:34,987
Sail into an icy hell
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and retrieve Titanic's dead.
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Richard mcmichael is a
historian at the
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maritime museum of
the Atlantic in halifax.
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00:02:50,671 --> 00:02:54,173
As you can imagine, this is
a nightmarish situation.
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The crew's main role is to
repair sections
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of damaged transatlantic cable.
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00:02:59,597 --> 00:03:00,929
There's nothing in
the job description
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about fishing women and children
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out of the icy waters
of the north Atlantic.
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00:03:08,230 --> 00:03:11,523
Mackay-Bennett's
journey takes 36 hours.
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00:03:11,609 --> 00:03:14,526
And, when they enter
the death zone,
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they find several
hundred corpses.
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00:03:17,990 --> 00:03:19,156
Men,
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00:03:19,241 --> 00:03:20,032
women,
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00:03:20,117 --> 00:03:21,491
children.
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00:03:28,709 --> 00:03:30,834
Fifty-one we have
taken on board today.
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00:03:30,920 --> 00:03:32,544
This is the first day out.
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00:03:33,422 --> 00:03:35,339
The sea still seems strewn.
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00:03:35,382 --> 00:03:37,591
With the exception of
ourselves and the bosun bird
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00:03:37,676 --> 00:03:40,177
is the only living
creature here.
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00:03:43,349 --> 00:03:45,849
Put yourself in the
position of these men.
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One day alone, mackay-Bennett
recovers 128 bodies--
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00:03:51,106 --> 00:03:53,732
127 men, one woman.
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00:03:57,112 --> 00:03:58,862
There are
photographs that exist
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of those people
being buried at sea.
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Very solemn just to look at.
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00:04:02,910 --> 00:04:06,078
And then they would
keep a log in real time.
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00:04:07,790 --> 00:04:09,206
8:00 P.M.
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00:04:09,250 --> 00:04:11,792
The tolling of the bell
summoned all hands to the folks,
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00:04:11,877 --> 00:04:14,169
as the weighted body
plunges into the sea,
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00:04:14,255 --> 00:04:17,089
there to sink to a depth
of about two miles.
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00:04:17,132 --> 00:04:18,298
Splash,
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00:04:18,384 --> 00:04:19,466
splash,
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00:04:19,551 --> 00:04:20,759
splash.
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00:04:24,640 --> 00:04:26,932
As the gruesome
details of Titanic's fate
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filters back to both continents,
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a horrified public
demands answers.
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00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:37,609
Mark chirnside is a
maritime historian,
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00:04:37,653 --> 00:04:41,280
and author of 10 books on
British royal mail ships.
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00:04:41,991 --> 00:04:44,241
It was such a huge disaster.
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00:04:44,285 --> 00:04:47,703
The questions were rightly
being asked about how the
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00:04:47,788 --> 00:04:50,622
largest and most luxurious
ship in the world
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could possibly sink
during its maiden voyage,
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00:04:54,086 --> 00:04:58,046
and with such a
catastrophic loss of life.
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00:05:02,261 --> 00:05:05,470
There was such public
interest in what had happened
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00:05:05,514 --> 00:05:07,514
that the British
government determined
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00:05:07,599 --> 00:05:10,934
that they needed to appoint
a wreck commissioner.
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00:05:12,771 --> 00:05:16,732
Lord John Charles
bigham, first viscount mersey,
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is a well-connected barrister,
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00:05:19,028 --> 00:05:21,028
judge and politician.
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00:05:21,113 --> 00:05:23,822
And he's chosen for a
monumental task.
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00:05:23,907 --> 00:05:26,658
Find out exactly
what went wrong
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on Titanic.
90
00:05:30,998 --> 00:05:33,623
Charles haas is an historian,
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00:05:33,709 --> 00:05:37,586
author and president of the
Titanic international society.
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00:05:38,881 --> 00:05:41,631
Lord mersey was
bringing to the table
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00:05:41,675 --> 00:05:43,884
considerable legal knowledge,
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00:05:43,969 --> 00:05:47,637
hopefully a sense of fairness,
a sense of balance.
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00:05:49,058 --> 00:05:53,185
All of the things that a judge,
if you will, needs to have.
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00:05:54,271 --> 00:05:56,104
The thing that we have
to keep in mind, however,
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is that the investigation
in england
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00:06:00,319 --> 00:06:03,987
was a board of trade
investigation,
99
00:06:04,031 --> 00:06:06,365
which means that, essentially,
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00:06:06,450 --> 00:06:11,620
the very organization that had
allowed Titanic to go to sea
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00:06:11,705 --> 00:06:15,624
is now investigating
itself to some degree.
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00:06:20,839 --> 00:06:23,673
Across 36 days
of testimony
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00:06:23,759 --> 00:06:26,218
from nearly 100 witnesses,
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00:06:26,303 --> 00:06:28,929
answering 25,000 questions,
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an exhaustive inquiry
comes to a close.
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00:06:32,935 --> 00:06:36,228
While the report's final
conclusions do Levy criticism,
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some observers wonder if the
hundreds of pages of notes
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lord mersey took in his private
journal during the trial,
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00:06:42,945 --> 00:06:45,862
and stored in a
leather-bound box
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00:06:45,948 --> 00:06:48,907
go much further than his
public pronouncements.
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00:07:00,087 --> 00:07:02,212
After a century tucked away
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00:07:02,297 --> 00:07:04,256
in their private
family archives,
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lord mersey's estate has
agreed to share the contents
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of the box publicly.
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00:07:10,556 --> 00:07:12,556
Some judges
think out loud.
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Lord mersey did not
think out loud.
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00:07:15,185 --> 00:07:17,686
Lord mersey thought on paper.
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00:07:17,771 --> 00:07:19,396
And it's only now
that we get to see
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what some of his
private thoughts were.
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My name is ned bigham, and
I'm the fifth viscount mersey.
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My great, great grandfather
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was John Charles bigham,
lord mersey.
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00:07:37,791 --> 00:07:40,459
I don't think anyone
has actually sat down
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00:07:40,544 --> 00:07:43,920
and gone through the box
or the materials and said,
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00:07:44,006 --> 00:07:45,964
"what exactly have we got here?
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00:07:46,049 --> 00:07:48,049
What is its significance?"
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00:07:48,135 --> 00:07:51,052
It had just sat there
for all these years.
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So, 108 years later,
here we go.
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For the first time
in recorded history,
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we're gonna open the box.
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Mersey's drawings,
observations and ruminations
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00:08:27,382 --> 00:08:30,717
will be examined by several
renowned Titanic experts
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00:08:30,802 --> 00:08:32,844
who will explain
the significance
134
00:08:32,888 --> 00:08:35,013
of this "lost evidence."
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00:08:36,141 --> 00:08:38,808
And through the lens of
this new information,
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00:08:38,894 --> 00:08:41,520
Titanic's journey
will be reconstructed,
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beginning with problems that
arose before she set sail.
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00:08:54,034 --> 00:08:55,825
The early part
of the 20th century,
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00:08:55,911 --> 00:08:59,454
the United Kingdom was
clearly a world power.
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00:08:59,540 --> 00:09:03,833
Its influence stretched
literally around the world.
141
00:09:04,962 --> 00:09:07,629
The shipping industry
is front and center
142
00:09:07,714 --> 00:09:09,631
in terms of the
importance to the country,
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00:09:09,716 --> 00:09:12,425
and for that matter,
to the world.
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00:09:13,887 --> 00:09:15,720
One of the most
dominant shipping companies
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00:09:15,806 --> 00:09:19,683
of the day is britain's
white star line.
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00:09:20,435 --> 00:09:24,104
Founded in 1845, white star
made its fortune
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00:09:24,189 --> 00:09:26,523
delivering the royal mail
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00:09:26,608 --> 00:09:29,818
while also providing
top-flight passenger service.
149
00:09:31,321 --> 00:09:33,738
The extra size of these
ships enabled white star
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00:09:33,782 --> 00:09:36,783
to increase the number
of first class passengers
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00:09:36,868 --> 00:09:39,995
that were carried, and
have even more luxurious
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00:09:40,080 --> 00:09:41,538
first class accommodations
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00:09:41,623 --> 00:09:44,082
than the world had
previously seen.
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00:09:44,793 --> 00:09:46,876
And white
star's newest steamer
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is the most luxurious.
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00:09:49,798 --> 00:09:51,339
Titanic.
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00:10:05,147 --> 00:10:09,566
But the massive ship, at
more than 882 feet long,
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weighing more than 46,000 tons
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00:10:12,613 --> 00:10:17,073
and costing more than 180
million in today's dollars,
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00:10:17,159 --> 00:10:20,660
has a major problem few
people remember today.
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00:10:21,663 --> 00:10:24,581
With the departure date
in April fast approaching,
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half the cabins are empty.
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So white star makes
a fateful decision.
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It brings famed captain
Edward Smith out of retirement
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to shore up ticket sales.
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If you wanna hire somebody
from central casting
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to be captain of a ocean liner
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00:10:43,685 --> 00:10:46,186
in the early part of
the 20th century,
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it's e.J. Smith,
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whether or not he knew how
to run a boat or not.
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It doesn't matter, you know.
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He just looks the part.
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Edward Smith was one
of the captains who
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played up that sort of
ship's captain thing.
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00:10:59,159 --> 00:11:01,493
He invited the rich and the
famous to the captain's table,
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00:11:01,536 --> 00:11:03,995
hence his nickname,
the millionaire's captain.
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00:11:04,915 --> 00:11:07,207
When April arrives,
Titanic,
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00:11:07,292 --> 00:11:10,502
with Smith at the helm,
is ready to sail.
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00:11:11,213 --> 00:11:13,797
But the millionaire's captain
also brings plenty of baggage
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00:11:13,882 --> 00:11:16,132
with him onto the
spit-shine deck
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00:11:16,218 --> 00:11:17,467
of the Titanic.
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00:11:23,934 --> 00:11:27,018
Inside lord mersey's box
is a red leather journal
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that he kept by his side
throughout the inquiry.
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00:11:31,400 --> 00:11:34,442
He used it to write down
his notes and discoveries.
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00:11:37,072 --> 00:11:40,532
On page 114, there's
a notation referencing
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that most of Titanic's crew
had been on the olympic.
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Why did mersey think this
detail was important?
188
00:11:50,585 --> 00:11:54,546
In 1911, captain Smith
and his fellow officers
189
00:11:54,589 --> 00:11:57,716
who later served on the
Titanic's doomed voyage
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00:11:57,759 --> 00:12:01,386
crewed Titanic's sister ship,
the olympic,
191
00:12:01,430 --> 00:12:03,722
on her maiden voyage.
192
00:12:03,765 --> 00:12:05,390
While docking in New York,
193
00:12:05,475 --> 00:12:08,226
the olympic collided
with a tugboat.
194
00:12:08,270 --> 00:12:10,854
Then, three months later,
195
00:12:10,939 --> 00:12:14,357
Smith's olympic did
something far worse.
196
00:12:16,486 --> 00:12:19,904
In 1911, the olympic
was leaving southampton,
197
00:12:19,990 --> 00:12:24,409
and the British naval
cruiser, hawke,
198
00:12:24,453 --> 00:12:25,785
was in the vicinity.
199
00:12:27,164 --> 00:12:30,582
Somehow, the hawke managed
to collide with the
200
00:12:30,667 --> 00:12:32,917
olympic in the stern.
201
00:12:37,591 --> 00:12:41,926
Olympic was severely damaged
and she experienced flooding.
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00:12:42,971 --> 00:12:44,596
Smith is on the bridge
203
00:12:44,639 --> 00:12:47,098
and therefore in
charge of the vessel.
204
00:13:05,494 --> 00:13:09,454
Titanic left southampton
on the 10th of April, 1912.
205
00:13:09,498 --> 00:13:12,791
It was a bit of a gusty,
cold day by all accounts.
206
00:13:15,712 --> 00:13:17,921
It was a proud moment
for white star.
207
00:13:18,006 --> 00:13:20,256
She came out to the dock,
208
00:13:20,300 --> 00:13:22,425
went round to the left
209
00:13:22,469 --> 00:13:25,136
and then proceeded
down the river.
210
00:13:26,264 --> 00:13:29,641
All the indications were
that Titanic was set
211
00:13:29,684 --> 00:13:31,810
for a successful maiden voyage.
212
00:13:37,442 --> 00:13:39,943
As hundreds of
well-wishers arrived dockside
213
00:13:40,028 --> 00:13:42,153
to cheer Titanic off,
214
00:13:42,197 --> 00:13:44,906
the ship's reputation
precedes it.
215
00:13:55,460 --> 00:13:57,669
Both the press and
white star espoused
216
00:13:57,754 --> 00:14:00,505
a perception of invincibility.
217
00:14:00,882 --> 00:14:02,632
But who could blame them?
218
00:14:02,717 --> 00:14:06,094
Titanic is spectacular.
219
00:14:12,310 --> 00:14:15,353
Sixty-six hundred tons of coal
220
00:14:15,438 --> 00:14:18,982
powers massive 17-foot
propellers.
221
00:14:20,318 --> 00:14:23,361
The ship is the length of two
and a half football fields
222
00:14:23,405 --> 00:14:28,658
and can ferry 3,547
passengers and crew.
223
00:14:30,787 --> 00:14:35,039
She is the largest
manmade moving object
224
00:14:35,083 --> 00:14:36,708
on earth.
225
00:14:46,469 --> 00:14:48,219
For the passengers on board,
226
00:14:48,263 --> 00:14:51,556
the first four days of
the journey are euphoric.
227
00:14:55,478 --> 00:14:57,896
That's especially true
for the wealthy,
228
00:14:57,981 --> 00:15:01,566
soaking in their world-class
accommodations.
229
00:15:02,569 --> 00:15:04,068
When Titanic
comes out,
230
00:15:04,112 --> 00:15:07,405
it was actually referred to
as the millionaire's special.
231
00:15:07,490 --> 00:15:09,949
Because it could not be imagined
232
00:15:10,035 --> 00:15:13,077
that someone would be able
to spend that much money
233
00:15:13,121 --> 00:15:15,246
on a transatlantic crossing.
234
00:15:15,957 --> 00:15:19,042
If you look at the best
accommodations in the ship,
235
00:15:19,085 --> 00:15:23,838
$4,350 for a crossing.
236
00:15:23,924 --> 00:15:26,215
That's the equivalent
of 10-year's salary
237
00:15:26,301 --> 00:15:29,427
to an average American in 1912.
