All language subtitles for Drain the Oceans Series 2 07of12 Secrets of The Spanish Armada 1080p

Narrator: The mighty
spanish armada.

Fights the navy of queen
elizabeth during a
bloody campaign

That will echo
through history.

Dr. Delgado: It's a sea battle
that changed the balance

Of world power for
three hundred years.

Narrator: For many centuries
evidence of the armada

And its shocking fate has
been lying undiscovered
on the sea floor.

Imagine if we could
empty the oceans.

Letting the water drain away.

To reveal the secrets
of the sea floor.

Now we can.

Using accurate data.

And astonishing technology.

To bring light once
again to a lost world.

Can these twisted timbers
reveal why two kingdoms
went to war?

Prof. Grove: These ships
provided the vital sea
lines of communication

For the first great
maritime empire.

Narrator: Can evidence
from an iconic ship wreck
explain a naval revolution?

And does a mysterious
discovery off the
coast of ireland.

Explain the armada's
grizzly fate?

Dr. Martin: It is treasure.
All of it.

Because it tells us so much.

Narrator: Fiery beacons
spread the warning.

The day of reckoning
has dawned.

The spanish and
english battle for
command of the seas.

For nine tumultuous days.

When the smoke clears

A proud empire is humbled and
a new super power is born.

Rivalry between England and
Spain began many years before.

And is shrouded in mystery.

For centuries archaeologists
struggled to find evidence
from this time.

That changes with
a discovery,

Not in europe but two
and a half thousand
miles away in red bay.

A remote harbor in the far,
frozen north of canada.

That opens onto
the wild atlantic.

Led by clues found in
sixteenth century documents,

Maritime archaeologist
robert grenier

Comes here looking for
evidence of a spanish ship.

Robert: I got in the water.

I could see that there
was something there.

I went down and started
to fan with my hands,
moving the water.

That clears the mud
over what was there.

I could see some faint lines
about a quarter inch thick

But couldn't figure
out what they were.

Narrator: If these icy waters
do conceal a spanish ship
wreck, why would it be here?

Two and a half thousand
miles from home?

Robert assembles a
team to investigate.

They meticulously record
the size and shape of
every piece of wreckage.

And realize that they've found
something extraordinary.

Robert: We knew we had
something of great interest,

Finding a wreck of that
importance as remote as here.

As far as here.

Narrator: Using all the data
gathered by the dive team

It's now possible to
drain red bay dry.

To expose the nearly complete
remains of a sailing ship.

Her decks have collapsed but
her hull is almost intact.

Robert's first
task is to date it.

Deep inside the drained
wreck a single clue.

Nestled among the timbers.

The delicate fragments
of an hour glass.

It's an incredibly
rare discovery.

Used from medieval times
to measure time on ships.

And there's more treasure.

A compass.

And an astrolabe, a device
for measuring latitude.

Instruments that helped
sailors to use the
stars to navigate.

All commonly found on
sixteenth century
european ships.

Robert: We have quite a
complete navigation system.

It was the oldest ever found
on a ship wreck at the time.

Narrator: The discoveries
confirm that the wreck is
over four hundred years old.

And a closer look at the
ships remains uncovers a
new and remarkable detail.

Removing the collapsed decks
reveals that the entire
length of the hull

Is made up of v
shaped timbers.

But these timbers have
not been joined together.

They have been carefully
grown into the perfect shape.

Discovering such a usual
ship building style
gives the team a lead.

And takes them two and a
half thousand miles east,

Across the atlantic ocean to
Spain and the port of pasaia.

This bustling town in the
basque region of Spain
carries on a tradition

Of ship building that began
over five hundred years ago.

It's here they make
the first vessels that
circumnavigate the globe.

And secure the america's
for their king.

Today master builder
xabier agote is keeping
the tradition alive.

He and his team are
building a sixteenth
century basque galleon.

Using the materials and
methods of the time.

Xabier: Our oak forests were
especially managed to provide
the right timbers

With the exact shape
for ship building.

As a result they would
obtain timbers like this
one with a very nice grain

And that was very
necessary to sail across
the atlantic ocean

And to reach north america.

Narrator: The timbers still
grown and worked in pasaia
are the exact same design

And shape as those on the
wreck in red bay.

Historical records held nearby
at the ancient university of
oñati complete the story.

A sixteenth century document
with details of a ship that
sailed to northern canada.

Her name was san juan.

She left pasaia in 1565.

And never returned.

Dr. Delgado: Finding
archaeological evidence of
Spain's maritime activities,

Particularly as it entered
the world stage, is rare.

When we do find those traces
they can be very revealing.

Narrator: Discovering the name
of the ship leads to the most
important question of all.

Why would she
cross the atlantic.

To the frozen wastes
of north america?

More clues lie inside
the drained wreck.

The hull is covered in small
thin pieces of timber.

And scattered
around metal hoops.

The broken remains
of barrels.

Robert: I passed my hand
over the little planks and
it was a greasy deposit.

And I was puzzled by this.

Narrator: The san juan seems
to be a cargo ship packed
with barrels full of grease,

Something nearby helps
explain what it is.

Removing the collapsed
decks of the ship,

Exposes the fragments of
four smaller crafts.

One of them, a specialized
hunting boat called a chalupa.

Robert: Never expected to
find a complete chalupa
because normally

They are very quickly
eaten away by the worms.

They vanish.

So to finding, to find
a complete chalupa
like this was amazing.

Narrator: Chalupas are
fast and maneuverable.

