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1
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Do not talk about
what you're about to see.
2
00:00:24,733 --> 00:00:25,734
Understand?
3
00:00:27,527 --> 00:00:28,361
Yes.
4
00:01:00,101 --> 00:01:00,935
May I?
5
00:01:04,439 --> 00:01:05,899
Just do what you need to do.
6
00:01:14,991 --> 00:01:16,493
Was this the first time?
7
00:01:19,621 --> 00:01:20,455
No.
8
00:01:23,416 --> 00:01:24,751
I've been having them for years.
9
00:01:27,128 --> 00:01:29,089
Though they are becoming more frequent.
10
00:01:30,048 --> 00:01:31,382
How have you been sleeping?
11
00:01:31,800 --> 00:01:32,634
Fine.
12
00:01:34,469 --> 00:01:36,054
Though I have been having headaches.
13
00:01:39,474 --> 00:01:40,308
I see.
14
00:01:44,354 --> 00:01:46,231
Drink tea with fennel and juniper.
15
00:01:46,564 --> 00:01:47,774
It will help the headaches.
16
00:01:49,776 --> 00:01:51,069
And what about the fits?
17
00:01:52,737 --> 00:01:54,948
Hopefully they will lessen over time.
18
00:01:55,115 --> 00:01:55,949
Hopefully?
19
00:01:57,700 --> 00:02:00,370
I'm afraid there's not much I can do.
20
00:02:02,539 --> 00:02:03,957
This illness...
21
00:02:06,042 --> 00:02:07,335
is of the gods.
22
00:02:20,306 --> 00:02:21,933
And this just started now?
23
00:02:23,017 --> 00:02:24,644
He's been having them for years.
24
00:02:25,270 --> 00:02:26,813
-You knew?
-No.
25
00:02:29,274 --> 00:02:30,233
Will this kill him?
26
00:02:32,819 --> 00:02:33,653
I don't know...
27
00:02:34,112 --> 00:02:35,029
no one does.
28
00:02:37,448 --> 00:02:39,117
I suppose it doesn't matter.
29
00:02:40,285 --> 00:02:41,286
Either way...
30
00:02:42,036 --> 00:02:42,912
he's finished.
31
00:02:45,582 --> 00:02:46,416
How's that?
32
00:02:48,751 --> 00:02:50,336
The Senate will tear him apart.
33
00:02:51,546 --> 00:02:52,797
How will they know?
34
00:02:56,009 --> 00:02:57,594
You're not going to tell them.
35
00:02:59,679 --> 00:03:00,555
Why wouldn't I?
36
00:03:01,973 --> 00:03:04,976
Because right now he's vulnerable.
37
00:03:07,478 --> 00:03:10,732
You should be looking for ways
to take advantage.
38
00:04:51,958 --> 00:04:55,503
Julius Caesar
has appointed himself dictator of Rome,
39
00:04:56,170 --> 00:04:59,590
giving him authority to pass any law
he sees fit.
40
00:05:06,180 --> 00:05:09,142
But in the midst of achieving
this unprecedented power,
41
00:05:10,560 --> 00:05:14,314
he faces a mysterious illness
that has no apparent cure.
42
00:05:16,816 --> 00:05:19,235
The ancient sources
described him as having
43
00:05:19,319 --> 00:05:23,531
a kind of falling sickness,
what we might describe as epilepsy.
44
00:05:24,574 --> 00:05:28,745
All of which, I suspect,
showed the kind of ongoing stresses
45
00:05:28,828 --> 00:05:31,164
involved in the job that he was doing.
46
00:05:36,544 --> 00:05:38,504
Despite his health problems,
47
00:05:39,589 --> 00:05:43,343
Caesar focuses on making a stronger,
more unified Rome.
48
00:05:47,347 --> 00:05:49,098
Since returning from Egypt,
49
00:05:49,932 --> 00:05:52,226
he's fed a starving population
50
00:05:53,311 --> 00:05:55,438
and restored order to the Senate.
51
00:06:00,068 --> 00:06:02,612
Now, with the city under control,
52
00:06:03,863 --> 00:06:08,242
Caesar wants to fix a Republic
that he believes is broken.
53
00:06:23,716 --> 00:06:24,675
For decades,
54
00:06:25,551 --> 00:06:30,306
Caesar has watched an inefficient Senate
grow increasingly powerful.
55
00:06:32,058 --> 00:06:34,852
But he knows the future of Rome's success
56
00:06:35,853 --> 00:06:37,397
lies with the people.
57
00:06:40,191 --> 00:06:44,529
A consistent problem in the Roman state
had been the issue of the Roman economy.
58
00:06:45,613 --> 00:06:50,952
You had a number of poor Romans who filled
the city of Rome looking for work,
59
00:06:51,786 --> 00:06:53,037
and being unable to find jobs.
60
00:06:53,663 --> 00:06:55,415
So Caesar sought to reform this.
61
00:06:58,709 --> 00:07:01,212
To get the Roman citizens
back to work,
62
00:07:02,338 --> 00:07:04,882
Caesar begins a massive
construction program.