238
00:15:30,597 --> 00:15:33,139
The first
class price tag is steep,
239
00:15:33,224 --> 00:15:35,016
but it comes with perks.
240
00:15:36,895 --> 00:15:40,188
Among them is access to
Titanic's state of the art
241
00:15:40,273 --> 00:15:43,107
marconi wireless system.
242
00:15:43,151 --> 00:15:45,360
The marconi, this was
modern technology
243
00:15:45,445 --> 00:15:46,653
for a modern ship.
244
00:15:46,738 --> 00:15:48,154
Part of the whole idea
245
00:15:48,239 --> 00:15:49,656
was this sort of
showman's thing.
246
00:15:49,741 --> 00:15:51,240
You're there, you're rich,
you're powerful.
247
00:15:51,326 --> 00:15:53,284
You're right at the edge
of modern technology.
248
00:15:53,328 --> 00:15:54,661
And you could send messages
249
00:15:54,746 --> 00:15:57,121
to tell your friends in
New York or London or Paris
250
00:15:57,207 --> 00:15:58,581
what you were doing.
251
00:15:58,625 --> 00:16:00,083
These were young men on ships
252
00:16:00,126 --> 00:16:02,669
tapping away on a
morse code player.
253
00:16:02,754 --> 00:16:04,504
They were using lots of slang
254
00:16:04,589 --> 00:16:06,214
and lots of, rather,
255
00:16:06,299 --> 00:16:08,299
sort of relaxed way of
talking to each other.
256
00:16:09,386 --> 00:16:11,135
The fellows that worked
in the wireless rooms
257
00:16:11,221 --> 00:16:12,804
on board the ship we're
not part of the crew.
258
00:16:12,847 --> 00:16:14,055
In most cases, they were
employees of the
259
00:16:14,140 --> 00:16:16,516
marconi company.
260
00:16:16,601 --> 00:16:18,935
The marconi
operators independence
261
00:16:18,979 --> 00:16:20,895
has a glaring risk.
262
00:16:22,315 --> 00:16:25,984
If people were being employed
by marconi to send messages
263
00:16:26,069 --> 00:16:27,944
on behalf of private passengers,
264
00:16:28,029 --> 00:16:32,490
did they then perhaps omit to
look at the safety messages--
265
00:16:33,034 --> 00:16:34,826
which should have
been their priority.
266
00:16:36,538 --> 00:16:40,164
Titanic will end up
receiving 21 ice warnings,
267
00:16:40,208 --> 00:16:43,918
via marconigram, on its
four days at sea.
268
00:16:45,088 --> 00:16:48,506
But captain Smith, like
many transatlantic veterans,
269
00:16:48,550 --> 00:16:51,509
is skeptical of
the new technology.
270
00:16:51,970 --> 00:16:54,095
Someone who had sailed back
and forth across the Atlantic
271
00:16:54,180 --> 00:16:57,724
for so long, without the aid
of any sort of technology,
272
00:16:57,809 --> 00:17:00,852
didn't really take something
like wireless very seriously.
273
00:17:03,189 --> 00:17:04,522
Another
thing captain Smith
274
00:17:04,566 --> 00:17:07,400
might not have
been prepared for...
275
00:17:07,485 --> 00:17:09,527
The lifeboat situation.
276
00:17:11,698 --> 00:17:14,532
While white star fitted
Titanic with 20 lifeboats,
277
00:17:14,617 --> 00:17:17,535
four more than were
required by regulation,
278
00:17:17,620 --> 00:17:20,997
it still isn't enough
for a ship this large.
279
00:17:21,541 --> 00:17:23,875
At full capacity,
Titanic's lifeboats
280
00:17:23,918 --> 00:17:28,880
could hold just half of the
ship's 2,240 passengers.
281
00:17:30,633 --> 00:17:32,967
While that fact
is well known,
282
00:17:33,053 --> 00:17:36,345
less known is that,
according to the mersey box,
283
00:17:36,431 --> 00:17:39,515
Smith and crew may not
have trained sufficiently
284
00:17:39,601 --> 00:17:42,226
with the lifeboats
they did have.
285
00:17:44,105 --> 00:17:46,439
Titanic's lifeboats
were raised and lowered
286
00:17:46,524 --> 00:17:50,777
with a new crane system
called "welin davits."
287
00:17:51,738 --> 00:17:53,529
Dave brown is a
Titanic historian
288
00:17:53,615 --> 00:17:55,990
and retired commercial
ship captain.
289
00:17:56,076 --> 00:17:59,827
The crew, they were
all certified seamen,
290
00:17:59,913 --> 00:18:01,746
but the only thing
291
00:18:01,831 --> 00:18:04,749
that they didn't have a
lot of experience with
292
00:18:04,834 --> 00:18:08,169
is welin davits which were
fairly new and coming online.
293
00:18:11,633 --> 00:18:14,050
As sunday,
April 14th dawns,
294
00:18:14,135 --> 00:18:17,261
four days into
Titanic's maiden voyage,
295
00:18:17,347 --> 00:18:20,723
the crew is scheduled for
a routine lifeboat drill.
296
00:18:22,227 --> 00:18:23,810
Though his men
are new to Titanic
297
00:18:23,895 --> 00:18:25,728
and her lifeboat apparatus,
298
00:18:25,814 --> 00:18:29,440
captain Smith cancels
the drill.
299
00:18:31,194 --> 00:18:35,947
I cannot say why captain Smith
failed to do that.
300
00:18:36,032 --> 00:18:37,949
At a bare minimum,
he could have detailed
301
00:18:37,992 --> 00:18:40,535
one of the lower ranking
officers to walk from
302
00:18:40,620 --> 00:18:42,954
boat to boat and check the
lines and check, you know,
303
00:18:42,997 --> 00:18:45,790
any pulleys had been greased
or whatever was necessary.
304
00:18:45,834 --> 00:18:47,667
But he didn't even do that.
305
00:18:51,297 --> 00:18:52,713
During the inquiry,
306
00:18:52,799 --> 00:18:54,799
a Titanic lookout
named Archie jewell
307
00:18:54,843 --> 00:18:57,510
testified that although
they tested lifeboats
308
00:18:57,595 --> 00:18:59,804
before leaving southampton,
309
00:18:59,848 --> 00:19:02,974
there were only two boats
lowered away out of 20,
310
00:19:03,017 --> 00:19:05,810
and they were not even
put into the water.
311
00:19:08,898 --> 00:19:11,941
In his private journal,
mersey notes:
312
00:19:12,026 --> 00:19:13,401
This unusual.
313
00:19:16,781 --> 00:19:18,614
And lord mersey wrote
in his journal
314
00:19:18,700 --> 00:19:20,533
that he had found
that to be unusual,
315
00:19:20,618 --> 00:19:21,701
indeed it was.
316
00:19:21,786 --> 00:19:23,786
You really need to
have a lifeboat drill.
317
00:19:25,039 --> 00:19:26,581
They didn't think
that they would need to have
318
00:19:26,666 --> 00:19:27,999
lifeboat drills.
319
00:19:28,084 --> 00:19:29,709
And this goes back to hubris.
320
00:19:29,794 --> 00:19:31,210
Why bother having
lifeboat drills
321
00:19:31,296 --> 00:19:33,254
when the ship simply can't sink?
322
00:19:41,556 --> 00:19:44,473
April 14, 1912,
323
00:19:44,559 --> 00:19:45,766
early evening.
324
00:19:45,852 --> 00:19:49,395
It's moonless and the seas
are eerily calm.
325
00:19:49,939 --> 00:19:52,481
Titanic is steaming
towards the grand banks
326
00:19:52,567 --> 00:19:54,400
in the north Atlantic,
327
00:19:54,485 --> 00:19:57,236
at a brisk 22 knots,
328
00:19:57,322 --> 00:19:59,614
or 25 and a half
miles per hour.
329
00:20:05,872 --> 00:20:09,749
At 7:30 P.M., second officer
Charles lightoller
330
00:20:09,834 --> 00:20:11,500
raises his sextant.
331
00:20:12,462 --> 00:20:14,378
In the era before GPS,
332
00:20:14,464 --> 00:20:17,882
this device is used to
plot a ship's position.
333
00:20:18,927 --> 00:20:21,052
According to information
in the mersey box
334
00:20:21,137 --> 00:20:23,054
and other sources,
335
00:20:23,139 --> 00:20:26,682
this moment initiates a
series of fatal errors
336
00:20:26,768 --> 00:20:28,893
by Titanic's officers.
337
00:20:42,450 --> 00:20:47,078
The sextant was the critical
instrument of navigation.
338
00:20:47,121 --> 00:20:49,038
When you look through
the telescope,
339
00:20:49,123 --> 00:20:52,708
one side sees the horizon.
340
00:20:52,752 --> 00:20:57,088
The other side here
sees the sky.
341
00:20:57,131 --> 00:20:59,924
So if I put it up like
this and I adjust it,
342
00:21:00,009 --> 00:21:01,175
what I'm going to do
343
00:21:01,261 --> 00:21:04,262
is I'm gonna bring the
celestial body down
344
00:21:04,305 --> 00:21:06,138
till it sits on the horizon.
345
00:21:06,224 --> 00:21:09,141
I call out, "Mark."
346
00:21:09,227 --> 00:21:12,061
And then the guy who's
got the hack watch
347
00:21:12,105 --> 00:21:15,564
writes down the exact
moment of the hack.
348
00:21:16,192 --> 00:21:20,444
When lightoller took
this reading at 7:30,
349
00:21:20,488 --> 00:21:22,780
he either was wrong
350
00:21:22,824 --> 00:21:27,076
or the hack watch was
off by a few seconds.
351
00:21:28,204 --> 00:21:30,788
A sextant in
conjunction with a hack watch
352
00:21:30,832 --> 00:21:32,623
and a nautical chronometer
353
00:21:32,667 --> 00:21:35,793
can accurately determine
a ship's position.
354
00:21:36,754 --> 00:21:39,797
But if the officers taking
the readings make a mistake,
355
00:21:39,841 --> 00:21:41,966
the ship can veer off course.
356
00:21:43,511 --> 00:21:47,013
If you're off by a
minute of time,
357
00:21:47,098 --> 00:21:49,807
is a mile of latitude.
358
00:21:50,601 --> 00:21:52,268
It can grow very big.
359
00:21:57,191 --> 00:21:58,941
While historians
have long suspected
360
00:21:59,027 --> 00:22:01,861
that Titanic was lost en route,
361
00:22:01,946 --> 00:22:05,614
proof of the navigational
errors has been elusive.
362
00:22:06,701 --> 00:22:09,160
That's because
Titanic's log book,
363
00:22:09,245 --> 00:22:11,495
the equivalent of a black box,
364
00:22:11,581 --> 00:22:13,664
containing notes on
every important decision
365
00:22:13,750 --> 00:22:15,041
of a ship's journey,
366
00:22:15,126 --> 00:22:17,126
has never been found.
367
00:22:19,714 --> 00:22:22,381
Typically, it was put in
a waterproof bag,
368
00:22:22,467 --> 00:22:24,717
sealed, and the highest
ranking officer
369
00:22:24,802 --> 00:22:26,677
would take it onto
the lifeboat.
370
00:22:27,722 --> 00:22:31,682
Theoretically, you carry
all the records off the ship,
371
00:22:31,768 --> 00:22:34,810
but the captain who knows
that it's got some information
372
00:22:34,854 --> 00:22:38,022
that he would
rather not disclose,
373
00:22:38,107 --> 00:22:40,775
will probably throw five
pounds of rocks in the bag
374
00:22:40,860 --> 00:22:42,360
and throw it overboard.
375
00:22:47,909 --> 00:22:49,867
Despite
25,000 questions
376
00:22:49,952 --> 00:22:52,995
across a month of testimony,
377
00:22:53,081 --> 00:22:56,415
lord mersey's private box
doesn't contain
378
00:22:56,501 --> 00:22:59,377
a single reference to
the missing log book.
379
00:23:02,298 --> 00:23:04,173
There may be something
in there that captain Smith
380
00:23:04,258 --> 00:23:06,509
didn't want the world
to know about.
381
00:23:07,887 --> 00:23:10,846
It could have been something
damning to the white star line
382
00:23:10,932 --> 00:23:12,348
and the board of trade.
383
00:23:14,852 --> 00:23:15,893
We don't know.
384
00:23:17,188 --> 00:23:19,063
Months before
the inquiry,
385
00:23:19,148 --> 00:23:21,399
steaming through
the north Atlantic,
386
00:23:21,484 --> 00:23:23,776
Titanic is not only lost,
387
00:23:23,861 --> 00:23:26,028
she's heading into danger.
388
00:23:26,739 --> 00:23:29,073
Throughout the day
on April 14th,
389
00:23:29,158 --> 00:23:32,785
Titanic's marconi operators
receive disturbing news
390
00:23:32,870 --> 00:23:35,538
from other ships in the area.
391
00:23:36,124 --> 00:23:39,250
Titanic did receive a
series of ice warnings
392
00:23:39,335 --> 00:23:42,002
from ships that lay
ahead of its path.
393
00:23:42,463 --> 00:23:45,339
These ice warnings
were fairly specific
394
00:23:45,425 --> 00:23:47,925
in terms of latitude
and longitude.
395
00:23:48,553 --> 00:23:50,469
They were taken to the bridge,
396
00:23:50,555 --> 00:23:54,306
and the position was noted
on a transatlantic chart.
397
00:23:54,392 --> 00:24:00,563
And there, it could be examined
by each shift of officers
398
00:24:00,606 --> 00:24:02,314
as they came on duty.
399
00:24:05,820 --> 00:24:08,028
Almost like some sort of
music creeping up
400
00:24:08,114 --> 00:24:10,656
in the background, are these
messages from other ships
401
00:24:10,741 --> 00:24:12,992
saying, "be careful,
there's danger ahead."
402
00:24:19,917 --> 00:24:23,169
Nineteen and a half
miles due north from Titanic,
403
00:24:23,254 --> 00:24:26,630
the ss californian, a
freighter bound for Boston
404
00:24:26,674 --> 00:24:30,301
sees an ice field
around 7:30 at night.
405
00:24:31,512 --> 00:24:34,138
Her skipper, captain
Stanley lord,
406
00:24:34,182 --> 00:24:36,515
isn't about to take
any chances.
407
00:24:44,275 --> 00:24:45,983
The californian stops in ice.
408
00:24:46,027 --> 00:24:47,651
It realizes it's dangerous.
