All language subtitles for Trinity and Beyond- The Atomic Bomb Movie (1995) - eAbyss

This film presents images recently
Declassified

which have never been seen
by the public.

"... And these atomic bombs that science
launched to the world that night

were strange,
even for men who used them."

H.G. Wells:
The World Set Free (The Destruction liberating) - 1914

TRINITY

AND BEYOND

THE MOVIE ON THE ATOMIC BOMB

RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Trinity Site
where the world's first nuclear
device was exploded on

July 16, 1945.

Alamogordo, New Mexico, USA,
May 1945

May, 1945.

The hot desert of New Mexico

seems far from the ravages of
the war in Europe.

100 tons of dynamite.

A test...

to measure and calibrate the power
of the first nuclear weapon ever tested.

Two months later...

Man releases the destructive power
a demon imprisoned

into the very fabric of matter,

and plunge the world
in the atomic age.

For the next 20 years,

testing the power of
the nuclear bomb

would hold the world captive
by events surrounded by secrecy.

EVENTS launched
seven years earlier.

TRUBULENCES IN EUROPE!

Hitler invaded Austria!

March 13, 1938.

Hitler invaded Austria.

3rd Reich begins to deploy
it's military power.

Later that year,
German scientists

discover fission
of the uranium nucleus

This brings the 3rd Reich
a step closer to

the discovery of the secret
of the atomic bomb.

FEAR!

Fear of German research

stimulates activities in
the United States and England.

The fear that German scientists

could produce weapons
of high destructive power.

In autumn 1939,
Dr. Albert Einstein

wrote his famous letter
to President Roosevelt,

explaining the urgency of working
on the fission of uranium.

Roosevelt, a man of action,
responded quickly

and creates an advisory committee
on uranium.

GERMANY INVADES POLAND!

German forces invaded Poland

dragging European nations
in the second world war.

MANHATTAN ENGINEER DISTRICT

A new branch of the Corps of Engineers
was created to oversee the work

on the military use of uranium.

Major General L.R. Growe,
the man in charge of the Pentagon,

was appointed head
of the project.

December 2, 1942, the first reactor
autonomous chain reaction

has been successfully detonated by Enrico Fermi.

The success of Fermi generates
great efforts

in the government
and the private sector,

leading to the creation of huge factories,
for the separation of uranium

in the town of Oakridge, Tennessee,

and for the production of plutonium
in Hanford, Washington

on the banks
Columbia River.

Through this effort was forged great
and necessary hardware

to create an atomic bomb.

The first atomic bomb
was built at Los Alamos,

a secret laboratory
New Mexico

When Dr. Oppenheimer Jr.
arrived to take command

he surrounded himself with an incredible range
stars of the scientific world.

Los Alamos was born on design
the bomb and resolution

many theoretical problems.

Many questions remain unanswered, however.

What are the secrets of this new
form of power and destruction?

Knowledge and Information
all aspects of this new weapon

are essential,

and cannot be discovered that
by further testing.

I had a good friend, a Hungarian
10 years older than me, Leo Szilard.

He had a very independent-minded

and a large capacity
foreshadow what would happen.

He saw the years ahead

the importance that the explosives
Nuclear would take.

He was a friend of mine, and I helped him.

For example, I took it to
an important interview with Einstein

where Einstein wrote this
famous letter to Roosevelt.

The letter that started it all.

I myself was interested in
Theoretical Physics

atoms, molecular vibrations,
and knowledge of molarity.

I did not want to do.
But then...

Hitler had not only swallowed
half of Poland,

he had also invaded the West.

Two days later, there was
an invitation to a Pan-American Congress

in which Roosevelt, that I had never
seen before, was to speak.

He made a memorable speech,

about how the world is
really in danger because of Hitler.

He said in part, to the point
highlight of the speech:

"You scientists, will be blamed
for the arms to be used

but I tell you,

if you do not work on these weapons,
world freedom will be lost. "

You know, I felt
Roosevelt spoke to me.

I was there when
The letter was signed

one that stirred up the interest
in nuclear power

He was convinced that
was nuclear

Of the 2,000 scientists who were there,
I felt it spoke to me.

Of course it was not that...