63
00:07:09,470 --> 00:07:10,680
Building temples,
64
00:07:11,305 --> 00:07:12,140
libraries,
65
00:07:13,141 --> 00:07:14,308
and a new harbor,
66
00:07:15,393 --> 00:07:17,562
providing jobs for thousands of Romans.
67
00:07:21,649 --> 00:07:23,901
Caesar was a paradox
as a politician.
68
00:07:23,985 --> 00:07:25,820
On the one hand,
his priority was always Caesar.
69
00:07:26,362 --> 00:07:27,864
He wanted to advance himself.
70
00:07:28,823 --> 00:07:29,949
But on the other hand,
71
00:07:31,492 --> 00:07:35,413
instead of always supporting the side
of wealth and power,
72
00:07:36,706 --> 00:07:40,626
he would try to extend more benefits
to ordinary people.
73
00:07:47,675 --> 00:07:50,470
While his construction projects
help the people,
74
00:07:51,929 --> 00:07:54,932
his most innovative
and long-lasting reform
75
00:07:55,808 --> 00:07:58,186
is the introduction of a new calendar.
76
00:08:00,938 --> 00:08:02,356
When Caesar returns to Rome,
77
00:08:02,440 --> 00:08:05,735
he finds that the calendar is off
by at least 40 days.
78
00:08:07,653 --> 00:08:10,364
The Roman government
had become so corrupt,
79
00:08:10,448 --> 00:08:13,743
so inept,
that they had literally lost track
80
00:08:13,826 --> 00:08:15,912
of the days, the months, the seasons.
81
00:08:18,122 --> 00:08:21,709
Caesar bases the new calendar
on a solar year,
82
00:08:22,710 --> 00:08:26,297
putting the entire Republic
on a universal timetable,
83
00:08:27,340 --> 00:08:29,133
one that is still used today.
84
00:08:34,305 --> 00:08:37,099
While Caesar's reforms are popular
with the people,
85
00:08:38,392 --> 00:08:39,810
he's acting on his own.
86
00:08:40,895 --> 00:08:42,939
Without the support of the Senate.
87
00:08:45,816 --> 00:08:46,984
Over the past hundred years,
88
00:08:48,945 --> 00:08:52,156
Rome has experienced a time
of unprecedented growth.
89
00:08:53,199 --> 00:08:55,368
We've expanded our borders
north into Gaul,
90
00:08:55,785 --> 00:08:58,579
east into Macedonia,
and west into Hispania.
91
00:09:00,540 --> 00:09:01,749
Growth is good.
92
00:09:02,291 --> 00:09:03,709
It fuels the economy.
93
00:09:04,502 --> 00:09:05,753
It makes us stronger,
94
00:09:06,587 --> 00:09:07,713
more powerful.
95
00:09:11,801 --> 00:09:14,971
But in order to preserve that power,
we must consolidate it.
96
00:09:16,639 --> 00:09:17,473
Beginning...
97
00:09:18,724 --> 00:09:20,518
by granting full citizenship
98
00:09:21,269 --> 00:09:23,813
to those living in the conquered provinces
of Gaul.
99
00:09:26,524 --> 00:09:27,692
If we neglect them
100
00:09:28,651 --> 00:09:31,153
and continue to treat them
as prisoners of war,
101
00:09:31,237 --> 00:09:33,322
there will be another rebellion.
102
00:09:34,282 --> 00:09:36,450
If we acknowledge the Gauls
as Roman citizens,
103
00:09:36,534 --> 00:09:39,912
they will behave as Roman citizens.
104
00:09:41,414 --> 00:09:42,999
This is the cost
105
00:09:43,583 --> 00:09:45,293
of maintaining the peace.
106
00:09:47,295 --> 00:09:48,921
There will be no debate.
107
00:09:50,756 --> 00:09:52,049
This legislation
108
00:09:53,384 --> 00:09:54,969
takes effect immediately.
109
00:10:03,853 --> 00:10:07,398
Caesar wants to acquire
all the power that he can,
110
00:10:08,816 --> 00:10:10,568
but he's also trying to create
111
00:10:10,651 --> 00:10:14,405
a bigger, more impressive system
of Roman government
112
00:10:14,655 --> 00:10:20,578
that is fit for purpose when it comes
to ruling what is now a global empire
113
00:10:20,661 --> 00:10:23,247
stretching across the whole
Mediterranean world.
114
00:10:25,916 --> 00:10:29,920
And now Caesar can push through his own
legislative agenda,
115
00:10:30,129 --> 00:10:31,422
do whatever he wants,
116
00:10:31,505 --> 00:10:34,592
without having to worry
about getting the Senate's support.
117
00:10:42,183 --> 00:10:44,185
He's stripped us of all authority.
118
00:10:44,644 --> 00:10:46,771
We have no power whatsoever.
119
00:10:46,854 --> 00:10:48,564
It's only temporary.