409
00:24:47,737 --> 00:24:50,654
The wireless operator sent
a message to tell people
410
00:24:50,698 --> 00:24:52,573
that ice was around.
411
00:24:52,658 --> 00:24:54,783
Titanic didn't say,
"thank you very much.
412
00:24:54,869 --> 00:24:56,994
I'm very glad you
told US about this."
413
00:24:57,079 --> 00:24:59,663
They told them to shut up
and go away effectively.
414
00:24:59,707 --> 00:25:01,165
They were busy sending
private messages.
415
00:25:01,250 --> 00:25:02,833
They didn't wanna know about it.
416
00:25:05,254 --> 00:25:09,965
While captain lord
hunkers down in the ice field,
417
00:25:10,051 --> 00:25:14,386
to his south, captain Smith
powers Titanic ahead
418
00:25:14,472 --> 00:25:18,641
with his engines steaming
at near capacity.
419
00:25:22,772 --> 00:25:24,146
In his final report,
420
00:25:24,232 --> 00:25:27,900
lord mersey does note
Titanic's excessive speed.
421
00:25:28,611 --> 00:25:32,530
And in private, he expresses
grave concern.
422
00:25:33,699 --> 00:25:37,243
Within mersey's box,
tucked inside his journal,
423
00:25:37,328 --> 00:25:40,829
he writes that there was
no reduction of speed.
424
00:25:40,915 --> 00:25:44,333
And then, mersey points
it out again.
425
00:25:44,418 --> 00:25:46,835
Okay. So now this
is interesting.
426
00:25:46,921 --> 00:25:49,755
Speed, 21 knots
427
00:25:49,840 --> 00:25:53,551
and never reduced up to
time of collision.
428
00:25:53,636 --> 00:25:58,472
Notwithstanding, weary
that icebergs in vicinity,
429
00:25:58,558 --> 00:26:01,976
and that she would be
likely to meet them.
430
00:26:06,524 --> 00:26:08,232
They were traveling
at 21 knots,
431
00:26:08,317 --> 00:26:11,402
which is practically full
speed for the Titanic.
432
00:26:12,613 --> 00:26:14,113
This was at night.
433
00:26:14,198 --> 00:26:16,073
This was in an environment
where they knew
434
00:26:16,117 --> 00:26:17,741
that there was ice.
435
00:26:17,827 --> 00:26:20,578
We don't need
to reduce speed.
436
00:26:20,621 --> 00:26:22,580
We're not gonna have any
issues with any icebergs
437
00:26:22,623 --> 00:26:24,748
that we come across
because we are Titanic.
438
00:26:25,626 --> 00:26:28,294
After all, it is
unsinkable, isn't it?
439
00:26:34,427 --> 00:26:38,470
Sunday evening,
April 14, 1912.
440
00:26:39,307 --> 00:26:42,266
Under the command of
captain Edward j. Smith,
441
00:26:42,310 --> 00:26:44,560
Titanic is just
past the midpoint
442
00:26:44,604 --> 00:26:47,271
of her journey to New York.
443
00:26:47,356 --> 00:26:49,648
Steaming at nearly full speed,
444
00:26:49,734 --> 00:26:52,359
she's scheduled
to arrive on time
445
00:26:52,445 --> 00:26:56,238
Wednesday morning at
white star's pier 59
446
00:26:56,282 --> 00:26:58,782
along Manhattan's West Side.
447
00:27:01,245 --> 00:27:04,788
Nine other ships are also
traversing the north Atlantic,
448
00:27:04,832 --> 00:27:08,709
heading west and east along
the same shipping lanes.
449
00:27:09,712 --> 00:27:12,338
But just south of the
grand banks,
450
00:27:12,423 --> 00:27:14,798
the ice field looms.
451
00:27:14,884 --> 00:27:18,302
Four miles wide and
extending north and south
452
00:27:18,346 --> 00:27:20,929
as far as the eye can see.
453
00:27:21,807 --> 00:27:24,391
As each ship hits
the danger zone,
454
00:27:24,477 --> 00:27:26,268
they sound the alarm.
455
00:27:31,275 --> 00:27:32,983
Wireless messages were
sent by ships
456
00:27:33,069 --> 00:27:35,069
who were traveling
in the same waters,
457
00:27:35,154 --> 00:27:38,989
and they were alerting each
other to potential risks.
458
00:27:39,075 --> 00:27:40,282
They thought it was dangerous
459
00:27:40,368 --> 00:27:41,950
and they let the other
ships know around them.
460
00:27:43,954 --> 00:27:46,038
We know the Titanic
received these messages.
461
00:27:46,123 --> 00:27:48,832
We know they acknowledged
some of these messages too.
462
00:27:50,795 --> 00:27:52,586
It should have been
taken seriously.
463
00:27:55,883 --> 00:27:58,175
The marconi
messages not only reveal
464
00:27:58,219 --> 00:27:59,718
where the ice is,
465
00:27:59,804 --> 00:28:01,845
they also contain
important details
466
00:28:01,889 --> 00:28:06,308
on how big and dangerous
the icebergs are.
467
00:28:07,853 --> 00:28:09,520
Kristin serumgard
is the commander
468
00:28:09,605 --> 00:28:12,189
of the international ice patrol.
469
00:28:12,692 --> 00:28:14,900
She's familiar with
the types of icebergs
470
00:28:14,985 --> 00:28:16,985
the ships might have reported.
471
00:28:18,489 --> 00:28:22,449
There's floes formed
from frozen seawater.
472
00:28:22,535 --> 00:28:26,286
There's a growler, which is
about the size of a piano.
473
00:28:27,164 --> 00:28:29,206
And then all the way up
to what we call
474
00:28:29,291 --> 00:28:32,668
a very large iceberg is
over 200 meters.
475
00:28:35,423 --> 00:28:38,215
In Titanic's
day, just like now,
476
00:28:38,259 --> 00:28:40,050
hitting an iceberg
could rip a ship apart
477
00:28:40,136 --> 00:28:42,094
and endanger the passengers.
478
00:28:43,431 --> 00:28:47,141
A fact that wasn't lost on
lord mersey in his black box.
479
00:28:53,441 --> 00:28:55,733
Inside his journal,
mersey hones in
480
00:28:55,776 --> 00:28:59,570
on two specific ice warnings
that reached Titanic:
481
00:28:59,613 --> 00:29:01,739
"Two vessels informed her.
482
00:29:01,782 --> 00:29:03,073
Icebergs,
483
00:29:03,159 --> 00:29:04,575
growlers,
484
00:29:04,618 --> 00:29:05,951
floes."
485
00:29:06,036 --> 00:29:09,455
Lord mersey drew some images--
486
00:29:09,540 --> 00:29:13,375
things that the Titanic
clearly would've passed
487
00:29:13,461 --> 00:29:16,420
on its way to the
big monster iceberg.
488
00:29:16,464 --> 00:29:19,757
That also should have given
the Titanic some pause.
489
00:29:19,842 --> 00:29:23,093
It would have warned them
that things were getting bad.
490
00:29:23,179 --> 00:29:24,928
Lord mersey
also scribbles down
491
00:29:25,014 --> 00:29:26,722
that the temperatures
were falling,
492
00:29:26,807 --> 00:29:30,601
and that this,
to indicate ice.
493
00:29:31,520 --> 00:29:35,022
And then, finally, and
perhaps most crucially,
494
00:29:35,107 --> 00:29:37,316
he notes and underlines,
495
00:29:37,401 --> 00:29:39,777
no reduction of speed.
496
00:29:41,405 --> 00:29:42,905
This was obviously
fairly significant for him.
497
00:29:42,990 --> 00:29:47,284
Quite understandably, he
was asking the question,
498
00:29:47,328 --> 00:29:48,911
"why didn't they slow down?"
499
00:29:52,166 --> 00:29:54,792
If we didn't have
this journal,
500
00:29:54,835 --> 00:29:58,504
we wouldn't have known that
lord mersey was taking in
501
00:29:58,589 --> 00:30:02,674
all this information and clearly
recognized the problems.
502
00:30:03,594 --> 00:30:06,345
It was getting more and more
towards criminal negligence
503
00:30:06,430 --> 00:30:07,638
in this case.
504
00:30:09,099 --> 00:30:11,266
Historians
have spent countless hours
505
00:30:11,310 --> 00:30:13,602
deliberating this question.
506
00:30:13,687 --> 00:30:16,814
Why didn't captain
Smith slow down?
507
00:30:18,359 --> 00:30:20,651
One theory centers
around the behavior
508
00:30:20,736 --> 00:30:24,154
of one of Titanic's most
influential passengers,
509
00:30:24,198 --> 00:30:26,490
j. Bruce ismay.
510
00:30:28,327 --> 00:30:30,953
Ismay was the chair
of the white star line.
511
00:30:31,038 --> 00:30:35,666
It was his role to run it and
grow it into the 20th century.
512
00:30:37,169 --> 00:30:39,461
On white star's
pride and joy,
513
00:30:39,547 --> 00:30:41,588
ismay reigned supreme.
514
00:30:41,674 --> 00:30:44,800
Hobnobbing with wealthy
passengers and keeping tabs
515
00:30:44,844 --> 00:30:47,511
on captain Smith and his crew.
516
00:30:48,931 --> 00:30:51,849
Ismay is on deck
around 2:00 P.M.
517
00:30:51,892 --> 00:30:55,853
When Titanic receives an
ice warning from the baltic,
518
00:30:55,938 --> 00:30:58,313
another white star-owned ship,
519
00:30:58,357 --> 00:31:01,149
about 230 miles to the east.
520
00:31:02,403 --> 00:31:04,069
What happens next
would give fodder
521
00:31:04,154 --> 00:31:06,780
to a century of
conspiracy theorists.
522
00:31:07,491 --> 00:31:11,201
And it's a moment lord mersey
also focuses on.
523
00:31:13,539 --> 00:31:15,414
There was a paper
written marconigram
524
00:31:15,499 --> 00:31:19,042
delivered to captain Smith,
that he showed to Bruce ismay,
525
00:31:19,086 --> 00:31:22,379
that Bruce ismay took,
stuck into his pocket.
526
00:31:22,464 --> 00:31:25,716
Why did captain Smith give
Bruce ismay the telegram?
527
00:31:29,263 --> 00:31:31,763
Mersey references
ismay's own testimony
528
00:31:31,849 --> 00:31:33,390
from the British inquiry.
529
00:31:35,352 --> 00:31:39,396
On page 222, ismay underlined,
530
00:31:39,440 --> 00:31:42,232
captain handed me
the baltic message,
531
00:31:42,276 --> 00:31:46,278
which ismay held
on to for a while.
532
00:31:46,363 --> 00:31:49,573
So, this is obviously quite
significant for lord mersey.
533
00:31:54,121 --> 00:31:56,747
Why would ismay have
stuck it in his pocket?
534
00:31:56,832 --> 00:32:00,334
Was there something he didn't
want the bridge crew to see?
535
00:32:00,419 --> 00:32:03,086
Did he not want
them to slow down?
536
00:32:05,090 --> 00:32:06,757
He didn't want the
Titanic to be late.
537
00:32:06,842 --> 00:32:08,091
The press would be
waiting on the docks.
538
00:32:08,177 --> 00:32:10,260
People would be there waiting.
539
00:32:10,304 --> 00:32:13,096
There had been theories
that ismay was keener
540
00:32:13,140 --> 00:32:15,641
to get there on time
than to get there safely.
541
00:32:16,310 --> 00:32:19,937
Captain Smith asked ismay
for the ice warning back
542
00:32:20,022 --> 00:32:21,313
that sunday evening,
543
00:32:21,398 --> 00:32:24,441
so that he could put it
in the chart room.
544
00:32:27,780 --> 00:32:30,113
The baltic
message is posted alongside
545
00:32:30,199 --> 00:32:34,409
the six other ice warnings
received throughout the day.
546
00:32:36,330 --> 00:32:38,872
Then at 9:20 P.M.,
547
00:32:38,958 --> 00:32:42,250
captain Smith heads to
his cabin to go to sleep,
548
00:32:42,294 --> 00:32:45,629
handing command to
his senior officers.
549
00:32:49,009 --> 00:32:51,093
The north Atlantic
was extremely calm
550
00:32:51,178 --> 00:32:55,013
as they went into sundown
and into the night.
551
00:32:55,099 --> 00:32:58,308
That made it more difficult
to find the iceberg.
552
00:32:59,103 --> 00:33:00,644
You can't see it.
553
00:33:02,564 --> 00:33:04,147
If it's very calm out,
554
00:33:04,233 --> 00:33:07,693
there's no waves breaking
on the edges of the iceberg--
555
00:33:07,778 --> 00:33:10,278
you're not gonna even
see that it's there.
556
00:33:11,699 --> 00:33:15,534
The lookouts are
above the canvas dodger
557
00:33:15,619 --> 00:33:17,202
of the lookout's nest.
558
00:33:17,287 --> 00:33:22,666
Their face is being whipped by
a 25-mile an hour cold wind,
559
00:33:22,751 --> 00:33:26,503
which inevitably could
cause tearing to take place,
560
00:33:26,588 --> 00:33:29,214
which in turn could
hurt their vision.
561
00:33:34,930 --> 00:33:37,347
At precisely
11:39 P.M.,
562
00:33:37,391 --> 00:33:39,850
crow's nest lookout
Frederick fleet
563
00:33:39,935 --> 00:33:42,978
spots the gigantic,
dark mass.
564
00:33:43,897 --> 00:33:46,606
He strikes the lookout
bell three times.
565
00:33:50,904 --> 00:33:53,321
Fleet lunges for the telephone,
566
00:33:53,407 --> 00:33:56,283
reaching sixth officer
James moody on the bridge.
567
00:33:56,368 --> 00:33:57,242
Iceberg!
568
00:33:57,327 --> 00:33:58,535
Dead ahead.
569
00:34:01,707 --> 00:34:04,374
When you're traveling
at 21 or 22 knots,
570
00:34:04,418 --> 00:34:07,169
and you see iceberg
dead ahead,
571
00:34:07,212 --> 00:34:09,254
there wasn't enough
time to turn.
572
00:34:09,882 --> 00:34:12,049
It was already too late.
573
00:34:12,468 --> 00:34:14,384
The ship was doomed.
574
00:34:22,102 --> 00:34:24,394
April 14, 1912.
575
00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:29,232
Rms Titanic has been at sea
for four and a half days.
576
00:34:30,944 --> 00:34:36,364
At 11:39 P.M., 375 miles off
the coast of newfoundland,
577
00:34:36,450 --> 00:34:39,868
Titanic's seven ice warnings
received throughout the day
578
00:34:39,953 --> 00:34:42,079
are no longer a warning.
