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1
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WILLIAM SHATNER:
Mental abilities
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00:00:03,481 --> 00:00:06,484
faster than those
of any computer.
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00:00:06,528 --> 00:00:10,836
Senses that can extend
far beyond the human body.
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00:00:10,880 --> 00:00:14,231
And a person who can play
the piano like a Mozart
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00:00:14,275 --> 00:00:16,712
without ever taking a lesson.
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00:00:19,497 --> 00:00:24,024
There are those who believe the
human brain has more potential
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00:00:24,067 --> 00:00:27,070
than even the brain itself
can imagine,
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00:00:27,114 --> 00:00:32,597
and that its true capabilities
might be limitless.
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00:00:32,641 --> 00:00:38,299
In some ways, we know more about
the far reaches of the galaxy
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00:00:38,342 --> 00:00:41,606
than we do about the human mind.
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00:00:41,650 --> 00:00:44,392
How does the brain work,
for example?
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00:00:44,435 --> 00:00:47,917
Where does genius come from?
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00:00:47,960 --> 00:00:51,834
And can a person
actually see something
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00:00:51,877 --> 00:00:54,837
halfway around the world
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00:00:54,880 --> 00:00:59,798
using only the power
of their thoughts, for instance?
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00:00:59,842 --> 00:01:02,584
Well...
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00:01:02,627 --> 00:01:05,326
that is what we'll try
and find out.
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00:01:21,298 --> 00:01:23,083
Seattle, Washington.
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00:01:23,126 --> 00:01:25,737
November 2004.
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00:01:25,781 --> 00:01:29,480
Researchers working at
the University of Washington's
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00:01:29,524 --> 00:01:32,092
Institute for Learning
and Brain Science
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00:01:32,135 --> 00:01:35,486
publish the results of a study
about the remarkable ability
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00:01:35,530 --> 00:01:39,273
that babies have
to learn any language.
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00:01:39,316 --> 00:01:41,579
Their conclusion:
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00:01:41,623 --> 00:01:44,539
The smartest
you'll ever be in your life...
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00:01:44,582 --> 00:01:48,195
-...is the day you are born.
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00:01:48,238 --> 00:01:51,546
JOANNE RUTHSATZ:
The research shows that
newborn babies are amazing.
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00:01:51,589 --> 00:01:55,158
They come into this world
really able to adjust
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00:01:55,202 --> 00:01:57,160
to the stimuli
that they receive.
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JUDY HO:
All of the world's languages
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compose of about 800 different
types of language sounds.
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00:02:03,906 --> 00:02:07,475
And as adults, we pretty much
only utilize about 40 sounds.
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00:02:07,518 --> 00:02:09,216
However, when you're a baby,
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00:02:09,259 --> 00:02:11,696
you can actually hear
and distinguish the difference
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between all 800 sounds.
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00:02:14,917 --> 00:02:17,006
MICHIO KAKU:
It turns out that babies
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00:02:17,049 --> 00:02:19,704
are hardwired from birth
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to have certain forms
of awareness.
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00:02:23,099 --> 00:02:26,058
When children babble,
it's just not ordinary babble.
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00:02:27,582 --> 00:02:29,584
You put a tape recorder
in the crib
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and you listen to the babbling
and you realize that the baby
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is saying the same word
over and over and over again,
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that it hears random sounds
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that it repeats
until it perfects it,
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-until it gets it right.
-: Mama.
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00:02:45,904 --> 00:02:47,819
Looking at the infant brain,
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00:02:47,863 --> 00:02:51,127
it's like you're looking at the
world's most complicated sponge,
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00:02:51,171 --> 00:02:52,694
and then you're seeing
how much information
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00:02:52,737 --> 00:02:54,217
can it actually soak up
50
00:02:54,261 --> 00:02:56,611
and how much of it
gets drained out over time
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00:02:56,654 --> 00:03:00,571
as the brain begins to develop
into the brains of adults.
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00:03:00,615 --> 00:03:05,968
HO:
Newborn babies have over
100 thousand billion neurons,
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00:03:06,011 --> 00:03:07,970
which is twice as much
as an adult brain,
54
00:03:08,013 --> 00:03:10,581
even though their brain
is so teeny tiny.
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00:03:10,625 --> 00:03:13,976
Later on,
the neurons do prune away,
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but in the beginning, basically,
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00:03:15,978 --> 00:03:18,720
the entire world
is possible for babies.
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00:03:18,763 --> 00:03:20,809
But we don't know why
certain parts of the brain
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00:03:20,852 --> 00:03:22,419
are just not accessible
to you as an adult.
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00:03:24,726 --> 00:03:28,338
SHATNER:
The brain: nature's computer.
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00:03:28,382 --> 00:03:31,341
After millions of years
of evolution,
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00:03:31,385 --> 00:03:33,996
thousands of years
of recorded history,
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00:03:34,039 --> 00:03:37,826
and hundreds of years
of scientific research,
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00:03:37,869 --> 00:03:40,524
you might think we already know
everything there is to know
65
00:03:40,568 --> 00:03:44,006
about one of the body's most
critically important organs.
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00:03:44,049 --> 00:03:46,791
But, the truth is,
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00:03:46,835 --> 00:03:49,359
we don't.
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00:03:49,403 --> 00:03:51,666
I'm a scientist, and therefore
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00:03:51,709 --> 00:03:55,757
I'm attracted to things
that are mysterious,
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00:03:55,800 --> 00:03:58,934
and what are the two greatest,
most mysterious questions
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00:03:58,977 --> 00:04:01,023
in all of science?
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00:04:01,066 --> 00:04:04,244
One is the creation
of the universe.
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00:04:06,681 --> 00:04:09,118
Why are we here?
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00:04:09,161 --> 00:04:11,251
The second great mystery is
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00:04:11,294 --> 00:04:14,297
when you look in the mirror,
you say to yourself,
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00:04:14,341 --> 00:04:16,908
"What lurks behind those eyes?
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00:04:16,952 --> 00:04:19,563
Why am I conscious?"
78
00:04:19,607 --> 00:04:22,349
And then you begin to realize
that the brain
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00:04:22,392 --> 00:04:26,744
is the most complex object
in the known universe.
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00:04:28,790 --> 00:04:30,792
RAMIREZ:
I think one of
the most unexplained
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00:04:30,835 --> 00:04:34,535
phenomenon that exists
in the brain is how
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00:04:34,578 --> 00:04:38,147
it stores, processes
and retrieves information.
83
00:04:38,190 --> 00:04:40,323
Every breath, every experience,
every interaction,
84
00:04:40,367 --> 00:04:42,194
every night of sleep,
every cup of coffee,
85
00:04:42,238 --> 00:04:44,284
all of that changes your brain,
86
00:04:44,327 --> 00:04:47,548
and yet your sense of self
remains pretty intact.
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00:04:47,591 --> 00:04:50,812
So how the brain holds on
to that information,
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00:04:50,855 --> 00:04:53,945
how it uses that information
to actually engage in the world,
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00:04:53,989 --> 00:04:56,687
is a wonderfully
complicated problem.
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00:04:56,731 --> 00:04:58,733
We know a lot about the anatomy
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00:04:58,776 --> 00:05:01,388
of different parts of the brain
in great detail.
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00:05:01,431 --> 00:05:04,695
What the functions are
is another thing.
93
00:05:04,739 --> 00:05:08,786
For example, there's an area
called "area 25,"
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00:05:08,830 --> 00:05:11,659
and this area is turned on
in people all the time
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who are chronically depressed.
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00:05:13,225 --> 00:05:14,966
And it's just a small area,
97
00:05:15,010 --> 00:05:17,229
but that small area's connected
to a lot of other areas.
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00:05:17,273 --> 00:05:19,144
It's like Grand Central Station.
99
00:05:19,188 --> 00:05:21,059
So it's not just the area
but everything passing through
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00:05:21,103 --> 00:05:23,323
and by there in this
whole circuit, and so,
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00:05:23,366 --> 00:05:25,412
it's more than just
complicated or complex,
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00:05:25,455 --> 00:05:27,979
it's-it's still kind of
mysterious that way.
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SUSAN SCHNEIDER:
Consciousness, in particular,
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00:05:31,069 --> 00:05:33,985
is tremendously mysterious.
105
00:05:34,029 --> 00:05:36,336
Neuroscientists
still don't understand
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00:05:36,379 --> 00:05:38,555
the neural basis
of consciousness.