120
00:10:49,815 --> 00:10:50,858
I wouldn't be so sure.
121
00:10:52,276 --> 00:10:55,655
As soon as he's accomplished
his political goals, he will step down.
122
00:10:55,905 --> 00:11:00,117
Once you have power,
it's very hard to let it go.
123
00:11:04,955 --> 00:11:08,000
While Brutus disagrees
with Caesar's methods,
124
00:11:08,751 --> 00:11:10,461
he works closely with him,
125
00:11:11,462 --> 00:11:13,589
helping Caesar write legislation.
126
00:11:15,841 --> 00:11:19,887
And Caesar begins considering Brutus
as a possible heir.
127
00:11:21,305 --> 00:11:23,057
Caesar was concerned with his legacy,
128
00:11:23,599 --> 00:11:26,435
because he did not have a male son
of his own.
129
00:11:26,686 --> 00:11:30,272
He was just taking thought
for the future success of his name.
130
00:11:30,815 --> 00:11:32,066
We need a census.
131
00:11:32,358 --> 00:11:35,611
-A proper census of the city.
-We've had surveys done in the past.
132
00:11:35,695 --> 00:11:37,071
But they weren't done properly.
133
00:11:37,863 --> 00:11:41,617
Brutus had long been considered by Caesar
something of a surrogate son.
134
00:11:42,451 --> 00:11:46,539
He wanted Brutus to recognize
that there was something
135
00:11:46,622 --> 00:11:49,041
maybe greater that they could do together.
136
00:11:49,959 --> 00:11:53,421
For Brutus,
everything is about to change,
137
00:11:53,879 --> 00:11:56,340
with the arrival of a foreign ally
138
00:11:56,882 --> 00:11:59,301
with news that will shock the Republic.
139
00:12:13,023 --> 00:12:16,402
Cleopatra, within a year
of after Caesar leaves Egypt,
140
00:12:16,652 --> 00:12:17,820
follows him to Rome.
141
00:12:18,779 --> 00:12:22,908
Most Romans knew Caesar's reputation
as a bit of a playboy.
142
00:12:23,159 --> 00:12:28,247
Most Romans also understood
that commanders and leaders abroad
143
00:12:28,456 --> 00:12:29,957
tended to have flings.
144
00:12:35,463 --> 00:12:37,089
What was unusual
145
00:12:37,173 --> 00:12:39,425
was that person going to Rome,
146
00:12:41,260 --> 00:12:45,264
particularly if they had the reputation
of somebody like Cleopatra.
147
00:13:04,158 --> 00:13:06,702
This was not only a foreigner
148
00:13:06,786 --> 00:13:09,330
but a queen in her own right.
149
00:13:26,430 --> 00:13:30,684
She was so far outside the mold
of how Romans saw their women,
150
00:13:30,976 --> 00:13:33,145
it must have been
a bit of a shock to them.
151
00:13:40,778 --> 00:13:41,612
So...
152
00:13:42,655 --> 00:13:43,823
how was your journey?
153
00:13:44,990 --> 00:13:45,825
Long.
154
00:13:46,784 --> 00:13:48,160
But I hope worthwhile.
155
00:14:00,798 --> 00:14:01,841
What is this?
156
00:14:07,930 --> 00:14:09,473
His name is Cesarion.
157
00:14:11,183 --> 00:14:12,184
Your son.
158
00:14:19,108 --> 00:14:24,071
One of the most shocking features
of Caesar's return for Rome
159
00:14:24,154 --> 00:14:26,699
was the arrival in Rome of Cleopatra...
160
00:14:27,825 --> 00:14:28,784
with a son.
161
00:14:30,202 --> 00:14:33,289
For the de facto head of the Roman state
162
00:14:33,372 --> 00:14:36,041
to have a romantic relationship
and then a child
163
00:14:36,125 --> 00:14:40,004
with the queen of an autonomous
Mediterranean power,
164
00:14:40,504 --> 00:14:44,049
that sent shockwaves reverberating
around the world.
165
00:14:47,344 --> 00:14:49,638
She has him wrapped around her finger.
166
00:14:49,722 --> 00:14:53,058
-He barely said a word.
-He didn't have to. It was obvious.
167
00:14:53,601 --> 00:14:56,979
-We don't know if it's even his child.
-You think that makes any difference?
168
00:14:57,980 --> 00:14:59,273
Now he has a son.
169
00:14:59,356 --> 00:15:01,984
-To the Queen of Egypt.
-It doesn't change anything.
170
00:15:02,693 --> 00:15:05,070
-It changes everything.
-For Rome or for you?
171
00:15:07,031 --> 00:15:07,865
Excuse me?
172
00:15:09,700 --> 00:15:12,077
-I just meant--
-This isn't about me.
173
00:15:13,162 --> 00:15:13,996
Or Rome.
174
00:15:15,205 --> 00:15:16,624
This is about you.
175
00:15:17,958 --> 00:15:19,793
Whether or not you realize it,
176
00:15:20,711 --> 00:15:22,129
you've just been replaced.