579
00:34:42,748 --> 00:34:44,915
They're a frightening reality.
580
00:34:47,044 --> 00:34:48,085
Iceberg!
581
00:34:48,128 --> 00:34:49,377
Dead ahead.
582
00:34:51,215 --> 00:34:55,008
With the iceberg
spotted 1,500 feet ahead,
583
00:34:55,094 --> 00:34:59,387
and with Titanic bearing down
on it at 26 miles per hour,
584
00:35:01,350 --> 00:35:03,767
first officer William
mcmaster Murdoch
585
00:35:03,852 --> 00:35:06,144
has less than 45 seconds to
586
00:35:06,230 --> 00:35:09,189
determine the fate
of thousands.
587
00:35:13,112 --> 00:35:15,654
He says, "full to port."
588
00:35:15,739 --> 00:35:17,906
Murdoch signals the engine room.
589
00:35:17,991 --> 00:35:20,784
Ring, ring, ring.
590
00:35:21,161 --> 00:35:22,369
But by the
time Murdoch makes
591
00:35:22,454 --> 00:35:24,246
his desperate maneuver,
592
00:35:24,331 --> 00:35:27,290
the iceberg is already on them.
593
00:35:29,211 --> 00:35:31,795
At reportedly 60 feet high,
594
00:35:31,880 --> 00:35:35,674
it's even with
Titanic's crow's nest
595
00:35:35,759 --> 00:35:39,094
and it's estimated
400-foot length is greater
596
00:35:39,179 --> 00:35:40,929
than a football field.
597
00:35:42,015 --> 00:35:43,640
Scientists say it could
have weighed up to
598
00:35:43,725 --> 00:35:45,809
one and a half million tons,
599
00:35:45,894 --> 00:35:50,147
the equivalent of 15 fully
loaded aircraft carriers.
600
00:35:51,400 --> 00:35:55,485
The iceberg packs the punch
of a granite mountain.
601
00:36:00,617 --> 00:36:03,034
When you compress
carbon under pressure,
602
00:36:03,120 --> 00:36:04,995
you get this very
strong diamond,
603
00:36:05,080 --> 00:36:07,497
and that's kind of
the similar concept
604
00:36:07,541 --> 00:36:11,209
of compressing the fresh water
into a glacier
605
00:36:11,295 --> 00:36:12,836
that forms an iceberg.
606
00:36:12,921 --> 00:36:16,506
Dense, glacial ice has a
much higher probability
607
00:36:16,592 --> 00:36:19,467
of causing significant
damage to a ship.
608
00:36:20,888 --> 00:36:24,055
At 11:40 P.M.,
609
00:36:24,141 --> 00:36:26,516
Titanic makes contact.
610
00:36:30,772 --> 00:36:33,481
The iceberg scrapes
along her starboard side
611
00:36:33,525 --> 00:36:35,525
for eight seconds...
612
00:36:37,321 --> 00:36:40,363
Gouging the double-plated
steel hull.
613
00:36:41,491 --> 00:36:43,533
The collision takes place,
opening its side to the iceberg
614
00:36:43,577 --> 00:36:45,911
so it can cut into it
like a tin of sardines.
615
00:36:46,538 --> 00:36:49,206
The forward
compartment, three cargo holds
616
00:36:49,291 --> 00:36:52,167
and two engine rooms
are blown open.
617
00:36:53,337 --> 00:36:55,712
And the frigid sea pours in.
618
00:36:59,760 --> 00:37:02,469
Meanwhile, some 90 feet above,
619
00:37:02,554 --> 00:37:05,430
those first class
passengers still awake
620
00:37:05,515 --> 00:37:08,516
catch an ominous
glimpse into their fate.
621
00:37:09,394 --> 00:37:11,519
When the iceberg struck,
they felt something,
622
00:37:11,605 --> 00:37:13,146
but they weren't
sure what it was.
623
00:37:13,232 --> 00:37:16,107
And they went to the
portholes of the ship
624
00:37:16,193 --> 00:37:19,861
and actually saw pieces of
ice coming off the iceberg
625
00:37:19,947 --> 00:37:22,572
onto the deck through
the portholes.
626
00:37:24,993 --> 00:37:26,826
Moments
after impact,
627
00:37:26,912 --> 00:37:31,164
first officer Murdoch
orders full stop,
628
00:37:31,250 --> 00:37:35,752
and he engages Titanic's
high-tech watertight doors.
629
00:37:35,837 --> 00:37:38,129
Down in the tank top level,
630
00:37:38,215 --> 00:37:41,341
bells started going off and
doors started closing.
631
00:37:42,302 --> 00:37:44,219
It must've been
sounded pretty much
632
00:37:44,263 --> 00:37:46,596
like the hammers
of hell down there.
633
00:37:48,016 --> 00:37:51,059
Murdoch did not know whether
there was damage or not.
634
00:37:51,603 --> 00:37:53,436
He's just got to close
the watertight doors
635
00:37:53,480 --> 00:37:55,313
and then find out.
636
00:37:55,941 --> 00:37:57,399
That's all he can do.
637
00:37:58,527 --> 00:38:00,443
Murdoch's
decision to seal the doors
638
00:38:00,529 --> 00:38:02,946
is rooted in ship science.
639
00:38:03,865 --> 00:38:06,324
When activated, the
watertight doors keep
640
00:38:06,410 --> 00:38:08,076
Titanic from foundering
641
00:38:08,161 --> 00:38:10,787
by walling off the
flooded areas
642
00:38:10,872 --> 00:38:12,580
from the rest of the ship.
643
00:38:13,166 --> 00:38:15,959
You wanna close them so
the water doesn't escape
644
00:38:16,003 --> 00:38:18,420
and make the ship bow
or aft heavy.
645
00:38:18,505 --> 00:38:21,423
You wanna stop the water from
coming in and spreading.
646
00:38:22,009 --> 00:38:23,174
The head
of the British inquiry
647
00:38:23,260 --> 00:38:25,176
trains his investigative eyes
648
00:38:25,262 --> 00:38:27,429
on those crucial first minutes
649
00:38:27,472 --> 00:38:29,806
after the doors are activated.
650
00:38:31,852 --> 00:38:34,811
Lord mersey learns that
some of the watertight doors
651
00:38:34,855 --> 00:38:37,439
were then manually
raised by crew
652
00:38:37,524 --> 00:38:40,317
to move around hoses and pumps.
653
00:38:40,986 --> 00:38:43,236
But he notes and underlines
654
00:38:43,322 --> 00:38:46,656
that the doors were
then all left open.
655
00:38:48,243 --> 00:38:50,535
Lord mersey obviously
thought that was important
656
00:38:50,620 --> 00:38:54,331
that no one ever requested
the doors to be re-closed.
657
00:38:56,335 --> 00:38:57,625
He certainly recognized
the fact
658
00:38:57,711 --> 00:38:59,627
that there were
some problems here.
659
00:39:01,131 --> 00:39:02,881
Captain Smith,
who had gone to sleep
660
00:39:02,966 --> 00:39:05,300
for the evening at 9:20 P.M.,
661
00:39:05,344 --> 00:39:07,344
suddenly snaps to attention.
662
00:39:09,389 --> 00:39:14,184
He felt a ca-thud and heard
the ship's engine bells ring.
663
00:39:15,896 --> 00:39:18,855
I can't imagine what that must
have done to his heart rate.
664
00:39:22,944 --> 00:39:25,070
Smith
rushes to the bridge.
665
00:39:25,155 --> 00:39:28,531
He asks first officer Murdoch
what they struck.
666
00:39:29,326 --> 00:39:32,077
"An iceberg, sir."
Murdoch replies.
667
00:39:33,330 --> 00:39:36,539
Smith's first priority
upon arrival at the bridge
668
00:39:36,625 --> 00:39:39,459
is to immediately
send down people
669
00:39:39,544 --> 00:39:42,796
to determine just what's
going on down below.
670
00:39:42,881 --> 00:39:44,339
How bad is it?
671
00:39:45,467 --> 00:39:48,343
In testimony,
fourth officer Joseph boxhall
672
00:39:48,428 --> 00:39:51,763
recounts that he did
not find any damage.
673
00:39:52,766 --> 00:39:55,266
With boxhall's
assessment in hand,
674
00:39:55,352 --> 00:39:58,311
captain Smith issues an
order to the engine room
675
00:39:58,397 --> 00:40:01,773
that causes lord mersey
to sit up and take notice.
676
00:40:02,442 --> 00:40:04,567
An order that flies
in the face
677
00:40:04,611 --> 00:40:08,071
of what we think we know
about Titanic's story.
678
00:40:09,199 --> 00:40:13,284
According to history,
Titanic hit the iceberg,
679
00:40:13,370 --> 00:40:17,247
the crew shut the
watertight doors
680
00:40:17,290 --> 00:40:20,166
and the ship came
to a dead stop.
681
00:40:21,044 --> 00:40:23,545
But is that what
really happened?
682
00:40:24,464 --> 00:40:26,464
Lord mersey wrote down
during Frederick Scott's
683
00:40:26,550 --> 00:40:29,717
testimony that the ship was
ordered half-speed ahead
684
00:40:29,761 --> 00:40:31,428
and then stop and ahead.
685
00:40:31,471 --> 00:40:33,096
What was all this?
686
00:40:33,181 --> 00:40:36,057
Captain Smith may have
been trying to speed up
687
00:40:36,101 --> 00:40:39,269
in hopes that things
really weren't so bad.
688
00:40:39,354 --> 00:40:41,980
There may have been some
talk about moving ahead
689
00:40:42,065 --> 00:40:44,482
to try and calm the passengers,
690
00:40:44,568 --> 00:40:47,110
letting them think that the
ship is moving normally.
691
00:40:48,321 --> 00:40:49,654
For 20 minutes,
692
00:40:49,739 --> 00:40:52,991
Smith decides to keep
the ship pressing forward
693
00:40:53,076 --> 00:40:57,120
at half speed instead of
coming to a full stop.
694
00:40:57,956 --> 00:41:01,291
Moving the boat forward was
something that increased
695
00:41:01,376 --> 00:41:04,252
the influx of water and
was a very dangerous,
696
00:41:04,296 --> 00:41:06,588
if not disastrous thing to do.
697
00:41:07,883 --> 00:41:09,549
If there were
openings in the hull,
698
00:41:09,634 --> 00:41:11,801
you'd push them open more.
699
00:41:11,887 --> 00:41:14,345
Any weaknesses, you would
exploit them.
700
00:41:15,015 --> 00:41:17,348
If we start moving
through the water
701
00:41:17,434 --> 00:41:19,809
and there is damage
of some sort
702
00:41:19,895 --> 00:41:22,145
on the starboard
side of the ship,
703
00:41:22,189 --> 00:41:26,941
any forward motion is going
to increase the water flow
704
00:41:26,985 --> 00:41:28,485
through that crevice,
705
00:41:28,570 --> 00:41:32,489
and might have an effect on
how quickly the ship sinks.
706
00:41:36,536 --> 00:41:40,246
With precious
minutes ticking by,
707
00:41:40,332 --> 00:41:44,167
captain Smith summons Titanic's
carpenter to sound the ship.
708
00:41:44,252 --> 00:41:48,588
A nautical term for assessing
a ship's seaworthiness.
709
00:41:48,673 --> 00:41:50,632
When the report came
back to captain Smith,
710
00:41:50,717 --> 00:41:52,634
it wasn't a very
good one at all.
711
00:41:53,845 --> 00:41:56,846
Lord mersey made a note of
that fact in his journal.
712
00:41:57,974 --> 00:41:59,432
The carpenter
is said to have reported
713
00:41:59,518 --> 00:42:02,644
seven feet of water
in a few minutes.
714
00:42:02,729 --> 00:42:05,355
At that point, the
damage was already done.
715
00:42:05,440 --> 00:42:07,106
The ship was doomed.
716
00:42:07,734 --> 00:42:10,151
But lord mersey may have been
taking more note of that fact
717
00:42:10,237 --> 00:42:11,653
than captain Smith was.
718
00:42:12,531 --> 00:42:15,240
It should have led the
captain to other choices.
719
00:42:15,325 --> 00:42:18,660
For instance, immediately
lowering those lifeboats.
720
00:42:18,745 --> 00:42:20,119
Putting everybody on
those lifeboats
721
00:42:20,205 --> 00:42:21,871
that he possibly could.
722
00:42:26,503 --> 00:42:28,545
Then,
shortly after midnight,
723
00:42:28,630 --> 00:42:31,339
22 minutes after
hitting the iceberg,
724
00:42:31,424 --> 00:42:34,676
Thomas Andrews,
Titanic's chief designer
725
00:42:34,761 --> 00:42:37,095
arrives grim-faced
on the bridge
726
00:42:37,180 --> 00:42:40,056
after surveying
the decks below.
727
00:42:40,100 --> 00:42:45,186
Titanic, Andrew says,
has only two hours left.
728
00:42:47,732 --> 00:42:51,568
Captain Smith, he seems
really overwhelmed by it all.
729
00:42:51,653 --> 00:42:55,572
Almost to the point of a
paralysis taking place.
730
00:42:57,033 --> 00:42:59,534
Here's a guy at the
end of his career,
731
00:42:59,619 --> 00:43:01,119
retirement is in sight,
732
00:43:01,204 --> 00:43:04,914
and everything that he had
achieved in 30-some-odd years
733
00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:07,917
with the white star line
is now at risk.
734
00:43:08,670 --> 00:43:10,128
And not only that, he is at risk
735
00:43:10,213 --> 00:43:13,464
along with 2,200 other people.
736
00:43:35,822 --> 00:43:37,363
After the collision,
737
00:43:37,449 --> 00:43:43,119
the amount of water flooding
into Titanic was fatal.
738
00:43:46,708 --> 00:43:49,626
The flooding was far beyond
739
00:43:49,711 --> 00:43:53,421
the capacity of the pumps
to keep up with.
740
00:43:53,506 --> 00:43:57,133
They struggled to
even slow it down
741
00:43:57,218 --> 00:43:59,969
and Titanic was simply doomed.
742
00:44:02,307 --> 00:44:06,184
Twenty-five minutes
after the collision,
743
00:44:06,269 --> 00:44:08,561
captain Smith orders
his senior officers,
744
00:44:08,647 --> 00:44:12,482
Murdoch and lightoller,
to prepare the lifeboats,
745
00:44:12,525 --> 00:44:14,651
which can only hold half
746
00:44:14,736 --> 00:44:18,655
of the more than
2,200 lives on board.