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00:05:38,599 --> 00:05:40,427
And philosophers
have pointed out
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that, even given the fact
that the brain
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is an information
processing unit
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of great sophistication,
it doesn't make sense why
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it needs to feel
like anything to be us.
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00:05:50,915 --> 00:05:53,440
And, ironically,
when we're studying it,
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we're studying it
from within the confines
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of the brain itself.
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SHATNER:
Perhaps the best illustration
of how little we know
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00:06:01,230 --> 00:06:03,841
about the human brain's
inner workings
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00:06:03,885 --> 00:06:07,410
involves an incident that
happened almost 200 years ago.
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00:06:07,454 --> 00:06:09,978
It was a case in which a man
lost a large portion
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00:06:10,021 --> 00:06:13,634
of his brain
in a horrific accident
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and, inexplicably, survived.
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00:06:19,814 --> 00:06:21,685
In 1848,
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there was a railroad crew
led by a man name Phineas Gage.
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00:06:29,693 --> 00:06:32,566
e day, an explosive
went off accidentally,
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and a metal rod three feet long
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hurled right into his face,
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coming out of his skull,
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landing 80 feet
into the distance.
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Everybody thought that
he was an immediate goner,
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but he remained incredibly calm.
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He was even talking normally,
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even though, apparently,
parts of his brain
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were even coming out
the top of his head.
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Phineas Gage was just
sitting up talking,
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00:07:02,770 --> 00:07:05,294
right after this thing blew
through the top of his skull,
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00:07:05,337 --> 00:07:07,862
which seems impossible.
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00:07:07,905 --> 00:07:11,431
MICHAEL DENNIN:
He had a pole basically shoot
in one side up through his jaw
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and out of his brain.
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00:07:12,910 --> 00:07:14,956
Made a significantly large hole
in his brain,
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00:07:14,999 --> 00:07:16,479
caused a lot of damage,
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00:07:16,523 --> 00:07:18,394
particularly to the frontal part
of his brain.
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00:07:18,438 --> 00:07:22,137
And yet, he both survived
and remained functioning.
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So I would argue it's evidence
for how complex the brain is.
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SHATNER:
After his accident,
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00:07:32,408 --> 00:07:35,367
Phineas Gage lived
for another 12 years.
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00:07:35,411 --> 00:07:38,414
By all accounts, he was able to
lead a relatively normal life,
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00:07:38,458 --> 00:07:41,504
despite his devastating
brain injury.
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00:07:41,548 --> 00:07:43,593
But how?
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How was his brain able
to compensate and function
149
00:07:47,771 --> 00:07:49,773
when parts of it
had been severely damaged
150
00:07:49,817 --> 00:07:51,775
and even destroyed?
151
00:07:51,819 --> 00:07:54,430
It's a question that,
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00:07:54,474 --> 00:07:56,824
despite everything we continue
to learn about the brain
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and its capabilities,
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00:07:58,478 --> 00:08:01,959
we currently
don't have the answer.
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00:08:04,266 --> 00:08:07,138
KAKU:
The brain is a learning machine
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00:08:07,182 --> 00:08:11,403
that rewires itself
after learning every task.
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00:08:11,447 --> 00:08:15,016
So you were slightly different
than you were a few seconds ago
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00:08:15,059 --> 00:08:16,974
before you learned something
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'cause the brain
has incorporated that learning
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into its network.
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And that's why I think that
we'll never really learn
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everything about the brain,
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because the brain
changes with time.
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HO:
If we look back
100 years from now,
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I'm sure there's
still more to find out,
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and we might feel like some of
the things that we're doing now
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are prehistoric and perhaps
somewhat misinformed.
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SCHNEIDER:
The brain is so complicated
and its functions
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00:08:41,651 --> 00:08:46,700
are so intricate that, at this
stage of the study of the brain,
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00:08:46,743 --> 00:08:51,008
we wonder if we even know
the right questions to ask.
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SHATNER:
Is the human brain
simply too complicated
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00:08:55,926 --> 00:08:58,189
for us to fully understand?
173
00:08:58,233 --> 00:09:02,454
Or can we learn more about
the brain's amazing capabilities
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by examining people
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00:09:04,282 --> 00:09:09,636
not with abnormal brains
but with exceptional ones,
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individuals with almost
superhuman mental abilities
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who are also known as geniuses?
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SHATNER:
The University
of California, Davis.
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00:09:24,694 --> 00:09:26,870
June 2018.
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00:09:26,914 --> 00:09:30,265
Tanishq Abraham receives
his bachelor's degree
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with highest honors.
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But unlike the other graduates
picking up their diplomas,
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Tanishq is only 15 years old.
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00:09:53,897 --> 00:09:57,074
And then from there on,
we kind of figured, yeah,
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he-he's getting
the hang of this,
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00:09:58,728 --> 00:10:00,469
and so we start introducing
new concepts to him.
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BIJOU ABRAHAM:
When Tanishq was four years old,
we took his IQ test.
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00:10:14,526 --> 00:10:17,399
He had such a high IQ score,
I-I don't think I knew anybody
189
00:10:17,442 --> 00:10:19,836
who-who had that-that high
of an IQ score personally,
190
00:10:19,880 --> 00:10:21,446
so that's when I realized
191
00:10:21,490 --> 00:10:23,448
there's something unusual
about this kid.
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TANISHQ ABRAHAM:
I actually want
to go to medical school
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and become a doctor,
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00:10:37,811 --> 00:10:41,205
and I want to become
a physician scientist.
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00:10:41,249 --> 00:10:44,121
I know that I have a talent, and
I want to put it to good use.
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SHATNER:
What makes Tanishq Abraham's
mind different
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from everyone else's?
198
00:10:53,087 --> 00:10:55,742
Although scientists have been
studying child prodigies
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00:10:55,785 --> 00:10:58,135
like Tanishq for years,
200
00:10:58,179 --> 00:11:00,529
they still don't really
have an explanation.
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00:11:00,572 --> 00:11:02,270
And in his case,
202
00:11:02,313 --> 00:11:04,446
an explanation is
further complicated
203
00:11:04,489 --> 00:11:09,146
by the fact that Tanishq isn't
the only genius in his family.
204
00:11:12,062 --> 00:11:14,848
BIJOU ABRAHAM:
Tiara started singing
at a really young age.
205
00:11:14,891 --> 00:11:16,719
She started out singing,
like, simple songs,
206
00:11:16,763 --> 00:11:18,503
like "Happy Birthday"
and-and things like that,
207
00:11:18,547 --> 00:11:20,331
but she sang in an opera style,
208
00:11:20,375 --> 00:11:23,595
and so we'd go and ask
musicians, "Is that normal?"
209
00:11:23,639 --> 00:11:25,336
And they were like,
"That's not normal." So...
210
00:11:25,380 --> 00:11:28,035
That's when we felt, okay,
we have a different type
211
00:11:28,078 --> 00:11:29,689
of prodigy on our hands,
212
00:11:29,732 --> 00:11:32,169
not the highly scientific
intellect type,
213
00:11:32,213 --> 00:11:34,998
but Tiara has her prodigy
more in the arts,
214
00:11:35,042 --> 00:11:37,435
and she has a really
amazing memory.
215
00:11:37,479 --> 00:11:40,569
TIARA ABRAHAM:
I've learned six languages,
216
00:11:40,612 --> 00:11:44,747
including Spanish, French,
Italian and German.
217
00:11:44,791 --> 00:11:49,970
And just for fun, I memorized
around 550 digits of pi.
218
00:11:50,013 --> 00:11:51,841
It's amazing that,
in a short amount of time,
219
00:11:51,885 --> 00:11:53,364
she was able to memorize
those numbers.
220
00:11:53,408 --> 00:11:56,411
She kind of described it
like dance programs,
221
00:11:56,454 --> 00:11:58,021
where the notes start
scrolling down.
222
00:11:58,065 --> 00:11:59,631
And that's how she feels,
she said.
223
00:11:59,675 --> 00:12:01,242
The numbers, they're just
scrolling by,
224
00:12:01,285 --> 00:12:02,634
and she just starts
reciting them.
225
00:12:02,678 --> 00:12:05,942
3.141592653589
226
00:12:05,986 --> 00:12:08,597
793238462643383
227
00:12:08,640 --> 00:12:11,426
2795028841971
228
00:12:11,469 --> 00:12:13,689
6939927510582
229
00:12:13,733 --> 00:12:15,256
097494459.
230
00:12:24,613 --> 00:12:27,355
HO:
People don't even agree on the
definition of what a genius is.
