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(dramatic music)
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I'm Christopher Clark, Cambridge historian.
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I was born in Australia.
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For Europeans that's practically the other end of the world.
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But the European continent
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and its incredible diversity always fascinated me.
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Even in the far off country where I grew up,
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I was always aware that so much
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of our world has our roots in Europe,
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and modern Europe is one
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of the greatest achievements in human history.
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I want to share the grand saga of this continent,
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and in the process I hope to
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rediscover its wonders for myself.
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Europe, no other continent on earth
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has as much natural and cultural diversity
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crammed into such a small area.
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The tension between unity and division
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has been one of the central themes of European history,
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and today it is still the cardinal question
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facing Europe's political leaders.
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The European continent was in a constant state of flux,
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not just politically but also in its mental life.
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Everything was called into question.
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For every idea there was a counter-idea.
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A kind of restlessness has always characterized
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the intellectual life of Europe.
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The most diverse cultures collide
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in the confined and fragmented space
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of the European peninsula,
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and the result was almost always violence.
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Europe, a continent at war.
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In no other part of the world has there been
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such intense and sustained fighting
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over power, religion, and dominance.
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Again and again, Europeans have striven to make peace.
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Some peace settlements were robust and durable,
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others were not.
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The world's most devastating wars
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originated on this continent.
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The First World War, the seminal catastrophe
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of the 20th century.
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The Second World War changed the face of Europe forever.
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Here in Kiev in Ukraine,
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the battles were particularly ferocious.
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(emotional music)
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Hitler wants to subjugate Europe
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and challenge the global hegemony
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of the English speaking peoples.
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The Nazis' demented expansion plans,
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their campaign for Lebensreform
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ends in unparalleled destruction
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and crimes against humanity.
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The Second World War left Europe in ruins
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and sundered the continent into two zones of influence.
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The Allies have won the war,
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and together they want to shape the peace.
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US President Truman, Soviet dictator Stalin,
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and British Prime Minister Churchill
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will divide the continent between them.
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I've traveled to Reims in France
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where the German Weimer
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signed its unconditional surrender in 1945.
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In 1962, the German Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer,
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and the French President, Charles de Gaulle,
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come to this city to celebrate the reconciliation
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of their two countries.
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The French greet Adenauer with rousing cheers,
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something that was not to be taken for granted,
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especially in this city.
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(dramatic music)
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It was an important moment for Europe
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when two statesmen from Germany and France,
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Conrad Adenauer and Charles de Gaulle
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specifically chose Reims as the location
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to hold a massive reconciliation.
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For many Germans, Reims was the place where the Weimar
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had signed an agreement of unconditional surrender
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to the Allies at the American headquarters
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on the 7th of May, 1945.
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For the French, the symbolic importance of Reims
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was even greater.
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This was where the coronations of French kings
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had been held.
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The cathedral was severely damaged by German artillery fire
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at the beginning of World War I.
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In fact, Reims was so completely devastated
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and suffered so many deaths during the First World War
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that it was granted the official title
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of Ville Martyre, martyred city,
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and now 17 years after an even more horrific world war,
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history turned a corner.
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Hostility made way for friendship.
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It was miracles of reconciliation like this
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that laid the foundations of a united Europe.
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The mass for reconciliation is the beginning
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of a budding relationship between the two peoples
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and a successful partnership
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between the German chancellery and the Elysee Palace,
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a partnership that would become
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the heart of the European community
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and the principle motor of its political evolution.
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It remains so even today.
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Redemption and relief after centuries of animosity.
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The two countries' shared Christian roots
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were a great help in this process,
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but is Christianity still a factor in these relationships?
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Go into a church in Western Europe,
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and you may well find it empty,
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even during the religious service,
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and yet when travel in Europe I cam constantly struck
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by the deep imprint Christianity has left
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on all domains of European life,
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the endless variety of ecclesiastical building,
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the omnipresence of religious images in art and music.
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Europe is often described as a secular
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or post-Christian continent, and you can see why,
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but the wellspring is not entirely dry,
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and the continuing power of this tradition
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should not be underestimated.
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Even within the circle of Europe's political leaders,
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there are signs of revival of Christian commitments.
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As an Australian, I come from a continent
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with no internal political borders.
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Europe still has national borders, of course,
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even if they're open and barely visible today.
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Here for example in Leiding and in Saarland.
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One town, two countries.
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Here in this little village,
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we can experience European history firsthand.
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In 1814, after the Congress of Vienna,
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this road became the border between Germany and France,
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carving up the village that the great powers
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had treated as a pawn for the previous 200 years.
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Sometimes it was French, sometimes it was German.
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Now it's one thing above all, European,
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but there are still differences between the two parts
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of the village.
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Here I'm in France in Leiding,
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and on the other side of the road
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is the German state of Saarland.
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They have two fire departments and two mail services,
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but one language unites the people here,
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the Moselle Franconian dialect that has survived
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on both sides of the border.
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I'm meeting with the two mayors of Leiding.
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What does Europe mean to them?
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(speaking foreign language)
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Things that belong together for all of their differences
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are finally growing together in Europe.
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Another town, another border.
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This fence still stands as a reminder of a bygone era.
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It divided not only the town of Modlareuth
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and the families that lived there.
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It also separated Germany and Europe
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into east and west.
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The East German regime even built a wall
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through this town that looked a little
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like the one in Berlin.
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The border dividing Germany,
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cutting through the heart of Europe,
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is expanded and reinforced throughout the 1960s.
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The East German government refers to it
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as an anti-fascist protective rampart.
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In fact, it's true purpose is to ensure
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that no more East German citizens can escape to the West.
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More than three million people had already done so
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by 1961 when the wall was built.
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Fleeing the Eastern Republic means risking death.
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In the 1970s, relations between East and West begin to thaw.
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For the first time, a West German chancellor
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visits the East, Willy Brandt.
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The goal is to achieve gradual change through rapprochement
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between the two states.
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West Germany signs treaties with Moscow and Warsaw,
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and Willy Brandt is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
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for his efforts.
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One important objective of these agreements
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is the avoidance of war,
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but the period of detente doesn't last long.
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After all, the tension between these two
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very different world views is fundamental
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to the global, political order.
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Communism and dictatorship on one side,
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capitalism and democracy on the other.
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Life is more hectic and more prosperous in the West.
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The border between the two blocks slices straight through
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the heart of Europe.
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Only a few European countries remain outside these blocks.
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Sweden and Finland, Ireland, Austria,
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Switzerland, and Yugoslavia.
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By the end of the 1970s,
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the two blocks are engaged in a fierce arms race.
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Throughout this ideological and geopolitical conflict,
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there are always phases of escalation and detente.
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The benefits and risks of deterrence
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are the subject of heated debate in the West,
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well into the mid-1980s.
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(suspenseful music)
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Military exercises for a war
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that can never be allowed to happen.
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Any open conflict in this atmosphere
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would inevitably have gone beyond a mere exchanges of blows.
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Both sides have massive stockpiles of nuclear weapons.
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The heart of Europe is a potential battlefield
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in an escalating nuclear standoff.
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The events of August 1980 finally spell
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the beginning of the end for a divided Europe.
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Strikes and protest erupt in Poland,
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calling for greater freedom
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under the communist dictatorship.
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They are spurred on by the Solidarnosc Labor Union
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and with the blessing and assistance of a Polish pope
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who believes that solidarity and political freedom
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are Christian and European values,
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and suddenly Europe's division seems surmountable.
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It's Moscow of all places that sets the avalanche in motion.
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In 1985 the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev
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launches a sweeping transformation of the Soviet system.
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Gorbachev, an extraordinary statesman
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who's broad and humane vision restarted European history.
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(dramatic music)
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Worse than being blind is not wanting to see.
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It was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin of all people who said that.
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His political heirs didn't want to see.
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The communist system of government collapsed
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because it was forced upon the people
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by a political elite.
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It was a regime of hyper regulation
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that led to shortages and under development.
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Mikhail Gorbachev famously remarked,
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"He who comes too late is punished by life."
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Whether he ever uttered this elegant aphorism
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in exactly those words is disputed,
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but we do know for certain
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that he made the following statement
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in front of the East German Politburo,
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and I quote, "If we lag behind the times,
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"life will immediately punish us."
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And indeed, after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989
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an enormous wave of change rolled across Eastern Europe
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and ultimately the whole of the continent,
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and Leningrad became Saint Petersburg once again.