But for this speech
twenty minutes

I made my decision.

I continued to prefer
work in 'pure' science,

but this must be done.

Since this must be done

and that I could contribute,
I did,

and I have never regretted
to have done.

The uranium bomb,
called "Little Boy"

had a simple design.

And scientists were confident
It would work without testing.

"Fat Man", or the implosion bomb,
was a more efficient design

which used plutonium
rather than uranium.

In the center of the bomb,
there was a detonator

surrounded by a sphere of plutonium.

This sphere was encapsulated

in a series of lenses highly
explosive placed symmetrically,

creating an implosion
compressing the sphere of plutonium

on itself until it
reaches critical mass.

The explosion brought immediately
temperature to 10 million degrees,

releasing a force of one half
million pounds of pressure

vaporizing the tower and all
desert living within half a mile.

The intensity of the light
was sufficient

to cause temporary blindness
an observer at 10 miles distance.

With a score of 200 times more potent
the test with 100 tons of TNT,

the fireball created a crater
about half a mile in diameter.

And melted the desert sand
green crystals in which

always contain traces of radioactivity
50 years later.

May 8, 1945,

Germany surrendered to Allied forces,
This puts an end to the war in Europe.

intelligence sources as
command of General Groves concluded

that Germany had not developed
the atomic bomb.

However, the war continued
in the Pacific...

Pearl Harbor forced the entry
of the United States into the war.

For three years, gaining ground
after each small victory,

our forces conducted
offensive

against the Empire
the Rising Sun.

Gradually, island by island,
mile after mile,

and raids with more pressing,
combined Allied forces land,

sea and air, we
reached the border of the empire.

forcing them to retreat
until the end of 1945,

only the ramparts of the islands
Japanese remain to be destroyed.

� the coming campaign
most important of all:

the invasion of Japanese territory,
and face a desperate struggle.

fanatical enemy will not abandon
not until the last fighter

has not been removed from its
trench and killed.

As experience has shown
repeatedly.

Tinian island ~ South Pacific
1,500 miles from Japan

Operating Base for
the mission of the 509th Squadron

to launch the first bombs
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic

VICTORY!
Japan surrenders

The uranium bomb,
called "Little Boy"

was detonated over Hiroshima at
an altitude of 1,800 feet.

The altitude to achieve
maximum blast.

Three days later,
the implosion bomb "Fat Man"

exploded over Nagasaki.

In Hiroshima 70,000 people
were killed or missing.

On its 90,000 buildings,
more than 60,000 were demolished.

The implosion bomb dropped on
Nagasaki took the lives of 42,000 people,

and injured 40,000 others.

It destroyed 39% of
buildings in the city.

With a yield of 20 kilotons,
similar to that of Trinity,

this weapon will be considered
as a normal bomb,

and serve as a model for
future nuclear weapons.

- 11 months later -

But our main objectives
are the warships.

We try to first learn

What types of ships, training
tactical and strategic needs

of our own naval forces
who survive best

an attack with nuclear weapons
in case we need to cope.

OPERATION CROSSROADS

11 months after the bombing
Hiroshima and Nagasaki,

the operation was conducted Crossroads
on Bikini Atoll

2,500 miles west of Hawaii.

The aim of the operation

was to test the effects of weapons
nuclear using two devices

similar in design to those
Trinity and Nagasaki.

Their code names:
"Able" and "Baker".

Able to be launched
from a B-29,

while Baker was detonated
to 90 feet below the surface.

The fleet consisted of target
185 Japanese ships

German and American.

From small amphibious craft
to battleships and aircraft carriers.

The bomb will not start a
chain reaction in water,

completely convert the gas

and to ensure that all vessels,
of all the oceans, fall to the bottom.

It will not explode
the bottom of the ocean

and bring down all the water
a hole in

It will not destroy gravity.

I am not an "Atomic Playboy"
as one of my critics called me,

that these bombs would explode
to satisfy my personal whim.

Animals, plants, and similar agents
biological warfare were assembled

to study the effects of heat,
blast and radiation.

The bomb missed its intended target
by almost 800 yards.

The explosion sent five ships,
including two destroyers,

the lake bottom of Bikini.