177
00:15:24,340 --> 00:15:28,594
As long as Cleopatra's in power
and their son is alive,
178
00:15:29,219 --> 00:15:30,346
you don't matter.
179
00:15:31,347 --> 00:15:33,390
Let's not overreact.
180
00:15:34,558 --> 00:15:37,645
Whatever position of power you think
you've secured for yourself,
181
00:15:38,020 --> 00:15:39,063
it's temporary.
182
00:15:40,397 --> 00:15:41,690
So what do you want me to do?
183
00:15:45,069 --> 00:15:47,655
Make friends with the Senate,
you'll need them.
184
00:15:50,783 --> 00:15:51,742
Is that all?
185
00:15:53,202 --> 00:15:54,078
For now.
186
00:15:55,996 --> 00:15:57,498
And keep your eyes open.
187
00:15:58,540 --> 00:16:02,753
People in your position of power
don't last very long.
188
00:16:05,673 --> 00:16:09,760
It's hard to imagine that Servilia
didn't see Cleopatra as a rival,
189
00:16:09,927 --> 00:16:12,429
especially when Cleopatra came to Rome.
190
00:16:13,263 --> 00:16:15,891
Servilia's chief loyalty was to her son,
Brutus.
191
00:16:15,975 --> 00:16:17,643
After all, he was her son
192
00:16:17,768 --> 00:16:20,312
and he did represent the future
of her house
193
00:16:20,437 --> 00:16:22,106
in a way that Caesar never could.
194
00:16:41,709 --> 00:16:42,751
He has your eyes.
195
00:16:48,882 --> 00:16:50,426
One day, he'll be the King of Egypt.
196
00:16:51,635 --> 00:16:52,761
And maybe Rome.
197
00:16:54,805 --> 00:16:56,598
Rome won't accept a king.
198
00:16:57,933 --> 00:16:58,892
It did once.
199
00:17:01,061 --> 00:17:02,396
That was a long time ago.
200
00:17:06,567 --> 00:17:07,651
Then it could again.
201
00:17:13,198 --> 00:17:16,368
I think that Cleopatra plants
the seed of monarchy
202
00:17:16,827 --> 00:17:18,787
and all it can be in Caesar's head.
203
00:17:19,371 --> 00:17:23,083
Does Caesar come away from Cleopatra
thinking, "I want to be a king"?
204
00:17:23,375 --> 00:17:25,919
Perhaps not quite in such bald terms,
205
00:17:26,336 --> 00:17:30,340
but I think he comes away convinced
that there's really no future for Rome
206
00:17:30,424 --> 00:17:34,178
without him being the man who runs it
in one form or another.
207
00:18:02,122 --> 00:18:03,957
By 45 B.C.,
208
00:18:04,583 --> 00:18:09,088
Julius Caesar has conquered
over 200,000 miles of territory,
209
00:18:10,089 --> 00:18:12,132
pulled Rome out of chaos,
210
00:18:13,842 --> 00:18:17,971
and named himself dictator
for the next ten years.
211
00:18:19,181 --> 00:18:20,849
But with the arrival of a son,
212
00:18:21,642 --> 00:18:24,144
Caesar begins thinking about a dynasty.
213
00:18:26,897 --> 00:18:29,066
The conclusion
that Caesar reached
214
00:18:29,149 --> 00:18:31,318
is that Roman politics should be dominated
215
00:18:31,401 --> 00:18:33,362
by just one family,
216
00:18:33,946 --> 00:18:35,405
by his family.
217
00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:40,953
He's feeling his way toward some kind
of monarchy.
218
00:18:43,122 --> 00:18:44,748
To secure his legacy,
219
00:18:45,332 --> 00:18:49,044
Caesar begins a citywide project
celebrating his image
220
00:18:49,795 --> 00:18:53,382
which he puts on display
alongside Roman gods.
221
00:18:54,842 --> 00:18:57,094
Ivory towers are built in his honor,
222
00:18:57,719 --> 00:19:01,765
including the Basilica Julia,
which still exists today.
223
00:19:02,850 --> 00:19:04,852
Caesar was an arrogant man.
224
00:19:05,060 --> 00:19:06,895
He had broken all the rules,
225
00:19:06,979 --> 00:19:10,983
so he felt that he was entitled
to make all the rules.
226
00:19:11,650 --> 00:19:15,237
It's hard to avoid the conclusion
that power had gone to his head.
227
00:19:16,655 --> 00:19:19,324
His birthday is declared
a public holiday,
228
00:19:19,908 --> 00:19:22,286
and he begins wearing a purple robe,
229
00:19:22,870 --> 00:19:25,622
a garment once reserved for Roman kings.
230
00:19:27,708 --> 00:19:30,961
I think everyone saw some form
of autocracy,
231
00:19:31,503 --> 00:19:35,007
but how severe it would be
was anyone's guess.
232
00:19:36,049 --> 00:19:39,011
Whether Caesar viewed himself as a king
or something else,
233
00:19:39,094 --> 00:19:41,680
I think he really did want to be a god.