231
00:12:27,398 --> 00:12:29,139
We know that
it's not hereditary,
232
00:12:29,183 --> 00:12:30,880
like the way your eye color is.
233
00:12:30,924 --> 00:12:34,231
And so, really, many times,
people who are defined
234
00:12:34,275 --> 00:12:36,799
or talked about as geniuses,
they do come from famies
235
00:12:36,843 --> 00:12:38,975
with parents with normal I.Q.
236
00:12:39,019 --> 00:12:40,890
And so, I don't think
we know very much
237
00:12:40,934 --> 00:12:43,153
about exactly why genius occurs.
238
00:12:43,197 --> 00:12:44,981
TRAVIS TAYLOR:
What's so special
about these kids?
239
00:12:45,025 --> 00:12:48,550
Why is it that their brain
developed in such a way
240
00:12:48,593 --> 00:12:51,814
that they can solve problems
or understand things
241
00:12:51,858 --> 00:12:54,251
that adults take years to do?
242
00:12:54,295 --> 00:12:57,820
We need to understand
why and how this is happening,
243
00:12:57,864 --> 00:13:00,692
and then maybe we can all
tap into that type of power.
244
00:13:03,478 --> 00:13:06,089
SHATNER:
Is it possible that
the potential for genius
245
00:13:06,133 --> 00:13:09,310
lies within each
and every one of us,
246
00:13:09,353 --> 00:13:13,401
somewhere deep within
each of our brains?
247
00:13:13,444 --> 00:13:16,447
Perhaps the answer
can be found by examining
248
00:13:16,491 --> 00:13:19,494
the case of a man
who wasn't born a genius,
249
00:13:19,537 --> 00:13:23,454
but became one...
at the age of 39.
250
00:13:25,282 --> 00:13:26,893
Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
251
00:13:26,936 --> 00:13:29,678
October 27, 2006.
252
00:13:29,721 --> 00:13:32,594
While in town
visiting his mother,
253
00:13:32,637 --> 00:13:36,206
corporate sales trainer
Derek Amato reconnects
254
00:13:36,250 --> 00:13:39,862
with some old friends
at a pool party.
255
00:13:39,906 --> 00:13:42,778
AMATO:
We got together at the pool
for a little barbecue,
256
00:13:42,822 --> 00:13:45,041
and we were challenging
one another
257
00:13:45,085 --> 00:13:47,304
to do all these goofy stunts.
258
00:13:47,348 --> 00:13:49,698
And I told one of the guys
to throw a football,
259
00:13:49,741 --> 00:13:52,788
and I would run and dive
over the water and catch it.
260
00:13:52,832 --> 00:13:54,311
And I hit my head
on the bottom of
261
00:13:54,355 --> 00:13:55,312
the shallow end
of the swimming pool.
262
00:13:57,314 --> 00:13:59,969
I knew I had hurt myself,
263
00:14:00,013 --> 00:14:01,449
but I didn't know
to what extent.
264
00:14:01,492 --> 00:14:03,799
After they took me
to my mom's house,
265
00:14:03,843 --> 00:14:05,670
she rushed me
right to the hospital.
266
00:14:05,714 --> 00:14:10,110
They had done a bunch of scans,
and I didn't have any bleeding.
267
00:14:10,153 --> 00:14:13,287
So they kept me to monitor
what was going on,
268
00:14:13,330 --> 00:14:15,419
and the next morning
they sent me home.
269
00:14:17,857 --> 00:14:19,510
SHATNER:
Despite a serious head injury
270
00:14:19,554 --> 00:14:22,687
that could have
left him paralyzed, or worse,
271
00:14:22,731 --> 00:14:26,561
Derek appeared to make
a full recovery.
272
00:14:26,604 --> 00:14:28,911
Other than a bump on his head,
273
00:14:28,955 --> 00:14:32,784
there didn't seem to be
anything different about him.
274
00:14:32,828 --> 00:14:35,222
Or so everyone thought.
275
00:14:37,050 --> 00:14:39,008
I did go home with my mother
and stay with her
276
00:14:39,052 --> 00:14:41,750
for the next five days,
and I slept.
277
00:14:41,793 --> 00:14:45,188
I remember little moments
periodically looking up
278
00:14:45,232 --> 00:14:48,496
and seeing these blocks,
these black and white squares.
279
00:14:48,539 --> 00:14:50,454
And I just thought
they were little marks,
280
00:14:50,498 --> 00:14:52,195
just from my head injury
that I was seeing
281
00:14:52,239 --> 00:14:54,850
these little, uh, shapes.
282
00:14:54,894 --> 00:14:57,287
After five days,
a gentleman that was with me
283
00:14:57,331 --> 00:15:00,160
when I hit my head
came over to pick me up.
284
00:15:00,203 --> 00:15:02,727
And we went over
to his apartment,
285
00:15:02,771 --> 00:15:06,731
and there was a small keyboard
in the corner.
286
00:15:06,775 --> 00:15:09,430
And as we were talking,
I just kind of felt drawn
287
00:15:09,473 --> 00:15:11,345
to walk over to it.
288
00:15:11,388 --> 00:15:15,305
And I sat down,
and that's when my hands
289
00:15:15,349 --> 00:15:17,829
just started to absolutely go
290
00:15:17,873 --> 00:15:20,397
like I'd been playing
for years.
291
00:15:20,441 --> 00:15:23,835
And it was
a pretty profound moment
292
00:15:23,879 --> 00:15:25,054
because I had never
touched a piano.
293
00:15:29,711 --> 00:15:31,582
I did not see those
black and white squares
294
00:15:31,626 --> 00:15:33,193
prior to my head injury.
295
00:15:33,236 --> 00:15:35,325
And then after some time
working with some doctors,
296
00:15:35,369 --> 00:15:37,023
we kind of put
these pieces together
297
00:15:37,066 --> 00:15:39,242
to understand that
those little boxes are the notes
298
00:15:39,286 --> 00:15:42,506
that are telling my hands
what to do and where to go.
299
00:15:45,901 --> 00:15:49,426
SHATNER:
In the years after his accident,
300
00:15:49,470 --> 00:15:51,385
Derek has become
a virtuoso pianist,
301
00:15:51,428 --> 00:15:55,041
and has played on stages
across the United States.
302
00:15:55,084 --> 00:15:56,956
And even though
thousands of people
303
00:15:56,999 --> 00:16:00,046
have now seen him perform,
the question still remains:
304
00:16:00,089 --> 00:16:04,659
How did Derek develop
his incredible ability,
305
00:16:04,702 --> 00:16:08,489
seemingly overnight,
and without ever taking
306
00:16:08,532 --> 00:16:11,057
a single piano lesson?
307
00:16:13,320 --> 00:16:15,800
AMATO:
My reaction at the moment
I discovered my hands
308
00:16:15,844 --> 00:16:17,585
were playing the piano was,
309
00:16:17,628 --> 00:16:20,501
"How am I going to
explain this to someone?"
310
00:16:20,544 --> 00:16:23,634
I became so curious that I
started looking on the Internet
311
00:16:23,678 --> 00:16:25,593
for any information
I could find on it.
312
00:16:25,636 --> 00:16:27,508
And they even had
a title for it
313
00:16:27,551 --> 00:16:29,640
as "acquired savant syndrome."
314
00:16:29,684 --> 00:16:31,468
And that was all new words
for me because
315
00:16:31,512 --> 00:16:33,775
I thought a savant
was a French pastry.
316
00:16:35,211 --> 00:16:37,126
HO:
Acquired savant syndrome
means that after
317
00:16:37,170 --> 00:16:38,780
some kind of brain injury
or damage,
318
00:16:38,823 --> 00:16:40,956
all of a sudden
this person becomes
319
00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:43,132
really specialized in some area
320
00:16:43,176 --> 00:16:46,048
that they previously
had no skill in.
321
00:16:46,092 --> 00:16:48,572
SCHNEIDER:
Scientists have identified
damage to
322
00:16:48,616 --> 00:16:50,183
a particular area of the brain,
323
00:16:50,226 --> 00:16:54,143
the left anterior temporal lobe,
as being essential
324
00:16:54,187 --> 00:16:57,842
to the creation
of acquired savant syndrome.
325
00:16:57,886 --> 00:17:00,497
The theory is that perhaps,
326
00:17:00,541 --> 00:17:02,978
because the left hemisphere
started to go dark
327
00:17:03,022 --> 00:17:05,546
after this injury, now
the right side could feel free
328
00:17:05,589 --> 00:17:08,070
to express themselves fully,
329
00:17:08,114 --> 00:17:09,811
and they develop
these artistic abilities.
