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In the dense rainforest of Gabon,
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one of the largest, and most nimble of the primates
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makes its home,
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The western lowland gorilla.
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Though they can weigh as much as 400 pounds,
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these gorillas can easily scale trees almost 200 feet high.
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Leaves and fruits from nearly 100 species of trees
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are the staple of their diet.
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But, for one gorilla,
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life within this vertical world is especially challenging.
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This young male lost one of his arms
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when he was just two years old.
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How can he hope to survive,
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where agility and strength are vital
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to a life among the treetops?
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The Gabonese Republic lies on the equator,
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off the Atlantic coast of Africa.
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This is the world's second largest rain forest,
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after the Amazon in South America.
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Here the air is extremely humid,
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with an average annual temperature
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of around 77 degrees Fahrenheit,
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and almost 60 inches of rain a year.
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Branches grow in every direction,
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preventing sunlight from reaching the ground.
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The floor of this rain forest is always in shadow,
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even during the day.
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The forest teems with life,
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with over 670 species of birds,
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like this black cast horn bill.
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And over two hundred mammals,
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including the shy forest elephant,
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the largest creature in these forests,
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but the smallest of all elephants.
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Professor Juichi Yamagiwa, of Kyoto University,
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is an expert on gorillas.
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He began his field work on these primates
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nearly 30 years ago,
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studying them all across Africa.
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In Gabon, he's been tracking
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one particular gorilla family for nine years.
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Now, he's back to check on their progress.
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The bark of this branch has been peeled by a gorilla.
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He also finds a half-eaten piece of fruit.
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Is it really a nut?
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The western lowland gorilla is secretive, and shy,
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hidden deep within these dense, tropical forests.
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The bark of a gorilla echos across the forest.
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Yamagiwa begins a low grunt,
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imitating the greeting sound of a male.
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He doesn't want the gorillas to feel threatened.
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The team spots a male,
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a western lowland gorilla.
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These primates are the largest tree climbers in the forest.
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Navigating the branches of African teak,
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and other trees, with ease.
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Scientists believe that gorillas know, from experience,
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which branches can support their weight.
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This gorilla balances its heavy weight on a single branch.
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The team needs to go deeper into the forest,
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in search of the family.
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They're close.
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Yamagiwa approaches cautiously,
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uttering a low grunting sound.
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He doesn't want to frighten the ape.
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Several other gorillas emerge from the undergrowth.
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This is the family Yamagiwa was hoping to find.
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The father, and dominant male, is called Papa Gentil,
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meaning, "nice daddy" in French.
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Papa Gentil weighs almost 400 pounds.
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His most striking feature is
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the swath of silver hair across his back,
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the mark of an adult male.
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These gorillas are called silverbacks.
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The 23 members of this family
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include six mothers and their offspring.
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The mothers all come from different troops,
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but the young are all Papa Gentil's offspring.
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Once they're weaned, the parenting duties are passed to him.
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Play is an important part of growing up gorilla.
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So is imitation.
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The little ones watch and learn from Papa Gentil.
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Under the guidance and protection of the dominant male,
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a gorilla family always stays and moves together.
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Every day they walk around 1 1/2 miles
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in search of fruit, leaves, and even termites and ants.
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Even the children are masters at tree climbing.
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Since they are heavy creatures,
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they can't all climb the same tree.
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But, there is plenty of fruit to go around,
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and different techniques for getting it.
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To save time,
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this gorilla simply pulls the neighboring tree closer,
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and hops on.
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This way, he doesn't need to go down the way he came up.
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A mother with an infant shifts her weight
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toward a neighboring tree,
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causing her tree to bend.
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She easily moves from one tree to the next,
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with baby clinging tightly.
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But, one member of the family is missing
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from among the trees.
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Dodo, a six year old male.
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Four years ago, Dodo was a feisty youngster,
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imitating his power in a show of power.
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Though just weaned from his mother,
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he was still dependent upon her for milk.
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Then, Dodo was attacked by a male outside of the family,
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trying to steal Dodo's mother for a mate.
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The gorilla who took his mother away
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most likely saw Dodo as a nuisance,
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and attacked him.