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The turning point comes in 1989,
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200 years after French revolutionaries
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stormed the Bastille prison in Paris.
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Both revolutions bring down autocratic regimes.
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The Berlin Wall, a longstanding symbol of oppression,
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finally falls.
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The people peacefully push open the gate to unity.
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Some of Germany's European partners are initially unsettled
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when the country begins to consider reunification,
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but the European community stands by its commitments
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to freedom and self-determination.
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And, the European Union has the opportunity to grow.
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Increasing numbers of former Eastern Block countries
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join its ranks including Lithuania,
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Estonia, Latvia, Poland,
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the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia.
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Gradually, a community with its roots in the West
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becomes a union of 28 states throughout Europe.
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Our journey through the history of Europe
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shows just how much this continent has already achieved.
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Europe has learned from its history.
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It's put the battlefields behind it,
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it's formed its own union.
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Conflict and uneasy coexistence became partnership,
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earning the EU the Nobel Peace Prize.
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00:14:27,530 --> 00:14:31,100
The prize was well deserved, but the Union can't afford
270
00:14:31,100 --> 00:14:33,000
to rest on its laurels.
271
00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:34,540
Peace and security in Europe
272
00:14:34,540 --> 00:14:36,213
are being put to the test right now
273
00:14:36,213 --> 00:14:39,690
in a way we haven't seen since the Cold War.
274
00:14:39,690 --> 00:14:42,230
The European Union is increasingly going to have to
275
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take responsibility for its own security
276
00:14:44,880 --> 00:14:47,913
and rely less on external support.
277
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The Ukraine conflict made this crystal clear,
278
00:14:53,670 --> 00:14:57,390
as Europe drifted into a new East-West conflict.
279
00:14:57,390 --> 00:15:01,170
After Russia, Ukraine is the largest country in Europe.
280
00:15:01,170 --> 00:15:03,500
It's been independent since 1991,
281
00:15:03,500 --> 00:15:05,734
but the Ukrainian government put an abrupt halt
282
00:15:05,734 --> 00:15:08,180
to the country's growing rapprochement
283
00:15:08,180 --> 00:15:11,590
with the EU in November 2013.
284
00:15:11,590 --> 00:15:14,240
Protests by Western minded Ukrainians
285
00:15:14,240 --> 00:15:16,913
at the Maidan Square in Kiev were the result.
286
00:15:18,720 --> 00:15:21,020
The clashes at the Maidan grew more violent
287
00:15:21,020 --> 00:15:22,410
in the month that followed.
288
00:15:22,410 --> 00:15:24,160
A new Ukrainian government was elected,
289
00:15:24,160 --> 00:15:27,300
but at the same time pro-Russian separatist forces
290
00:15:27,300 --> 00:15:30,830
staged an uprising in Eastern Ukraine.
291
00:15:30,830 --> 00:15:32,780
This conflict between East and West
292
00:15:32,780 --> 00:15:34,780
permeates the entire country.
293
00:15:34,780 --> 00:15:38,070
Geographically, politically, and culturally
294
00:15:38,070 --> 00:15:40,423
Ukraine belongs to both sides.
295
00:15:43,970 --> 00:15:47,223
What do people in Kiev think of Europe today?
296
00:15:49,295 --> 00:15:52,962
(speaking foreign language)
297
00:15:55,770 --> 00:15:58,946
Europe is our better future,
298
00:15:58,946 --> 00:16:03,880
so perhaps Ukraine is a historical European state
299
00:16:03,880 --> 00:16:08,880
'cause 'til the beginning of the 16th century
300
00:16:10,160 --> 00:16:13,650
it was the part of Lithuania,
301
00:16:13,650 --> 00:16:18,630
so perhaps we should go back to Europe
302
00:16:18,630 --> 00:16:23,630
'cause our mutual history with Russia
303
00:16:24,220 --> 00:16:29,220
shows some bad results which we face now.
304
00:16:30,290 --> 00:16:33,465
And, perhaps our European integration
305
00:16:33,465 --> 00:16:36,603
may cause some good results to our state.
306
00:16:36,603 --> 00:16:40,270
(speaking foreign language)
307
00:16:50,060 --> 00:16:52,020
But, these ideals are constantly
308
00:16:52,020 --> 00:16:53,630
being called into question.
309
00:16:53,630 --> 00:16:56,163
Who can the citizens of Ukraine rely on?
310
00:16:57,753 --> 00:17:01,110
The churches still play an important role here,
311
00:17:01,110 --> 00:17:02,740
and this was clearly in evidence
312
00:17:02,740 --> 00:17:06,048
during the events on Maidan Square in 2013
313
00:17:06,048 --> 00:17:08,830
when police beat student protestors
314
00:17:08,830 --> 00:17:11,020
who were gathered to demonstrate in favor of
315
00:17:11,020 --> 00:17:13,525
the Association Agreement with the European Union.
316
00:17:13,525 --> 00:17:17,040
Some of those protestors sought refuge in this cathedral.
317
00:17:17,040 --> 00:17:19,153
A priest had opened the gate to them.
318
00:17:19,153 --> 00:17:23,150
The police pursued them, but only as far as the gate.
319
00:17:23,150 --> 00:17:26,470
They didn't dare to venture inside the church itself.
320
00:17:26,470 --> 00:17:28,910
It was the Ukrainian Orthodox church incidentally
321
00:17:28,910 --> 00:17:31,140
that offered a refuge to the protestors.
322
00:17:31,140 --> 00:17:32,725
The Russian orthodox authorities
323
00:17:32,725 --> 00:17:34,953
remained passive bystanders.
324
00:17:37,760 --> 00:17:39,860
In that sense, the conflict struck
325
00:17:39,860 --> 00:17:42,120
at the heart of the Orthodox church.
326
00:17:42,120 --> 00:17:44,958
Most Ukrainian congregations insist on their independence
327
00:17:44,958 --> 00:17:47,920
and view the Moscow patriarchy as an extension
328
00:17:47,920 --> 00:17:50,133
of Russian President Putin's influence.
329
00:17:51,729 --> 00:17:54,111
(dramatic music)
330
00:17:54,111 --> 00:17:57,130
Vladimir Putin keeps a tight grip on the reigns.
331
00:17:57,130 --> 00:17:59,930
Since he won the presidential election in 1999,
332
00:17:59,930 --> 00:18:02,343
he has remained firmly in the seat of power.
333
00:18:03,910 --> 00:18:06,590
Putin's policy of countering Western initiatives
334
00:18:06,590 --> 00:18:09,930
with provocations of his own leads to confrontation,
335
00:18:09,930 --> 00:18:13,050
but it plays brilliantly with the Russian population.
336
00:18:13,050 --> 00:18:16,750
Military units loyal to Moscow marching in Eastern Ukraine,
337
00:18:16,750 --> 00:18:18,520
the Russian annexation of Crimea,
338
00:18:18,520 --> 00:18:20,317
and Putin's involvement in Syria
339
00:18:20,317 --> 00:18:23,493
are all events that bolster his strongman image.
340
00:18:28,040 --> 00:18:30,244
The Kremlin even tried to manipulate
341
00:18:30,244 --> 00:18:34,070
the American presidential elections in 2016,
342
00:18:34,070 --> 00:18:35,580
though there's still disagreement
343
00:18:35,580 --> 00:18:37,410
on how effective these efforts were,
344
00:18:37,410 --> 00:18:41,800
and in 2017 a populist moved into the White House,
345
00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:43,710
Donald Trump.
346
00:18:43,710 --> 00:18:46,280
National egoism is fashionable again,
347
00:18:46,280 --> 00:18:48,253
and it looks similar in every country.
348
00:18:49,554 --> 00:18:51,110
America first!
349
00:18:51,110 --> 00:18:53,553
Again, America first!
350
00:18:54,860 --> 00:18:58,103
National pride has always been a crowd pleaser.
351
00:19:00,170 --> 00:19:02,803
(speaking foreign language)
352
00:19:02,803 --> 00:19:05,386
(crowd cheers)
353
00:19:08,675 --> 00:19:10,790
Europe can only continue to exist
354
00:19:10,790 --> 00:19:13,210
as a sovereign community if it resists
355
00:19:13,210 --> 00:19:16,270
nationalist unilateralism,
356
00:19:16,270 --> 00:19:20,470
but how can the continent achieve that level of sovereignty?