330
00:17:11,987 --> 00:17:14,555
SHATNER:
The remarkable abilities
of people like Derek Amato
331
00:17:14,598 --> 00:17:19,125
suggest that even if we aren't
born a genius,
332
00:17:19,168 --> 00:17:22,041
there is something
in our brains
333
00:17:22,084 --> 00:17:25,957
that could be rewired
to make us one.
334
00:17:26,001 --> 00:17:28,090
It's an exciting notion,
335
00:17:28,134 --> 00:17:30,179
especially if we could
find some way to unlock
336
00:17:30,223 --> 00:17:33,052
our brain's potential
not by accident...
337
00:17:35,271 --> 00:17:38,535
...but whenever and however
we want to.
338
00:17:40,320 --> 00:17:43,975
Suppose we walk into
a mind design center,
339
00:17:44,019 --> 00:17:46,978
and we see a menu before us,
340
00:17:47,022 --> 00:17:50,156
and one item is called
"Human Calculator,"
341
00:17:50,199 --> 00:17:53,811
and another item is called
"Immediate Mozart,"
342
00:17:53,855 --> 00:17:57,685
another "Immediate Picasso."
343
00:17:57,728 --> 00:17:59,252
How many would you choose?
344
00:17:59,295 --> 00:18:02,516
Will there be trade-offs
if we try to induce
345
00:18:02,559 --> 00:18:05,606
savant behavior
in ordinary people?
346
00:18:05,649 --> 00:18:06,911
We just don't know.
347
00:18:11,699 --> 00:18:13,744
AMATO:
I believe we all have these.
348
00:18:13,788 --> 00:18:16,834
And it may not be musical gifts
in all of us,
349
00:18:16,878 --> 00:18:18,836
but I think we're
designed gifted.
350
00:18:18,880 --> 00:18:20,969
And I think it's just
a matter of discovery
351
00:18:21,012 --> 00:18:22,144
from there on out.
352
00:18:26,235 --> 00:18:30,370
What began as a horrible
swimming pool accident
353
00:18:30,413 --> 00:18:32,981
somehow transformed
Derek Amato's brain
354
00:18:33,024 --> 00:18:35,157
into that of a musical genius,
355
00:18:35,201 --> 00:18:40,684
and his life into one
of great opportunity.
356
00:18:40,728 --> 00:18:43,818
But what if someone finds out
that the brain they have
357
00:18:43,861 --> 00:18:48,039
is not that of a genius
but of a criminal?
358
00:18:48,083 --> 00:18:51,260
And not only a criminal...
359
00:18:51,304 --> 00:18:55,830
but a brain that matches
that of a serial killer.
360
00:18:59,225 --> 00:19:01,096
SHATNER:
Florida State Prison.
361
00:19:01,140 --> 00:19:03,142
January 21, 1989.
362
00:19:12,238 --> 00:19:14,544
SHATNER:
Days before his execution,
363
00:19:14,588 --> 00:19:17,199
convicted serial killer
Ted Bundy
364
00:19:17,243 --> 00:19:20,115
confesses to the murder
of at least 30 people,
365
00:19:20,159 --> 00:19:25,120
ending a crime spree that lasted
for more than a decade.
366
00:19:25,164 --> 00:19:28,341
HICKEY:
We often use Ted Bundy as the
perfect example of a psychopath
367
00:19:28,384 --> 00:19:30,430
because he had
all the attributes.
368
00:19:30,473 --> 00:19:33,215
He was charming.
He was likable.
369
00:19:33,259 --> 00:19:36,349
He was k-kind of handsome guy.
He was very articulate.
370
00:19:36,392 --> 00:19:40,353
He knew how to ingratiate
himself into people's lives,
371
00:19:40,396 --> 00:19:42,485
and he did all the things
372
00:19:42,529 --> 00:19:44,705
that you expect
a normal person to do,
373
00:19:44,748 --> 00:19:48,535
and yet, every step of the way,
everything he did was about him.
374
00:19:48,578 --> 00:19:52,147
He was a predator. He never
stopped being a predator.
375
00:19:52,191 --> 00:19:54,323
SHATNER:
But how could an otherwise
376
00:19:54,367 --> 00:19:58,371
clean-cut and successful
young man like Ted Bundy
377
00:19:58,414 --> 00:20:02,026
become a cold-blooded,
psychopathic killer?
378
00:20:02,070 --> 00:20:05,552
Did the circumstances
of his life turn him into one,
379
00:20:05,595 --> 00:20:10,078
or was he literally
born to kill?
380
00:20:10,121 --> 00:20:12,080
HO:
There's been a lot
of studies lately
381
00:20:12,123 --> 00:20:14,169
on the brains of psychopaths.
382
00:20:14,213 --> 00:20:16,693
And some of the most important
findings is that we see that
383
00:20:16,737 --> 00:20:18,129
they have a connectivity problem
384
00:20:18,173 --> 00:20:19,609
with different parts
of their brain.
385
00:20:19,653 --> 00:20:22,264
FALLON:
From the scans that I had seen,
386
00:20:22,308 --> 00:20:24,135
scans of all these
different murderers,
387
00:20:24,179 --> 00:20:26,007
including
psychopathic murderers,
388
00:20:26,050 --> 00:20:28,096
there was the same pattern,
and that same pattern
389
00:20:28,139 --> 00:20:31,273
was a loss of activity
in this area of the brain,
390
00:20:31,317 --> 00:20:33,319
above the eyes,
above the orbits,
391
00:20:33,362 --> 00:20:35,103
so it's called orbital cortex.
392
00:20:35,146 --> 00:20:38,324
This is the limbic system,
the cortical limbic system,
393
00:20:38,367 --> 00:20:40,500
and this is what's turned off.
394
00:20:40,543 --> 00:20:44,373
When we look at someone
who is a true psychopath,
395
00:20:44,417 --> 00:20:47,376
it's most likely you'll not find
much brain activity
396
00:20:47,420 --> 00:20:49,422
in the limbic system.
397
00:20:49,465 --> 00:20:53,556
And those parts contain areas
of empathy and understanding,
398
00:20:53,600 --> 00:20:56,124
care and concern, conscience.
399
00:20:56,167 --> 00:20:58,866
This seems to line up
with the reports of psychopaths,
400
00:20:58,909 --> 00:21:00,563
you know, doing some
horrific things,
401
00:21:00,607 --> 00:21:02,217
you know,
killing multiple people
402
00:21:02,261 --> 00:21:04,611
and then just getting back up,
going to a movie,
403
00:21:04,654 --> 00:21:06,395
eating McDonald's
within the hour.
404
00:21:06,439 --> 00:21:08,615
They just don't seem
to have their emotions
405
00:21:08,658 --> 00:21:11,705
stimulated the way that
a normal person's brain would.
406
00:21:13,489 --> 00:21:16,710
There have already been studies
about trying to rewire the brain
407
00:21:16,753 --> 00:21:18,973
of psychopaths, in that
we're trying to improve
408
00:21:19,016 --> 00:21:21,018
some of their
connectivity problems.
409
00:21:21,062 --> 00:21:23,151
Because if we see
that there's an issue
410
00:21:23,194 --> 00:21:25,153
with two parts of the brain
not communicating well
411
00:21:25,196 --> 00:21:27,938
with each other, maybe we can
send some electrical impulses
412
00:21:27,982 --> 00:21:29,766
through it and see
if we can stimulate them
413
00:21:29,810 --> 00:21:32,029
into more action.
414
00:21:32,073 --> 00:21:35,816
TAYLOR:
If we do a brain scan
on every baby that's born,
415
00:21:35,859 --> 00:21:38,732
and we decide that this one
has the type of brain
416
00:21:38,775 --> 00:21:41,343
that's going to be
a criminal mind,
417
00:21:41,387 --> 00:21:43,345
what do we do with that?
418
00:21:43,389 --> 00:21:48,350
Is that, uh, something that
we have to retrain this child?
419
00:21:48,394 --> 00:21:52,441
Do we keep this child under
protection as they grow up?
420
00:21:52,485 --> 00:21:55,226
How do we respond
to that type of information?
421
00:21:57,664 --> 00:22:00,406
FALLON:
Are we more determined by
genetics or environment?
422
00:22:00,449 --> 00:22:03,060
We had an ongoing
Alzheimer's study
423
00:22:03,104 --> 00:22:05,411
that we were doing
a clinical trial on,
424
00:22:05,454 --> 00:22:07,500
but we didn't have
enough controls.