234
00:19:43,307 --> 00:19:46,059
Caesar believes leading Rome
is his destiny,
235
00:19:47,186 --> 00:19:49,396
so he looks to solidify his power.
236
00:19:50,189 --> 00:19:51,231
Permanently.
237
00:20:40,322 --> 00:20:43,617
Julius Caesar has faithfully served
the Republic of Rome.
238
00:20:44,618 --> 00:20:48,705
Through his dedication and sacrifice,
he has ushered in an unprecedented era
239
00:20:48,789 --> 00:20:50,749
of peace and prosperity.
240
00:20:52,167 --> 00:20:54,002
He's conquered foreign enemies,
241
00:20:55,087 --> 00:20:56,421
expanded our borders
242
00:20:57,214 --> 00:21:00,801
and eased the burden
of our less fortunate citizens.
243
00:21:02,719 --> 00:21:06,014
His astounding achievements deserve honors
of equal merit.
244
00:21:09,309 --> 00:21:12,813
It is with that in mind,
that I hereby name Julius Caesar
245
00:21:15,232 --> 00:21:16,984
Dictator in perpetuity.
246
00:21:19,069 --> 00:21:19,987
On me!
247
00:21:25,367 --> 00:21:26,368
Cover it up!
248
00:21:31,415 --> 00:21:33,500
Julia... has passed.
249
00:21:52,894 --> 00:21:53,729
Stay back.
250
00:22:35,729 --> 00:22:39,232
The man has himself proclaimed
as dictator for life
251
00:22:39,608 --> 00:22:41,860
and then collapses in a convulsive fit.
252
00:22:43,695 --> 00:22:44,946
I don't know where to begin.
253
00:22:45,238 --> 00:22:47,866
He's going to step down.
Isn't that what you told us?
254
00:22:48,492 --> 00:22:49,868
I can't see that happening.
255
00:22:50,452 --> 00:22:52,662
-Did you know he was sick?
-Of course not.
256
00:22:55,582 --> 00:22:56,541
I think you did.
257
00:22:56,875 --> 00:22:59,211
Perhaps that's how you finagled
your position?
258
00:22:59,294 --> 00:23:00,420
I earned my place.
259
00:23:00,504 --> 00:23:02,923
What else aren't you telling us?
260
00:23:06,551 --> 00:23:09,346
Are you questioning my loyalty
to the Republic?
261
00:23:12,015 --> 00:23:14,393
Don't ever question my loyalty.
262
00:23:14,726 --> 00:23:18,188
Then we can count on you
to do whatever's necessary
263
00:23:19,356 --> 00:23:21,983
if and when the time comes?
264
00:23:22,359 --> 00:23:24,111
War is coming.
265
00:23:25,362 --> 00:23:26,780
It's time you picked a side.
266
00:23:39,209 --> 00:23:42,379
Emotionally,
Brutus was conflicted.
267
00:23:43,004 --> 00:23:45,799
On the one hand, Caesar was a great man.
268
00:23:46,425 --> 00:23:49,636
Brutus had known him since he was a boy.
269
00:23:50,053 --> 00:23:53,765
On the other hand,
Caesar was the dictator for life,
270
00:23:53,974 --> 00:23:56,768
the man who posed a threat
to the Roman Republic
271
00:23:57,018 --> 00:23:59,646
and everything that Brutus held dear.
272
00:24:01,940 --> 00:24:04,067
Despite their personal history,
273
00:24:04,401 --> 00:24:07,320
Brutus is forced by his colleagues
to make a choice,
274
00:24:09,990 --> 00:24:12,909
while Caesar looks to distract the Senate
from his illness
275
00:24:13,452 --> 00:24:15,996
with plans of a shocking new conquest.
276
00:24:33,054 --> 00:24:36,057
Knowing his sickness
could make him seem weak to the Senate,
277
00:24:36,850 --> 00:24:39,603
Caesar decides to temporarily leave Rome.
278
00:24:42,522 --> 00:24:45,775
I think Caesar was frustrated
by being in Rome,
279
00:24:46,109 --> 00:24:48,403
dealing with the minutia
of Roman politics,
280
00:24:48,820 --> 00:24:53,742
jousting with Senators,
having to negotiate with people
281
00:24:53,825 --> 00:24:56,077
he no longer considered his equals.
282
00:24:56,745 --> 00:25:00,290
On the battlefield,
everything was simpler and cleaner.
283
00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:04,336
So Caesar declares he'll invade Parthia,
284
00:25:05,545 --> 00:25:08,089
the same empire that defeated Crassus.
285
00:25:10,133 --> 00:25:12,802
Caesar decided to invade Parthia
286
00:25:13,178 --> 00:25:15,263
to keep the Roman people on side.
287
00:25:17,891 --> 00:25:20,393
It may have been a ploy
to distract the people,
288
00:25:21,269 --> 00:25:24,731
but it also shows that he's something
of a conquest junkie.