357
00:19:20,470 --> 00:19:23,750
Only by reflecting confidently on its past,
358
00:19:23,750 --> 00:19:26,850
the strength and values that have evolved over millennia,
359
00:19:26,850 --> 00:19:29,183
can Europe replenish its vision of the future.
360
00:19:30,760 --> 00:19:34,330
A German politician, Theodore Heuss once said
361
00:19:34,330 --> 00:19:37,380
that modern Europe was built on three hills.
362
00:19:37,380 --> 00:19:40,800
The Athenian Acropolis, meaning freedom and democracy,
363
00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:42,593
the Capitoline Hill in Rome,
364
00:19:42,593 --> 00:19:45,800
meaning respect for the law and state of authority,
365
00:19:45,800 --> 00:19:49,180
and Golgotha, meaning the Christian tradition.
366
00:19:49,180 --> 00:19:50,617
It's a nice piece of rhetoric,
367
00:19:50,617 --> 00:19:53,270
but the reality is more complex.
368
00:19:53,270 --> 00:19:55,330
Many European countries have only recently
369
00:19:55,330 --> 00:19:58,245
embraced democracy, and in some member states,
370
00:19:58,245 --> 00:20:01,443
the rule of law cannot be taken for granted.
371
00:20:03,260 --> 00:20:06,450
The road to democracy was a rocky and intermittent one,
372
00:20:06,450 --> 00:20:09,960
and traveling it took nearly two and a half thousand years.
373
00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:11,682
The Greeks took the first steps,
374
00:20:11,682 --> 00:20:14,380
but of course ancient Greek democracy
375
00:20:14,380 --> 00:20:16,960
didn't have much in common with our modern parliaments
376
00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:18,750
or with our democratic process,
377
00:20:18,750 --> 00:20:21,470
and the first Athenian democracy only lasted
378
00:20:21,470 --> 00:20:23,610
for just under 200 years,
379
00:20:23,610 --> 00:20:26,683
yet ancient Athens remains our political model today.
380
00:20:27,795 --> 00:20:30,628
(uplifting music)
381
00:20:32,420 --> 00:20:36,340
Rome was a republic, but it wasn't a democracy.
382
00:20:36,340 --> 00:20:38,630
Even if there were public assemblies and a senate
383
00:20:38,630 --> 00:20:41,210
the system wasn't immune to the whims
384
00:20:41,210 --> 00:20:45,090
of tyrannical rulers who saw themselves as gods,
385
00:20:45,090 --> 00:20:48,500
but it was during this era that Roman law was invented,
386
00:20:48,500 --> 00:20:50,440
and the rule of laws is as important
387
00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:52,050
to the success of democracy
388
00:20:52,050 --> 00:20:53,700
as are elections and parliaments.
389
00:20:56,590 --> 00:20:59,220
Being part of the Roman Empire meant being part
390
00:20:59,220 --> 00:21:02,650
of a perfectly organized European community
391
00:21:02,650 --> 00:21:04,773
for countries and citizens alike.
392
00:21:08,230 --> 00:21:11,370
Engineering, architecture, international trade,
393
00:21:11,370 --> 00:21:12,570
and prosperity.
394
00:21:12,570 --> 00:21:15,460
It's almost as though we're talking about modern Europe.
395
00:21:15,460 --> 00:21:18,530
In that sense, Rome is more than just history.
396
00:21:18,530 --> 00:21:20,183
It's also very much the present.
397
00:21:23,610 --> 00:21:26,551
In the 9th century, the Frankish king, Charlemagne
398
00:21:26,551 --> 00:21:29,100
would begin to build on the foundations
399
00:21:29,100 --> 00:21:31,410
first laid by the empire in Rome.
400
00:21:31,410 --> 00:21:34,360
Even back then he had a vision for Europe.
401
00:21:34,360 --> 00:21:36,560
On Christmas day in the year 800,
402
00:21:36,560 --> 00:21:39,800
he is crowned Roman emperor by the Pope,
403
00:21:39,800 --> 00:21:42,120
and the glory and magistery of the Roman Empire
404
00:21:42,120 --> 00:21:44,670
passes into the hands of the Franks.
405
00:21:44,670 --> 00:21:47,480
Aachen, Charlemagne's favorite palace,
406
00:21:47,480 --> 00:21:49,880
becomes the cultural heart of the continent,
407
00:21:49,880 --> 00:21:53,320
and the emperor a father figure to the whole of Europe.
408
00:21:53,320 --> 00:21:57,179
A standardized writing system, binding laws, currency,
409
00:21:57,179 --> 00:22:00,993
Charlemagne even promotes the arts and education.
410
00:22:04,030 --> 00:22:06,930
Monarchy and church would continue to dominate
411
00:22:06,930 --> 00:22:09,450
the public life of Europe for centuries to come.
412
00:22:09,450 --> 00:22:11,630
Of course, the freedoms that we take for granted
413
00:22:11,630 --> 00:22:13,542
in Europe today were unknown,
414
00:22:13,542 --> 00:22:15,799
but church and state were constantly
415
00:22:15,799 --> 00:22:17,570
at each other's throats,
416
00:22:17,570 --> 00:22:19,436
and by keeping each other in check
417
00:22:19,436 --> 00:22:23,590
they created a certain room for political maneuver.
418
00:22:23,590 --> 00:22:25,956
Popular resistance to traditional authority
419
00:22:25,956 --> 00:22:28,343
was another driver of change.
420
00:22:32,180 --> 00:22:34,960
Martin Luther attacks the papal church
421
00:22:34,960 --> 00:22:37,920
and speaks of the priesthood of all believers
422
00:22:37,920 --> 00:22:39,790
who answer only to God
423
00:22:39,790 --> 00:22:41,520
The Reformation spreads swiftly
424
00:22:41,520 --> 00:22:43,440
across central and northern Europe.
425
00:22:43,440 --> 00:22:45,000
It creates an environment
426
00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:47,836
where people begin to question authority.
427
00:22:47,836 --> 00:22:50,419
(crowd cheers)
428
00:22:52,150 --> 00:22:54,850
The spirit of revolution would only grow stronger
429
00:22:54,850 --> 00:22:56,400
in the centuries to come,
430
00:22:56,400 --> 00:22:59,100
and the rulers of Europe would feel its effects.
431
00:22:59,100 --> 00:23:02,090
Among those who bear the brunt of popular upheaval
432
00:23:02,090 --> 00:23:03,980
are the French royal family.
433
00:23:03,980 --> 00:23:05,620
In late 18th century France,
434
00:23:05,620 --> 00:23:09,700
the crown wields the full power of the French state.
435
00:23:09,700 --> 00:23:12,260
Versailles is the heart of it all,
436
00:23:12,260 --> 00:23:16,220
and the king is the sun around which everything revolves.
437
00:23:16,220 --> 00:23:17,623
Well, not for long.
438
00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:20,960
The French Revolution erupts.
439
00:23:20,960 --> 00:23:23,320
The key words of the revolutionary movement
440
00:23:23,320 --> 00:23:26,510
are strident signals to the rest of Europe.
441
00:23:26,510 --> 00:23:29,800
Freedom, equality, brotherhood.
442
00:23:29,800 --> 00:23:31,847
The French Revolution would change the continent
443
00:23:31,847 --> 00:23:33,953
and the world forever.
444
00:23:34,950 --> 00:23:36,930
The revolution brought the concept
445
00:23:36,930 --> 00:23:39,980
of the separation of powers to the fore in Europe.
446
00:23:39,980 --> 00:23:41,356
In the decades that followed,
447
00:23:41,356 --> 00:23:44,449
elected parliaments became increasingly common,
448
00:23:44,449 --> 00:23:48,816
giving ordinary Europeans a first albeit quiet voice
449
00:23:48,816 --> 00:23:50,693
in determining their own fate.
450
00:23:56,339 --> 00:24:00,710
There has been a directly elected European parliament
451
00:24:00,710 --> 00:24:03,633
in Strasbourg for nearly 40 years now.
452
00:24:03,633 --> 00:24:06,910
(speaking foreign language)
453
00:24:06,910 --> 00:24:08,240
All members of the parliament
454
00:24:08,240 --> 00:24:10,912
proudly speak their own languages.