425
00:22:07,543 --> 00:22:10,503
And so I said,
"Look-it, I'll ask my family."
426
00:22:10,546 --> 00:22:12,722
We'll get them all in,
do PET scans,
427
00:22:12,766 --> 00:22:14,594
and they'll be controls
because in our family,
428
00:22:14,637 --> 00:22:16,378
there is no Alzheimer's.
429
00:22:16,422 --> 00:22:21,383
And so I went through this pile
of these Alzheimer's scans,
430
00:22:21,427 --> 00:22:24,343
and we cover up the names,
'cause I don't like to know
431
00:22:24,386 --> 00:22:25,605
who I'm looking at,
what I'm looking at.
432
00:22:25,648 --> 00:22:27,215
You got to stay
double blind, right?
433
00:22:27,258 --> 00:22:29,957
And each one was normal,
normal, normal.
434
00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:32,307
But I got to the last scan,
435
00:22:32,351 --> 00:22:36,006
and I saw this very obviously
completely psychopathic pattern.
436
00:22:36,050 --> 00:22:37,660
It looked like all these
psychopathic murderers
437
00:22:37,704 --> 00:22:39,401
I'd looked at.
438
00:22:39,445 --> 00:22:41,577
I said to the technician,
"This is very funny.
439
00:22:41,621 --> 00:22:43,884
"You-You've slipped in one
of these psychopathic murderers.
440
00:22:43,927 --> 00:22:45,929
"This is like the worst one
I've seen,
441
00:22:45,973 --> 00:22:48,541
and whoever this is,
we got to notify the police."
442
00:22:48,584 --> 00:22:50,630
And he goes, "This is somebody
who's very dangerous."
443
00:22:50,673 --> 00:22:54,503
So when I pulled off
the name tag on the PET scan,
444
00:22:54,547 --> 00:22:56,723
I looked at it and laughed.
I said, "Guys, look-it,
445
00:22:56,766 --> 00:22:59,290
this can't be right."
It was my name on there.
446
00:22:59,334 --> 00:23:01,989
So it was me that had
the full-blown
447
00:23:02,032 --> 00:23:03,817
psychopathic pattern
in my scans.
448
00:23:05,471 --> 00:23:07,734
Jim Fallon found that
he actually has
449
00:23:07,777 --> 00:23:10,301
sort of this classic
psychopathic brain
450
00:23:10,345 --> 00:23:12,086
from an imaging perspective,
451
00:23:12,129 --> 00:23:15,219
but he's in a long-term
relationship, he has a wife,
452
00:23:15,263 --> 00:23:17,396
and sometimes she has
to remind him to be
453
00:23:17,439 --> 00:23:19,615
more empathetic,
but he's a good citizen.
454
00:23:19,659 --> 00:23:23,837
HICKEY:
I would say that 30% is about
biology and genetics,
455
00:23:23,880 --> 00:23:27,667
and 70% is about nurturing
or the lack of nurturing.
456
00:23:27,710 --> 00:23:33,542
It's like nature loads the gun
and nurturing pulls the trigger.
457
00:23:33,586 --> 00:23:36,327
FALLON:
Charisma is really
a psychopathic trait.
458
00:23:36,371 --> 00:23:38,417
And so growing up,
all through my teens,
459
00:23:38,460 --> 00:23:40,157
high school, I was very popular.
460
00:23:40,201 --> 00:23:41,898
You know, popular
and class clown,
461
00:23:41,942 --> 00:23:44,945
and a ton of friends,
and a ton of female friends,
462
00:23:44,988 --> 00:23:46,773
and really got along
with everybody.
463
00:23:46,816 --> 00:23:49,036
I never thought
anything was wrong,
464
00:23:49,079 --> 00:23:53,388
even though from the time
I was 11, 12 years old onward,
465
00:23:53,432 --> 00:23:55,869
all the time,
some adults would say to me,
466
00:23:55,912 --> 00:23:57,566
"There's something
quite evil about you,"
467
00:23:57,610 --> 00:23:59,438
even though they couldn't
put their finger on it.
468
00:24:01,483 --> 00:24:04,225
SHATNER:
Although, according
to his own research,
469
00:24:04,268 --> 00:24:06,880
James Fallon's brain
is similar to those
470
00:24:06,923 --> 00:24:10,057
possessed by people
with psychopathic tendencies,
471
00:24:10,100 --> 00:24:12,625
he hasn't gone on
to commit murder.
472
00:24:12,668 --> 00:24:14,844
But why not?
473
00:24:14,888 --> 00:24:19,327
Could it be that the urge
to kill requires something more,
474
00:24:19,370 --> 00:24:23,418
something harder to identify
within the human brain?
475
00:24:23,462 --> 00:24:26,421
Perhaps the answer lies
not in studying
476
00:24:26,465 --> 00:24:29,119
the brain's physical attributes
477
00:24:29,163 --> 00:24:32,819
but those
of a less tangible nature.
478
00:24:32,862 --> 00:24:35,474
Maybe it has something
to do with not the biology
479
00:24:35,517 --> 00:24:38,520
of the brain
but with the brain's ability
480
00:24:38,564 --> 00:24:44,221
to send and receive signals
from far outside the human body.
481
00:24:51,141 --> 00:24:53,796
SHATNER:
May 2006.
482
00:24:53,840 --> 00:24:56,843
Steven B. Williams,
a successful radio host
483
00:24:56,886 --> 00:25:00,542
and deejay from Colorado,
has gone missing.
484
00:25:00,586 --> 00:25:04,415
For the next two weeks, police
engage in a massive search.
485
00:25:04,459 --> 00:25:08,376
But despite their efforts,
there's still no trace of him.
486
00:25:08,419 --> 00:25:12,554
Desperate for answers,
a close friend of Williams
487
00:25:12,598 --> 00:25:15,905
decides to enlist the help
of Angela Smith,
488
00:25:15,949 --> 00:25:18,995
a woman with a unique talent:
489
00:25:19,039 --> 00:25:21,868
remote viewing.
490
00:25:23,739 --> 00:25:26,568
He didn't want to give me
any up-front information,
491
00:25:26,612 --> 00:25:30,006
because in remote viewing,
often that can contaminate
492
00:25:30,050 --> 00:25:33,183
the viewing and lead
to imagination, et cetera.
493
00:25:33,227 --> 00:25:37,318
The process I use
consists of sitting with
494
00:25:37,361 --> 00:25:39,538
a pack of white paper and a pen,
495
00:25:39,581 --> 00:25:42,192
uh, a couple of letters
and numbers,
496
00:25:42,236 --> 00:25:43,977
and often nothing more.
497
00:25:44,020 --> 00:25:47,546
You go through accessing colors
and shapes
498
00:25:47,589 --> 00:25:50,331
and smells and tastes,
and going in your mind
499
00:25:50,374 --> 00:25:53,639
to the location and perceiving
500
00:25:53,682 --> 00:25:55,815
and bringing back
the information.
501
00:25:57,860 --> 00:26:02,691
I did a session and found water,
brackish water,
502
00:26:02,735 --> 00:26:04,954
a land mass,
an event that happened.
503
00:26:07,391 --> 00:26:10,090
And it seemed that
the individual in question
504
00:26:10,133 --> 00:26:12,483
had been killed,
was in the water,
505
00:26:12,527 --> 00:26:15,704
and a lot of other
surrounding information.
506
00:26:18,620 --> 00:26:20,622
In 2006, I was a commander
507
00:26:20,666 --> 00:26:22,189
for the Los Angeles
Sheriff's Department,
508
00:26:22,232 --> 00:26:25,148
and I'd been in law enforcement
about 31 years.
509
00:26:25,192 --> 00:26:28,761
It was quite unusual,
to say the least,
510
00:26:28,804 --> 00:26:32,634
that Angela Smith would pick up
a particular homicide
511
00:26:32,678 --> 00:26:37,247
and provide detailed information
and then try to help solve it.
512
00:26:37,291 --> 00:26:41,817
I called the homicide
investigator and just said,
513
00:26:41,861 --> 00:26:44,951
is he working on a case
with an anonymous body
514
00:26:44,994 --> 00:26:46,996
found floating in the ocean?
515
00:26:47,040 --> 00:26:49,912
By the fact that I had
that much information,
516
00:26:49,956 --> 00:26:51,653
I immediately had his interest.
517
00:26:51,697 --> 00:26:55,570
So I says, "I've got
some information on this."