289
00:25:25,065 --> 00:25:29,069
He's addicted to the thrill
that comes from conquest
290
00:25:29,152 --> 00:25:31,821
and the power and money
that it generates for him.
291
00:25:32,948 --> 00:25:36,409
A victory in Parthia
would bring Caesar not only riches,
292
00:25:37,744 --> 00:25:41,039
it would make him even more popular
with the Roman people.
293
00:25:42,290 --> 00:25:44,084
Caesar's career followed a course
294
00:25:44,501 --> 00:25:48,713
where when he's out on campaign
conquering new territory for Rome,
295
00:25:48,797 --> 00:25:52,008
defeating Rome's enemies,
he's very popular, everything is great.
296
00:25:52,801 --> 00:25:55,136
Once he has to actually come back
and govern,
297
00:25:55,887 --> 00:25:57,597
things get stickier, things get harder.
298
00:25:58,515 --> 00:26:00,016
If we come up through the north,
299
00:26:00,225 --> 00:26:01,726
we can cross the mountains.
300
00:26:02,644 --> 00:26:05,480
The only other option is the desert route,
but we don't want to do that.
301
00:26:06,273 --> 00:26:08,942
-Well, Crassus went through the desert.
-Crassus died in the desert.
302
00:26:09,943 --> 00:26:13,655
All the armies in the world can't save you
from dying of thirst.
303
00:26:14,990 --> 00:26:16,491
Do not underestimate the risk.
304
00:26:17,742 --> 00:26:18,660
He was arrogant.
305
00:26:19,828 --> 00:26:22,038
He listened to the wrong people.
That's what killed him.
306
00:26:24,916 --> 00:26:25,959
You called for me.
307
00:26:26,501 --> 00:26:28,253
Ah, you're here. It's all right.
308
00:26:30,463 --> 00:26:32,549
I want you to call a meeting
with the Senate.
309
00:26:33,758 --> 00:26:35,510
I'm announcing a new campaign.
310
00:26:37,220 --> 00:26:39,222
We're going to conquer Parthia.
311
00:26:42,892 --> 00:26:43,727
Parthia?
312
00:26:45,061 --> 00:26:46,813
That's a bold choice.
313
00:26:50,108 --> 00:26:51,526
I'll arrange a meeting immediately.
314
00:26:53,528 --> 00:26:55,030
Tomorrow will be fine.
315
00:27:01,286 --> 00:27:02,662
Now, where were we?
316
00:27:08,835 --> 00:27:13,340
For Brutus, an invasion
of Parthia shows that Caesar values power
317
00:27:13,965 --> 00:27:15,925
over the welfare of the Republic.
318
00:27:17,344 --> 00:27:21,264
I think Brutus saw
as much as anyone
319
00:27:21,348 --> 00:27:24,851
that Caesar was a threat
to the long-established
320
00:27:24,934 --> 00:27:28,104
constitutional order
of the Roman Republic.
321
00:27:28,188 --> 00:27:30,148
Brutus was a philosopher,
322
00:27:30,774 --> 00:27:34,778
and he saw that Caesar threatened
Roman ideals.
323
00:27:35,654 --> 00:27:41,034
Brutus also felt that as the descendant
of the founder of the Roman Republic,
324
00:27:41,117 --> 00:27:43,578
he had a particular responsibility
325
00:27:43,662 --> 00:27:48,583
to defend the Republic against someone
who was opposing it.
326
00:28:04,265 --> 00:28:06,726
-Thank you for meeting with me.
-Your message was cryptic.
327
00:28:07,394 --> 00:28:08,645
Let him speak.
328
00:28:11,231 --> 00:28:14,067
Caesar is calling an emergency meeting
of the Senate.
329
00:28:15,193 --> 00:28:18,071
He's going to announce his plans
to invade Parthia.
330
00:28:18,655 --> 00:28:20,990
He thinks another conquest will serve
as a distraction.
331
00:28:21,074 --> 00:28:21,908
He's not serious.
332
00:28:22,367 --> 00:28:23,952
Are you really that surprised?
333
00:28:24,035 --> 00:28:25,620
We don't have the funds to finance--
334
00:28:25,704 --> 00:28:27,997
There are far bigger implications
than finances.
335
00:28:28,665 --> 00:28:30,333
The last thing we need is another war.
336
00:28:30,417 --> 00:28:31,334
Then talk to him.
337
00:28:31,710 --> 00:28:33,753
It's too late for that.
He's already made up his mind.
338
00:28:33,837 --> 00:28:36,506
-There's no talking him out of it.
-Then perhaps we should let him go.
339
00:28:36,589 --> 00:28:38,675
When he's gone, we can take back control
of the Senate.
340
00:28:38,758 --> 00:28:41,428
We can't risk him returning more powerful
than he already is.
341
00:28:41,511 --> 00:28:43,513
Well, that's assuming he's successful.
342
00:28:43,596 --> 00:28:46,391
If he fails,
he'll bring the Republic down with him.
