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NARRATOR It's one of the most profound
mysteries in the natural world.
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00:00:11,112 --> 00:00:17,017
An amazing
transcontinental odyssey.
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00:00:17,018 --> 00:00:19,052
The migration each year
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00:00:19,053 --> 00:00:20,121
of millions
of monarch butterflies
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00:00:20,122 --> 00:00:25,091
from Canada, across America,
to Mexico.
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00:00:25,092 --> 00:00:28,128
CHIP TAYLOR: You've got a butterfly
that's originating in Toronto,
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00:00:28,129 --> 00:00:30,031
or it's originating in Detroit, Michigan
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00:00:30,032 --> 00:00:32,065
it's coming down
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00:00:32,066 --> 00:00:35,001
maybe even Winnipeg, and it's moving south,
10
00:00:35,002 --> 00:00:38,271
and somehow,
it finds its way to Mexico.
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00:00:38,272 --> 00:00:39,106
Could you do that?
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00:00:39,107 --> 00:00:43,143
NARRATOR:
Starting from a tiny caterpillar,
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00:00:43,144 --> 00:00:47,213
blossoming
into a beautiful butterfly,
14
00:00:47,214 --> 00:00:51,217
these delicate creatures
will fly thousands of miles
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00:00:51,218 --> 00:00:54,087
in a feat of endurance
and navigation
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00:00:54,088 --> 00:00:55,289
unlike anything else in nature.
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00:00:55,290 --> 00:01:00,293
LINCOLN BROWER: They've never taken
a long flight in their lives,
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00:01:00,294 --> 00:01:03,096
and they're on their way
to an area
19
00:01:03,097 --> 00:01:04,165
that they've never seen before.
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00:01:04,166 --> 00:01:09,169
Somehow they're recognizing
landmarks, or following streams, I
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00:01:09,170 --> 00:01:11,071
or following the sun.
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00:01:11,072 --> 00:01:12,139
They're following something.
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00:01:12,140 --> 00:01:15,275
NARRATOR: They're on their
way to a remote area
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00:01:15,276 --> 00:01:18,178
high in the Mexican mountains,
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00:01:18,179 --> 00:01:23,216
and they get there every year
at exactly the same time.
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00:01:23,217 --> 00:01:28,054
BILL CALVERT: Butterflies have
dazzled humans for millennia.
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00:01:28,055 --> 00:01:29,223
It's a beautiful little creature,
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00:01:29,224 --> 00:01:33,226
and on top of that,
it migrates 2,000 miles.
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00:01:33,227 --> 00:01:36,096
And this just staggers the mind.
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00:01:36,097 --> 00:01:38,331
BROWER:
I think the monarch butterfly
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00:01:38,332 --> 00:01:41,167
is one of the most magnificent
animals in the world.
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And it's unique in terms
of the entire animal kingdom.
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There's nothing like it.
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NARRATOR: Next on NOVi.
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The Incredible Journey
of the Butterflies.
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Captioning sponsored
by EXXONMOBIL, DAVID H. KOCH,
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00:01:59,353 --> 00:02:03,156
the HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE,
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00:02:03,157 --> 00:02:06,292
the CORPORATION
FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING
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00:02:06,293 --> 00:02:09,229
and VIEWERS LIKE YOU.
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00:02:09,230 --> 00:02:15,235
Major funding for NOVA
is provided by the following:
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00:02:15,236 --> 00:02:16,370
ExxonMobil... taking on
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00:02:16,371 --> 00:02:19,405
the world's toughest energy challenges.
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00:02:19,406 --> 00:02:21,006
And by:
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00:02:26,113 --> 00:02:27,713
And...
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00:02:36,290 --> 00:02:39,325
And by the Corporation
for Public Broadcasting,
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00:02:39,326 --> 00:02:47,326
and by contributions
to your PBS station from:
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NARRATOR:
On a late August morning
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00:03:57,338 --> 00:04:00,506
just north
of Lake Huron in Canada,
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00:04:00,507 --> 00:04:08,507
a miracle of nature is about
to unfoldo.
50
00:04:18,292 --> 00:04:22,262
This tiny caterpillar
is destined
51
00:04:22,263 --> 00:04:30,263
to become a monarch butterlly.
52
00:04:52,326 --> 00:04:55,295
In one of the most
amazing transformations
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00:04:55,296 --> 00:04:56,530
in the animal world,
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00:04:56,531 --> 00:05:04,531
the caterpillar will outgrow
and shed its skin four times.
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00:05:42,476 --> 00:05:44,410
The fifth time,
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00:05:44,411 --> 00:05:52,411
the caterpillar disappears.
57
00:06:04,365 --> 00:06:06,532
It's transformed into a chrysalis,
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00:06:06,533 --> 00:06:10,303
a delicate case within which
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00:06:10,304 --> 00:06:16,577
a completely
new being takes form.
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00:06:33,594 --> 00:06:38,464
After about ten days
in the chrysalis,
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00:06:38,465 --> 00:06:46,465
the new creature is complete.
62
00:06:50,444 --> 00:06:57,583
All traces
of the caterpillar are gone.
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00:06:57,584 --> 00:07:00,653
And in its place is a butterfly
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00:07:00,654 --> 00:07:08,654
with four delicate wings.
65
00:08:54,501 --> 00:08:57,503
But the newly developed
monarch butterfly
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00:08:57,504 --> 00:09:00,541
must wait a few hours for
its wings to harden.
67
00:09:02,643 --> 00:09:06,647
And then, finally, it can fly.
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00:09:26,633 --> 00:09:34,633
This particular generation of
monarch butterflies is special.