518
00:26:55,614 --> 00:26:57,790
And I said,
"I've got to tell you
519
00:26:57,833 --> 00:27:00,357
that it's gonna sound bizarre."
520
00:27:00,401 --> 00:27:05,145
SHATNER:
Using the information
provided by Angela Smith,
521
00:27:05,188 --> 00:27:08,148
the police were able to identify
a nameless body
522
00:27:08,191 --> 00:27:11,891
that had been found off
the coast of Catalina Island.
523
00:27:11,934 --> 00:27:15,285
It was that
of Steven B. Williams.
524
00:27:15,329 --> 00:27:17,026
But it didn't end there.
525
00:27:17,070 --> 00:27:19,942
Angela provided information
526
00:27:19,986 --> 00:27:25,208
not only about the victim
but also about his killer.
527
00:27:28,385 --> 00:27:31,606
After the body
had been identified,
528
00:27:31,650 --> 00:27:36,045
I did a profile,
like an FBI profiler would do.
529
00:27:36,089 --> 00:27:40,354
And that matched a profile
of an individual
530
00:27:40,397 --> 00:27:43,096
that Williams had been
in contact with
531
00:27:43,139 --> 00:27:48,188
and who had actually swindled
Williams out of some money.
532
00:27:48,231 --> 00:27:50,451
HEAL:
The homicide investigator
called me back
533
00:27:50,494 --> 00:27:52,496
three or four days later
and said,
534
00:27:52,540 --> 00:27:54,716
"Hey, just so you know,
this stuff's legit."
535
00:27:54,760 --> 00:27:58,502
They had a possible suspect,
and they even had a motive,
536
00:27:58,546 --> 00:28:00,548
none of which they were getting
537
00:28:00,591 --> 00:28:02,463
through
the conventional methods.
538
00:28:02,506 --> 00:28:04,900
I thought, "Wow, maybe there
really is something to this."
539
00:28:04,944 --> 00:28:09,252
SHATNER:
Steven B. Williams' killer
was eventually apprehended,
540
00:28:09,296 --> 00:28:12,560
thanks, it seems,
to the incredible abilities
541
00:28:12,603 --> 00:28:14,562
of Angela Smith.
542
00:28:14,605 --> 00:28:17,608
The idea of remote viewing
has been around for a long time.
543
00:28:17,652 --> 00:28:19,698
It-It's been around for
actually thousands of years.
544
00:28:19,741 --> 00:28:23,832
And it's the idea
that you can transmit yourself
545
00:28:23,876 --> 00:28:27,314
out of your body
and go view other places
546
00:28:27,357 --> 00:28:30,056
and-and get information,
and then figure out
547
00:28:30,099 --> 00:28:33,276
what was going on
without ever having to go there.
548
00:28:33,320 --> 00:28:38,064
SMITH:
What science has found so far,
they attach electrodes
549
00:28:38,107 --> 00:28:40,370
to the brain while somebody's
doing remote viewing.
550
00:28:40,414 --> 00:28:42,808
Sometimes you're
accessing information
551
00:28:42,851 --> 00:28:45,941
with the right brain,
reporting it and writing it down
552
00:28:45,985 --> 00:28:48,727
with the left brain,
so there's a dance going on.
553
00:28:48,770 --> 00:28:51,164
It's very much
a whole-brain activity.
554
00:28:51,207 --> 00:28:54,863
SHATNER:
Can remote viewing
really provide visions
555
00:28:54,907 --> 00:28:58,084
of people, places, things,
556
00:28:58,127 --> 00:29:00,695
no matter where they are
on Earth?
557
00:29:00,739 --> 00:29:03,132
The very notion seems absurd.
558
00:29:03,176 --> 00:29:07,354
And yet, there was a time
when some thought
559
00:29:07,397 --> 00:29:11,184
this practice could be used
to win the Cold War.
560
00:29:13,534 --> 00:29:15,449
WHITEHEAD:
The Russians,
during the Cold War,
561
00:29:15,492 --> 00:29:18,147
were investing millions
of dollars in parapsychology,
562
00:29:18,191 --> 00:29:20,759
psychic phenomena,
remote viewing.
563
00:29:20,802 --> 00:29:22,630
And the Americans felt
that they had to keep up
564
00:29:22,673 --> 00:29:24,632
with the Russians,
and so they developed
565
00:29:24,675 --> 00:29:27,896
their own classified program,
and were basically trying
566
00:29:27,940 --> 00:29:30,812
to train psychic spies.
567
00:29:30,856 --> 00:29:33,989
JOE McMONEAGLE:
I was one of the first people
that was recruited
568
00:29:34,033 --> 00:29:35,817
for the remote viewing program,
569
00:29:35,861 --> 00:29:38,341
what's now being referred to
as the Stargate program.
570
00:29:38,385 --> 00:29:41,344
I was recruited
in October of 1978.
571
00:29:42,955 --> 00:29:44,913
WHITEHEAD:
In the late '70s,
there had just been
572
00:29:44,957 --> 00:29:46,915
a revolution in Iran,
573
00:29:46,959 --> 00:29:50,789
and in November of 1979,
a group of students
574
00:29:50,832 --> 00:29:54,227
who were revolutionaries
took over the U.S. embassy
575
00:29:54,270 --> 00:29:56,533
and took dozens
of American hostages.
576
00:29:59,798 --> 00:30:02,931
So, when this
hostage situation unfolded,
577
00:30:02,975 --> 00:30:05,804
U.S. intelligence
had very little information
578
00:30:05,847 --> 00:30:07,414
about how many hostages
they were,
579
00:30:07,457 --> 00:30:10,373
where they were being held,
et cetera.
580
00:30:10,417 --> 00:30:13,420
It was reported later
that there was a team
581
00:30:13,463 --> 00:30:15,683
of remote viewers
that were actually working
582
00:30:15,726 --> 00:30:18,817
out of a secret location in
Maryland just outside of D.C.,
583
00:30:18,860 --> 00:30:21,602
and that they were trying
to find out
584
00:30:21,645 --> 00:30:24,126
what was going on
inside the embassy.
585
00:30:26,781 --> 00:30:30,916
McMONEAGLE:
They said we need to know
who's a hostage in this place
586
00:30:30,959 --> 00:30:33,657
where an embassy was taken over.
587
00:30:33,701 --> 00:30:36,356
Some of the other things
we were asked to do
588
00:30:36,399 --> 00:30:38,880
was describe how
they were being treated,
589
00:30:38,924 --> 00:30:41,448
what they were being fed,
how they were being guarded,
590
00:30:41,491 --> 00:30:43,102
other things like that.
591
00:30:43,145 --> 00:30:46,888
In this case,
we were able to identify
592
00:30:46,932 --> 00:30:49,195
pretty much
most of the hostages.
593
00:30:49,238 --> 00:30:52,981
WHITEHEAD:
They actually based legitimate
intelligence efforts
594
00:30:53,025 --> 00:30:55,201
on the information
that they got
595
00:30:55,244 --> 00:30:57,246
from many of these
psychic remote viewers,
596
00:30:57,290 --> 00:30:59,509
and so we know it works,
597
00:30:59,553 --> 00:31:03,209
but we're still trying to figure
out exactly how it works.
598
00:31:03,252 --> 00:31:07,126
SHATNER:
Espionage typically relies on
high-tech equipment
599
00:31:07,169 --> 00:31:11,782
like satellites,
radio receivers and computers.
600
00:31:11,826 --> 00:31:16,004
But according to those
who practice remote viewing,
601
00:31:16,048 --> 00:31:19,965
this technology is no match
for the greatest computer
602
00:31:20,008 --> 00:31:24,317
in the world: the human brain.
603
00:31:24,360 --> 00:31:29,888
McMONEAGLE:
I've been remote viewing now
for 42, 43 years, constantly.
604
00:31:29,931 --> 00:31:34,980
People ask me, "Well, how do you
get information to come down?"
605
00:31:35,023 --> 00:31:39,680
I go to a place in my mind
where it's very quiet,
606
00:31:39,723 --> 00:31:42,901
and I just open to whatever
information's gonna come.
607
00:31:45,816 --> 00:31:49,777
SMITH:
I believe that everybody has
a natural intuitive ability.
608
00:31:49,820 --> 00:31:52,388
So, remote viewing training
609
00:31:52,432 --> 00:31:55,783
focuses on that natural ability
and enhances it.
610
00:31:55,826 --> 00:31:59,700
What it says about the brain
is that our brains are plastic.