455
00:24:10,912 --> 00:24:14,579
(speaking foreign language)
456
00:24:15,750 --> 00:24:17,933
This parliament is the only directly elected
457
00:24:17,933 --> 00:24:21,183
supernational institution in the world.
458
00:24:24,030 --> 00:24:25,670
What is Europe?
459
00:24:25,670 --> 00:24:28,390
It's a place, but it's also a utopia,
460
00:24:28,390 --> 00:24:30,800
an imagined land that can't be found
461
00:24:30,800 --> 00:24:32,450
on a map of the present.
462
00:24:32,450 --> 00:24:35,370
But, the search for such a utopia has helped this continent
463
00:24:35,370 --> 00:24:38,280
make progress over the last 70 years.
464
00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:41,464
The EU parliament, for example, is a directly elected
465
00:24:41,464 --> 00:24:43,460
EU institution.
466
00:24:43,460 --> 00:24:45,510
Perhaps one day this parliament will elect
467
00:24:45,510 --> 00:24:49,110
a European government, an EU government based on
468
00:24:49,110 --> 00:24:52,330
solid, democratic principles could help Europe
469
00:24:52,330 --> 00:24:54,860
solve countless crises in the future,
470
00:24:54,860 --> 00:24:58,230
but let's not forget democracy is messy.
471
00:24:58,230 --> 00:25:00,760
With every freedom comes a risk.
472
00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:02,830
There'll never be a perfect Europe.
473
00:25:02,830 --> 00:25:05,480
It's simply too diverse a place for that,
474
00:25:05,480 --> 00:25:07,500
but a utopia can be a good compass
475
00:25:07,500 --> 00:25:10,140
if it is anchored in strong values.
476
00:25:10,140 --> 00:25:13,230
The European ideal is like the stars.
477
00:25:13,230 --> 00:25:16,653
We may never reach them, but they guide us on our way.
478
00:25:18,340 --> 00:25:20,460
Europeans have trodden many paths
479
00:25:20,460 --> 00:25:21,970
in the course of their history.
480
00:25:21,970 --> 00:25:24,080
In the 4th century the entire continent
481
00:25:24,080 --> 00:25:26,140
was in turmoil all the way to the shores
482
00:25:26,140 --> 00:25:27,310
of the Mediterranean.
483
00:25:27,310 --> 00:25:30,320
From that point on, it would be the Germanic tribes
484
00:25:30,320 --> 00:25:32,100
north of the Alps and not Rome
485
00:25:32,100 --> 00:25:34,263
that determined the continent's fate.
486
00:25:37,400 --> 00:25:41,040
European history has never been about a single culture.
487
00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:43,350
It's a conglomeration of many cultures
488
00:25:43,350 --> 00:25:46,030
that have come together and broken apart again.
489
00:25:46,030 --> 00:25:49,080
Europeans' relation with one another had less to do
490
00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:51,870
with harmony and unity than with competition
491
00:25:51,870 --> 00:25:55,470
between tribes, cities, and religions.
492
00:25:55,470 --> 00:25:58,560
I'm in Italy, a country where this continent's history
493
00:25:58,560 --> 00:26:00,723
can still be experienced firsthand.
494
00:26:05,247 --> 00:26:07,689
For me, the medieval city of Siena
495
00:26:07,689 --> 00:26:09,850
is a Europe in miniature.
496
00:26:09,850 --> 00:26:12,287
For centuries its 17 districts, the Contrade,
497
00:26:12,287 --> 00:26:15,805
have formed a community within the city walls,
498
00:26:15,805 --> 00:26:19,260
yet all are in competition with each other,
499
00:26:19,260 --> 00:26:21,490
and once a year there's the Palio,
500
00:26:21,490 --> 00:26:23,530
a horse race in which the contrade
501
00:26:23,530 --> 00:26:25,390
compete against one another.
502
00:26:25,390 --> 00:26:27,280
This competition is taken very seriously,
503
00:26:27,280 --> 00:26:29,987
and there it is again, the old competitive spirit
504
00:26:29,987 --> 00:26:32,750
that once made Europe what it became.
505
00:26:32,750 --> 00:26:35,525
Everyone for themselves, the community for all,
506
00:26:35,525 --> 00:26:39,910
and over there in the town hall in the 14th century
507
00:26:39,910 --> 00:26:43,510
the painter Ambrogio Lorenzetti captured in a nutshell
508
00:26:43,510 --> 00:26:45,990
what it means to govern a community.
509
00:26:45,990 --> 00:26:50,010
He called his work The Allegory of Good and Bad Government.
510
00:26:50,010 --> 00:26:53,463
In it you can see both sides of European history.
511
00:26:55,010 --> 00:26:58,827
While the tyrant rules as a devil with horns and fangs,
512
00:26:58,827 --> 00:27:02,560
the wise ruler lives for the peace and prosperity
513
00:27:02,560 --> 00:27:06,113
of his subjects, flanked by the cardinal virtues.
514
00:27:10,230 --> 00:27:11,840
But, what happens next?
515
00:27:11,840 --> 00:27:13,590
How will the story continue?
516
00:27:13,590 --> 00:27:15,796
Today demagogues are everywhere in Europe
517
00:27:15,796 --> 00:27:17,906
keener on trumpeting nationalism
518
00:27:17,906 --> 00:27:20,530
than on strengthening the community.
519
00:27:20,530 --> 00:27:22,940
They would have ended up on the dark side
520
00:27:22,940 --> 00:27:24,240
of Lorenzetti's depiction.
521
00:27:25,790 --> 00:27:28,610
Incidentally, the cultural integration of migrants
522
00:27:28,610 --> 00:27:31,072
may well have been invented here in Siena.
523
00:27:31,072 --> 00:27:34,390
It's here that the first ever historically documented
524
00:27:34,390 --> 00:27:36,422
language courses for foreigners were offered
525
00:27:36,422 --> 00:27:39,580
to Germans who settled in the city,
526
00:27:39,580 --> 00:27:41,833
and that was in the year 1588.
527
00:27:45,860 --> 00:27:49,490
Internal migration has a long history in Europe.
528
00:27:49,490 --> 00:27:51,210
Take the Huguenots for example.
529
00:27:51,210 --> 00:27:54,280
These French Protestants were persecuted
530
00:27:54,280 --> 00:27:57,070
by the Catholic majority in their home country,
531
00:27:57,070 --> 00:28:00,350
and in the 17th and 18th centuries they fled
532
00:28:00,350 --> 00:28:02,780
to Germany, England, Ireland,
533
00:28:02,780 --> 00:28:05,450
and the English colonies in North America.
534
00:28:05,450 --> 00:28:08,670
With his Edict of Potsdam, Elector Frederick William
535
00:28:08,670 --> 00:28:11,550
invited tens of thousands of migrant Huguenots
536
00:28:11,550 --> 00:28:14,570
to Brandenburg in 1685.
537
00:28:14,570 --> 00:28:17,173
The migrants were now free to practice their religion,
538
00:28:17,173 --> 00:28:18,840
and the towns where they settled
539
00:28:18,840 --> 00:28:22,753
benefited from their know-how and their business sense.
540
00:28:22,753 --> 00:28:27,190
Postwar Germany invited its first official guest workers,
541
00:28:27,190 --> 00:28:29,260
as they were known, from Italy.
542
00:28:29,260 --> 00:28:31,760
They helped Germany manage the extra workload
543
00:28:31,760 --> 00:28:34,360
create by its economic revival.
544
00:28:34,360 --> 00:28:38,552
Job seekers from Greece, Spain, Turkey, Morocco,
545
00:28:38,552 --> 00:28:43,552
Portugal, Tunisia, and Yugoslavia followed in the 1960s,
546
00:28:44,090 --> 00:28:46,890
and East Germany welcomed its own guest workers
547
00:28:46,890 --> 00:28:49,833
from its socialist sister countries in Asia.
548
00:28:56,125 --> 00:28:59,330
Today it's clear that there is a strong current
549
00:28:59,330 --> 00:29:02,240
of migration throughout the entire European Union.
550
00:29:02,240 --> 00:29:04,040
Nearly one million Europeans
551
00:29:04,040 --> 00:29:06,780
move to a different country every year.
552
00:29:06,780 --> 00:29:10,600
Once again, the continent is mingling and blending.
553
00:29:10,600 --> 00:29:12,570
The number of immigrants from other continents
554
00:29:12,570 --> 00:29:15,003
on the other hand has declined slightly.