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00:09:37,711 --> 00:09:38,612
Every year,
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00:09:38,613 --> 00:09:46,613
about 100 million of them begin
an astonishing migration.
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00:09:47,754 --> 00:09:49,589
Coming from Southern Canada
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00:09:49,590 --> 00:09:51,724
and the Northeastern
United States,
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00:09:51,725 --> 00:09:53,593
each butterfly,
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00:09:53,594 --> 00:09:55,595
starting on its own,
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00:09:55,596 --> 00:09:58,664
flies about 2,000 miles,
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00:09:58,665 --> 00:10:05,705
arriving two months later
in Mexico.
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00:10:05,706 --> 00:10:09,775
Their trip is part
of a carefully-timed cycle
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00:10:09,776 --> 00:10:12,778
that began
three generations back
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00:10:12,779 --> 00:10:14,580
when a group of monarchs
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00:10:14,581 --> 00:10:22,581
left Mexico
at the end of the winter.
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00:10:22,789 --> 00:10:26,859
They flew as far north
as the Gulf states,
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00:10:26,860 --> 00:10:30,830
mated and died.
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00:10:30,831 --> 00:10:34,800
The second generation flew to
the Northern United States.
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00:10:34,801 --> 00:10:38,671
[There, they, too] mated and died, I
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00:10:38,672 --> 00:10:40,773
living only about a month.
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00:10:40,774 --> 00:10:43,809
Their offspring-the third generation...
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00:10:43,810 --> 00:10:47,747
Icompleted the last leg
of the journey to Canada
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00:10:47,748 --> 00:10:50,816
also surviving only
abouta month. .
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00:10:50,817 --> 00:10:55,721
But the fourth generation
will live almost nine months.
90
00:10:55,722 --> 00:10:59,759
And they'll fly
all the way back to Mexico
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00:10:59,760 --> 00:11:02,895
in one epic trip.
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00:11:02,896 --> 00:11:06,799
It's an amazing natural cycle that,
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00:11:06,800 --> 00:11:11,704
so far, eludes explanation.
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00:11:11,705 --> 00:11:13,773
IThe mystery starts at the very beginnin
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00:11:13,774 --> 00:11:17,610
of the trip,
because no one knows
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00:11:17,611 --> 00:11:18,779
exactly what triggers
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00:11:18,780 --> 00:11:21,380
the exodus from Canada.
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00:11:37,631 --> 00:11:39,733
LINCOLN BROWER: Well, when
the monarchs leave Canada,
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00:11:39,734 --> 00:11:47,734
they have a 2,000-mile trek
ahead of them, at least.
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00:11:49,843 --> 00:11:51,712
They're freshly hatched
butterflies,
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00:11:51,713 --> 00:11:54,747
they've never taken a long
flight in their lives,
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00:11:54,748 --> 00:11:56,749
and they're on their way
to an area
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00:11:56,750 --> 00:12:04,750
that they've never seen before.
104
00:12:08,829 --> 00:12:11,731
Somehow, they're
recognizing landmarks,
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00:12:11,732 --> 00:12:12,899
or following streams,
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00:12:12,900 --> 00:12:14,767
or following the sun,
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00:12:14,768 --> 00:12:17,870
or following something.
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00:12:17,871 --> 00:12:20,773
We just don't know exactly how they do I.
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00:12:20,774 --> 00:12:28,774
It's really
an incredible journey.
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00:12:29,850 --> 00:12:35,788
NARRATOR: A monarch's wingspan
is just under four inches.
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00:12:35,789 --> 00:12:43,789
And they weigh less than
one-fifth of an ounce. .
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00:12:47,701 --> 00:12:51,704
So how they survive
their marathon migration
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00:12:51,705 --> 00:12:54,305
is another mystery.
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00:12:59,946 --> 00:13:07,946
They only fly
when conditions are perfect.
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00:13:08,855 --> 00:13:11,957
lf it's too cold, they get sluggisjj
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00:13:11,958 --> 00:13:14,860
and can't flap their wings.
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00:13:14,861 --> 00:13:16,829
If it's too hot,
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00:13:16,830 --> 00:13:21,801
they stop flying
so they don't get overheated.
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00:13:21,802 --> 00:13:26,872
They must also stop often
for nectar and water.
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00:13:26,873 --> 00:13:28,874
But every time they land,
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00:13:28,875 --> 00:13:34,748
there can be enemies lurking.
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00:14:37,911 --> 00:14:42,849
Bad weather is
also the monarch's enemy.
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00:15:03,069 --> 00:15:11,069
A rainstorm can be deadly.
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00:15:28,962 --> 00:15:32,131
If it survives enemy attacks
and bad weather,
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00:15:32,132 --> 00:15:34,066
a monarch that started in Canada
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00:15:34,067 --> 00:15:37,970
has to fly at least jlesajpy j
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00:15:37,971 --> 00:15:40,571
to get to Mexico.
128
00:15:46,112 --> 00:15:49,114
The physical effort this
requires is remarkable
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00:15:49,115 --> 00:15:57,115
for a creature so smalli
with such fragile wings.
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00:16:05,966 --> 00:16:09,101
DAVID GIBO: Butterflies
are the worst possible
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00:16:09,102 --> 00:16:14,073
body form for trying to makel
a long-distance migration.I.
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00:16:14,074 --> 00:16:18,010
They're simply a bad design.
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00:16:18,011 --> 00:16:22,014
Every time they flap
their wings, they're using
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00:16:22,015 --> 00:16:24,083
energy at least 20 times the rate
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00:16:24,084 --> 00:16:25,118
than when they're not
flapping it.
136
00:16:25,119 --> 00:16:28,954
So they're just burning
their fuel up at a great rate,
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00:16:28,955 --> 00:16:30,922
much like, say, a helicopter might.