All vessels within half a mile
were severely damaged.

But the damage was
far from those caused

by the underwater explosion
that followed, called Baker.

5, 4, 3, 2, 1,
fire.

Baker was an underwater explosion
Navy of the same device,

and caused much more damage
the fleet to 70 vessels.

For example, on the USS Saratoga

the shockwave submarine tore
the bottom of the hull of the boat.

Saratoga sank still lies
at the bottom of the sea from Bikini.

I flew several times
the site and on a clear,

if the water is calm,
you can still see the Saratoga.

The area around
the explosion of Baker

had become highly radioactive,

and could not be
approached for some time.

This effect was not expected,

and led to the decision
President Truman

to cancel a third nuclear test
deep called "Charlie."

This is the mile high city of
Los Alamos.

The Atomic City .

is a modern city
created by the United States

as a research center
and development of nuclear weapons.

We are talking about a region
remote and primitive,

men have to leave their stateside
laboratories and homes

for a period running into months.

Since 1943, when
Los Alamos was established,

men from this mesa have left the
continental limits of the United States

to test weapons
they have created.

Two years after
Operation Crossroads,

President Truman authorized

to conduct the operation Sandstone.

While the goal of Crossroads

was to test the effect
nuclear weapons,

Sandstone objective was to test
design new weapons.

Plans for these weapons were
initiated several years earlier

when researchers from Trinity

have developed other models
experimental atomic weapons,

but were not sure of their success.

A joint working group was created
to go back into the peaceful,

and obtain the island of Enewetak,
200 miles west of Bikini,

Crossroads which had taken place.

In early November, the first
Construction crews arrived

to remove all the vegetation of the island,

clean the area and dump
tons of asphalt for roads.

In six months, the team built
temporary housing

for many scientists and military
necessary for the operation Sandstone.

Perched on steel towers
200 feet high,

the three devices used to Sandstone
employed a new technology

to double the explosive power
of the bomb

using the same amount of
plutonium spent in Nagasaki.

This technology meets the requirements
Department of Defense

create more effective bombs

and increase the capacity of
store nuclear weapons.

Radio controlled tanks,
guided by helicopter

recovered samples
fission near "ground zero",

for measuring the intensity of
neutrons and gamma rays.

Radiochemical analysis
pulverized coral sand

revealed the secrets
the nuclear reaction,

and helped to determine the effectiveness of
bombs of new design.

The results of Sandstone affect�rent
the design of future nuclear weapons,

making the components 'Mark-3', used
for the production of Fat Man, obsolete.

Designs 'Mark-4' and 'Mark-5'

led to better performance and a
lighter weight for nuclear weapons.

The division of the laboratory Z
Los Alamos National

moved to the base has � Sand,

located in Albuquerque, New Mexico,
near Kirtland Air Force Base.

The main objective of the Sandia Base

was the study and production of nuclear weapons
"Mobile" designed at Los Alamos.

in October 1949,

Western Electric contracted with
The Committee on Atomic Energy,

agreement "no taxes, no profit"
to form the Sandia Corporation

who took control
the basis of Los Alamos.

Sandia has led to techniques
production lines

and mass production
nuclear weapons,

to increase the nation�s supply of
tactical and strategic arms.

After returning from Bikini,
in public statements,

interviews and published articles,
Admiral Blandey

made important recommendations
on atomic bombs.

It is essential that no other nation
takes the ascendancy over the United States

in the development, manufacture and
the use of tactical nuclear weapons.

"TRUMAN SAYS RUSS HAVE A-BOMB"

"LAWMAKER SAYS STOLEN U.S. SECRETS
AIDED RUSSIANS"

On 29 August 1949, the Russians
detonated their first atomic bomb.

This event, which took
place five years earlier

than anyone in the west
had expected,

was due in large part to a man
called Klaus Fuchs.

Fuchs, a physicist at Los Alamos,
spent blueprints

the design of
Trinity to the Russians.

With the emergence of the USSR
as a nuclear rival in 1949,

the United States believed it
had strong motivation

for intensifying it�s program of
nuclear testing.

It was very expensive and it
involved a lot of logistics

perform operations
in the Pacific.