747
00:44:19,949 --> 00:44:24,619
Worse still, as lord mersey
noted during the inquiry,
748
00:44:24,704 --> 00:44:27,121
the crew is unfamiliar
with the lifeboat
749
00:44:27,165 --> 00:44:29,499
state-of-the-art crane system.
750
00:44:29,542 --> 00:44:32,960
They canceled the drill
earlier in the trip.
751
00:44:34,214 --> 00:44:38,091
Regardless, they're now
faced with a thankless task.
752
00:44:38,885 --> 00:44:41,761
Having to spread the word.
753
00:44:44,974 --> 00:44:46,432
We can be given a warning.
754
00:44:46,518 --> 00:44:50,144
Somebody can walk up to US and
say, "this ship is sinking."
755
00:44:50,188 --> 00:44:51,854
But if we look around and see
756
00:44:51,898 --> 00:44:54,148
it looks like we're
floating just fine,
757
00:44:54,234 --> 00:44:57,735
then we question that warning
that we've been given,
758
00:44:57,821 --> 00:45:00,321
and we actually need to see
that the ship is sinking
759
00:45:00,407 --> 00:45:02,323
to see that something is wrong.
760
00:45:05,078 --> 00:45:06,202
Though
his passengers
761
00:45:06,287 --> 00:45:07,829
may not have
believed the warning,
762
00:45:07,914 --> 00:45:11,290
captain Smith is fully aware
of the slow motion catastrophe
763
00:45:11,376 --> 00:45:13,793
unfolding around him.
764
00:45:14,587 --> 00:45:17,547
He makes a beeline for
the marconi wireless room
765
00:45:17,590 --> 00:45:19,090
and its operators,
766
00:45:19,175 --> 00:45:24,053
25-year old Jack Phillips and
22-year old Harold bride.
767
00:45:27,559 --> 00:45:28,683
Who else can you turn to
768
00:45:28,768 --> 00:45:31,060
other than these two
wireless operators
769
00:45:31,146 --> 00:45:34,397
who suddenly are his
only source of help.
770
00:45:37,569 --> 00:45:39,527
This was now their only lifeline
771
00:45:39,612 --> 00:45:42,029
for contacting
the outside world.
772
00:45:42,115 --> 00:45:44,824
And captain Smith
must've wondered,
773
00:45:44,909 --> 00:45:48,202
perhaps this was the miracle
that would rescue him.
774
00:45:49,289 --> 00:45:51,372
Of course,
Smith has no idea
775
00:45:51,458 --> 00:45:54,208
that lightoller's
erroneous sextant reading
776
00:45:54,252 --> 00:45:56,002
from earlier in the evening,
777
00:45:56,087 --> 00:45:59,130
places his ship at
a different position
778
00:45:59,215 --> 00:46:02,216
than the coordinates he's
sending out for help.
779
00:46:02,844 --> 00:46:08,431
Still the sos fans out, and
some ships respond instantly.
780
00:46:10,310 --> 00:46:12,101
"Putting about and
heading for you."
781
00:46:12,145 --> 00:46:14,771
Replies veteran
captain Arthur rostron
782
00:46:14,814 --> 00:46:18,566
of the ss carpathia,
58 miles away.
783
00:46:20,111 --> 00:46:23,571
Despite having 740
passengers of his own,
784
00:46:23,656 --> 00:46:25,281
he lights up his coal burners
785
00:46:25,366 --> 00:46:28,409
and sets a course for
Titanic's position.
786
00:46:35,710 --> 00:46:37,919
Meanwhile, on board
the californian,
787
00:46:38,004 --> 00:46:40,254
about 20 miles
north of Titanic,
788
00:46:40,298 --> 00:46:42,131
and the closest ship to her,
789
00:46:42,175 --> 00:46:45,635
captain lord has stopped
down in the ice field
790
00:46:45,720 --> 00:46:48,471
and the marconi
is switched off.
791
00:46:50,517 --> 00:46:52,266
In those days, the
fellows that worked
792
00:46:52,352 --> 00:46:54,268
in the wireless
rooms on board ship
793
00:46:54,312 --> 00:46:56,896
clocked off at a certain time.
794
00:46:56,981 --> 00:46:59,857
At that point, the californian
was deaf to the world.
795
00:46:59,943 --> 00:47:00,942
It didn't know.
796
00:47:02,612 --> 00:47:04,153
With the
californian hunkered down
797
00:47:04,197 --> 00:47:07,031
for the night, across
the same ice field,
798
00:47:07,116 --> 00:47:10,827
a chaotic scene is
unfolding on Titanic.
799
00:47:12,455 --> 00:47:14,622
More than an hour
after the collision,
800
00:47:14,707 --> 00:47:17,124
the first of Titanic's
lifeboats begins lowering
801
00:47:17,210 --> 00:47:18,626
into the sea.
802
00:47:20,713 --> 00:47:23,840
Around 12:45 A.M.,
captain Smith gave an order.
803
00:47:23,883 --> 00:47:26,425
And that order was
to load the lifeboats
804
00:47:26,511 --> 00:47:28,678
with women and children.
805
00:47:29,305 --> 00:47:30,972
This leads
to the next revelation
806
00:47:31,015 --> 00:47:33,933
from inside lord mersey's box.
807
00:47:34,352 --> 00:47:36,018
During the British inquiry,
808
00:47:36,062 --> 00:47:37,770
mersey makes a
note in his journal
809
00:47:37,856 --> 00:47:41,858
referencing the testimony of
second officer lightoller,
810
00:47:41,943 --> 00:47:45,027
who says that he didn't load
the lifeboats to capacity
811
00:47:45,071 --> 00:47:47,321
because he worried
the new davits
812
00:47:47,407 --> 00:47:49,115
wouldn't hold the weight.
813
00:47:51,244 --> 00:47:53,369
Obviously, second
officer lightoller
814
00:47:53,413 --> 00:47:55,037
had to have some excuse
815
00:47:55,081 --> 00:47:57,874
for not loading the
lifeboats to full capacity.
816
00:47:57,917 --> 00:47:59,584
That was his excuse.
817
00:47:59,669 --> 00:48:02,753
I can't believe that lord
mersey would have bought it.
818
00:48:02,839 --> 00:48:05,339
Ultimately,
mersey did not.
819
00:48:05,383 --> 00:48:06,716
In his final report,
820
00:48:06,759 --> 00:48:09,176
he discovers there are
a number of explanations
821
00:48:09,262 --> 00:48:11,512
why the lifeboats weren't full.
822
00:48:11,598 --> 00:48:14,724
Specifically, he writes
that lightoller's worry
823
00:48:14,767 --> 00:48:19,562
about the weight proved to
be an unfounded apprehension.
824
00:48:20,440 --> 00:48:23,024
The fact is that lifeboats
went into the water
825
00:48:23,109 --> 00:48:25,735
with less than a full capacity.
826
00:48:25,820 --> 00:48:28,070
Those crewman should
have been pulling people
827
00:48:28,156 --> 00:48:31,908
by their collars to put
them into the lifeboat.
828
00:48:34,287 --> 00:48:36,495
As officer
Murdoch fires the first
829
00:48:36,581 --> 00:48:39,749
of eight distress rockets
into the night sky,
830
00:48:39,834 --> 00:48:43,252
the makeshift
evacuation continues.
831
00:48:43,296 --> 00:48:46,422
On deck, confusion reigns.
832
00:48:47,759 --> 00:48:52,094
Dr. Samantha montano studies
human response to disasters.
833
00:48:53,473 --> 00:48:57,141
In 1912, there was no
formal emergency management
834
00:48:57,226 --> 00:48:59,435
in the way that
we have it today.
835
00:48:59,520 --> 00:49:01,437
Because there was
that lack of training,
836
00:49:01,481 --> 00:49:04,231
that lack of planning
about what to do
837
00:49:04,317 --> 00:49:06,400
in a situation like this,
838
00:49:06,486 --> 00:49:10,279
nearly the entire response
was completely improvised.
839
00:49:14,702 --> 00:49:17,078
With Titanic's
bow sinking lower,
840
00:49:17,121 --> 00:49:18,955
and the stern slowly rising
841
00:49:19,040 --> 00:49:21,123
against the blackness
of the sea,
842
00:49:21,209 --> 00:49:22,917
the panic begins.
843
00:49:24,379 --> 00:49:27,254
The remaining passengers
of all stations,
844
00:49:27,340 --> 00:49:30,424
surge toward the few
remaining lifeboats.
845
00:49:31,219 --> 00:49:33,302
It's life or death.
846
00:49:34,222 --> 00:49:35,763
We do see more of that panic.
847
00:49:35,848 --> 00:49:39,976
It tends to be when people
feel the threat is imminent,
848
00:49:40,061 --> 00:49:41,811
there is still a
chance of escape,
849
00:49:41,896 --> 00:49:44,647
but that chance is dwindling.
850
00:49:47,819 --> 00:49:50,528
With the window
of escape closing fast,
851
00:49:50,613 --> 00:49:53,781
white star lines chairman,
Bruce ismay,
852
00:49:53,866 --> 00:49:55,282
makes his way across the deck
853
00:49:55,368 --> 00:49:58,995
towards one of Titanic's
few remaining lifeboats.
854
00:50:00,206 --> 00:50:01,247
One of the crew says,
"Mr. Ismay,
855
00:50:01,332 --> 00:50:02,999
there's a space in this boat."
856
00:50:03,042 --> 00:50:05,876
And ismay's got split
second to make a decision.
857
00:50:05,962 --> 00:50:09,839
When the opportunity
presents itself,
858
00:50:09,924 --> 00:50:11,590
he gets into the boat.
859
00:50:16,389 --> 00:50:18,305
Ismay is
one of many men
860
00:50:18,391 --> 00:50:21,017
who displaces women
and children
861
00:50:21,060 --> 00:50:23,644
during those last
desperate minutes.
862
00:50:23,730 --> 00:50:27,940
Lifeboat 15 was one of the
last lifeboats to be lowered
863
00:50:28,026 --> 00:50:29,692
on the starboard side,
864
00:50:29,736 --> 00:50:33,362
and the vast majority of
its occupants were men.
865
00:50:35,158 --> 00:50:37,908
It opens the question as to
why there weren't more
866
00:50:37,994 --> 00:50:40,453
women and children
in the lifeboat.
867
00:50:44,083 --> 00:50:47,626
Inside the box,
mersey notes his concern.
868
00:50:47,712 --> 00:50:50,171
Here's another
interesting section.
869
00:50:50,214 --> 00:50:53,674
This is may the 10th,
870
00:50:53,760 --> 00:50:57,344
and it's a testimony
by Samuel rule,
871
00:50:57,430 --> 00:51:00,097
who was a steward, talking
about the lifeboats,
872
00:51:00,183 --> 00:51:03,768
and in particular talking
about lifeboat 15.
873
00:51:03,853 --> 00:51:07,146
Sixty-eight who were saved
who went in the lifeboat,
874
00:51:07,231 --> 00:51:10,232
were made up of 61 men,
double underlined,
875
00:51:10,318 --> 00:51:12,526
and seven women and children.
876
00:51:13,780 --> 00:51:15,071
This was an age
in england
877
00:51:15,114 --> 00:51:18,657
where honor and
chivalry prevailed.
878
00:51:19,118 --> 00:51:23,537
Now at the end, 61 men are,
in a sense, rushing
879
00:51:23,623 --> 00:51:24,789
to get into this lifeboat
880
00:51:24,874 --> 00:51:27,249
with only seven or
so women and children
881
00:51:27,293 --> 00:51:28,793
who may have been left.
882
00:51:28,878 --> 00:51:30,419
How could that possibly be?
883
00:51:30,463 --> 00:51:32,922
What happened to the women
and children first rule?
884
00:51:32,965 --> 00:51:36,425
Was it a case that men
had rushed the boats?
885
00:51:47,438 --> 00:51:48,521
At 2:00 A.M.,
886
00:51:48,606 --> 00:51:52,233
with the ship
minutes from sinking,
887
00:51:52,276 --> 00:51:54,110
Titanic's eight-member band
888
00:51:54,195 --> 00:51:56,403
under the direction
of Wallace hartley
889
00:51:56,489 --> 00:51:59,073
segues into a rendition of
890
00:51:59,158 --> 00:52:01,200
"nearer, my god to thee."
891
00:52:01,285 --> 00:52:04,411
All while the last of the
remaining lifeboats
892
00:52:04,497 --> 00:52:06,038
are launching.
893
00:52:08,042 --> 00:52:11,585
One of the last orders
attributed to captain Smith
894
00:52:11,671 --> 00:52:13,462
was poking his head
into the wireless shack
895
00:52:13,548 --> 00:52:15,256
and basically telling
Phillips and bride,
896
00:52:15,299 --> 00:52:17,216
"it's every man for himself,
boys."
897
00:52:20,304 --> 00:52:22,638
He knew of the
magnitude of the tragedy
898
00:52:22,723 --> 00:52:25,349
that was going to unfold
when the ship sank.
899
00:52:25,434 --> 00:52:26,892
Some of the firsthand
accounts say
900
00:52:26,978 --> 00:52:28,811
that he goes to the bridge,
locks himself in
901
00:52:28,896 --> 00:52:30,813
and waits for the
tide to come in.
902
00:52:33,192 --> 00:52:34,984
Titanic's
bow submerges
903
00:52:35,069 --> 00:52:38,988
and the stern rises nearly
perpendicular to the water.
904
00:52:39,031 --> 00:52:42,158
It's propellers
completely aloft.
905
00:52:42,952 --> 00:52:46,787
Just then, the once mighty
unsinkable Titanic
906
00:52:46,873 --> 00:52:48,914
splits in two...
907
00:52:52,003 --> 00:52:55,421
And slides into the icy depths.
908
00:53:04,265 --> 00:53:07,016
Of the thousand-plus
free falling victims,
909
00:53:07,101 --> 00:53:09,935
the end, while horrific
and violent,
910
00:53:10,021 --> 00:53:11,520
is also swift.
911
00:53:13,900 --> 00:53:16,150
Some of these people
may have been injured,
912
00:53:16,235 --> 00:53:18,110
hit by falling objects,
913
00:53:18,196 --> 00:53:19,695
hit by a lifeboat,
914
00:53:19,739 --> 00:53:21,822
battered by the sinking
of the ship.