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00:16:30,923 --> 00:16:32,125
And so, they have to compensate
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00:16:32,126 --> 00:16:40,126
for their inadequacies
by soaring.
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00:16:43,903 --> 00:16:44,938
Soaring is gliding
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00:16:44,939 --> 00:16:48,874
in rising air, much like
I'm doing right now. I.
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00:16:48,875 --> 00:16:51,977
The sun heats the ground,
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00:16:51,978 --> 00:16:54,113
the ground
heats the air above it.
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00:16:54,114 --> 00:16:55,981
As the air heats,
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00:16:55,982 --> 00:16:58,917
it expands and becomes lighter,
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00:16:58,918 --> 00:17:00,020
and begins to rise.
147
00:17:00,021 --> 00:17:03,022
And pretty soon,
you have a column of rising air.
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00:17:03,023 --> 00:17:07,059
That's a thermal.
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00:17:07,060 --> 00:17:10,896
Under good conditions,
you can maintain
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00:17:10,897 --> 00:17:14,933
the altitudeyou'reat,
or even can gain altitude.
151
00:17:14,934 --> 00:17:19,972
A more helpful maneuver
is to circle in it.
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00:17:19,973 --> 00:17:21,007
And you see hawks doing this
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00:17:21,008 --> 00:17:23,142
and vultures doing this
all the time.
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00:17:23,143 --> 00:17:25,978
Circling the thermal, ying within it... I
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00:17:25,979 --> 00:17:30,115
and this seems like a wonderlul
free ride, and it is.
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00:17:30,116 --> 00:17:38,116
Soaring's the key to them
getting to Mexico.
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00:17:45,932 --> 00:17:47,933
NARRATOR On the shores
of the Great Lakes,
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00:17:47,934 --> 00:17:49,202
just days into their journey,
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00:17:49,203 --> 00:17:56,075
the monarchs face
their first geographic hurdle.
160
00:17:56,076 --> 00:17:59,144
Miles of open water
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00:17:59,145 --> 00:18:07,145
and constantly shifting winds.
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00:18:10,223 --> 00:18:13,092
As the monarchs
are migrating out of Canada,
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00:18:13,093 --> 00:18:16,962
they hit the Great Lakes,
which are a barrier.
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They can't see across them.
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00:18:32,011 --> 00:18:34,046
NARRATOR:
With no land in sight,
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00:18:34,047 --> 00:18:35,215
monarchs use their finely tuned
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00:18:35,216 --> 00:18:39,118
sense of the direction
of the wind to carry the
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00:18:39,119 --> 00:18:45,224
across the water.
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00:18:45,225 --> 00:18:48,227
If wind from the south,
a headwind,
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00:18:48,228 --> 00:18:51,096
threatens to blow them
off course
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00:18:51,097 --> 00:18:53,697
they stop and wait.
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00:19:28,168 --> 00:19:32,237
When they sense that the wind
has shifted in their favor,
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they fly on.
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The ultimate destination of
their incredible journey
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00:19:49,088 --> 00:19:52,090
is a tiny area
about 60 square miles,
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and 10,000 feet high
in the mountains of Mexico.
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00:19:59,199 --> 00:20:02,301
IThe local people, I called the Mazahua,
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00:20:02,302 --> 00:20:06,138
have lived here
for hundreds of years.
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00:20:06,139 --> 00:20:10,175
They believe monarchs
epresent the spirits I
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00:20:10,176 --> 00:20:11,344
of their ancestors.
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00:20:11,345 --> 00:20:14,112
And the arrival I of the butterflies
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each year, begins a celebration
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00:20:16,216 --> 00:20:20,153
called the Day of the Dead.
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ALICIA GARCIA:
It's a very beautiful time
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when the butterflies arrive.
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The butterflies
would come down, surround us.
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Coming down
to give the final touch
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00:20:37,237 --> 00:20:45,237
to the tradition
of the Day of the Dead.
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For those who live here,
it's our belief,
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00:20:49,382 --> 00:20:53,151
from when I was a child,
I we would say they
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00:20:53,152 --> 00:20:57,322
“the souls
of our departed loved ones.”
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00:20:57,323 --> 00:21:00,259
Every year I make an altar.
193
00:21:00,260 --> 00:21:01,394
We put these things here
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00:21:01,395 --> 00:21:04,296
because when our ancestors
were alive,
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00:21:04,297 --> 00:21:06,265
this is what they liked.
196
00:21:06,266 --> 00:21:09,234
That's why one waits
for their arrival:
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00:21:09,235 --> 00:21:17,235
To give them this offering.
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00:21:24,384 --> 00:21:27,219
HOMERO ARIDJIS:
The legends of the people
199
00:21:27,220 --> 00:21:30,188
that live near the ocean
and the mountains,
200
00:21:30,189 --> 00:21:33,258
are important to them.
201
00:21:33,259 --> 00:21:38,163
For us,
there is a sense of the space.
202
00:21:38,164 --> 00:21:40,365
The freedom to fly,
203
00:21:40,366 --> 00:21:45,170
to fly with imagination,
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00:21:45,171 --> 00:21:50,175
to fly just like a butterfly.
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00:21:50,176 --> 00:21:56,415
NARRATOR Homero Aridjis is one
of Mexico's best-loved writers.
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00:21:56,416 --> 00:21:59,284
He grew up in these hills
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00:21:59,285 --> 00:22:03,221
and has fought
to preserve them for monarchs.
208
00:22:03,222 --> 00:22:05,424
Every year,
Lincoln Brower comes here
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00:22:05,425 --> 00:22:09,394
to continue his study
of the monarch migration.