611
00:31:59,743 --> 00:32:02,703
They're able to adapt
and able to learn.
612
00:32:06,707 --> 00:32:09,666
Did Angela Smith's
remarkable mental abilities
613
00:32:09,710 --> 00:32:13,279
really help the police
solve a baffling crime?
614
00:32:13,322 --> 00:32:15,977
There are many associated
with the case
615
00:32:16,021 --> 00:32:19,241
who believe the answer
is a firm yes,
616
00:32:19,285 --> 00:32:22,201
just as there are those
who believe that the contents
617
00:32:22,244 --> 00:32:26,596
of an entire human brain
can actually be uploaded
618
00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:29,948
like data into a computer,
619
00:32:29,991 --> 00:32:35,127
and that, once transferred,
it can not only be stored
620
00:32:35,170 --> 00:32:38,957
but used over and over again...
621
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:44,179
forever.
622
00:32:44,223 --> 00:32:46,094
SHATNER:
Boston, Massachusetts.
623
00:32:46,138 --> 00:32:48,009
March 2018.
624
00:32:48,053 --> 00:32:52,231
Nectome, a biotechnology
startup company,
625
00:32:52,274 --> 00:32:57,366
announces an audacious
and controversial plan.
626
00:32:57,410 --> 00:32:58,715
-Their vision?
627
00:32:58,759 --> 00:33:00,500
A groundbreaking technique
628
00:33:00,543 --> 00:33:04,504
that can take the data stored
inside a human brain
629
00:33:04,547 --> 00:33:07,986
and transfer it into a computer.
630
00:33:09,900 --> 00:33:13,382
There are companies like Nectome
that are attempting
631
00:33:13,426 --> 00:33:16,733
to preserve the brain
and the mind.
632
00:33:18,561 --> 00:33:21,347
Our methods
of analyzing the connections
633
00:33:21,390 --> 00:33:24,350
between neurons in the brain
are getting really good.
634
00:33:24,393 --> 00:33:26,700
And so, eventually we'll be able
to model the connections
635
00:33:26,743 --> 00:33:29,572
between all the neurons,
and at that point,
636
00:33:29,616 --> 00:33:31,966
we'll have a better idea as
to whether or not its possible
637
00:33:32,010 --> 00:33:34,273
to upload a brain
into the cloud,
638
00:33:34,316 --> 00:33:37,363
but we'll have to wait
and see what happens.
639
00:33:39,626 --> 00:33:43,456
SCHNEIDER:
Uploading is the process of
basically copying and encoding
640
00:33:43,499 --> 00:33:47,938
someone's mental life
onto a computer.
641
00:33:47,982 --> 00:33:51,855
Advocates of uploading believe
that that would really be a way
642
00:33:51,899 --> 00:33:54,554
for you to survive
the death of your brain.
643
00:33:56,686 --> 00:33:59,689
KAKU:
And now people say,
"Well, if I'm immortal,
644
00:33:59,733 --> 00:34:02,040
"and I'm living my life
inside a computer,
645
00:34:02,083 --> 00:34:04,651
isn't that rather boring?"
646
00:34:04,694 --> 00:34:08,481
No. Because this mainframe
computer will connect
647
00:34:08,524 --> 00:34:12,659
to a mechanical avatar
that is superhuman i iery way.
648
00:34:12,702 --> 00:34:14,704
And you will see
through its eyes.
649
00:34:14,748 --> 00:34:16,967
You'll feel
through its sense organs.
650
00:34:17,011 --> 00:34:20,623
So, in other words, we will have
a form of digital immortality.
651
00:34:22,799 --> 00:34:24,975
SHATNER:
Digital immortality.
652
00:34:25,019 --> 00:34:27,891
The incredible notion
that we might someday
653
00:34:27,935 --> 00:34:30,329
be able to live forever.
654
00:34:32,157 --> 00:34:34,942
But if the information
inside our brains
655
00:34:34,985 --> 00:34:37,162
can be copied and transferred,
656
00:34:37,205 --> 00:34:40,730
like information
onto a computer hard drive,
657
00:34:40,774 --> 00:34:43,994
-does that mean it can keep
and store everything?
658
00:34:44,038 --> 00:34:47,607
Like our personalities, perhaps?
659
00:34:47,650 --> 00:34:51,176
Or would something
be lost in translation?
660
00:34:51,219 --> 00:34:54,004
There are two issues
to consider here.
661
00:34:54,048 --> 00:34:58,270
First of all, why believe
that a digital copy of you
662
00:34:58,313 --> 00:35:00,576
is capable of being conscious?
663
00:35:00,620 --> 00:35:05,277
The second issue
is that it doesn't at all follow
664
00:35:05,320 --> 00:35:07,322
that that being
would really be you,
665
00:35:07,366 --> 00:35:13,198
that you are the survivor
rather than a digital copy.
666
00:35:13,241 --> 00:35:15,765
Consciousness is one of the most
hard-to-define phenomena
667
00:35:15,809 --> 00:35:17,550
about the human brain,
668
00:35:17,593 --> 00:35:19,726
and it's also what separates us
from all other species.
669
00:35:19,769 --> 00:35:23,295
It's this idea that we have
internal reflection.
670
00:35:23,338 --> 00:35:26,646
Can we actually live on forever
in a computer and still be able
671
00:35:26,689 --> 00:35:28,561
to preserve all our memories,
all our friendships,
672
00:35:28,604 --> 00:35:30,215
all of the different things
that we love?
673
00:35:30,258 --> 00:35:31,781
And I think that
that's a very romantic notion
674
00:35:31,825 --> 00:35:33,783
for a lot of people,
675
00:35:33,827 --> 00:35:36,177
that they want to feel like
there's a way to go on forever.
676
00:35:36,221 --> 00:35:39,267
But you can't separate the brain
from the rest of your body.
677
00:35:41,139 --> 00:35:43,053
TAYLOR:
Consciousness requires a thing
678
00:35:43,097 --> 00:35:45,317
called non-computability.
679
00:35:45,360 --> 00:35:47,841
Non-computability is why
this person likes chocolate
680
00:35:47,884 --> 00:35:50,148
and that person doesn't.
681
00:35:50,191 --> 00:35:53,890
There isn't a mathematical
algorithm that can create that.
682
00:35:53,934 --> 00:35:56,893
DENNIN:
We probably aren't at the point
where we understand well enough
683
00:35:56,937 --> 00:35:58,939
what makes it human
and conscious
684
00:35:58,982 --> 00:36:01,985
to really recreate that
in the computer.
685
00:36:03,813 --> 00:36:06,468
My guess is
your consciousness in you
686
00:36:06,512 --> 00:36:10,907
is more than just
the composition of your brain.
687
00:36:10,951 --> 00:36:13,214
I think there is a special
combination that makes us human
688
00:36:13,258 --> 00:36:14,824
that at the moment is a secret.
689
00:36:14,868 --> 00:36:16,261
I'm not convinced
science won't be able
690
00:36:16,304 --> 00:36:17,827
to figure it out at some point.
691
00:36:20,090 --> 00:36:22,832
SHATNER:
In this day and age,
we tend to believe
692
00:36:22,876 --> 00:36:24,704
that anything can be
accomplished through
693
00:36:24,747 --> 00:36:26,662
the power of technology.
694
00:36:26,706 --> 00:36:30,188
But in the case of digitizing
the human consciousness,
695
00:36:30,231 --> 00:36:33,103
there seems to be a unique
combination of factors
696
00:36:33,147 --> 00:36:35,018
that can't simply be reduced
697
00:36:35,062 --> 00:36:38,979
-to a series of ones and zeroes.
698
00:36:39,022 --> 00:36:41,329
And according to
many neuroscientists,
699
00:36:41,373 --> 00:36:44,245
the reason we can't transfer
a person's personality
700
00:36:44,289 --> 00:36:47,770
-from inside their head
to a computer
701
00:36:47,814 --> 00:36:52,993
is because our minds are already
networked to something else,
702
00:36:53,036 --> 00:36:55,996
something outside our bodies.
703
00:36:58,303 --> 00:37:01,088
There's a sense
that you even have as a child
704
00:37:01,131 --> 00:37:03,699
that there's something
beyond us, outside of us.
705
00:37:03,743 --> 00:37:06,702
There's this otherness
involved and this,
706
00:37:06,746 --> 00:37:08,835
perhaps, connection
with the universe.
707
00:37:08,878 --> 00:37:12,273
TAYLOR:
You yourself are a part
of the universe.