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Dodo lost both his mother, and his right arm.
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Shortly after the attack, Dodo was covered in cuts,
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and was missing his right arm, just below the elbow.
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Without his mother's milk, Dodo's chances were slim.
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It was Papa Gentil who saved him.
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Without the use of his arm,
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he tended to lag behind the family.
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Whenever that happened, Papa Gentil always waited for him.
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The family travels in the open grassland,
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between two forests.
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They're an easy target for predators or hunters.
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They need to cross as quickly as possible.
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The family could have abandoned Dodo, but chose, instead,
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to protect and nurture the injured youngster.
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Yamagiwa believes this show of deep compassion
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is what keeps the entire family strong and safe.
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But, can a gorilla with such a handicap
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make it, in a world so dependent upon climbing?
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In fact, not all gorillas inhabit dense rainforests.
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Their cousin, the mountain gorilla,
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makes the ground it's home.
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They frequently inhabit the slopes of dormant volcanoes,
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living at high altitudes,
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where tall fruit trees rarely grow.
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These primates are herbivores that feed on plants and grass.
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How did the two different species come to live
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in such different environments?
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The territory of the western lowland gorilla
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is the lowland tropical rainforest,
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near the western coast of Africa.
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12 hundred miles east are the mountains of central Africa,
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home to the mountain gorilla.
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Over 20 million years ago,
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African tropical rainforest
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covered a much wider area than today.
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Around 10 million years ago, a massive geological shift,
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deep within the continent's crust,
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made the land of east Africa begin to rise and crack.
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This trench became an enormous valley.
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Magma pushed to the surface,
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creating a gorge nearly two miles deep.
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This was the birth of the Great Rift Valley.
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These newly created high elevations
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caused dramatic changes in climate.
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East Africa,
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which had been covered in rich, tropical rainforest,
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dried up.
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The forest disappeared.
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The mountain gorilla began eating grass,
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while the lowland gorilla continued
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to forage for food in the trees.
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Their tree-climbing lifestyle, the same as their ancestors,
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never needed to change.
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Western lowland gorillas spend several hours
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of the morning eating.
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They'll take a break in the middle of the day,
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then eat again until dusk.
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It's late August,
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the height of the dry season.
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Yamagiwa searches through the forest
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looking for places that Papa Gentil might bring the family.
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He finds something.
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Gorillas love to eat this fruit.
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And here in this part of the forest,
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these trees are few and far between.
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This tree is filled with a cherry-like fruit.
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Yamagiwa checks to see how ripe it is.
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The fruit is ready to eat.
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This is the perfect spot
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to catch Papa Gentil and his family.
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Six surveillance cameras are set up around the tree.
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The next day, the team gets results.
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An ape arrives, but it's not a gorilla.
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It's a chimpanzee.
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Just like gorillas, they love this fruit.
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Half way through it's meal,
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something in the bushes grabs its attention.
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The chimp decides not to stick around.
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One minute later, the gorilla family arrives.
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Papa Gentil barks, and scurries in the direction
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of the chimpanzee.
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The youngster that arrived first had noticed the chimpanzee.
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When he tried to move closer to it,
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Papa Gentil made a dash.
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Papa Gentil went to stop the youngster
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from going anywhere near the chimpanzee.
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There's no particular hostility
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between gorillas and chimpanzees,
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but they tend to keep each other in check,
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because they both forage for the same fruit.
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Now, the family is ready to eat.
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An infant clings securely to its mother.
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Next, it's Papa Gentil's turn.
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Because this tree is so slender, with fewer branches,
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only the mother and Papa Gentil make the climb.
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This mother's infant, the youngest of the troop,
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is not even two months old.
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Priority is given to a nursing mother,
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who needs to consume more to maintain her milk supply.
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For Papa Gentil, so much fruit in one place
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is a special treat.
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Full grown males need to eat about
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45 pounds of food per day.
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As for the others, there's more than enough
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lying on the ground.
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And Dodo's got plenty to keep him happy.
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He's developed his own way of foraging,
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and he's got a healthy appetite.
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There's a reason why so much fruit is falling.