555
00:29:21,290 --> 00:29:24,330
The percentage of foreigners living in European countries
556
00:29:24,330 --> 00:29:27,180
differs widely from place to place.
557
00:29:27,180 --> 00:29:30,160
In some countries, migrants are naturalized
558
00:29:30,160 --> 00:29:31,890
and no longer count as foreigners.
559
00:29:31,890 --> 00:29:34,030
This is particularly the case for countries
560
00:29:34,030 --> 00:29:36,973
with a colonial past such as France or Great Britain.
561
00:29:41,260 --> 00:29:44,340
Then as now, immigration is vital
562
00:29:44,340 --> 00:29:46,750
to the economic and demographic future
563
00:29:46,750 --> 00:29:47,850
of the European Union.
564
00:29:51,060 --> 00:29:53,910
The experience of migration has also involved
565
00:29:53,910 --> 00:29:56,320
encounters with other religions.
566
00:29:56,320 --> 00:29:59,410
People exchange more than just goods and labor.
567
00:29:59,410 --> 00:30:02,250
They also learn about each others' cultures.
568
00:30:02,250 --> 00:30:04,990
Turkey in particular, as the successor state
569
00:30:04,990 --> 00:30:09,260
to the Ottoman Empire, was a gateway between East and West.
570
00:30:09,260 --> 00:30:12,420
Kemal Ataturk modernized his country,
571
00:30:12,420 --> 00:30:14,140
led it into independence,
572
00:30:14,140 --> 00:30:17,010
and promoted progressive version of Islam.
573
00:30:17,010 --> 00:30:19,770
Education was his top priority,
574
00:30:19,770 --> 00:30:22,020
and today it remains the key
575
00:30:22,020 --> 00:30:24,823
to successful cultural and social integration.
576
00:30:27,310 --> 00:30:30,220
According to a new study, the majority of Muslim immigrants
577
00:30:30,220 --> 00:30:33,440
in Western Europe are fully integrated into society
578
00:30:33,440 --> 00:30:36,430
by the second generation at the latest.
579
00:30:36,430 --> 00:30:38,550
They have rights and responsibilities
580
00:30:38,550 --> 00:30:41,770
and the freedom to choose their own path in life.
581
00:30:41,770 --> 00:30:45,890
Naturally they are an equal part of European society.
582
00:30:45,890 --> 00:30:48,098
They have the same inalienable rights
583
00:30:48,098 --> 00:30:50,180
as all their fellow citizens,
584
00:30:50,180 --> 00:30:53,303
including the right to freely practice their religion.
585
00:30:55,280 --> 00:30:57,330
But, the right to freedom of religion
586
00:30:57,330 --> 00:31:00,260
ends when the freedoms of others are restricted
587
00:31:00,260 --> 00:31:02,070
or called into question.
588
00:31:02,070 --> 00:31:05,670
This abuse of religious freedom can take extreme forms,
589
00:31:05,670 --> 00:31:08,430
as in the use of hate speech in sermons,
590
00:31:08,430 --> 00:31:10,480
calls for a theocratic state
591
00:31:10,480 --> 00:31:12,779
that will supersede democratic institutions,
592
00:31:12,779 --> 00:31:16,580
incitement to violence or terror.
593
00:31:16,580 --> 00:31:20,420
Since the early 2000s, a tiny minority of radical Islamist
594
00:31:20,420 --> 00:31:22,750
have been challenging the peaceful coexistence
595
00:31:22,750 --> 00:31:24,550
of the religions in Europe.
596
00:31:24,550 --> 00:31:26,028
Tolerance only works
597
00:31:26,028 --> 00:31:28,954
when there is agreement on basic values.
598
00:31:28,954 --> 00:31:31,754
The vast majority of Muslims want nothing to do
599
00:31:31,754 --> 00:31:35,180
with a radical, politicized version of Islam,
600
00:31:35,180 --> 00:31:38,420
and anyone who hopes to use Europe's freedoms against it
601
00:31:38,420 --> 00:31:40,950
in the name of religion should take another look
602
00:31:40,950 --> 00:31:41,983
at European history.
603
00:31:43,140 --> 00:31:47,690
For over 700 years Muslims ruled the Iberian peninsula
604
00:31:47,690 --> 00:31:50,820
with Granada and Alhambra at the center of their empire.
605
00:31:50,820 --> 00:31:53,480
They practiced a certain pragmatic tolerance.
606
00:31:53,480 --> 00:31:55,820
They attracted Jewish and Christian scholars
607
00:31:55,820 --> 00:31:58,690
to their academies where scholars worked together
608
00:31:58,690 --> 00:32:00,060
on important projects.
609
00:32:00,060 --> 00:32:02,286
The ancient writings collected by the Arabs
610
00:32:02,286 --> 00:32:04,330
were translated into Latin,
611
00:32:04,330 --> 00:32:06,580
making them accessible to Christian Europe
612
00:32:06,580 --> 00:32:09,310
and preserving them for generations to come.
613
00:32:09,310 --> 00:32:13,040
It was a golden age where ideology took a back seat,
614
00:32:13,040 --> 00:32:15,213
an eloquent historical rejoinder
615
00:32:15,213 --> 00:32:18,383
to the arguments of today's fundamentalists.
616
00:32:23,020 --> 00:32:26,164
In Europe, both sides of the immigration process
617
00:32:26,164 --> 00:32:29,330
have to prove that integration can work
618
00:32:29,330 --> 00:32:31,850
regardless of where the new arrivals come from
619
00:32:31,850 --> 00:32:34,270
and irrespective of their religion.
620
00:32:34,270 --> 00:32:37,810
Sport and football in particular is a great example
621
00:32:37,810 --> 00:32:39,723
of successful integration in practice.
622
00:32:40,625 --> 00:32:44,020
(crowd cheers)
623
00:32:44,020 --> 00:32:46,570
National football teams have long reflected
624
00:32:46,570 --> 00:32:48,970
the process of cultural integration in Europe.
625
00:32:48,970 --> 00:32:50,920
Just take a look at the players' names.
626
00:32:50,920 --> 00:32:54,104
David Alaba, Mesut Ozil, Breel Embolo,
627
00:32:54,104 --> 00:32:57,000
Same Khedira, or Omar Elabdellaoui,
628
00:32:57,000 --> 00:32:59,860
second and third generation children of immigrants
629
00:32:59,860 --> 00:33:01,580
are now playing on the national teams
630
00:33:01,580 --> 00:33:03,885
of the countries where they grew up.
631
00:33:03,885 --> 00:33:06,290
In Europe, as in many other parts of the world,
632
00:33:06,290 --> 00:33:10,140
sport is a domain of accelerated social integration.
633
00:33:10,140 --> 00:33:12,035
Diversity often becomes visible here
634
00:33:12,035 --> 00:33:15,859
long before it's a reality in society at large.
635
00:33:15,859 --> 00:33:18,359
(crowd sings)
636
00:33:28,240 --> 00:33:31,428
You could see these teams and their national anthems
637
00:33:31,428 --> 00:33:34,953
as an anticipatory embodiment of Europe's future.
638
00:33:39,210 --> 00:33:42,570
It's no wonder that Europe has become a dream destination
639
00:33:42,570 --> 00:33:44,010
for so many people.
640
00:33:44,010 --> 00:33:47,833
From December 2010 a wave of protests and revolutions
641
00:33:47,833 --> 00:33:51,940
swept through many Arab countries, including Egypt.
642
00:33:51,940 --> 00:33:54,416
Frustration at the corruption and repression
643
00:33:54,416 --> 00:33:58,130
of autocratic regimes had reached boiling point.
644
00:33:58,130 --> 00:34:00,860
Here in Cairo as in Tunisia and Libya,
645
00:34:00,860 --> 00:34:03,980
the people overthrew their authoritarian rulers,
646
00:34:03,980 --> 00:34:06,370
but the revolutionary fervor of the Arab spring
647
00:34:06,370 --> 00:34:08,593
has since all but dissipated.
648
00:34:09,550 --> 00:34:12,158
In Africa too there are many crisis zones.
649
00:34:12,158 --> 00:34:14,708
Sudan, Mali, Somalia,
650
00:34:14,708 --> 00:34:16,881
many countries on the African continent
651
00:34:16,881 --> 00:34:20,223
are menaced by terror and constant uncertainty.