915
00:53:22,158 --> 00:53:24,575
If the person gets submerged,
916
00:53:24,660 --> 00:53:28,204
they're gonna get a lung
full of very cold salt water,
917
00:53:28,247 --> 00:53:29,747
and they're gonna drown
almost immediately,
918
00:53:29,832 --> 00:53:31,040
and they're gonna die.
919
00:53:33,878 --> 00:53:35,211
Those
who survive the smack
920
00:53:35,296 --> 00:53:37,254
into the subfreezing ocean,
921
00:53:37,340 --> 00:53:40,132
experience excruciating pain.
922
00:53:41,093 --> 00:53:44,053
Second officer Charles
lightoller would equate it
923
00:53:44,096 --> 00:53:47,056
to a thousand knives
driving into the body.
924
00:53:50,353 --> 00:53:53,270
Shiya ribowsky is a medical
legal investigator
925
00:53:53,356 --> 00:53:55,689
and forensics consultant.
926
00:53:56,234 --> 00:53:59,860
That makes sense
because extreme cold
927
00:53:59,946 --> 00:54:02,279
is going to feel
like extreme heat.
928
00:54:02,365 --> 00:54:03,739
At 28 degrees,
929
00:54:03,783 --> 00:54:06,867
there's a physiologic
response that happens
930
00:54:06,911 --> 00:54:09,703
also known as a
cold shock reflux.
931
00:54:09,747 --> 00:54:11,872
And that's followed by
932
00:54:11,916 --> 00:54:14,917
repeated, very rapid gasping.
933
00:54:16,754 --> 00:54:17,753
You know, your brain is saying,
934
00:54:17,838 --> 00:54:20,005
"hey, get me out of this water."
935
00:54:20,091 --> 00:54:22,925
And your arms just laying
there at your side,
936
00:54:22,969 --> 00:54:26,345
because they're no longer
under your voluntary control.
937
00:54:31,644 --> 00:54:34,478
I remember talking to
a survivor, Eva hart,
938
00:54:34,563 --> 00:54:36,438
and her saying,
939
00:54:36,524 --> 00:54:41,068
"Charles, it was not the
screams that unhinged me.
940
00:54:43,990 --> 00:54:47,032
It was the silence
that came afterwards
941
00:54:47,910 --> 00:54:50,327
when the cold had
done its work."
942
00:54:54,125 --> 00:54:58,627
It gives you an idea of just
how deadly this exposure was.
943
00:54:58,671 --> 00:55:02,256
Because of the 1,500 or
so people that perished,
944
00:55:02,341 --> 00:55:05,301
we can assume that
hundreds perhaps
945
00:55:05,386 --> 00:55:07,303
could have been rescued.
946
00:55:07,346 --> 00:55:09,096
Only around 40 or so people
947
00:55:09,140 --> 00:55:12,474
were pulled out of the
water and survived.
948
00:55:17,481 --> 00:55:20,149
Those 40 are
picked up by two lifeboats
949
00:55:20,234 --> 00:55:22,318
that turned back for them.
950
00:55:22,361 --> 00:55:26,780
They are the only ones out
of 20 lifeboats to do so.
951
00:55:28,200 --> 00:55:30,492
Another boat,
lifeboat number one
952
00:55:30,578 --> 00:55:33,037
turns away from the
victims in the water,
953
00:55:33,122 --> 00:55:35,664
despite having
enough room for them.
954
00:55:38,169 --> 00:55:40,336
Here's an instance
where a lifeboat
955
00:55:40,421 --> 00:55:43,505
left with only 12 people,
instead of 42.
956
00:55:43,591 --> 00:55:46,633
The boat could have easily
gone back and picked up others.
957
00:55:47,386 --> 00:55:49,345
When a crewman
on lifeboat number one
958
00:55:49,430 --> 00:55:51,347
urges everyone to turn back,
959
00:55:51,390 --> 00:55:54,808
two first class passengers,
sir cosmo duff-Gordon,
960
00:55:54,894 --> 00:55:58,020
and his wife, lady duff-Gordon,
refuse.
961
00:55:59,565 --> 00:56:05,069
Sir cosmo decides to give
the crew five-pound notes.
962
00:56:05,154 --> 00:56:07,696
It certainly didn't
smell too good.
963
00:56:09,909 --> 00:56:12,451
The duff-Gordons were called
to the British inquiry
964
00:56:12,536 --> 00:56:14,745
to testify, and of
course they simply denied
965
00:56:14,830 --> 00:56:19,208
they were bribing the crew not
to go back and rescue others.
966
00:56:23,506 --> 00:56:25,714
The duff-Gordons
are the British inquiry's
967
00:56:25,800 --> 00:56:28,133
only testifying passengers.
968
00:56:36,685 --> 00:56:39,353
As Titanic sinks to the bottom,
969
00:56:39,438 --> 00:56:43,065
rms carpathia is less
than 30 miles away
970
00:56:43,150 --> 00:56:45,067
and heading to the rescue.
971
00:56:45,820 --> 00:56:47,403
Captain rostron,
972
00:56:47,488 --> 00:56:50,364
he went charging off in
the middle of the night,
973
00:56:50,408 --> 00:56:51,740
into an ice situation
974
00:56:51,826 --> 00:56:54,910
that had already sunk
the world's largest ship.
975
00:56:59,417 --> 00:57:02,960
Rostron became the
hero of the day, you know.
976
00:57:03,045 --> 00:57:04,086
What'd he do?
977
00:57:04,130 --> 00:57:06,630
He risked all those
people's lives.
978
00:57:15,224 --> 00:57:18,100
The sun was about to come up
over the horizon
979
00:57:18,144 --> 00:57:21,061
when he found the lifeboats.
980
00:57:22,148 --> 00:57:23,856
And so they brought on
as many of the survivors
981
00:57:23,941 --> 00:57:25,399
they could find...
982
00:57:27,111 --> 00:57:28,652
Responding in a human way
983
00:57:28,737 --> 00:57:31,113
to the suffering of
people around them.
984
00:57:35,536 --> 00:57:37,744
One boat to come alongside
985
00:57:37,830 --> 00:57:40,622
was the boat that
carried lightoller,
986
00:57:40,666 --> 00:57:45,002
and he was immediately
escorted to the bridge.
987
00:57:45,087 --> 00:57:47,171
And rostron said to him,
988
00:57:47,256 --> 00:57:49,173
"where is the Titanic?"
989
00:57:49,258 --> 00:57:52,092
And with his voice cracking,
lightoller said,
990
00:57:52,178 --> 00:57:53,594
"she's gone down, sir."
991
00:57:59,435 --> 00:58:02,686
As the morning
sun arcs over the horizon,
992
00:58:02,771 --> 00:58:04,480
the last of Titanic's lifeboats
993
00:58:04,523 --> 00:58:07,149
paddles up alongside carpathia.
994
00:58:08,527 --> 00:58:11,487
Escorted on board, is
white star president,
995
00:58:11,530 --> 00:58:13,113
j. Bruce ismay,
996
00:58:13,199 --> 00:58:16,325
quaking from the cold.
997
00:58:16,368 --> 00:58:19,203
For the owner of the ship
to come home in a lifeboat
998
00:58:19,288 --> 00:58:20,496
was seen as shameful.
999
00:58:20,581 --> 00:58:23,749
He was immediately
accused of cowardice
1000
00:58:23,834 --> 00:58:26,210
and seen as being
someone who failed
1001
00:58:26,295 --> 00:58:28,045
to stand by his captain,
1002
00:58:28,130 --> 00:58:31,006
stand by his ship,
stand by his passengers.
1003
00:58:31,050 --> 00:58:33,050
The ship that had made his name
1004
00:58:33,135 --> 00:58:35,469
was now threatening
to ruin his name.
1005
00:58:36,514 --> 00:58:40,974
Ismay was in such a
delicate frame of mind
1006
00:58:41,060 --> 00:58:44,853
that the surgeon of the
carpathia put him on opiates
1007
00:58:44,897 --> 00:58:46,730
to ease the pain.
1008
00:58:52,988 --> 00:58:55,614
Rostron sets sail
for New York,
1009
00:58:55,699 --> 00:58:59,701
where carpathia is expected
on the evening of April 18th.
1010
00:59:00,955 --> 00:59:05,207
Meanwhile, Titanic's marconi
operator, Harold bride,
1011
00:59:05,251 --> 00:59:06,875
is plucked from a lifeboat
1012
00:59:06,961 --> 00:59:09,503
and dispatched to
the wireless room.
1013
00:59:09,588 --> 00:59:13,173
An anxious world awaits.
1014
00:59:13,926 --> 00:59:16,510
A ship containing some of
the richest, most powerful,
1015
00:59:16,595 --> 00:59:18,679
best known people in
the world had sunk.
1016
00:59:18,722 --> 00:59:21,014
Everyone wanted to
know what had happened.
1017
00:59:22,393 --> 00:59:23,892
The president of United States
wanted to know
1018
00:59:23,978 --> 00:59:26,395
about his friends who
were on board the ship.
1019
00:59:27,314 --> 00:59:28,313
What happened to
colonel astor?
1020
00:59:28,399 --> 00:59:30,065
What happened to
Benjamin guggenheim?
1021
00:59:32,736 --> 00:59:36,572
The rest of the world
was screaming at the carpathia
1022
00:59:36,657 --> 00:59:38,782
to let it know what had
happened to the Titanic.
1023
00:59:38,867 --> 00:59:41,285
And they chose to
rebuff information,
1024
00:59:41,370 --> 00:59:43,662
and they chose not to answer.
1025
00:59:47,251 --> 00:59:50,502
But that doesn't
stop a now lucid Bruce ismay
1026
00:59:50,588 --> 00:59:53,380
from sending a cryptic
message of his own
1027
00:59:53,465 --> 00:59:56,300
to white star offices in London.
1028
00:59:57,678 --> 01:00:01,263
Titanic crew aboard carpathia
should be returned home
1029
01:00:01,307 --> 01:00:02,931
earliest moment possible.
1030
01:00:02,975 --> 01:00:05,767
Suggest you hold Cedric sailing.
1031
01:00:06,937 --> 01:00:08,729
Yamsi.
1032
01:00:10,608 --> 01:00:12,899
I think the use of
the reversal of the name
1033
01:00:12,985 --> 01:00:15,444
to say yamsi rather than ismay,
1034
01:00:15,529 --> 01:00:18,280
it might now look
rather suspicious.
1035
01:00:18,324 --> 01:00:19,906
And you wonder what's going on.
1036
01:00:20,909 --> 01:00:22,159
Ismay sent this message,
1037
01:00:22,244 --> 01:00:25,078
have all the crew
taken back to the UK
1038
01:00:25,164 --> 01:00:26,747
so that there could
be a debriefing
1039
01:00:26,790 --> 01:00:30,208
and to come up with
a unified story.
1040
01:00:30,586 --> 01:00:32,085
So if there was an inquiry,
1041
01:00:32,129 --> 01:00:36,006
everyone would be singing from
the same page of the hymnal.
1042
01:00:38,636 --> 01:00:42,471
You've probably got
20 to 25 crew members
1043
01:00:42,556 --> 01:00:45,599
who really have stories to tell.
1044
01:00:45,684 --> 01:00:49,019
You wanna get them
back to Blighty.
1045
01:00:49,104 --> 01:00:50,771
You wanna find out what
their stories are
1046
01:00:50,856 --> 01:00:53,148
before the Americans
could get to 'em.
1047
01:01:00,407 --> 01:01:01,865
After
rescuing the last
1048
01:01:01,950 --> 01:01:07,329
of Titanic's 705 traumatized
grief stricken survivors,
1049
01:01:07,373 --> 01:01:10,332
captain rostron's
carpathia sets a course
1050
01:01:10,417 --> 01:01:12,334
back from where she started...
1051
01:01:13,337 --> 01:01:14,961
New York City.
1052
01:01:18,509 --> 01:01:22,302
But on board, white star
president, j. Bruce ismay,
1053
01:01:22,388 --> 01:01:25,347
is becoming increasingly
panicked.
1054
01:01:26,558 --> 01:01:31,728
It doesn't take an
Einstein to figure out
1055
01:01:31,814 --> 01:01:35,065
that if you've just sunk the
biggest ship in the world
1056
01:01:35,150 --> 01:01:36,817
with a lot of people dying,
1057
01:01:36,902 --> 01:01:39,319
that there's going to be
a reporter or two around
1058
01:01:39,405 --> 01:01:40,946
when you get to the dock.
1059
01:01:44,576 --> 01:01:47,536
There's that editorial
cartoon of ismay
1060
01:01:47,621 --> 01:01:49,663
looking like a
maniac in a lifeboat
1061
01:01:49,748 --> 01:01:52,416
filled with nothing
but grieving women.
1062
01:01:52,501 --> 01:01:55,669
And of course, the
byline is j. Brute ismay,
1063
01:01:55,754 --> 01:01:57,170
instead of Bruce.
1064
01:01:59,675 --> 01:02:02,551
In Washington,
William Alden Smith,
1065
01:02:02,636 --> 01:02:04,886
a hard charging
senator from Michigan
1066
01:02:04,972 --> 01:02:07,264
is gearing up to lead
an American inquiry
1067
01:02:07,349 --> 01:02:09,558
into the sinking.
1068
01:02:09,643 --> 01:02:12,769
It's set to begin the day
after carpathia's arrival
1069
01:02:12,855 --> 01:02:14,563
in New York.
1070
01:02:15,691 --> 01:02:19,526
So ismay is desperate
to dash back to London.
1071
01:02:21,405 --> 01:02:22,612
And he thought, "let's
just get out of here.
1072
01:02:22,698 --> 01:02:24,156
Let's get everyone back home.
1073
01:02:24,241 --> 01:02:25,574
We don't wanna get
caught up in this
1074
01:02:25,617 --> 01:02:28,702
'cause this isn't
gonna look good."
1075
01:02:28,787 --> 01:02:31,371
But unfortunately for him,
1076
01:02:31,415 --> 01:02:34,583
senator Smith's plans
put a stop to that.
1077
01:02:36,044 --> 01:02:38,420
Turns out
senator Smith was tipped off
1078
01:02:38,464 --> 01:02:40,046
by the u.S. Navy,
1079
01:02:40,132 --> 01:02:42,924
which intercepted
ismay's telegram.
1080
01:02:42,968 --> 01:02:45,802
So Smith prepares
subpoenas to give to ismay
1081
01:02:45,888 --> 01:02:47,971
and Titanic's officers
1082
01:02:48,056 --> 01:02:49,765
upon arrival in New York
1083
01:02:49,808 --> 01:02:52,100
on the evening of April 18th.