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When eating, using their powerful strength,
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gorillas often break off entire branches.
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Breaking branches helps to complete an important process.
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After a few days, the fruits on a broken branch
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will turn red, and ripen.
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If left on the tree, this fruit will stay green,
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and take its time to ripen.
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But, when a branch is broken, ripening begins immediately.
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Branches with dead leaves are a sure sign
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of gorilla activity.
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And, broken branches allow for a
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constant supply of ripe fruits.
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As they feast, gorillas often drop fruits,
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or entire branches to the ground below.
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Dodo is reaping the benefits.
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Dodo continues picking up fruit
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until Papa Gentil comes down.
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Then, the family heads off.
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As they move through the forest,
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something's different.
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This time, instead of lagging behind the rest of the troop,
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Dodo's in among the leaders.
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He seems determined to hold his own within the family,
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and Papa Gentil and the others,
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seem just as determined to keep him strong.
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Yamagiwa has seen signs that Dodo has been making progress.
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But, he wants to find more evidence
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that Dodo has a chance to survive into young adulthood.
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Yamagiwa and the team see the family just ahead.
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Dodo is with a sibling.
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As the team tries to move closer, they can feel tension.
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The gorillas are on alert.
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One of the mothers starts howling.
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Then, Papa Gentil dashes towards the team.
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He's warning them not to come any closer.
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Although the family splits up when climbing trees,
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on the ground they stick together.
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Papa Gentil is ready to guard his troop, at any cost.
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Yamagiwa and his team want to know
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why the family seems so agitated.
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The team sets up surveillance cameras.
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One is placed on a path the gorillas often take.
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At first, nothing seems out of the ordinary.
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A mother and her baby pass by the camera.
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They don't seem to notice it.
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Another gorilla slowly approaches the camera,
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but doesn't seem to be threatened by it.
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But, as day turns to night,
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the cameras show a different story.
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A leopard appears.
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Leopards are the gorillas only wild predator.
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This could be why Papa Gentil and the family
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were so tense, and aggressive.
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The next morning, at the research camp,
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there's another ominous sign.
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A gorilla appears from behind a cabin,
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a full grown male,
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alone.
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With no family,
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these gorillas are known as solitary gorillas.
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This gorilla is a little unusual.
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He has no fear of humans.
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He may be used to people,
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because the camp site is within the territory he roams.
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Male gorillas usually become silvery at about 13 years old,
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when they leave their families to go off on their own.
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Solitary gorillas live their bachelor years
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roaming the forest.
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Without a family to protect,
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they live a relatively care-free life.
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Soon, he'll begin to search for a mate.
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They advertise their strength through their
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unique chest beating displays.
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Solitary gorillas pick out mature females
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living with their family.
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Sometimes, they will try to steal a female.
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They can even attack infants, or youngsters,
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in order to abduct a female.
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This is what happened to Dodo.
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And another attack on Papa Gentil's family
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could prove very dangerous for the vulnerable Dodo.
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It's now mid-September.
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The three month long dry season is nearing its end.
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It's the first rain in a long while.
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Large raindrops moisten the forest foliage.
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After the rain, flowers grow brighter.
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The sky clears, and the gorilla family resumes eating.
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As the rainy season approaches,
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the fruit becomes sweeter, and more plentiful.
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All the gorillas in the family
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are picking fruit in the trees.
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All except one.
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Dodo is sitting below, alone.
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This time, there's very little fruit lying on the ground.
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He's been sitting there for some time,
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but then, he gets up.
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He's now 50 feet above the ground,
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looking for young leaves.
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He holds on to a bunch of leaves
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using his injured arm.
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He goes further up.
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This is the evidence Yamagiwa has been looking for.
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It's been four years
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since Dodo was attacked, and lost his arm.
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He's developed, and mastered, a great many skills
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a young gorilla needs to survive in the rainforest.
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Perseverance, and a keen intelligence
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have brought Dodo a long way.
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But, his greatest strength may be
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from the strong support of his father,
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and the rest of his family.
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Their encouragement and compassion
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will give Dodo the best chance to flourish
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in this tropical world, high in the tree tops,
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in one of the densest, and most wild places on earth.
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