652
00:34:21,370 --> 00:34:24,700
It's no wonder that many see no future for themselves
653
00:34:24,700 --> 00:34:27,727
or that they're forced to flee from imminent danger.
654
00:34:36,070 --> 00:34:39,360
Across North Africa in Jordan and in Turkey
655
00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:42,330
there are up to 6.6 million refugees
656
00:34:42,330 --> 00:34:44,430
waiting to continue their journey.
657
00:34:44,430 --> 00:34:46,740
They want to travel on to prosperous countries
658
00:34:46,740 --> 00:34:49,070
where their human rights will be respected,
659
00:34:49,070 --> 00:34:50,853
including their right to asylum.
660
00:34:53,610 --> 00:34:57,490
The word asylum has been around for 3,500 years.
661
00:34:57,490 --> 00:34:58,960
It comes from the ancient Greek,
662
00:34:58,960 --> 00:35:01,560
and it refers to the protection of people and things
663
00:35:01,560 --> 00:35:02,950
that are in danger.
664
00:35:02,950 --> 00:35:05,040
The ancient Temple of Apollo at Delphi
665
00:35:05,040 --> 00:35:08,250
and other sanctuaries were places where asylum was granted,
666
00:35:08,250 --> 00:35:11,370
and here on the Capitoline Hill in Rome
667
00:35:11,370 --> 00:35:14,270
Romulus is said to have established an asylum.
668
00:35:14,270 --> 00:35:16,680
He was one of the two legendary brothers.
669
00:35:16,680 --> 00:35:19,980
The other was Remus who, raised by a she-wolf,
670
00:35:19,980 --> 00:35:22,703
became the founders of the ancient city of Rome.
671
00:35:24,180 --> 00:35:27,820
Europe is still struggling to find the right approach
672
00:35:27,820 --> 00:35:29,020
to asylum.
673
00:35:29,020 --> 00:35:32,100
Simply throwing open the gates is not the answer.
674
00:35:32,100 --> 00:35:34,810
Shutting them forever won't work either,
675
00:35:34,810 --> 00:35:38,383
but a common solution must be found.
676
00:35:38,383 --> 00:35:41,133
(dramatic music)
677
00:35:42,370 --> 00:35:45,090
Asylum is an old European tradition.
678
00:35:45,090 --> 00:35:47,400
In the 17th century when a quarter of a million
679
00:35:47,400 --> 00:35:49,500
French Protestants, the Huguenots,
680
00:35:49,500 --> 00:35:51,047
were forced to flee from France
681
00:35:51,047 --> 00:35:54,070
they found sanctuary in neighboring countries.
682
00:35:54,070 --> 00:35:56,600
After the French Revolution there were also many
683
00:35:56,600 --> 00:35:59,156
political refugees who were granted asylum.
684
00:35:59,156 --> 00:36:02,040
Today more than 200 years later,
685
00:36:02,040 --> 00:36:03,780
the whole of Europe faces the challenge
686
00:36:03,780 --> 00:36:06,860
of accepting refugees from other parts of the world.
687
00:36:06,860 --> 00:36:08,915
In the name of the very human rights
688
00:36:08,915 --> 00:36:13,100
that Europeans once postulated and took for granted,
689
00:36:13,100 --> 00:36:15,322
a look back into history can be illuminating
690
00:36:15,322 --> 00:36:17,003
for all Europeans.
691
00:36:18,960 --> 00:36:21,300
Nationalists have seen gains at the polls
692
00:36:21,300 --> 00:36:22,330
throughout Europe.
693
00:36:22,330 --> 00:36:25,350
Immigration is a topic that unites them all.
694
00:36:25,350 --> 00:36:27,234
They want to create a fortress Europe,
695
00:36:27,234 --> 00:36:30,720
closed to the outside world and without a true union
696
00:36:30,720 --> 00:36:31,843
behind its walls.
697
00:36:34,210 --> 00:36:36,116
Europe won't even be able to begin
698
00:36:36,116 --> 00:36:39,430
tackling its many problems until its countries
699
00:36:39,430 --> 00:36:43,310
finally manage to work together to speak with one voice,
700
00:36:43,310 --> 00:36:45,013
but Europe is divided.
701
00:36:45,970 --> 00:36:49,760
Some are even beginning to wonder if the EU will collapse.
702
00:36:49,760 --> 00:36:53,950
In June 2016, the British decided to leave the Union.
703
00:36:53,950 --> 00:36:55,718
Many people, myself included,
704
00:36:55,718 --> 00:36:58,060
believe that this is the wrong decision
705
00:36:58,060 --> 00:37:00,640
because the European Union offers a strong form
706
00:37:00,640 --> 00:37:05,060
of protection and solidarity in an unpredictable world,
707
00:37:05,060 --> 00:37:07,776
but whether or not the UK remains in the EU,
708
00:37:07,776 --> 00:37:11,620
the relationship between the two will remain a vital one
709
00:37:11,620 --> 00:37:12,907
for both sides.
710
00:37:12,907 --> 00:37:15,930
The important thing is for the United Kingdom and Europe
711
00:37:15,930 --> 00:37:19,603
to remain partners as Winston Churchill would have wanted.
712
00:37:22,210 --> 00:37:26,200
The 23rd of June 2016 is a date that no European
713
00:37:26,200 --> 00:37:28,550
is likely to forget anytime soon,
714
00:37:28,550 --> 00:37:32,020
the day on which the United Kingdom opted to say goodbye
715
00:37:32,020 --> 00:37:33,650
to the European Union.
716
00:37:33,650 --> 00:37:35,810
It was a wrenching decision for this country.
717
00:37:35,810 --> 00:37:37,300
Some welcomed the departure
718
00:37:37,300 --> 00:37:39,580
as a return to sovereignty and independence.
719
00:37:39,580 --> 00:37:41,630
Others feared that the nation would retreat
720
00:37:41,630 --> 00:37:44,970
into a self-imposed isolation to warm its hands
721
00:37:44,970 --> 00:37:47,400
over the memory of a glorious past.
722
00:37:47,400 --> 00:37:51,150
It felt and feels like a new and unprecedented turn
723
00:37:51,150 --> 00:37:52,680
in this country's fortunes,
724
00:37:52,680 --> 00:37:55,250
and yet this is the not the first Brexit.
725
00:37:55,250 --> 00:37:59,143
There was another Brexit back in the year 286 AD
726
00:37:59,143 --> 00:38:02,160
when the province of Britannia left the Roman Empire
727
00:38:02,160 --> 00:38:04,702
which at that time, of course, united most of Europe.
728
00:38:04,702 --> 00:38:08,120
Too many taxes, too much Roman feudalism.
729
00:38:08,120 --> 00:38:11,369
An admiral with Welsh roots named Carausias
730
00:38:11,369 --> 00:38:13,550
declared himself ruler of Britain
731
00:38:13,550 --> 00:38:17,010
and led the province out of the union and into liberty.
732
00:38:17,010 --> 00:38:20,070
He even had the word "libertas" embossed onto coins
733
00:38:20,070 --> 00:38:21,630
bearing his likeness.
734
00:38:21,630 --> 00:38:26,630
Incidentally that ancient Brexit lasted just 10 years
735
00:38:26,666 --> 00:38:30,110
before the island returned to the Roman Empire.
736
00:38:30,110 --> 00:38:32,120
There are many people in the UK who still dream
737
00:38:32,120 --> 00:38:35,130
of the glory days of the British Empire
738
00:38:35,130 --> 00:38:37,890
and want nothing to do with the EU,
739
00:38:37,890 --> 00:38:40,630
but the majority of young people would prefer
740
00:38:40,630 --> 00:38:43,253
to maintain their close ties to the continent.
741
00:38:46,720 --> 00:38:49,654
What values do you associate with Europe then?
742
00:38:49,654 --> 00:38:54,654
With democracy, equality, opportunity, yeah.
743
00:38:55,490 --> 00:38:57,600
Everything that...
744
00:38:59,286 --> 00:39:01,517
People feel passionately.
745
00:39:03,640 --> 00:39:06,268
Down there in Brussels beats the heart
746
00:39:06,268 --> 00:39:09,840
of the largest economic area in the world.
747
00:39:09,840 --> 00:39:14,000
There are 500 million producers and consumers in Europe.