343
00:28:46,474 --> 00:28:48,309
How are we supposed to stop him?
344
00:28:49,853 --> 00:28:52,021
I thought you were prepared to do
whatever's necessary?
345
00:29:01,072 --> 00:29:02,240
Inside Rome,
346
00:29:02,323 --> 00:29:05,410
there's a real fear
that's beginning to set in
347
00:29:05,493 --> 00:29:08,997
that what Caesar's gonna do
is make himself king of Rome.
348
00:29:10,957 --> 00:29:13,585
The idea that there would be
a king of Rome
349
00:29:13,960 --> 00:29:17,589
was anathema
to Roman political psychology.
350
00:29:21,551 --> 00:29:22,677
Inside the Senate,
351
00:29:23,553 --> 00:29:27,766
this is really the moment when they say,
"We have to get rid of Caesar."
352
00:29:45,658 --> 00:29:49,162
Three days before Caesar
is scheduled to leave for Parthia,
353
00:29:50,789 --> 00:29:52,999
an emergency Senate meeting is called.
354
00:29:55,460 --> 00:29:58,296
Caesar's planned war
with Parthia
355
00:29:58,379 --> 00:30:00,965
frightened his political opponents,
356
00:30:01,049 --> 00:30:03,218
because they knew that once he left Rome,
357
00:30:03,510 --> 00:30:05,720
and took his position as a general,
358
00:30:05,887 --> 00:30:08,223
he would be defended by a bodyguard.
359
00:30:08,723 --> 00:30:11,893
In Rome, Caesar had no formal bodyguard.
360
00:30:12,268 --> 00:30:17,232
So he would be virtually untouchable
once he was a general in the field.
361
00:30:22,987 --> 00:30:25,448
To guarantee there are no intruders,
362
00:30:27,951 --> 00:30:31,412
the Senate hire guards to stand watch
outside the theater.
363
00:30:50,056 --> 00:30:55,186
I think most of the reason why
Brutus decided to conspire against Caesar
364
00:30:55,395 --> 00:30:56,563
was political.
365
00:30:58,857 --> 00:31:01,109
He could never tolerate a situation
366
00:31:01,359 --> 00:31:05,321
where the Republic had been defeated
by an individual man
367
00:31:05,822 --> 00:31:09,450
who had taken powers to himself
in perpetuity.
368
00:32:06,257 --> 00:32:08,426
May I have a word regarding my brother?
He's in exile.
369
00:32:08,843 --> 00:32:10,261
-After the session
-Please!
370
00:32:17,477 --> 00:32:18,311
Let me through.
371
00:32:19,812 --> 00:32:22,732
-Please. I'm not above begging.
-You can bring it up with the magistrates.
372
00:32:22,815 --> 00:32:24,108
I haven't seen him in a decade.
373
00:32:24,192 --> 00:32:26,527
Then a few more hours won't matter.
374
00:32:26,611 --> 00:32:27,445
Please!
375
00:32:27,528 --> 00:32:28,988
Get off me.
376
00:32:29,072 --> 00:32:30,823
Get him off me!
377
00:33:57,201 --> 00:34:00,163
- And what's your name?
- Brutus.
378
00:34:21,809 --> 00:34:25,229
On the 14th of March, 44 B.C.,
379
00:34:26,606 --> 00:34:30,026
Julius Caesar is stabbed 23 times
380
00:34:30,943 --> 00:34:32,695
by a faction of senators,
381
00:34:33,279 --> 00:34:35,073
led by Brutus.
382
00:34:43,998 --> 00:34:45,625
Caesar knew that he had enemies.
383
00:34:45,708 --> 00:34:48,544
Caesar knew that some of those enemies
would kill him
384
00:34:48,628 --> 00:34:50,254
if they had the opportunity to.
385
00:34:50,338 --> 00:34:55,134
I don't think that Caesar thought
that they had the balls to do it.
386
00:35:16,697 --> 00:35:20,076
The assassination
of Julius Caesar shocks Rome.
387
00:35:26,582 --> 00:35:29,001
Slaves carry his body through the streets
388
00:35:30,086 --> 00:35:31,838
as the city mourns.
389
00:35:37,635 --> 00:35:40,680
Brutus and his conspirators
try to restore order,
390
00:35:41,639 --> 00:35:44,267
but things quickly spiral out of control.
391
00:35:45,393 --> 00:35:48,646
The death of Caesar created
a huge political vacuum
392
00:35:48,729 --> 00:35:50,356
at the top of the processes
393
00:35:50,690 --> 00:35:54,777
and men immediately started to fight
for how to achieve
394
00:35:54,861 --> 00:35:57,113
clarity in the system going forward.
395
00:36:05,830 --> 00:36:07,790
In the months that follow,
396
00:36:07,874 --> 00:36:11,085
Brutus and Mark Antony become
bitter rivals
397
00:36:12,170 --> 00:36:14,380
fighting for power on the battlefield.