210
00:22:09,395 --> 00:22:11,430
When you were a young boy, Homero
211
00:22:11,431 --> 00:22:14,333
you used to go up to
see the butterflies? I.
212
00:22:14,334 --> 00:22:15,435
Yes. Every year, we came
213
00:22:15,436 --> 00:22:17,302
with the schoolchildren.
214
00:22:17,303 --> 00:22:17,470
And for us,
215
00:22:17,471 --> 00:22:21,406
it was one of the most fantastic
spectacles of the year.
216
00:22:21,407 --> 00:22:25,444
To go to the plain of the Mule
217
00:22:25,445 --> 00:22:28,180
to see the butterflies.
218
00:22:28,181 --> 00:22:31,216
Butterflies also came to town.
219
00:22:31,217 --> 00:22:32,485
They were across the street.
220
00:22:32,486 --> 00:22:34,419
They flew through the town?
221
00:22:34,420 --> 00:22:35,420
Exactly.
222
00:22:35,421 --> 00:22:38,256
They were looking for water.
223
00:22:38,257 --> 00:22:40,392
Sometimes they was
in your house.
224
00:22:40,393 --> 00:22:43,362
But there were millions
of butterflies.
225
00:22:43,363 --> 00:22:45,464
And for us,
226
00:22:45,465 --> 00:22:47,499
it was a spontaneous miracle
227
00:22:47,500 --> 00:22:51,503
to see butterflies here,
in the Cerro del Campanario.
228
00:22:51,504 --> 00:22:55,273
But we didn't know that
they were coming from Canada,
229
00:22:55,274 --> 00:22:57,275
across the United States.
230
00:22:57,276 --> 00:23:00,479
And the Canadians
and Americans didn't know
231
00:23:00,480 --> 00:23:08,480
that they were coming
to these places.
232
00:23:14,227 --> 00:23:17,462
NARRATOR: It was not until 1975
233
00:23:17,463 --> 00:23:20,298
that scientists discovered
the full extent
234
00:23:20,299 --> 00:23:22,367
of the North American migration,
235
00:23:22,368 --> 00:23:26,304
when butterflies
that had been tagged in Canada
236
00:23:26,305 --> 00:23:34,305
were found spending
the winter here.
237
00:23:34,347 --> 00:23:36,481
These monarchs return each year
238
00:23:36,482 --> 00:23:41,286
to 12 specific sitesi in these mountains.
239
00:23:41,287 --> 00:23:47,392
This is their only destination
in the world.
240
00:23:47,393 --> 00:23:50,495
It's a perfect environment
for the butterflies
241
00:23:50,496 --> 00:23:54,433
because of the unique climate.
242
00:23:54,434 --> 00:23:56,401
BROWER:
We're talking constantly
243
00:23:56,402 --> 00:23:59,538
about this micro-climactic
envelope.
244
00:23:59,539 --> 00:24:01,506
About 3,100 meters,
245
00:24:01,507 --> 00:24:04,443
usually on southwest-facing
slopes.
246
00:24:04,444 --> 00:24:08,380
If you imagine the forest
as a blanket
247
00:24:08,381 --> 00:24:11,383
that protects the butterflies
by keeping the heat in,
248
00:24:11,384 --> 00:24:13,285
and also think of it
249
00:24:13,286 --> 00:24:15,454
as an umbrella
that keeps the rain out,
250
00:24:15,455 --> 00:24:19,291
and the tree is like a hot water bottle.
251
00:24:19,292 --> 00:24:23,428
It's radiating heat out through
the bodies of the butterflies.
252
00:24:23,429 --> 00:24:27,365
So, when the temperature drops
down really low,
253
00:24:27,366 --> 00:24:28,568
you'll see millions of monarchs
254
00:24:28,569 --> 00:24:32,571
just festooning
these beautiful trunk clusters.
255
00:24:32,572 --> 00:24:35,307
If you think about it,
256
00:24:35,308 --> 00:24:39,377
the bigger the tree,
the more heat it holds.
257
00:24:39,378 --> 00:24:40,379
So this is an argument
258
00:24:40,380 --> 00:24:43,415
for maintaining the forest
in its native state.
259
00:24:43,416 --> 00:24:46,318
To let the trees get as big as they can,
260
00:24:46,319 --> 00:24:47,553
and the butterflies will be protectedi
261
00:24:47,554 --> 00:24:51,357
during those cold periods.
262
00:25:08,474 --> 00:25:13,378
NARRATOR: Monarchs live in other parts
of the world, in warm climates.
263
00:25:13,379 --> 00:25:16,448
But only Canadian
and North American monarchs
264
00:25:16,449 --> 00:25:18,550
migrate such
an incredible distance
265
00:25:18,551 --> 00:25:26,551
to avoid the certain death
of a cold winter.
266
00:25:29,529 --> 00:25:31,429
And exactly how they navigate
267
00:25:31,430 --> 00:25:39,430
from Canada to Mexico
is another unsolved mystery.
268
00:25:40,606 --> 00:25:48,380
Scientists only have
a few clues.
269
00:25:48,381 --> 00:25:50,382
One theory is that
the butterilies navigate
270
00:25:50,383 --> 00:25:53,585
by following a specific angle
of the sun
271
00:25:53,586 --> 00:25:57,422
in relation to the earth.
272
00:25:57,423 --> 00:25:59,391
Another theory proposes
273
00:25:59,392 --> 00:26:00,626
that the earth's magnetic field
274
00:26:00,627 --> 00:26:05,430
may provide a subtle 9fljji9j gir.