1084
01:02:53,896 --> 01:02:56,772
Lining the banks of the
Hudson river
1085
01:02:56,857 --> 01:02:59,232
were 100,000 people.
1086
01:02:59,318 --> 01:03:00,776
From the battery all the way up
1087
01:03:00,861 --> 01:03:05,113
to the white star line pier
at west 14th street.
1088
01:03:06,784 --> 01:03:08,742
All of New York's
policemen had been summoned
1089
01:03:08,827 --> 01:03:10,744
to patrol the crowds,
'cause people knew
1090
01:03:10,829 --> 01:03:12,662
this was gonna be mayhem.
1091
01:03:13,373 --> 01:03:16,750
As carpathia
snakes its way up the Hudson,
1092
01:03:16,835 --> 01:03:19,127
a tug boat filled
with photographers
1093
01:03:19,213 --> 01:03:21,797
follows the ship to pier 54.
1094
01:03:22,382 --> 01:03:26,259
The flash of cameras
lights up the sky.
1095
01:03:28,555 --> 01:03:30,639
Revealing carpathia's decks
1096
01:03:30,724 --> 01:03:33,809
crammed with
terrified passengers.
1097
01:03:37,648 --> 01:03:38,980
For those without knowledge
1098
01:03:39,066 --> 01:03:41,817
of what had become
of their loved ones,
1099
01:03:41,860 --> 01:03:42,901
the hurt,
1100
01:03:42,986 --> 01:03:46,530
the pain of Titanic's loss
1101
01:03:46,615 --> 01:03:50,325
was continuing and
maybe even deepening.
1102
01:03:51,495 --> 01:03:53,119
What became of my father?
1103
01:03:53,205 --> 01:03:55,580
What became of my husband?
1104
01:04:02,840 --> 01:04:04,881
Halfway across
the Atlantic ocean,
1105
01:04:04,967 --> 01:04:06,758
the terrible fate
of all those men,
1106
01:04:06,844 --> 01:04:10,178
women and children
is all too evident.
1107
01:04:11,223 --> 01:04:14,015
The crew of the cable
repair ship, mackay-Bennett,
1108
01:04:14,059 --> 01:04:17,894
joined by the ss minia,
have completed the grim task
1109
01:04:17,980 --> 01:04:20,897
of recovering over 300 bodies,
1110
01:04:21,775 --> 01:04:26,069
one hundred and sixteen
of which were buried at sea.
1111
01:04:27,030 --> 01:04:29,865
On April 26th,
the mackay-Bennett
1112
01:04:29,950 --> 01:04:32,701
steams back toward halifax.
1113
01:04:34,413 --> 01:04:37,372
For the living, the
voyage is surreal.
1114
01:04:38,959 --> 01:04:40,250
The wind and motion
of the ship
1115
01:04:40,335 --> 01:04:43,461
causes the tarpaulins
to rise and fall
1116
01:04:43,547 --> 01:04:47,215
producing the illusion that
the bodies have come to life.
1117
01:04:50,262 --> 01:04:53,346
Must've been absolutely
horrific for the crew
1118
01:04:53,432 --> 01:04:55,390
because you're walking around
doing your daily duties,
1119
01:04:55,434 --> 01:04:56,683
and of course you
turn your back,
1120
01:04:56,768 --> 01:04:57,893
and the next thing
you turn around,
1121
01:04:57,978 --> 01:04:59,853
the canvas is blowing
out over slightly
1122
01:04:59,897 --> 01:05:01,229
and you could see an arm exposed
1123
01:05:01,315 --> 01:05:03,690
and then you sorta
tucked that arm back in.
1124
01:05:04,943 --> 01:05:07,402
How more nightmarish
can this get?
1125
01:05:16,246 --> 01:05:20,665
The arrival of mackay-Bennett
in halifax on April the 30th
1126
01:05:20,751 --> 01:05:21,917
was a huge deal.
1127
01:05:23,837 --> 01:05:27,088
All the church bells in
halifax ring a death knell
1128
01:05:27,174 --> 01:05:28,757
for the Titanic victims.
1129
01:05:31,637 --> 01:05:34,262
There's a fleet of
horse-drawn hearses
1130
01:05:34,348 --> 01:05:38,516
waiting at the dock
1131
01:05:38,602 --> 01:05:41,186
to take the bodies off to
the mayflower curling club
1132
01:05:41,271 --> 01:05:43,647
to be processed,
to be identified.
1133
01:05:44,650 --> 01:05:46,942
And that's just one
more surreal touch
1134
01:05:46,985 --> 01:05:49,069
to add to the whole thing.
1135
01:05:50,030 --> 01:05:53,323
With nearly
200 distended corpses
1136
01:05:53,408 --> 01:05:57,827
laid out on the
curling rink ice,
1137
01:05:57,913 --> 01:06:00,830
each body is tagged,
1138
01:06:00,916 --> 01:06:02,415
numbered,
1139
01:06:02,501 --> 01:06:04,042
noted.
1140
01:06:12,427 --> 01:06:15,095
This is Fairview lawn
cemetery here in halifax,
1141
01:06:15,180 --> 01:06:19,099
and for 121 of
Titanic's passengers,
1142
01:06:19,184 --> 01:06:21,768
this is where the
maiden voyage ends.
1143
01:06:23,689 --> 01:06:26,523
This whole series
here of headstones
1144
01:06:26,608 --> 01:06:28,984
have one thing in common:
No names.
1145
01:06:29,027 --> 01:06:31,987
Just, died April 15th, 1912.
1146
01:06:33,365 --> 01:06:36,700
For every identified body
in Fairview lawn cemetery,
1147
01:06:36,785 --> 01:06:39,661
there's two that are not.
1148
01:06:40,580 --> 01:06:44,040
This is all classes,
walks of life represented.
1149
01:06:44,543 --> 01:06:49,295
And that speaks volumes as
to the tragedy of Titanic.
1150
01:06:55,887 --> 01:06:58,304
While the dead
are being brought to halifax,
1151
01:06:58,390 --> 01:07:00,682
600 miles away in
New York City,
1152
01:07:00,767 --> 01:07:03,727
the next phase of the
spectacle is beginning.
1153
01:07:04,855 --> 01:07:07,564
In a packed ballroom
in the Waldorf astoria,
1154
01:07:07,649 --> 01:07:10,066
a day after the
carpathia arrived,
1155
01:07:10,152 --> 01:07:14,529
senator Smith gavels in
the United States inquiry.
1156
01:07:14,948 --> 01:07:18,324
A moment not lost on his
counterpart in britain.
1157
01:07:19,661 --> 01:07:21,995
Inside lord mersey's
personal papers
1158
01:07:22,080 --> 01:07:25,999
are two copies of the official
United States senate inquiry
1159
01:07:26,084 --> 01:07:29,836
into the sinking of
rms Titanic.
1160
01:07:29,921 --> 01:07:33,715
The hearings start on
April 19th, 1912,
1161
01:07:33,800 --> 01:07:37,052
two weeks before
the British inquiry.
1162
01:07:37,763 --> 01:07:39,763
The American inquiry is
like a three-ring circus.
1163
01:07:39,848 --> 01:07:42,182
And you have senator
Smith from Michigan,
1164
01:07:42,267 --> 01:07:44,559
who is doing his utmost
to make Bruce ismay
1165
01:07:44,644 --> 01:07:47,896
look like the worst villain
since pontius pilate
1166
01:07:47,981 --> 01:07:50,065
turned Jesus over to the romans.
1167
01:07:51,193 --> 01:07:53,109
Ismay is the
first witness called,
1168
01:07:53,195 --> 01:07:55,862
and his testimony is damning.
1169
01:07:57,074 --> 01:08:00,450
He claims that he was just
a voluntary passenger,
1170
01:08:00,535 --> 01:08:03,369
and that no one else
was on deck
1171
01:08:03,455 --> 01:08:06,081
when he decided to
save himself.
1172
01:08:06,124 --> 01:08:10,126
Senator Smith roasted ismay
left and right,
1173
01:08:10,212 --> 01:08:11,711
and condemned him
1174
01:08:11,797 --> 01:08:15,048
in the speech that he
gave before congress.
1175
01:08:17,385 --> 01:08:19,761
The vitriolic
American attack on ismay,
1176
01:08:19,805 --> 01:08:21,596
a leader in the
shipping industry,
1177
01:08:21,640 --> 01:08:23,264
crosses the line.
1178
01:08:25,018 --> 01:08:28,144
The United States inquiry is
seen as an affront to honor
1179
01:08:28,230 --> 01:08:31,106
and a threat to britain's
national interests.
1180
01:08:33,068 --> 01:08:34,818
This wasn't just a ship--
1181
01:08:34,903 --> 01:08:38,113
the Titanic was the
pride of britain.
1182
01:08:40,867 --> 01:08:43,243
It was very important
for the British government
1183
01:08:43,328 --> 01:08:47,413
that britain's maritime
interests weren't threatened
1184
01:08:47,457 --> 01:08:50,291
as a result of Titanic disaster.
1185
01:09:03,014 --> 01:09:04,973
When lord mersey
is selected to lead
1186
01:09:05,016 --> 01:09:07,475
the British inquiry into
the Titanic disaster
1187
01:09:07,561 --> 01:09:11,062
on April 22nd, 1912,
1188
01:09:11,148 --> 01:09:14,149
he's celebrated as a
man of integrity.
1189
01:09:21,032 --> 01:09:25,827
We have a copy of
the daily mail,
1190
01:09:25,912 --> 01:09:30,790
which is Wednesday,
April the 24, 1912.
1191
01:09:30,834 --> 01:09:32,667
And it's got a
little piece on him.
1192
01:09:32,711 --> 01:09:36,671
A man who fears nobody,
lord mersey.
1193
01:09:38,300 --> 01:09:41,676
As a barrister, he
earned the nickname,
1194
01:09:41,761 --> 01:09:43,970
the little terrier of toxteth,
1195
01:09:44,055 --> 01:09:46,389
for his sort of
dogged determination
1196
01:09:46,474 --> 01:09:50,810
to extract the truth from
those he was cross questioning.
1197
01:09:51,563 --> 01:09:54,606
I think for him, the Titanic
must've been an opportunity
1198
01:09:54,691 --> 01:09:59,194
to really get to the bottom
of this appalling tragedy.
1199
01:10:01,031 --> 01:10:03,698
As the fallout from
the hard hitting u.S. Inquiry
1200
01:10:03,742 --> 01:10:07,535
continues to rain down
on Great Britain,
1201
01:10:07,621 --> 01:10:10,663
the eyes of the world
are on mersey.
1202
01:10:11,124 --> 01:10:13,541
He awaits his turn
1203
01:10:13,627 --> 01:10:15,293
on the dais.
1204
01:10:15,879 --> 01:10:18,171
He knew what his position was.
1205
01:10:18,256 --> 01:10:20,256
He knew what he had to do.
1206
01:10:20,342 --> 01:10:23,635
He knew what his charge
from the crown was
1207
01:10:23,720 --> 01:10:26,554
in terms of getting to the
bottom of the disaster.
1208
01:10:28,308 --> 01:10:32,518
The British inquiry
begins on may 2nd, 1912.
1209
01:10:32,604 --> 01:10:34,062
During its first week,
1210
01:10:34,105 --> 01:10:38,024
many of Titanic's surviving
crew members testify.
1211
01:10:38,568 --> 01:10:42,570
Soon though, the focus turns
to another ship entirely:
1212
01:10:44,074 --> 01:10:45,448
The californian.
1213
01:10:45,533 --> 01:10:48,826
The ship that didn't hear
Titanic's distress calls
1214
01:10:48,912 --> 01:10:51,955
because they'd turned off
their wireless
1215
01:10:52,040 --> 01:10:53,331
and gone to bed.
1216
01:10:57,963 --> 01:10:59,754
Inside his personal box,
1217
01:10:59,839 --> 01:11:01,756
mersey's copy of
the American inquiry
1218
01:11:01,841 --> 01:11:05,176
contains the bruising
examination of its captain,
1219
01:11:05,262 --> 01:11:06,594
Stanley lord.
1220
01:11:08,014 --> 01:11:09,764
Stanley lord has really posed
1221
01:11:09,849 --> 01:11:12,433
these difficult,
difficult questions.
1222
01:11:13,144 --> 01:11:17,272
Captain lord's testimony
in the American inquiry
1223
01:11:17,315 --> 01:11:20,942
would probably serve as
a kind of a pointing tool
1224
01:11:21,027 --> 01:11:24,112
as to where mersey
might go further.
1225
01:11:26,741 --> 01:11:28,574
Lord mersey wanted
to investigate
1226
01:11:28,660 --> 01:11:31,911
how far californian
was from Titanic.
1227
01:11:34,291 --> 01:11:37,333
And what action could
californian have taken
1228
01:11:37,419 --> 01:11:42,380
in order to try and rescue
Titanic's passengers and crew
1229
01:11:42,465 --> 01:11:44,966
and come to
Titanic's assistance.
1230
01:11:46,261 --> 01:11:47,635
Earlier,
the californian
1231
01:11:47,721 --> 01:11:51,431
was 19 and a half miles
north of Titanic's position
1232
01:11:51,516 --> 01:11:55,268
when it saw the ice field
and telegraphed the warnings.
1233
01:11:58,356 --> 01:12:00,481
The wireless operation
on board the californian
1234
01:12:00,525 --> 01:12:02,108
sent a message.
1235
01:12:02,152 --> 01:12:04,485
"We're here, we're stopping,
it's dangerous."
1236
01:12:04,571 --> 01:12:08,489
And it was received by the
Titanic as almost like an aside.
1237
01:12:09,326 --> 01:12:10,825
They were told to shut up.
1238
01:12:12,162 --> 01:12:14,704
The wireless operation
on board the californian
1239
01:12:14,789 --> 01:12:17,206
then went to bed at
the end of his day.
1240
01:12:17,292 --> 01:12:19,625
And at that point, the
californian then was cut off
1241
01:12:19,711 --> 01:12:21,085
from the outside world.
1242
01:12:29,888 --> 01:12:31,846
Captain lord was now
finding himself
1243
01:12:31,931 --> 01:12:36,017
amongst all these powdered
wigs in central London,
1244
01:12:36,102 --> 01:12:38,144
far from the sea as you can get,
1245
01:12:38,188 --> 01:12:40,938
and he's being
grilled mercilessly.