398
00:36:17,592 --> 00:36:18,968
Brutus is defeated
399
00:36:19,760 --> 00:36:21,262
and as he's being captured,
400
00:36:21,971 --> 00:36:22,972
takes his own life.
401
00:36:30,021 --> 00:36:33,107
Mark Antony's allies will soon conspire
against him,
402
00:36:34,192 --> 00:36:37,945
and he flees to Egypt,
where he marries Cleopatra.
403
00:36:42,241 --> 00:36:44,952
After war breaks out
between Egypt and Rome,
404
00:36:45,953 --> 00:36:49,290
Antony and Cleopatra die
in a double suicide.
405
00:36:55,087 --> 00:36:59,383
Caesar's child, Caesarion,
rules Egypt for two weeks,
406
00:37:00,009 --> 00:37:02,261
before he's killed at age seventeen.
407
00:37:16,192 --> 00:37:17,610
By assassinating Caesar,
408
00:37:18,069 --> 00:37:21,113
the Roman senators believed
they were saving the Republic.
409
00:37:22,657 --> 00:37:24,158
But the opposite occurs.
410
00:37:27,411 --> 00:37:29,580
And after years of violence and upheaval
411
00:37:30,373 --> 00:37:34,835
the only way to restore peace
is through the leadership of one man.
412
00:37:35,836 --> 00:37:39,632
His name is Octavian,
the nephew of Julius Caesar.
413
00:37:41,008 --> 00:37:44,262
And on the 16th of January 27 B.C.,
414
00:37:44,762 --> 00:37:46,889
he becomes Rome's first emperor,
415
00:37:48,057 --> 00:37:50,309
ruling for the next 40 years.
416
00:37:51,727 --> 00:37:54,981
Caesar, in the end,
destroyed the Republic.
417
00:37:55,898 --> 00:38:00,903
The example that he set,
the wheels that he set in motion.
418
00:38:01,028 --> 00:38:04,949
After Caesar,
nothing could be the way that it was.
419
00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:10,663
Just 20 years
after Caesar's death,
420
00:38:11,956 --> 00:38:13,582
Rome is an empire...
421
00:38:16,919 --> 00:38:20,381
with over 50 million people
living within its borders,
422
00:38:21,340 --> 00:38:24,385
roughly twenty percent
of the world's population.
423
00:38:26,345 --> 00:38:29,348
No man helped shape
that transformation more...
424
00:38:29,932 --> 00:38:31,475
than Julius Caesar.
425
00:38:36,063 --> 00:38:41,777
Caesar has been one
of the most influential figures
426
00:38:42,069 --> 00:38:44,322
in the history of Western civilization.
427
00:38:45,197 --> 00:38:49,285
His assassination directly tied
to the end of the Republic
428
00:38:49,702 --> 00:38:52,955
and the start
of this imperial autocratic rule.
429
00:38:53,956 --> 00:38:56,334
So he's been hugely influential
in that sense.
430
00:39:01,255 --> 00:39:04,592
Caesar certainly stands
as one of the great men of history today.
431
00:39:05,259 --> 00:39:08,012
He did take steps to curb corruption,
432
00:39:08,137 --> 00:39:09,430
to eliminate debt,
433
00:39:09,680 --> 00:39:11,766
to make life a bit better
for the poorer citizens
434
00:39:11,849 --> 00:39:12,933
and they loved him for it.
435
00:39:14,393 --> 00:39:17,605
So, part of his legacy is bound up
with that reputation.
436
00:39:25,905 --> 00:39:28,824
Caesar's legacy goes beyond
the borders of Rome.
437
00:39:30,910 --> 00:39:31,827
Foreign leaders,
438
00:39:32,453 --> 00:39:35,122
including Russian Tsars and German Kaisers
439
00:39:35,498 --> 00:39:37,375
use translations of his name,
440
00:39:39,668 --> 00:39:42,630
and the month of July
is named in his honor.
441
00:39:45,758 --> 00:39:48,344
Caesar's legacy is enormous.
442
00:39:49,095 --> 00:39:54,016
He's one of the two or three most famous
human beings that has ever lived.
443
00:39:55,184 --> 00:39:58,729
Every subsequent leader
for the last 2,000 years,
444
00:39:58,813 --> 00:40:01,857
anybody who's politically ambitious,
militarily ambitious,
445
00:40:02,358 --> 00:40:05,361
knows about Julius Caesar,
and whether consciously or not,
446
00:40:05,444 --> 00:40:07,780
is comparing themselves to Julius Caesar.
447
00:40:07,863 --> 00:40:12,034
He looms enormous
in the political and military history
448
00:40:12,368 --> 00:40:14,662
of the Western world and the whole world.
449
00:40:14,995 --> 00:40:17,415
And of course he stands
at one of the most famous
450
00:40:17,540 --> 00:40:19,458
political transitions in human history,
451
00:40:19,542 --> 00:40:22,420
which is when the Roman Republic
becomes the Roman Empire.
452
00:40:22,711 --> 00:40:25,381
And who's at the very center of that?
It's Julius Caesar.
35381
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