275
00:26:05,431 --> 00:26:09,501
And recently, biologists
discovered specific cells
276
00:26:09,502 --> 00:26:10,701
in the butterfly's brain
277
00:26:10,702 --> 00:26:12,605
that regulate
their internal clock
278
00:26:12,606 --> 00:26:20,606
and help keep them on course.
279
00:26:33,492 --> 00:26:35,627
At the University of Kansas,
280
00:26:35,628 --> 00:26:38,597
Chip Taylor studies the forces
at work
281
00:26:38,598 --> 00:26:41,499
in the monarch migration.
282
00:26:41,500 --> 00:26:44,536
TAYLOR: You've got a butterfly
that's originating in Toronto,
283
00:26:44,537 --> 00:26:46,472
or it's originating
in Point Pelee, j
284
00:26:46,473 --> 00:26:48,573
or it's originating I
in Detroit, Michigan,
285
00:26:48,574 --> 00:26:49,675
it's coming down
286
00:26:49,676 --> 00:26:52,711
it's maybe even Winnipeg,
and its moving south,
287
00:26:52,712 --> 00:26:56,581
and somehow it finds its way
to Mexico.
288
00:26:56,582 --> 00:26:57,681
Could you do that?
289
00:26:57,682 --> 00:26:58,684
And so now you need to tell
290
00:26:58,685 --> 00:27:00,685
whether or not
it's a male or a female,
291
00:27:00,686 --> 00:27:01,721
and so, this picture...
292
00:27:01,722 --> 00:27:06,591
NARRATOR: In 1992, Taylor started
a project called Monarch Watch.
293
00:27:06,592 --> 00:27:08,560
Are there any over here? No.
294
00:27:08,561 --> 00:27:10,462
So you know that one's a girl.
295
00:27:10,463 --> 00:27:11,528
So let's check out iyour butterfly. I.
296
00:27:11,529 --> 00:27:13,766
NARRATOR: School children and
teachers tag butterflies
297
00:27:13,767 --> 00:27:18,603
from all over
the Northeastern United States.
298
00:27:18,604 --> 00:27:21,506
The tags don't hurt
the butterflies,
299
00:27:21,507 --> 00:27:24,476
and don't affect their ability to fly.
300
00:27:24,477 --> 00:27:25,609
Oh, there he goes.
301
00:27:25,610 --> 00:27:27,713
NARRATOR: But when tagged
butterflies are recovered
302
00:27:27,714 --> 00:27:30,749
at various stops
along the way to Mexico,
303
00:27:30,750 --> 00:27:34,486
tracing back the information
on the tags
304
00:27:34,487 --> 00:27:36,621
helps reveal their flight path,
305
00:27:36,622 --> 00:27:38,757
and their traveling speed.
306
00:27:38,758 --> 00:27:40,626
Let her go.
307
00:27:41,694 --> 00:27:46,498
NARRATOR:
And one of Taylor's tagging experiments
308
00:27:46,499 --> 00:27:50,568
had a surprising outcome.
309
00:27:50,569 --> 00:27:53,505
TAYLOR: We ran some
experiments a few years ago.
310
00:27:53,506 --> 00:27:54,573
So we took butterflies,
311
00:27:54,574 --> 00:27:56,675
and we transferred themi Jngton, D.C.,
312
00:27:56,676 --> 00:27:59,611
and initially,
when we released them
313
00:27:59,612 --> 00:28:02,514
in Washington, D.C., they behaved as if
314
00:28:02,515 --> 00:28:06,618
they were still in Kansas.
315
00:28:06,619 --> 00:28:11,523
NARRATOR: The butterflies who'd been
moved to Washington started out flying
316
00:28:11,524 --> 00:28:14,626
in the same direction
they would have taken to Mexico
317
00:28:14,627 --> 00:28:17,529
from their original home
in Kansas,
318
00:28:17,530 --> 00:28:19,698
almost directly south.
319
00:28:19,699 --> 00:28:22,600
But starting from Washington,
320
00:28:22,601 --> 00:28:26,771
that flight path would never
get them to Mexico.
321
00:28:26,772 --> 00:28:29,541
Amazingly, after a few days,
322
00:28:29,542 --> 00:28:33,578
the displaced monarchs
somehow reoriented themselves
323
00:28:33,579 --> 00:28:38,583
and changed course
to a strong southwest heading.
324
00:28:38,584 --> 00:28:41,820
That meant that even starting
from an unfamiliar location, j
325
00:28:41,821 --> 00:28:46,558
they still ended up
in the right place in Mexico.
326
00:28:46,559 --> 00:28:50,795
TAYLOR:
Now this is really exciting stuff,
327
00:28:50,796 --> 00:28:53,732
because what this says is
that somehow
328
00:28:53,733 --> 00:28:57,602
this butterfly is acquiring
celestial information,
329
00:28:57,603 --> 00:28:59,804
perhaps magnetic information,
330
00:28:59,805 --> 00:29:02,540
and it's integrating those
331
00:29:02,541 --> 00:29:06,811
and remodeling the physiology
of the system
332
00:29:06,812 --> 00:29:09,714
to have a different vector,
333
00:29:09,715 --> 00:29:13,785
to have a different direction
from where it came from. I.
334
00:29:13,786 --> 00:29:19,758
Now that's pretty cool.
335
00:29:19,759 --> 00:29:21,793
NARRATOR: By late September,
336
00:29:21,794 --> 00:29:23,762
aboutamonth I into the migration
337
00:29:23,763 --> 00:29:28,600
the monarchs are gathering
into huge flocks.
338
00:29:28,601 --> 00:29:30,568
By this time,
339
00:29:30,569 --> 00:29:35,807
they've traveled more
than halfway across America...
340
00:29:35,808 --> 00:29:43,808
over the industrial belt...