748
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:16,360
The European Union accounts for barely 7%
749
00:39:16,360 --> 00:39:18,765
of the world's population,
750
00:39:18,765 --> 00:39:21,440
but trade between the EU and the rest of the world
751
00:39:21,440 --> 00:39:25,990
makes up 15% of global imports and exports.
752
00:39:25,990 --> 00:39:27,709
Alongside the US and China,
753
00:39:27,709 --> 00:39:31,053
the EU is one of the three biggest global players
754
00:39:31,053 --> 00:39:33,090
in international trade.
755
00:39:33,090 --> 00:39:36,610
All this and more is coordinated and controlled
756
00:39:36,610 --> 00:39:39,030
from Brussels through the implementation
757
00:39:39,030 --> 00:39:40,853
of standards and rules.
758
00:39:45,690 --> 00:39:49,060
Europe has sometimes been called a gentle monster,
759
00:39:49,060 --> 00:39:50,410
and there is something monstrous
760
00:39:50,410 --> 00:39:52,620
about the collection of standards and norms
761
00:39:52,620 --> 00:39:56,300
that Brussels imposes on the 500 million citizens of Europe.
762
00:39:56,300 --> 00:40:01,160
At last count, they filled 150,000 pages of text.
763
00:40:01,160 --> 00:40:02,860
The regulating bodies of the Union
764
00:40:02,860 --> 00:40:05,180
do more than just stipulate the kind of lights
765
00:40:05,180 --> 00:40:07,210
that Europeans can have in their living rooms.
766
00:40:07,210 --> 00:40:08,700
They also cover the distance
767
00:40:08,700 --> 00:40:11,448
between the bars on our backyard barbecue grills,
768
00:40:11,448 --> 00:40:15,570
the way a pizza has to be baked, and the length of a banana.
769
00:40:15,570 --> 00:40:17,710
It can sometimes be a bit tedious,
770
00:40:17,710 --> 00:40:20,380
but nation-states also have norms.
771
00:40:20,380 --> 00:40:22,820
In fact, all modern states do,
772
00:40:22,820 --> 00:40:24,420
and they're all the more important
773
00:40:24,420 --> 00:40:28,900
when you are a union of 28 once independent states.
774
00:40:28,900 --> 00:40:31,970
As for those who are always whinging about European norms,
775
00:40:31,970 --> 00:40:34,690
they should not forget that conflicts on this continent,
776
00:40:34,690 --> 00:40:37,190
even quite trivial ones, used to be fought
777
00:40:37,190 --> 00:40:39,560
out on the battlefield.
778
00:40:39,560 --> 00:40:41,540
In a Europe without borders,
779
00:40:41,540 --> 00:40:43,620
everyone has the opportunity to savor
780
00:40:43,620 --> 00:40:47,190
the continent's diversity in the truest sense of the word.
781
00:40:47,190 --> 00:40:49,560
Despite the plethora of EU Standards,
782
00:40:49,560 --> 00:40:51,240
this continent still boasts
783
00:40:51,240 --> 00:40:54,373
more than 70 different regional cuisines,
784
00:40:54,373 --> 00:40:56,910
so it's perhaps surprising that when it comes
785
00:40:56,910 --> 00:40:59,760
to drinking culture in Europe there are really
786
00:40:59,760 --> 00:41:01,729
only two camps.
787
00:41:01,729 --> 00:41:04,970
For those in Northern and Eastern Europe,
788
00:41:04,970 --> 00:41:06,890
beer is the essential beverage,
789
00:41:06,890 --> 00:41:08,550
while in the West and the South
790
00:41:08,550 --> 00:41:12,030
most people still prefer to drink wine,
791
00:41:12,030 --> 00:41:14,740
and this division has ancient roots.
792
00:41:14,740 --> 00:41:16,620
The Romans cultivated the grape
793
00:41:16,620 --> 00:41:18,656
and enjoyed its fermented juice.
794
00:41:18,656 --> 00:41:21,650
As their legions conquered more and more territory,
795
00:41:21,650 --> 00:41:25,170
wine growing and wine drinking grew increasingly popular
796
00:41:25,170 --> 00:41:26,680
throughout Europe.
797
00:41:26,680 --> 00:41:30,023
There was even a Roman god of wine, Bacchus.
798
00:41:34,240 --> 00:41:36,733
In the territories not under Roman rule,
799
00:41:36,733 --> 00:41:40,120
beer remained the beverage of choice.
800
00:41:40,120 --> 00:41:43,483
2,000 years ago, the Roman historian Tacitus wrote,
801
00:41:43,483 --> 00:41:47,286
"The Germanic peoples love beer above all things.
802
00:41:47,286 --> 00:41:51,779
"They can endure cold and hunger, but not thirst."
803
00:41:51,779 --> 00:41:55,340
And, that is still the case today.
804
00:41:55,340 --> 00:41:58,520
A transnational beverage boundary still cuts
805
00:41:58,520 --> 00:42:01,730
right across Europe, although it has become more fluid
806
00:42:01,730 --> 00:42:02,940
in recent years.
807
00:42:02,940 --> 00:42:06,963
Plenty of Europeans are happy to drink both beer and wine.
808
00:42:08,130 --> 00:42:11,946
There are EU norms that apply to beer and wine as well.
809
00:42:11,946 --> 00:42:14,496
In his Capitulare de villis,
810
00:42:14,496 --> 00:42:17,850
Charlemagne laid out rules and regulations
811
00:42:17,850 --> 00:42:21,030
for wine cultivation throughout the Frankish Empire
812
00:42:21,030 --> 00:42:24,920
and stipulated around 60 herbs and spice plants
813
00:42:24,920 --> 00:42:27,870
which were to be grown in the gardens of his subjects.
814
00:42:27,870 --> 00:42:31,180
He seems to have invented European norms and standards,
815
00:42:31,180 --> 00:42:33,880
and he even created the European currency,
816
00:42:33,880 --> 00:42:37,713
the Charlemagne Denarius, an early Euro so to speak.
817
00:42:39,300 --> 00:42:41,330
When the modern Euro was introduced,
818
00:42:41,330 --> 00:42:43,550
it was initially greeted with Euphoria,
819
00:42:43,550 --> 00:42:46,100
at least in the areas where it was in use.
820
00:42:46,100 --> 00:42:49,070
The hope was that a shared currency for Europe
821
00:42:49,070 --> 00:42:51,170
would bind the continent together
822
00:42:51,170 --> 00:42:53,763
and make most of its citizens happy.
823
00:42:53,763 --> 00:42:56,513
(dramatic music)
824
00:43:02,373 --> 00:43:06,620
Then came the Euro crisis of 2009.
825
00:43:06,620 --> 00:43:10,020
The Greek government was on the verge of bankruptcy.
826
00:43:10,020 --> 00:43:13,060
Bail outs, aids packages, billions upon billions
827
00:43:13,060 --> 00:43:14,600
were pumped into the country.
828
00:43:14,600 --> 00:43:17,315
Up to this point, the Euro zone had been a currency union
829
00:43:17,315 --> 00:43:19,860
without political traction,
830
00:43:19,860 --> 00:43:22,644
and the way this now chronic crisis has been handled
831
00:43:22,644 --> 00:43:24,940
should be a cautionary tale.
832
00:43:24,940 --> 00:43:27,810
European countries exhibit very different behavior
833
00:43:27,810 --> 00:43:29,400
in such situations.
834
00:43:29,400 --> 00:43:33,385
Old myths and stereotypes can resurface on all sides
835
00:43:33,385 --> 00:43:35,977
while other more important lessons from history
836
00:43:35,977 --> 00:43:38,066
can often be forgotten.
837
00:43:38,066 --> 00:43:40,816
(dramatic music)
838
00:43:46,330 --> 00:43:50,080
In times of crisis, hardened attitudes can prevent people
839
00:43:50,080 --> 00:43:51,420
from acting rationally.
840
00:43:51,420 --> 00:43:53,300
We're easily learned into believing
841
00:43:53,300 --> 00:43:56,310
that we are being manipulated by outside forces,
842
00:43:56,310 --> 00:43:59,630
especially when political transparency is lacking,
843
00:43:59,630 --> 00:44:02,803
but there are deep advantages to European solidarity.
844
00:44:04,293 --> 00:44:07,960
(speaking foreign language)
845
00:44:38,150 --> 00:44:41,740
But, isn't it true in fact that the European community
846
00:44:41,740 --> 00:44:44,214
must also be a community of solidarity
847
00:44:44,214 --> 00:44:47,510
whose members are prepared to share with one another?