So in January 1951 the United States
opened up the Nevada Proving Ground

which we now call
"The Nevada Test Site."

This was about 60 miles
north of Las Vegas.

Before you can test the
Weapons of Operation Greenhouse,

the operation was performed Ranger

during which five
new types of nuclear weapons

were launched on
new test area.

First detonation in U.S. since Trinity

With the confidence of having
The new weapons in hand,

Operation Greenhouse was
conducted in Spring 1951.

4 shots were conducted on
Greenhouse during the operation.

One of them, "Easy"

a structural test was controlled
by the Department of Defense.

A nuclear device of 47
kilotons was placed on a tower,

which blew many buildings,
that had been built

to test the survivability
in a nuclear environment.

Test structural effects.

The fourth test of the operation
Greenhouse testing was "Item".

A trial approximately 45.5 kilotons

in which tritium was burned
in the center of the nuclear explosion.

And this process, placing the center of tritium
of nuclear weapons is called "Boosting".

We increased the yield
from 20 to 45.5 kilotons,

more than double,
through this process.

A very important feature,
expanding the stockpile

of nuclear weapons for the
United States at that time.

First test of the principle "Boosting"

Another event of Greenhouse
was the event called "George."

George was a huge weapon
of 225 kilotons

which was used to burn
a capsule deuterium.

This was the first experience with weapon
Thermonuclear we conducted.

HYDROGEN BOMB � � DO

Several people have mentioned, we
have discussed many times.

� the end of the war, most
people wanted to stop, but not me.

Because there was a more
extensive knowledge in the key.

And in uncertain times
was to come,

with dangerous men
the world as Stalin

and our incomplete knowledge,

I thought it was necessary
to learn more.

Among all who knew
along the hydrogen bomb,

I was his only supporter.

And that is why I
given my contribution.

Not that I invented,
others have done,

and others in a common
Soviet did,

but I was the person
who has knowledge

and the availability of such knowledge
above all.

And I must say that
it has pleased Truman,

, and he made the right decision.

"Truman approves
the hydrogen bomb "

Welcome aboard
USS Estes.

As you may know,
Estes is the command ship

the joint working group "1-42".

We are just minutes
the first explosion, "Mike"

Operation Ivy.

59 minutes to be exact.

We are here since dawn,

and we talked all night
wee hours of the morning.

As you can imagine,

emotions are very strong
right now.

And there are reasons for this.

If all goes as planned,

we shall see
The most powerful explosion

never caused on
the surface of the earth.

Island test "Mike"

is located in the north
of Enewetak Atoll.

Some 2,500 miles from the islands
Parry and Enewetak.

The two islands at the base of this
test area in the atolls.

The three islands that make up
the test site

have been connected by bridges,

constructed to facilitate
the displacement of an island to each other,

and to serve as a platform
for some of the instruments.

On the island "Mike" was the cab,
or the building housing the device.

The device "Mike" was called
the "wet bomb"

because he used
liquid hydrogen isotopes

to create the thermonuclear reaction.

This made the device
very impressive,

it weighed 62 tons which made it
impractical as a throwing weapon.

A wood tube
Zero was the island,

along the road,
to a detection station

located on the farthest island,

Cu tube was filled with helium,

to allow radiation
fatal to travel

more rapidly to
the detection station,

before the island is
consumed by the fireball.

You have a seat in the grandstand

for one of the most important moments
in the history of science.

In less than a minute you
see the most powerful explosion

ever seen by man.

The blast will appear on the horizon
more or less there.

And what is the importance of the moment:

this is the first large trial
of a hydrogen weapon.

If the reaction occurs, we
enter the thermonuclear age.

For the good of us all,
and that of our country,

I know you join me in
This expedition is a success.

30 seconds until time zero

Wear eye protection
or look away.

Do not remove the protection or
do not watch the explosion

for 10 seconds
after the first light.

Least 15 seconds.

Less 10 seconds.

Nine, eight, seven, six
five...

First hydrogen bomb
large-scale

2-6 approach "Ground Zero".

I head Bogoni.

station detection bogon
seems to be in good condition.

visual signals to indicate
the tunnel wood

All the islands of the test
seem to have been swept away.

Elugelab has completely disappeared.