341
00:29:44,583 --> 00:29:52,583
through small
Midwestern towns...
342
00:29:53,626 --> 00:30:00,665
across the Great Plains...
343
00:30:00,666 --> 00:30:08,666
and finally,
approaching the Southwest.
344
00:30:45,911 --> 00:30:53,911
No one knows how many monarchs
die along the way.
345
00:30:53,953 --> 00:30:59,924
But if they make it to Mexico,
there's another threat.
346
00:30:59,925 --> 00:31:02,927
Their destination in the
Mexican mountains...
347
00:31:02,928 --> 00:31:06,798
the forests that will keep
them alive over the winter...
348
00:31:06,799 --> 00:31:09,801
is in danger.
349
00:31:09,802 --> 00:31:14,706
It's, like, you see alli
these trees, Lincoln?
350
00:31:14,707 --> 00:31:14,907
Yeah.
351
00:31:14,908 --> 00:31:17,976
Before, there were
hundreds of thousands,
352
00:31:17,977 --> 00:31:20,712
land now, you can count them.
353
00:31:20,713 --> 00:31:22,847
And then, they're all...
354
00:31:22,848 --> 00:31:27,919
You see very tall and very wide.
355
00:31:27,920 --> 00:31:32,924
NARRATOR: In 1986, the Mexican
government protected some sections
356
00:31:32,925 --> 00:31:35,927
of these mountains as official sanctuaries
357
00:31:35,928 --> 00:31:39,864
for the butterflies
for the winter months.
358
00:31:39,865 --> 00:31:41,699
But that meant some parts
359
00:31:41,700 --> 00:31:44,903
of the forest local people
had depended on for income...
360
00:31:44,904 --> 00:31:47,872
through legal
logging operations...
361
00:31:47,873 --> 00:31:52,877
were suddenly off-limits.
362
00:31:52,878 --> 00:31:56,948
The result was an unexpected
new threat to the monarchs...
363
00:31:56,949 --> 00:31:59,549
illegal logging.
364
00:32:14,934 --> 00:32:17,035
BALTAZAR GUTIERREZ:
We all have needs,
365
00:32:17,036 --> 00:32:19,971
but those
that cannot meet their needs...
366
00:32:19,972 --> 00:32:27,972
they are the ones
doing the clandestine logging.
367
00:32:35,955 --> 00:32:39,991
WOMAN: They come
at 2:00 or 3:00 in the morning.
368
00:32:39,992 --> 00:32:42,026
They go down in the night
369
00:32:42,027 --> 00:32:48,032
to sell the wood.
370
00:32:48,033 --> 00:32:52,003
NARRATOR: Mexican police
patrol the forest,
371
00:32:52,004 --> 00:32:56,941
but have not been able
to stop illegal logging.
372
00:32:56,942 --> 00:32:59,978
The World Wildlife Fund
pays villagers
373
00:32:59,979 --> 00:33:02,847
to try to stop the destruction,
374
00:33:02,848 --> 00:33:07,085
but they are no match for
the dangerous forces at work.
375
00:33:07,086 --> 00:33:15,086
EDUARDO SALINAS: Logging is
clandestine and involves dangerous people.
376
00:33:17,963 --> 00:33:25,963
So you cannot go around telling
the world about it.
377
00:33:28,974 --> 00:33:31,943
Sometimes you find
yourself alone,
378
00:33:31,944 --> 00:33:37,015
and even with the police,
you can be left alone.
379
00:33:37,016 --> 00:33:40,818
They will follow you
to kill you.
380
00:33:40,819 --> 00:33:43,419
It's not that easy.
381
00:33:49,028 --> 00:33:51,863
MAN: Who would allow
their children to die of hunger?
382
00:33:51,864 --> 00:33:56,868
We know that it's important
to preserve the forest
383
00:33:56,869 --> 00:33:58,037
for the butterflies.
384
00:33:58,038 --> 00:34:06,038
But because of our need,
we have not been able to do it.
385
00:34:14,987 --> 00:34:18,890
BROWER: We're talking about
hundreds of hectares of forest
386
00:34:18,891 --> 00:34:23,027
being leveled and then burned.
387
00:34:23,028 --> 00:34:24,997
I have been told that
the reason they burn them
388
00:34:24,998 --> 00:34:28,966
after they log them is, I
“to destroy the evidence
389
00:34:28,967 --> 00:34:30,002
that they cut them,”
390
00:34:30,003 --> 00:34:34,972
which sort of eludes
my thinking, completely.
391
00:34:34,973 --> 00:34:38,910
Even this small-scale logging
operation is destroying
392
00:34:38,911 --> 00:34:43,014
the capacity of the monarchs
to use those sites.
393
00:34:43,015 --> 00:34:44,882
There are so few trees left,
394
00:34:44,883 --> 00:34:47,885
and even if they did sit on
the ones that were left, j
395
00:34:47,886 --> 00:34:50,486
they'd freeze to death.
396
00:34:57,096 --> 00:34:58,997
NARRATOR:
With the sanctuaries shrinking,
397
00:34:58,998 --> 00:35:03,968
an unusually cold winter in
Mexico can be a disaster
398
00:35:03,969 --> 00:35:06,971
for the butterflies.
399
00:35:06,972 --> 00:35:10,875
During one storm,
80 percent of them died
400
00:35:10,876 --> 00:35:15,046
in a single sanctuary.
401
00:35:15,047 --> 00:35:19,016
If a harsh winter is followed
by more bad weather
402
00:35:19,017 --> 00:35:21,886
in the spring, then no one knows
403
00:35:21,887 --> 00:35:25,022
how many butterflies will be
able to breed new generations
404
00:35:25,023 --> 00:35:29,026
for future migrations.