1246
01:12:44,903 --> 01:12:46,402
Captain lord asserts
1247
01:12:46,488 --> 01:12:50,031
that his ship was 30 miles
from Titanic when she sank.
1248
01:12:50,700 --> 01:12:52,241
But separately,
1249
01:12:52,327 --> 01:12:55,661
californians crewmen testify
that they were close enough
1250
01:12:55,705 --> 01:12:58,331
to spot ship lights and flares
1251
01:12:58,416 --> 01:13:01,292
that could have been Titanic's.
1252
01:13:04,923 --> 01:13:08,549
These witnesses made
the inquiry think
1253
01:13:08,635 --> 01:13:10,551
that they were in sight
of the Titanic
1254
01:13:10,595 --> 01:13:11,844
and failed to act.
1255
01:13:11,888 --> 01:13:13,554
There's a very
serious accusation.
1256
01:13:15,892 --> 01:13:17,433
Among a stash
of saved letters
1257
01:13:17,519 --> 01:13:19,227
in lord mersey's box,
1258
01:13:19,312 --> 01:13:23,564
is one from rear admiral
Arthur gough-calthorpe,
1259
01:13:23,608 --> 01:13:26,401
a naval assessor and
senior legal advisor
1260
01:13:26,444 --> 01:13:28,403
to mersey during the inquiry.
1261
01:13:32,117 --> 01:13:35,743
Rear admiral calthorpe
is really throwing doubts
1262
01:13:35,829 --> 01:13:37,995
on the whereabouts
of the californian.
1263
01:13:38,081 --> 01:13:40,748
Obviously, this was a very
hot topic for the inquiry
1264
01:13:40,792 --> 01:13:44,293
and the guilt or
innocence of captain lord
1265
01:13:44,379 --> 01:13:46,212
depended very much on it.
1266
01:13:46,297 --> 01:13:48,506
Gough-calthorpe
writes mersey
1267
01:13:48,591 --> 01:13:52,260
a passionate letter, refuting
captain lord's sworn testimony
1268
01:13:52,303 --> 01:13:55,721
that he was too far away
to mount a rescue.
1269
01:13:56,766 --> 01:13:58,474
There is a strong presumption
1270
01:13:58,560 --> 01:14:02,562
that californian was not
where she says she was.
1271
01:14:02,605 --> 01:14:04,063
So he's casting doubt
1272
01:14:04,149 --> 01:14:07,108
on the assertion
made by captain lord,
1273
01:14:07,193 --> 01:14:10,445
who clearly stated
that the californian
1274
01:14:10,488 --> 01:14:12,947
was well out of
range of the Titanic.
1275
01:14:14,492 --> 01:14:16,075
What does this do?
1276
01:14:16,161 --> 01:14:18,953
This now tells lord mersey
1277
01:14:19,038 --> 01:14:21,122
that what he heard
may not be accurate,
1278
01:14:21,207 --> 01:14:24,792
even if he found Stanley lord
to be credible.
1279
01:14:27,755 --> 01:14:30,006
When lord mersey
issues his final judgment
1280
01:14:30,091 --> 01:14:32,800
on July 30th, 1912,
1281
01:14:32,886 --> 01:14:36,053
he blames the collision
on excessive speed,
1282
01:14:36,139 --> 01:14:40,308
with the disaster compounded
by a lack of lifeboats.
1283
01:14:43,646 --> 01:14:45,688
Despite concluding that
Titanic's captain,
1284
01:14:45,773 --> 01:14:48,858
Edward Smith, made a very
grievous mistake,
1285
01:14:48,943 --> 01:14:52,695
lord mersey states that,
"it is in my opinion impossible
1286
01:14:52,780 --> 01:14:55,198
to fix captain Smith
with blame."
1287
01:15:00,788 --> 01:15:03,331
However, mersey's final report
1288
01:15:03,374 --> 01:15:06,501
did take aim at the
californian.
1289
01:15:08,213 --> 01:15:10,838
Concluding that captain lord
could have come
1290
01:15:10,882 --> 01:15:13,674
to the assistance
of the Titanic.
1291
01:15:13,718 --> 01:15:16,719
Had she done so, she might
have saved many,
1292
01:15:16,804 --> 01:15:19,514
if not all of the lives
that were lost.
1293
01:15:23,311 --> 01:15:28,022
Captain lord, he was blamed
for not doing enough.
1294
01:15:28,900 --> 01:15:32,568
The personal impact on him
was probably stronger
1295
01:15:32,654 --> 01:15:36,697
than the financial impact of it.
1296
01:15:37,659 --> 01:15:39,909
He tried to clear himself,
1297
01:15:39,994 --> 01:15:42,036
but time ran out on him.
1298
01:15:43,373 --> 01:15:45,414
Californian could have
galloped to the rescue
1299
01:15:45,500 --> 01:15:47,208
like the 5th cavalry.
1300
01:15:56,928 --> 01:16:00,638
Since Titanic's
demise in 1912,
1301
01:16:00,723 --> 01:16:03,891
a century worth of historians
have sought access
1302
01:16:03,935 --> 01:16:06,394
to lord mersey's
innermost thoughts.
1303
01:16:07,730 --> 01:16:09,730
Wondering whether they differ
1304
01:16:09,774 --> 01:16:11,732
from his public pronouncements.
1305
01:16:16,155 --> 01:16:19,115
The notes in his journal
were kept private
1306
01:16:19,200 --> 01:16:21,242
throughout the years until now.
1307
01:16:21,327 --> 01:16:23,786
If we didn't have these notes,
1308
01:16:23,871 --> 01:16:25,246
we wouldn't have known
1309
01:16:25,290 --> 01:16:28,457
that lord mersey was taking
in all this information
1310
01:16:28,543 --> 01:16:31,419
and clearly recognized
the problems.
1311
01:16:33,423 --> 01:16:35,131
After a
careful review,
1312
01:16:35,216 --> 01:16:36,757
it's clear.
1313
01:16:36,801 --> 01:16:39,719
His final public judgment
largely matches
1314
01:16:39,762 --> 01:16:42,430
what is in his private box.
1315
01:16:43,891 --> 01:16:46,475
There exists no
evidence to prove
1316
01:16:46,561 --> 01:16:49,770
lord mersey was
compromised in any way.
1317
01:16:50,732 --> 01:16:52,565
In the view of many historians,
1318
01:16:52,650 --> 01:16:55,276
lord mersey's inquest was fair,
1319
01:16:55,361 --> 01:16:58,738
his judicial responsibility
uncompromised.
1320
01:17:01,367 --> 01:17:04,452
The British inquiry was
not a criminal trial.
1321
01:17:05,830 --> 01:17:07,330
No one ever went to jail,
1322
01:17:07,415 --> 01:17:09,123
and there were very
few lawsuits filed
1323
01:17:09,208 --> 01:17:12,126
against white star or
the board of trade.
1324
01:17:14,297 --> 01:17:18,674
And so, with captain Smith
going down with his ship
1325
01:17:18,760 --> 01:17:21,469
and his crew largely absolved,
1326
01:17:21,512 --> 01:17:23,012
popular perception
of the disaster
1327
01:17:23,097 --> 01:17:25,473
has been open to interpretation.
1328
01:17:26,851 --> 01:17:29,268
Many who have retold
Titanic's story
1329
01:17:29,354 --> 01:17:31,479
have latched on to the
narrative of a
1330
01:17:31,522 --> 01:17:33,898
tragic act of god,
1331
01:17:33,983 --> 01:17:36,484
but mersey knew better.
1332
01:17:36,694 --> 01:17:37,985
Mistakes were made
1333
01:17:38,071 --> 01:17:41,656
and more than 1,500 men,
women, and children
1334
01:17:41,699 --> 01:17:43,449
lost their lives.
1335
01:17:51,834 --> 01:17:54,794
While the story of
Titanic never faded,
1336
01:17:54,879 --> 01:17:57,838
the ship itself
disappeared from view.
1337
01:17:59,258 --> 01:18:01,467
And then,
1338
01:18:01,511 --> 01:18:04,261
seven decades later,
1339
01:18:04,347 --> 01:18:08,683
a final piece of lost
evidence emerges.
1340
01:18:14,482 --> 01:18:18,818
In 1985, oceanographic
explorer, Robert Ballard,
1341
01:18:18,903 --> 01:18:20,861
made the discovery
of a lifetime.
1342
01:18:27,870 --> 01:18:31,038
Ballard spots
Titanic's boilers.
1343
01:18:32,125 --> 01:18:34,709
Its telltale bow,
1344
01:18:34,794 --> 01:18:37,545
and confirm something
equally significant.
1345
01:18:38,881 --> 01:18:41,048
When Titanic was finally found,
1346
01:18:41,092 --> 01:18:43,926
its position was about 13 miles
1347
01:18:44,011 --> 01:18:46,137
from where it was
reported to be.
1348
01:18:55,189 --> 01:18:57,106
The discovery
of Titanic's position
1349
01:18:57,191 --> 01:19:02,027
on the ocean floor, may
speak to one last mystery.
1350
01:19:02,447 --> 01:19:05,072
Could its passengers
have been saved
1351
01:19:05,116 --> 01:19:09,368
if only ss californian had
heard her distress call
1352
01:19:09,454 --> 01:19:11,078
and come to the rescue?
1353
01:19:11,622 --> 01:19:13,080
Maybe not.
1354
01:19:14,167 --> 01:19:16,083
When Titanic hit the iceberg,
1355
01:19:16,169 --> 01:19:19,211
her marconi operators
sent out an sos,
1356
01:19:19,297 --> 01:19:21,464
but they gave the
wrong location
1357
01:19:21,549 --> 01:19:25,468
because Titanic officers had
taken a bad sextant reading
1358
01:19:25,553 --> 01:19:27,094
earlier that evening.
1359
01:19:28,598 --> 01:19:31,891
Carpathia was only able
to find survivors
1360
01:19:31,976 --> 01:19:34,226
because her crew
had seen a flair
1361
01:19:34,312 --> 01:19:37,396
fired from one of
the lifeboats.
1362
01:19:37,482 --> 01:19:39,607
The absolute miracle
that night,
1363
01:19:39,692 --> 01:19:43,319
was that in going towards
the distress position,
1364
01:19:43,404 --> 01:19:46,322
which we now know is
not accurate at all,
1365
01:19:46,407 --> 01:19:49,074
that the carpathia
stumbled into the place
1366
01:19:49,160 --> 01:19:50,910
where the lifeboats were.
1367
01:19:54,165 --> 01:19:56,248
Does this
exonerate captain lord
1368
01:19:56,292 --> 01:19:58,000
of the californian?
1369
01:19:58,085 --> 01:20:01,796
Had he steamed immediately
to the location of the sos,
1370
01:20:01,881 --> 01:20:03,756
he would have found nothing.
1371
01:20:07,136 --> 01:20:10,930
Years later, the British
government reassessed the role
1372
01:20:11,015 --> 01:20:13,599
of californian in the disaster.
1373
01:20:16,187 --> 01:20:18,646
In 1992, there was
a subsequent inquiry
1374
01:20:18,689 --> 01:20:21,065
that exonerated the captain.
1375
01:20:25,071 --> 01:20:29,949
Even if the californian had
left immediately on receipt
1376
01:20:29,992 --> 01:20:32,201
of the first distress message,
1377
01:20:32,286 --> 01:20:36,163
it could not have arrived in
time to make any difference.
1378
01:20:48,636 --> 01:20:50,219
Today,
the Titanic lies
1379
01:20:50,304 --> 01:20:53,514
in an eerie state
of decomposition.
1380
01:20:55,685 --> 01:20:58,727
Rusting on the bottom
of the Atlantic,
1381
01:20:58,813 --> 01:21:03,607
but it's still as mesmerizing
and captivating to the public
1382
01:21:03,693 --> 01:21:07,695
as it was 108 years ago.
1383
01:21:27,675 --> 01:21:29,967
We're fascinated by the Titanic
1384
01:21:30,052 --> 01:21:31,635
because it is like a myth;
1385
01:21:31,721 --> 01:21:34,471
it's like something
from a biblical story.
1386
01:21:37,059 --> 01:21:39,101
It contains greed,
1387
01:21:39,186 --> 01:21:40,895
human ambition,
1388
01:21:40,938 --> 01:21:42,271
vanity.
1389
01:21:42,356 --> 01:21:44,857
This vast, modern
and beautiful ship,
1390
01:21:44,901 --> 01:21:48,027
full of hope and ambition
collided with fate
1391
01:21:48,112 --> 01:21:49,904
and in a spectacular way.
1392
01:21:51,157 --> 01:21:52,406
Although this was an accident,
1393
01:21:52,491 --> 01:21:55,242
it was clearly an avoidable one.
1394
01:21:57,038 --> 01:22:00,205
The crew didn't steer away
from the iceberg.
1395
01:22:00,249 --> 01:22:02,041
They didn't reduce the speed.
1396
01:22:02,126 --> 01:22:05,044
They didn't load the lifeboats
like they should have.
1397
01:22:06,047 --> 01:22:07,922
Many more lives could
have been saved.
1398
01:22:12,219 --> 01:22:14,345
The Titanic is
the one event
1399
01:22:14,430 --> 01:22:17,640
that the last century will
always be remembered for.
1400
01:22:18,643 --> 01:22:22,269
It's the combination
of pride, hubris,
1401
01:22:22,355 --> 01:22:25,856
playing fast and loose with
the regulations of the time,
1402
01:22:25,942 --> 01:22:28,776
and it's an incredibly
tragic event
1403
01:22:28,861 --> 01:22:31,070
the world will never forget.
1404
01:22:38,162 --> 01:22:39,578
Lord mersey's
British inquiry
1405
01:22:39,664 --> 01:22:42,122
led to crucial shipping
industry changes
1406
01:22:42,208 --> 01:22:43,624
across the globe.
1407
01:22:44,502 --> 01:22:47,795
Adding more lifeboats
to passenger ships,
1408
01:22:47,838 --> 01:22:51,423
24-hour radio communications,
1409
01:22:51,509 --> 01:22:54,468
and the formation of the
international ice patrol,
1410
01:22:54,512 --> 01:22:55,928
to name a few.
1411
01:22:57,932 --> 01:23:00,849
One hundred and six years
after it was created,
1412
01:23:00,935 --> 01:23:03,852
no ship heeding the
warnings of the ice patrol
1413
01:23:03,938 --> 01:23:06,438
has struck an iceberg.
1414
01:23:07,233 --> 01:23:11,318
Titanic's legacy lives on.
109400
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