There is nothing more than water
and what looks like a deep crater.

THE NUCLEAR BATTLEFIELD

In the spring of 1953,
Commission for Nuclear Energy

and the Department of Defense has made
11 nuclear tests in Nevada

under the code name
"Upshot-Knothole."

The Upshot-Knothole objective was to
test new nuclear weapons,

improve tactics of combat,

and study the needs of defense
in case of Soviet attack.

The first event, called "Encore",
was a 27 kiloton weapon

airdropped and detonated at
about 2,800 feet

over a wide line
deflagration.

The second explosion of the Ministry
of Defense, called "Grable"

exploded in the same region,

and was launched by the army�s
new artillery cannon.

A 280mm projectile was launched
and exploded in the same area

with a power of about 15 kilotons,
at an altitude of about 500 feet.

The smaller yield,
15 kilotons at 500 feet,

produced a much greater destruction

than the higher power device,
Still, 27 kilotons at 2,800 feet.

This is because less energy
low-lying

produces a shock wave abnormal
we call a "Precursor"

that generates very violent
Dynamic winds

which causes extensive damage to
drag sensitive objects.

For example, a Jeep on the ground, had
not damaged especially with Encore,

but with Grable and
effect "Pre Crusher"

the same jeep was
broken into pieces,

and thrown out on
a distance of 500 feet.

There are many other features
these two launches,

but they opened a whole new view

on how to use nuclear
weapons in a combat situation.

�SECURITY is Common Sense!�

Common sense tells them that
it's dangerous and stupid.

You would not want to risk your life
in a stunt like this.

Common sense tells us that to be pulled
by a gun is a risky business.

Common sense tells you not to
distraction on an airfield

with propellers and engines
in reaction activity.

handling dynamite
seems too dangerous.

But is routine
daily for men

because they observe the instructions
safety based on common sense.

But sometimes we forget that sometimes
breaches of security

can also be dangerous.

If confidential information
these test missions fall into enemy hands,

the consequences would be
disastrous for us all,

individually and collectively
as a nation.

Safety is just
common sense.

Do not take chances!

Avoid talking too much!

Store safely
confidential information

Immediately report
security breaches.

Early intervention can
prevent a minor incident

becomes a serious problem.

Avoid writing about
confidential documents at home.

Make sure your safety!
Do not be careless!

I hate careless people...

THE GREATEST

Work on Cluster
high-power hydrogen

had increased since
Operation Ivy,

culminating in spring 1954
with the operation "Castle Bravo".

The most powerful device detonated
in the atmosphere by the United States.

Bravo was a hydrogen bomb that
uses solid thermonuclear fuel,

confirming the designs
Edward Teller and Stan Ulam

paving the way for bomb production
Hydrogen transportable by air

and more effective weapons.

CAPABILITIES OF ATOMIC WEAPONS

SUPER EFFECTS HANDBOOK

LARGEST U.S. THERMONUCLEAR DEVICE

Far exceeding the power
provided 2.5 times,

Castle Bravo, with a power
15 megatons of explosive

completely shaved
vegetation of the island,

and took scientists
by surprise.

The huge explosion sent large
amounts of radioactive waste

into the atmosphere.

This led to exposure and
contamination of certain employees,

of local populations and crew
a Japanese fishing boat

who had entered the security
area without being detected.

This incident clearly
revealed to the public

the dangers of fallout
nuclear weapons.

H BOMB EXPLOSION OF A RUSSIAN

be clear,

the threat of a war with hydrogen
bombs is the greatest danger

that our nation has ever known.

Enemy bombers carrying nuclear
weapons can sweep over a variety

of routes and drop bombs on any
important target in the United States.

The threat of destruction
has affected our lifestyle

in every town and every village
from coast to coast.

These are the signs
of our time.

This is just a sham,
a test, a training exercise.

But tomorrow, the siren could
mean something real.

And if you hear it, when
you drive your car,

while sitting at your desk,
or when working in your agency,

wherever you are,
what will you do?

What will happen to you?

Let hat on the back,
so that we can well see,

I ask for
a very personal matter.

How old are you?

I'm 65 on my next
anniversary. It's sad to say.