405
00:35:29,027 --> 00:35:31,129
BROWER:
If the numbers are reduced
406
00:35:31,130 --> 00:35:35,032
to the point where the migration
starts to unravel,
407
00:35:35,033 --> 00:35:37,935
we don't know what the critical
low number is,
408
00:35:37,936 --> 00:35:45,936
but I'm worried that we might
just get close to it.
409
00:35:54,186 --> 00:35:58,055
NARRATOR:
It's the middle of October.
410
00:35:58,056 --> 00:36:04,162
The butterflies are
almost to the Mexican border.
411
00:36:04,163 --> 00:36:07,165
They started the migration
scattered across
412
00:36:07,166 --> 00:36:14,038
thousands of miles of the
Northeastern U.S. and Canada.
413
00:36:14,039 --> 00:36:18,976
But at this point, they're
flying together in a huge flock,
414
00:36:18,977 --> 00:36:26,977
only 50 miles wide, I
for the final leg south.
415
00:36:33,125 --> 00:36:37,161
I just saw the shadow of it.
416
00:36:37,162 --> 00:36:38,963
NARRATOR: For over 30 years,
417
00:36:38,964 --> 00:36:42,233
Texas zoologist Bill Calvert
has conducted
418
00:36:42,234 --> 00:36:48,206
extensive field studies
of the migration.
419
00:36:48,207 --> 00:36:51,275
But this year, he's worried...
420
00:36:51,276 --> 00:36:59,217
the butterflies are late.
421
00:36:59,218 --> 00:37:02,054
Well, this is perlect...
422
00:37:03,055 --> 00:37:06,023
except for one thing:
423
00:37:06,024 --> 00:37:11,128
No butterflies here.
424
00:37:11,129 --> 00:37:13,231
An endangered phenomena
would not be the same
425
00:37:13,232 --> 00:37:15,199
as an endangered species.
426
00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:18,002
In the case of an endangered
species, of course,
427
00:37:18,003 --> 00:37:20,138
we're worried about
all the members disappearing.
428
00:37:20,139 --> 00:37:24,242
In the case of an endangered
phenomena, we're worried I
429
00:37:24,243 --> 00:37:28,246
that the migration would be
reduced to such a state
430
00:37:28,247 --> 00:37:30,081
that it would be unnoticeable,
431
00:37:30,082 --> 00:37:36,220
or maybe even the migration
itself would disappear.
432
00:37:36,221 --> 00:37:40,224
I mean, the predictions are
that this is going to be
433
00:37:40,225 --> 00:37:43,294
the lowest population ever.
434
00:37:43,295 --> 00:37:48,199
NARRATOR:
So far, he's only seen a single monarch.
435
00:37:48,200 --> 00:37:49,301
Well, it's in pretty good shape.
436
00:37:49,302 --> 00:37:54,071
It's got a couple pieces missing
out of a wing over here,
437
00:37:54,072 --> 00:38:00,144
but otherwise,
it's in pretty good shape.
438
00:38:00,145 --> 00:38:08,145
There he goes, off to Mexico.
439
00:38:14,192 --> 00:38:17,261
NARRATOR: At the end of
the day, Calvert decides
440
00:38:17,262 --> 00:38:23,301
to take one more look in a
secluded corner of the woods.
441
00:38:23,302 --> 00:38:31,302
CALVERT: Let's see what
we've got in there.
442
00:38:32,210 --> 00:38:34,210
Oh, wow.
443
00:38:41,186 --> 00:38:44,088
Look at them up there.
444
00:38:44,089 --> 00:38:45,289
My God!
445
00:38:45,290 --> 00:38:49,294
It's just fantastic!
446
00:38:53,398 --> 00:38:56,200
Whoa, there are hundreds
of thousands
447
00:38:56,201 --> 00:38:58,801
passing us right now.
448
00:39:05,143 --> 00:39:11,248
Butterflies have dazzled humans
for millennia.
449
00:39:11,249 --> 00:39:13,217
It's a beautiful little creature,
450
00:39:13,218 --> 00:39:17,254
and on top of that,
it migrates 2,000 miles,
451
00:39:17,255 --> 00:39:25,255
and this just staggers the mind.
452
00:40:06,271 --> 00:40:08,406
NARRATOR: The butterflies
have been traveling
453
00:40:08,407 --> 00:40:13,144
for six weeks from Canada.
454
00:40:13,145 --> 00:40:17,348
But they still face the most
treacherous part of the journey.
455
00:40:17,349 --> 00:40:22,219
They must fly over hundreds
of miles of scorching desert
456
00:40:22,220 --> 00:40:27,391
and navigate the towering
Sierra Madre Mountains.
457
00:40:27,392 --> 00:40:30,327
CALVE RT:
Something has to focus them.
458
00:40:30,328 --> 00:40:35,299
I think the Sierra Madre
mountains serve that purpose.
459
00:40:35,300 --> 00:40:38,169
The mountains stick up'
pretty high.
460
00:40:38,170 --> 00:40:39,335
The butterflies encounter them,
461
00:40:39,336 --> 00:40:41,306
and they turn
and they follow the mountains,
462
00:40:41,307 --> 00:40:48,246
and they can follow
the mountains for 900 miles.
463
00:41:02,494 --> 00:41:06,297
NARRATOR:
Late October, in Mexico.
464
00:41:06,298 --> 00:41:10,267
The butterflies are expected soon...
465
00:41:10,268 --> 00:41:18,268
and the Mazahua people prepare
to welcome them.
466
00:41:18,276 --> 00:41:22,446
MAN: It's a privilege
that God has sent us this insect.