848
00:44:47,510 --> 00:44:49,920
Ultimately this means that all members
849
00:44:49,920 --> 00:44:52,657
have to vouch for another member facing bankruptcy,
850
00:44:52,657 --> 00:44:56,630
but this transnational solidarity is a value
851
00:44:56,630 --> 00:44:58,930
many people find difficult to embrace,
852
00:44:58,930 --> 00:45:02,813
particularly in the wealthy creditor countries of the EU.
853
00:45:02,813 --> 00:45:05,563
(dramatic music)
854
00:45:06,430 --> 00:45:09,080
The poor South and the wealthy North,
855
00:45:09,080 --> 00:45:11,450
the gap between North and South in Europe
856
00:45:11,450 --> 00:45:14,140
remains an unsolved problem that could
857
00:45:14,140 --> 00:45:15,713
further divide the union.
858
00:45:17,980 --> 00:45:21,530
In truth, the European project may work best
859
00:45:21,530 --> 00:45:24,045
when we imagine it as a Europe of regions
860
00:45:24,045 --> 00:45:26,583
with the nations taking the back seat.
861
00:45:35,798 --> 00:45:38,370
Flamenco is a dance of contrasts
862
00:45:38,370 --> 00:45:40,770
meant to express despair and rage,
863
00:45:40,770 --> 00:45:44,000
but also an exuberant lust for life.
864
00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:45,630
That would also be a good way to describe
865
00:45:45,630 --> 00:45:47,120
the current mood in Spain
866
00:45:47,120 --> 00:45:49,960
where political emotions often boil over.
867
00:45:51,727 --> 00:45:54,727
(audience applauds)
868
00:45:57,787 --> 00:46:01,454
(speaking foreign language)
869
00:46:22,330 --> 00:46:23,967
During my travels I've often thought
870
00:46:23,967 --> 00:46:28,800
maybe it really is time to found the European Union anew.
871
00:46:28,800 --> 00:46:30,550
Europe will have to be strong and united
872
00:46:30,550 --> 00:46:33,130
if it's to have any hope of tackling the challenges
873
00:46:33,130 --> 00:46:35,120
it faces in an uncertain world,
874
00:46:35,120 --> 00:46:37,216
but the continent's long history suggests
875
00:46:37,216 --> 00:46:40,900
that it possesses the vitality and inventiveness
876
00:46:40,900 --> 00:46:42,462
it's going to need.
877
00:46:42,462 --> 00:46:46,129
(speaking foreign language)
878
00:47:10,706 --> 00:47:14,150
So many Dutchmen agree totally what happened in England.
879
00:47:14,150 --> 00:47:17,710
Do you know what the stars on the European flag mean?
880
00:47:17,710 --> 00:47:20,660
There are precisely 12, and this number symbolizes
881
00:47:20,660 --> 00:47:22,513
completeness and perfection.
882
00:47:22,513 --> 00:47:26,420
For the ancient Greeks the Pantheon had 12 members,
883
00:47:26,420 --> 00:47:29,410
the people of Israel had 12 tribes,
884
00:47:29,410 --> 00:47:33,800
the year has 12 months, and the clock shows 12 hours.
885
00:47:33,800 --> 00:47:36,870
The stars, the European stars, are also arranged
886
00:47:36,870 --> 00:47:39,690
like the figures on a clock face.
887
00:47:39,690 --> 00:47:42,650
The continent today faces a crucial test.
888
00:47:42,650 --> 00:47:43,829
It's all or nothing.
889
00:47:43,829 --> 00:47:46,313
This could be the 11th hour.
890
00:47:48,540 --> 00:47:51,910
The opponents of the European project never rest.
891
00:47:51,910 --> 00:47:55,040
On the contrary, spurred on by the momento of the right wing
892
00:47:55,040 --> 00:47:57,910
populists, they are constantly regrouping.
893
00:47:57,910 --> 00:48:00,296
Sometimes they're more radical, sometimes a little less.
894
00:48:00,296 --> 00:48:04,220
Back to the nation-state, back to the past.
895
00:48:04,220 --> 00:48:05,953
It's the wrong road for Europe.
896
00:48:09,531 --> 00:48:13,080
But, all across the continent there are movements
897
00:48:13,080 --> 00:48:15,180
aiming to highlight just how valuable
898
00:48:15,180 --> 00:48:18,100
the developments of the last 60 years have been.
899
00:48:18,100 --> 00:48:21,033
The movement Pulse of Europe is taking the European idea
900
00:48:21,033 --> 00:48:26,033
to the streets in 140 cities and 21 EU member countries.
901
00:48:30,950 --> 00:48:32,360
Their message?
902
00:48:32,360 --> 00:48:35,650
Reform Europe, rethink its structures,
903
00:48:35,650 --> 00:48:39,003
challenge its conventions, but don't destroy it.
904
00:48:40,520 --> 00:48:42,350
Europe is waking up.
905
00:48:42,350 --> 00:48:45,600
A new generation that grew up in a continent without borders
906
00:48:45,600 --> 00:48:47,800
is now fighting for that continent's future.
907
00:48:50,950 --> 00:48:52,652
I'm a European in Paris,
908
00:48:52,652 --> 00:48:54,750
and I'm proud of Europe.
909
00:48:54,750 --> 00:48:56,850
It allowed me to live in this country easily,
910
00:48:56,850 --> 00:48:59,310
and I just want to fly the flag of Europe.
911
00:48:59,310 --> 00:49:01,993
For me there really is no real argument
912
00:49:01,993 --> 00:49:04,250
to say we want to go back to
913
00:49:04,250 --> 00:49:08,117
the nation of independent states.
914
00:49:08,117 --> 00:49:09,960
In Europe we need each other,
915
00:49:09,960 --> 00:49:11,711
and yes, it's also important to realize
916
00:49:11,711 --> 00:49:14,670
that you have both a European nationality,
917
00:49:14,670 --> 00:49:17,390
but also your home nationality of your country.
918
00:49:17,390 --> 00:49:18,570
More and more we're working together.
919
00:49:18,570 --> 00:49:20,530
We're taking flights all over Europe,
920
00:49:20,530 --> 00:49:24,250
we work across borders, so there's definitely an element.
921
00:49:24,250 --> 00:49:27,150
We want to keep on doing that.
922
00:49:27,150 --> 00:49:30,800
There's an immense cumulative historical momentum
923
00:49:30,800 --> 00:49:32,970
to the Union's evolution.
924
00:49:32,970 --> 00:49:35,090
Growing numbers of young Europeans
925
00:49:35,090 --> 00:49:38,320
are willing to take a stand in support of a diverse Europe
926
00:49:38,320 --> 00:49:41,240
and against the rise of nationalist populism.
927
00:49:41,240 --> 00:49:42,786
They've realized what's at stake
928
00:49:42,786 --> 00:49:45,800
and what Europe at its core is really about,
929
00:49:45,800 --> 00:49:49,750
the Enlightenment, rule of law, democracy, human rights,
930
00:49:49,750 --> 00:49:53,380
free enterprise, education, and social security.
931
00:49:53,380 --> 00:49:56,860
So far, so good, but Europe will also need to change
932
00:49:56,860 --> 00:49:58,410
in order to renew itself.
933
00:49:58,410 --> 00:50:00,257
That much has been clear for some time
934
00:50:00,257 --> 00:50:02,920
In other areas of the world they speak of Europe
935
00:50:02,920 --> 00:50:05,600
as an enormous museum, and it's true that Europe
936
00:50:05,600 --> 00:50:09,040
has not come even close to exhausting its potential
937
00:50:09,040 --> 00:50:11,040
for self-revitalization.
938
00:50:11,040 --> 00:50:13,318
This continent could have a brilliant future
939
00:50:13,318 --> 00:50:16,033
if Europeans are willing to make that happen.
940
00:50:18,730 --> 00:50:21,830
My journey through Europe has come to an end.
941
00:50:21,830 --> 00:50:24,645
Throughout its long history, this fascinating continent
942
00:50:24,645 --> 00:50:28,971
has always demonstrated an irrepressible will to change,
943
00:50:28,971 --> 00:50:32,650
and today that shows no sign of slackening.
944
00:50:32,650 --> 00:50:34,049
I'll be back.
945
00:50:34,049 --> 00:50:36,799
(dramatic music)
75570
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