This makes you the oldest,
but also the youngest,

observers of our trench

Here at "Ground Zero".

There is a lovely lady
who stands behind you.

I wonder if I can
talk to her?

I would also have
a female response.

This is Helen Leininger
of the City of New York.

Helen, how long
did you wait?

Oh, about eight days.

- Eight... Nine days!
- Nine days!

if we calculate correctly.

Okay, I think it's best
back to Hill Media

and see what happens,
if we are close to the time.

Leroy the big story that we
see here in the hill Media

This is the story of Civil Defense,

and force history
Military armored vehicles,

tanks and personnel transport.

Leroy, I want to be on the air
for all to see

split screen we have here,

using not only the cameras
who are here at Hill Media

but also those
with you in the trenches.

Come in split screen.

In few seconds you me
will take this position...

what you see behind me.

Look down
in this position.

I will protect my eyes
against flying debris.

I put the helmet on his head,

to protect myself against
falling rocks.

All right. Good luck, Roy. Let me
to explain something on the screen.

The portion of the screen where I

represents 1.6 km on your camera,
the other party is 3.2 km

We now turn to a
another room, I leave you.

Ten, nine, eight, seven, six

five, four, three,
two, one, zero.

The shock wave reaches the area of
checkpoint in about 30 seconds.

500 miles off coast of
San Diego, California

Nearly nine years had passed

since the cancellation
of underwater tests

Operation Crossroads.

This test was finally realized,
Operating under the name "Wigwam."

500 miles off the coast
San Diego, California

a 30 kiloton nuclear device
was suspended from a cable

2000 feet below an unmanned barge.

A towing cable 6 miles long

extends from the barge.

Suspended from the cable,

there were three unmanned
submarines called "squaws."

Apparatus and instruments
were placed in each submarine

to record the effects
of the nuclear explosion.

The aim of the operation

was to determine the kill zone
for an enemy submarine

in front of a nuclear
firing in depth.

25 seconds until
zero time.

20 seconds until
zero time.

15 seconds until
zero time.

Ten, nine, eight, seven, six,

five, four, three, two, one...

OPERATION REDWING

The test area Pacific
17 nuclear tests.

Operation Redwing was conducted
the Pacific.

Primarily for testing weapons
thermonuclear high power.

Seven months before Redwing,
the Soviet Union has demonstrated

the ability to drop
thermonuclear weapons

from strategic bombers,

tipping the balance of power
in their favor.

The event will be the first Cherokee
launch by a U.S. plane

of a thermonuclear bomb.

This weapon will explode with
a power of 3.5 megatons.

Nearly 200 times the power
the Trinity bomb.

Cherokee: First H-bomb
dropped from an American plane

Power: 3.8 Megatons.

The craters
explosions of high power

began to affect
test on the islands of the Pacific.

The buildings of the test site
Pacific disappeared

and available land became scarce.

The barges were increasingly
used as a means of cheap transportation

to deliver thermonuclear bombs
to detonate on the high seas.

Many of these tests documenting
a growing concern...

THE EFFECTS OF RADIATION
AND FALLOUT

A special phase of the study,

is the amount of radiation
which pass through the human body.

This requires tools
adequate in the stomach.

A small capsule is designed
with a series of films,

alternating with
spaces and dividers.

fixed to a cord and covered
with paraffin, the capsule is swallowed.

end of the cord out of the mouth,
for the capsule can be recovered

after exposure and
measuring radiation.

Gamma rays can cause
damage in two different ways,

or both.

First, they can
directly destroy tissue,

over time and eventually
cause the development of cancer.

The particles of interest
in particular have a life

ranging from a few years
thousands of years.

They cannot cause damage,
unless they are introduced

in our body through food,
or water or the air we breathe.

examine the results of a
powerful thermonuclear explosion

area test of Pacific
in the Marshall Islands,

to 11 degrees north of the equator.

huge cloud rises,
through the troposphere,

and finally disperses and stabilizes at
an altitude of 70 or 80 thousand feet,

fully in the layer
the stratosphere.

This brings us to most discussed
fission products, strontium-90.

Chemically similar to calcium
found in the soil,

strontium-90 following calcium
through regular cycles,

in our plant foods

and bones, meat and milk
our grazing animals.