467
00:41:22,447 --> 00:41:26,450
We take advantage of the months
that the butterflies are here
468
00:41:26,451 --> 00:41:30,454
to earn our living.
469
00:41:30,455 --> 00:41:31,423
Because the truth is
470
00:41:31,424 --> 00:41:35,426
that we have a community
that is quite poor.
471
00:41:35,427 --> 00:41:40,464
In this season, we earn enough
to make a living.
472
00:41:40,465 --> 00:41:48,465
It's not a lot of money,
but you can rely on it.
473
00:42:10,295 --> 00:42:13,430
NARRATOR: As they wait
for the butterflies,
474
00:42:13,431 --> 00:42:17,401
the Mazahua pray for their safe arrival, I
475
00:42:17,402 --> 00:42:25,402
along with the spirits
of their loved ones. I.
476
00:42:46,364 --> 00:42:51,570
It's now the first week
in November.
477
00:44:05,510 --> 00:44:09,580
NARRATOR: After two months and
thousands of miles of flight,
478
00:44:09,581 --> 00:44:17,581
the butterflies have finally
reached safety.
479
00:44:23,395 --> 00:44:27,464
Millions of them arrive
over the next few days,
480
00:44:27,465 --> 00:44:30,502
and the people rejoice.
481
00:45:28,560 --> 00:45:32,563
Now, with their long journey
finally behind them,
482
00:45:32,564 --> 00:45:34,631
the monarchs rest.
483
00:45:34,632 --> 00:45:38,635
They huddle together
in huge clusters,
484
00:45:38,636 --> 00:45:46,636
and cling to the trees
for warmth.
485
00:45:58,656 --> 00:46:00,724
They'll leave the trees
occasionally
486
00:46:00,725 --> 00:46:03,694
to feed on nectar and water.
487
00:46:03,695 --> 00:46:05,663
But they return I to these clusters
488
00:46:05,664 --> 00:46:09,667
and stay here
for almost five months.
489
00:46:51,576 --> 00:46:53,544
When spring arrives,
490
00:46:53,545 --> 00:46:59,783
the butterflies bloom again.
491
00:46:59,784 --> 00:47:03,520
They open their wings
to the sun,
492
00:47:03,521 --> 00:47:06,121
warming up for flight.
493
00:47:13,765 --> 00:47:21,765
Most of these monarchs will
travel back to Texas.
494
00:47:25,777 --> 00:47:33,777
There they will stop to mate.
495
00:48:29,641 --> 00:48:31,642
Each female will lay 3OO
496
00:48:31,643 --> 00:48:34,243
to 400 fertilized eggs.
497
00:48:51,863 --> 00:48:54,698
After the eggs are laid,
498
00:48:54,699 --> 00:48:57,299
the parents will die.
499
00:49:03,708 --> 00:49:05,909
When the new generation hatches,
500
00:49:05,910 --> 00:49:13,910
it will keep flying north,
mating along the wayj.
501
00:49:16,754 --> 00:49:24,754
A third generation will do the same. I.
502
00:49:33,871 --> 00:49:37,741
And almost a full year
since the migration began,
503
00:49:37,742 --> 00:49:41,712
that special fourth generation
of monarchs
504
00:49:41,713 --> 00:49:45,716
will be born in Canada.
505
00:49:45,717 --> 00:49:53,717
And the miraculous migration
will begin again.
506
00:49:57,962 --> 00:50:01,965
BROWER: I'm frequently asked, well,
“What difference would it make
507
00:50:01,966 --> 00:50:04,735
if we lost
the monarch migration?”.
508
00:50:04,736 --> 00:50:06,803
And I say, “What difference
would it make
509
00:50:06,804 --> 00:50:08,905
“if we lost the Mona Lisa,
510
00:50:08,906 --> 00:50:10,907
“or if we lost Mozart's music?
511
00:50:10,908 --> 00:50:18,908
It's part of our culture.”
512
00:50:42,907 --> 00:50:44,841
I think the monarch butterfly is
513
00:50:44,842 --> 00:50:52,842
one of the most magnificent
animals in the world.
514
00:50:53,751 --> 00:50:56,953
It will absolutely floor anybody
the first time they see it,
515
00:50:56,954 --> 00:51:04,954
as it did me the first time
I saw it.
516
00:51:22,780 --> 00:51:30,780
It's one of the wonderful
planetary cycles on this earth.
517
00:51:31,856 --> 00:51:35,992
And it's unique in terms
of the entire animal kingdom.
518
00:51:35,993 --> 00:51:38,593
There's nothing like it.
519
00:51:44,802 --> 00:51:52,802
It's really
an incredible journey.
520
00:52:10,094 --> 00:52:13,964
On NOVA'S “The Incredible Journey
of the Butterflies” Web site,
521
00:52:13,965 --> 00:52:18,869
watch any part of this program
go behind the scenes and more.
522
00:52:18,870 --> 00:52:24,007
Find it on pbs.org.
523
00:52:24,008 --> 00:52:28,044
Major funding for NOVA is
provided by the following:
524
00:52:28,045 --> 00:52:29,946
ExxonMobil... taking on
525
00:52:29,947 --> 00:52:33,016
the world's toughest energy challenges.
526
00:52:33,017 --> 00:52:34,617
And by:
527
00:52:39,056 --> 00:52:40,656
And...
528
00:52:49,934 --> 00:52:52,969
And by the Corporation
for Public Broadcasting
529
00:52:52,970 --> 00:53:00,970
and by contributions
to your PBS station from:
530
00:53:19,030 --> 00:53:27,030
Captioned by Media Access
Group at WGBH access.wgbh.org41052
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