708
00:37:12,317 --> 00:37:14,014
I don't mean
you're inthe universe.
709
00:37:14,057 --> 00:37:16,408
I mean, you are literally
a piece of this universe,
710
00:37:16,451 --> 00:37:18,279
so you are connected
to everything else,
711
00:37:18,323 --> 00:37:19,802
everywhere else.
712
00:37:19,846 --> 00:37:23,284
When you have thoughts
in your mind,
713
00:37:23,328 --> 00:37:26,505
they are reaching out
and connecting with other things
714
00:37:26,548 --> 00:37:29,812
that are similar to those
thoughts in the universe.
715
00:37:29,856 --> 00:37:33,163
So it's possible that our brains
716
00:37:33,207 --> 00:37:37,603
could be acting like
transceivers to receive that.
717
00:37:37,646 --> 00:37:39,518
WHITEHEAD:
If you think of the way
your smartphone connects
718
00:37:39,561 --> 00:37:42,042
to the Internet
or to a Wi-Fi network,
719
00:37:42,085 --> 00:37:44,087
the human mind
is actually connecting
720
00:37:44,131 --> 00:37:46,220
to a field of information.
721
00:37:46,264 --> 00:37:49,267
There seems to be this ability
that humans have,
722
00:37:49,310 --> 00:37:52,357
somewhere deep down in
the darkest corners of our mind,
723
00:37:52,400 --> 00:37:55,273
to be able to tap into
information fields
724
00:37:55,316 --> 00:37:58,667
that are not readily known
by us.
725
00:37:58,711 --> 00:38:03,411
STUART HAMEROFF:
This means that consciousness
can extend outside the brain.
726
00:38:03,455 --> 00:38:08,329
So when people say, "Is the
brain a generating consciousness
727
00:38:08,373 --> 00:38:10,984
"or is it a receiver
for consciousness
728
00:38:11,027 --> 00:38:13,813
that's present in the universe?"
I think it's a bit of both.
729
00:38:17,382 --> 00:38:21,603
SHATNER:
If our minds can tap into
the very fabric of the universe,
730
00:38:21,647 --> 00:38:23,997
could that help to explain
why the human brain
731
00:38:24,040 --> 00:38:27,217
is still such a mystery?
732
00:38:27,261 --> 00:38:31,047
Is it ultimately
too vast and complex
733
00:38:31,091 --> 00:38:34,747
to figure out
by means of simple biology?
734
00:38:34,790 --> 00:38:38,620
There are those who believe
the answer is yes.
735
00:38:38,664 --> 00:38:41,275
And, if that's the case,
736
00:38:41,319 --> 00:38:44,147
how can we even be sure
that everything we know,
737
00:38:44,191 --> 00:38:47,368
our thoughts, our very memories,
for example,
738
00:38:47,412 --> 00:38:51,807
are safe from being stolen
by outside forces?
739
00:38:53,766 --> 00:38:57,030
The fact is they're not.
740
00:39:01,991 --> 00:39:03,384
SHATNER:
Boston, Massachusetts.
741
00:39:03,428 --> 00:39:04,951
July 2013.
742
00:39:04,994 --> 00:39:08,084
Scientists at Boston University
743
00:39:08,128 --> 00:39:12,219
publish the results
of an extraordinary experiment,
744
00:39:12,262 --> 00:39:16,571
results that call into question
literally everything we know.
745
00:39:18,617 --> 00:39:20,967
RAMIREZ: A few years ago,
we had a series of experiments
746
00:39:21,010 --> 00:39:22,708
where we were able
to create a false memory
747
00:39:22,751 --> 00:39:24,231
in the rodent brain.
748
00:39:24,274 --> 00:39:26,407
We put our rodents
in a safe environment
749
00:39:26,451 --> 00:39:28,496
where they were free
to roam around, and we developed
750
00:39:28,540 --> 00:39:31,020
a set of genetic tricks
where the brain cells
751
00:39:31,064 --> 00:39:33,849
that held onto the memory
of that safe environment
752
00:39:33,893 --> 00:39:36,417
now became responsive
to pulses of light.
753
00:39:38,332 --> 00:39:41,030
So the next day, what we did was
we put the animals
754
00:39:41,074 --> 00:39:42,858
in a completely different
environment
755
00:39:42,902 --> 00:39:44,730
and we gave them a couple
of mild foot shocks
756
00:39:44,773 --> 00:39:46,688
in that environment,
in an attempt to startle them.
757
00:39:46,732 --> 00:39:48,473
But they key thing is that
758
00:39:48,516 --> 00:39:50,300
we could shoot light
into the brain
759
00:39:50,344 --> 00:39:53,652
and reactivate the cells
that held onto that safe memory.
760
00:39:53,695 --> 00:39:55,741
So, one of the ways
that we've known
761
00:39:55,784 --> 00:39:58,439
that we've switched the memories
is that the animal
762
00:39:58,483 --> 00:40:00,398
no longer behaviorally looks
like its scared.
763
00:40:00,441 --> 00:40:03,313
And then that at least opened up
the floodgates to this idea
764
00:40:03,357 --> 00:40:05,707
that we can artificially
manipulate memories in general.
765
00:40:05,751 --> 00:40:09,319
We might be able to one day
perform some kind of surgery
766
00:40:09,363 --> 00:40:12,322
or some kind of intervention
in the brain to enhance memories
767
00:40:12,366 --> 00:40:14,803
that we don't want to be lost
as a result of Alzheimer's.
768
00:40:14,847 --> 00:40:17,110
Or suppress memories,
769
00:40:17,153 --> 00:40:20,026
let's say, that we don't want
to be there in cases of PTSD.
770
00:40:20,069 --> 00:40:22,158
Or suppress emotions,
for instance,
771
00:40:22,202 --> 00:40:24,465
in certain cases of anxiety.
772
00:40:24,509 --> 00:40:28,948
Memories are stored, just like
you can put memories on a card
773
00:40:28,991 --> 00:40:31,472
in a video camera
or your cell phone.
774
00:40:31,516 --> 00:40:36,651
And it's possible that you could
manipulate the chemical,
775
00:40:36,695 --> 00:40:38,958
the organic wiring, so to speak,
776
00:40:39,001 --> 00:40:41,613
just like you could
manipulate a memory card
777
00:40:41,656 --> 00:40:43,919
in an electronic device.
778
00:40:43,963 --> 00:40:47,140
You can take one file out
and put another file in.
779
00:40:49,490 --> 00:40:52,058
KAKU:
In the future, we'll be able
to record memories,
780
00:40:52,101 --> 00:40:56,889
play them back
and alter these memories.
781
00:40:56,932 --> 00:40:59,544
And I wouldn't be surprised
that, in the future,
782
00:40:59,587 --> 00:41:01,720
you'll be able to go
to a library
783
00:41:01,763 --> 00:41:06,464
and have that vacation
that you never had.
784
00:41:06,507 --> 00:41:08,117
TAYLOR:
But once we learn
785
00:41:08,161 --> 00:41:12,470
how to add and remove
files from our brains,
786
00:41:12,513 --> 00:41:15,777
if we do not have
some kind of safeguard system,
787
00:41:15,821 --> 00:41:18,301
some kind of firewall
to prevent other people
788
00:41:18,345 --> 00:41:20,173
from doing it
without us letting them,
789
00:41:20,216 --> 00:41:22,654
then trusting our memories
might be a problem.
790
00:41:24,612 --> 00:41:28,181
Implanting new thoughts
into people's minds?
791
00:41:28,224 --> 00:41:30,923
Artificial memories?
792
00:41:30,966 --> 00:41:34,013
The implications are as profound
as they are frightening.
793
00:41:34,056 --> 00:41:37,756
For example, how do you know if
you actually watched this show?
794
00:41:37,799 --> 00:41:39,366
Perhaps someone
simply created a memory
795
00:41:39,409 --> 00:41:42,238
and put it inside your head.
796
00:41:42,282 --> 00:41:43,979
Preposterous?
797
00:41:44,023 --> 00:41:46,199
How would you be able
to tell the difference?
798
00:41:46,242 --> 00:41:48,549
Let's face it, just when
we think we've figured out
799
00:41:48,593 --> 00:41:50,682
everything there is to learn
about the human mind,
800
00:41:50,725 --> 00:41:53,554
we realize how little
we really understand
801
00:41:53,598 --> 00:41:55,687
and how much more
we need to know
802
00:41:55,730 --> 00:42:00,474
before there is nothing left
that is unexplained.
803
00:42:00,518 --> 00:42:02,781
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