After reaching the body,
strontium-90, such as calcium,

tends to concentrate in the bones,

especially those of children
who develop new bone.

The removal of strontium-90 has a
very limited scope in the body,

it is not a threat to
Genetics of reproductive cells.

But it is a threat to
bone marrow and bone

in the form of leukemia
or bone cancer.

If this happens, it would be a tragedy for those
involved, even if they are few.

Whether a statistically
minimal casualties may be warranted

is a personal evaluation
beyond the scope of the report.

Each citizen must be
its own assessment.

There are those who cry out loud

that there is absolutely no
real threat to the free world

and certainly nothing that can justify
nuclear tests or nuclear weapons.

Those who think otherwise say
development of the nuclear force

protection is
absolutely necessary

against the hostility of communism
and the nuclear threat.

In this perspective, victims
nuclear fallout, if any,

would be considered
of the Unknowns

the service of humanity.

Anonymous soldiers in a war
that would never have begun,

and that our nuclear power can
mean it will never happen.

� the fall of 1957, with a moratorium
on tests looming on the horizon,

24 nuclear tests were
conducted in the Nevada desert

Operating under the name "Plumbbob".

During Plumbbob, the event "Hood"
became the most powerful test

ever made in the atmosphere
of the continental United States.

Hood, a 74 kiloton device,

was suspended at 1,500 feet above
the desert floor in a ball.

As new models of weapons
continued to be tested,

the Ministry of Defense
tests used

to accelerate the military training
in the nuclear battlefield,

while pursuing the study of
effects of nuclear explosions.

The 21st test conducted during the operation
Plumbbob was "The Rainier Event."

This was the first fully contained underground nuclear
weapon detonation conducted by the United States.

The three kiloton device was detonated
790 feet below Rainier Mesa,

vaporizing rock into a molten bubble
100 feet wide.

This technology will be of great importance
after the Treaty of restriction tests

banning all nuclear tests,
except underground

and to hide future experiments
from prying eyes.

During Operation Hardtack, the United States
detonated 35 nuclear devices,

as well as in all previous tests
the Pacific.

So far, nuclear testing
were seen largely

practice as intimidation,

increasing international tensions

that could lead
a nuclear war.

Against the increasing pressure,

the U.S. Government believed
although the weapons are essential,

and they are the only counterweight to
increasing the number of Soviet soldiers.

The Russians, having developed and finalized
a series of atmospheric tests,

pretended to surrender
tests, knowing full well

the United States had undertaken
a major operation.

Operations were conducted
Bikini and Enewetak in as before.

And a new operation site was brought
in under Operation Hardtrack

And that was the Johnston Island
operations.

During testing, one of the events
significant event was the Cactus.

It was a small device
18 kilotons of which produced

a crater about 42m wide
and 11m deep.

Many years later, in 1980,
all debris from the fission

and radioactive materials that
were in the Enewetak Atoll

were collected and disposed
in the crater of the bomb Cactus.

Then we placed a concrete dome
on the crater

to maintain and stabilize
radioactive materials.

A year before Hardtack,

the Soviets launched a small
satellite named "Sputnik-1."

Concerned by the superiority
of Soviet rockets,

the United States conducted it�s
first two missile borne,

high altitude detonations

known as Teak and Orange.

Nuclear weapons from Teac and Orange

were carried into space
by a Redstone rocket,

developed by Wernher Von Braun.

Von Braun and his team
have developed

the V2 rocket for Germany
during World War II.

The Redstone was considered
an extension of the technology

the Second World War,

and was limited in scope.

Using liquid oxygen
as fuel,

Redstone propelled its nuclear charge
in the upper atmosphere of Earth,

and released for firing.

Teac, with a power
of 3.8 megatons

detonated nearly 50 miles
of the surface of the Earth.

The explosion created a violent disturbance
magnetic in the atmosphere

called EMP or electromagnetic pulse.

This silenced the
radios to nearly 8 hours,

And damaged electrical circuits
from Hawaii to New Zealand.

Immediately after the events
Teac Orange and the Pacific

the United States led
"Operation Argus".

Three tests of missiles with warheads
from 1 kiloton in the South Atlantic.

The Argus experiment sought
to create and explore the use

of "traps" in radiation
the Van Allen belt of the Earth.

Detonating 300 miles above the Earth,

experiment sought to create
a shield radioactive

to prevent the execution of a
Soviet missile attack.

These images, expanded by 16 mm
for your movie screen,

are the first to show their hands
levees that made history in Russia.

As testimony to the approval
Supreme Soviet

ascension as prime
Minister Nikita Khrushchev.

power that was held
earlier by Stalin.

The free world expects
diplomatic treaties obvious.

The first just
4 days later.

Russia announces that it suspends
nuclear testing.

A statement that the United States
describe as propaganda exercise.

The United States are preparing,

unless the Soviet Union
resume testing,

Refer to other tests
atomic and hydrogen bombs

over a period of 1 year from
the start of trading.

IVAN (The Monstrous Bomb)
57 Megatons

For two years, a moratorium
difficult on nuclear testing

remains between the United States
and the Soviet Union.

In secret, the Soviets
began to design

new weapons of mass destruction.

Including a hydrogen bomb
of 57 megatons,

the largest nuclear weapon ever created.

This monstrous bomb
was a smaller version

a model of 100 megatons,

and could be transported
and launched from an aircraft.

While we sit here,
Khrushchev detonated his bomb giant

cynically ignoring the Organization
United Nations.

Adlai Stevenson - Ambassador
U.S. to the UN (1961 - 1965)

By this act, the Soviet Union
added insult to injury

they broke the moratorium
on nuclear weapons testing

they raised the air pollution
to new levels,

they started a new race,
for more deadly weapons.

They ignored calls
UN humanitarian

and all peace-loving peoples.

They have presented no
justification

to detonate the weapon
monstrous is useless.

They remained insensitive

the dangers of radioactive fallout
for the human race.

The Delegation of the United States
deeply regrets

contempt of this
world opinion.

And we think that following these
discouraging events,

other delegations should
express their views

on these new
shocking and disturbing.

Because today, Mr. President,
the world has taken a big step backwards,

into anarchy and disaster.

The Russians had broken
a voluntary moratorium.

the United States responded quickly

by a wide range of weapons testing
in retaliation for a large scale.

The tension rises when near
100 nuclear tests were conducted

between the test area in Nevada
and the Pacific Ocean,

under the code names Nougat,
Storax and Dominic.

Testing the Polaris missile
Power: [Confidential]

The primary importance
was uncertainty

on weapon systems
offensive and defensive

installed but not proven, since
the beginning of the voluntary moratorium.

anti submarine weapon
Power: [Confidential]

Operations resumed
on Johnston Island and Christmas Island

during Operation Dominic.

The United States negotiated the use
Christmas Island with the British

who used the island for
their own thermonuclear tests.

Multi megaton bombs were loaded
on B-52 strategic bombers,

sent from Hawaii, and release
on the southern tip of Christmas Island.

The Ministry of Defense continued
its progress in space

conducting five tests at high
altitude over Johnston Island.

Most of these bombs were transported
Thor missiles by the U.S. Air Force,

to continue research

neutralization of warheads
enemy at high altitude.

The nuclear weapons tests
had joined the space age.

Kennedy signed the ban
nuclear tests.

This small step towards safety
could be followed by other,

longer and less limited

but also more difficult to take.

With our courage and understanding
reinforced by this success,

supporting research on the willingness
man's essential for peace.

As president of the United States and
with the advice and consent of the Senate,

I now sign the instruments
of ratification of this treaty.

"Tightrope" was the last atmospheric
test done by the United States.

He was fired from Johnston Island

a missile with "Nike-Hercules"
air defense,

and was detonated at high altitude,
above Johnston Island.

This put an end to the whole series atmospheric
testing done by the United States,

when in 1963 we have joined the treaty
Nuclear Test Ban

which prohibits any atmospheric testing.

Between 1945 and 1962, the United States
conducted 331 atmospheric nuclear tests.

100 countries approved the treaty
to ban nuclear tests

and end the threat
radioactive pollution

resulting from atmospheric testing.

However...

ONE YEAR LATER