Specially designed to carry
men wielding harpoons.

Evidence of their prey
is scattered across
the drained sea bed.

Whale bones.

These chalupas are
used to catch whales.

Their blubber is then
processed into oil.

Loaded into barrels
and shipped to europe.

The full astonishing
story is now clear.

In the sixteenth century red
bay is no quiet back water.

She's a global center
for whale oil production.

Robert grenier hasn't
just found a ship wreck.

He's discovered evidence of
one of the first industrial
sites in north america.

Robert: It was an
important trade.

Provision of whale oil
which was very important for
lighting the houses, soap.

This was the equivalent of
saudi arabia of the time.

Narrator: The san juan
carries the whale oil
back to europe.

Her crew call it liquid gold.
And with good reason.

Each successful trip
nets over eight million
dollars in today's money.

And fifteen ships just
like the san juan make
this trip each year.

But this is just one tiny
fortune on a continent
packed with treasure.

After columbus discovers
the america's in 1492,

The spanish develop a huge
network of trade routes.

With tobacco plantations in
cuba, sugar from brazil.

And vast quantities of silver
and gold looted and mined
from mexico and peru.

Made possible by forcing
the locals into slavery.

And shipping over more
enslaved men and women
from west africa.

Prof. Grove: Spain was
the great super power of
the sixteenth century.

It was kept going by a
very large fleet of ships.

These ships are the sinews
of the spanish empire.

Narrator: The trade in gold
and silver alone is worth
ten trillion dollars

In today's money.

Making Spain one of the
wealthiest and most powerful
countries in europe.

So rich she guilds her
churches in silver and gold.

All made possible by
ships like the san juan.

Prof. Grove: Without these
ships Spain would not be rich

And making money was what the
spanish empire was all about.

Narrator: But Spain's
fabulous wealth attracts
greedy rivals.

Ready to muscle in.

Including one with plans
to break Spain's monopoly
on atlantic trade.

England.

Ruled by elizabeth the first.

She bans spanish imports
including whale oil.

And raises the stakes even
higher risking everything
in a showdown

With the world's most
powerful empire.

Queen elizabeth is
making England rich.

With a new policy.

She gives sea captains
a license to attack
spanish merchant ships.

(explosion)

And steal their cargo's.

Then she takes a healthy
cut of the profits.

One expedition alone makes
her enough money to pay off
the entire national debt.

It's state piracy.

(explosion)

Prof. Grove: English maritime
affairs was dominated

By what I sometimes
call the pirate mafia.

Which began with the queen.

The only way the english
could expand their
maritime activities

Was to engage in this kind
of armed robbery at sea.

Narrator: The english defend
the policy in the name of
their protestant religion.

Meaning philip the
second of Spain,

Protector of the catholic
faith in europe now has two
reasons to settle the score.

Money and god.

His admirals prepare
a massive fleet.

"la grande y
felicisima armada".

The great and
fortunate armada".

Brimming with confidence and
carried out with the blessing
of the catholic church,

One hundred and
thirty ships set sail.

Among them a flotilla of
the empires best galleons.

On board, one hundred
and eighty priests.

And nineteen thousand
soldiers, armed with
over two thousand guns.

For centuries historians
puzzled over king
phillips plans.

Is he simply out to crush
England's pirates or does
he have something far more

Devastating in mind?

Eight hundred miles to
the north of Spain.

At kinnagoe bay,

Along the wild northern
coast of ireland.

Can a remarkable discovery
cast light on the real
story of the armada?

When local divers find what
looks like ships timbers.

They call in expert marine
archaeologist colin martin.

And he immediately
understands their excitement.

Dr. Martin: What I saw as my
head went under the water

Was this enormous bronze gun.

With the full alms of
philip the second of Spain.

And it was almost as though
I'd been transported back
in time four hundred years.

Narrator: Colin and the
dive team search for more
clues beneath the water.

Carefully logging
every detail.

Archaeologists have
had little chance to
study armada wrecks.

Could this be one?

By using the dive team's data,
it's possible to see clearly

What lies beneath kinnagoe
bay for the first time.

The wild atlantic
drains away.

Exposing a mass of wreckage.

Ships timbers spread
along the sea floor.

And lost for hundreds
of years, more guns.

Dr. Martin: Among the finds
were three magnificent
bronze cannons.

All slightly different.

Still lying on the
sea bed very visibly.

Narrator: Every canon is
stamped with a unique mark
that records its weight.

Dr. Martin: These guns were
listed in spanish documents.

And each one of them
was identified by
its exact weight.

Narrator: Comparing the weight
of the recovered guns with
details in the spanish naval

Inventory, reveals the name
of this mystery vessel.

La trinidad valencera.

A large mediterranean
merchant vessel pressed
into service by king philip.

She's one of the most
important ships in
the armada.

Armed with forty-two guns.

Carrying two hundred
and eighty-one soldiers
and seventy-nine crew,

Weighting eleven
hundred tons.

One of the biggest
ships in the fleet.

It's an amazing discovery.

And it gives historians
a unique insight into
philips plans.

At the drained wreck site,
something surprising.

Next to the bronze
canons lie the wheels
of their gun carriages.

They are heavy and unwieldy.

Clearly not designed
for use at sea.

Dr. Martin: The main
reason we knew that the
guns weren't to be used

In the naval battle was that
they were stowed complete
with their carriages.

These were not ship guns.

They were guns for land
campaigning, siege artillery.

Narrator: La trinidad
valencera hasn't just
come to shoot it out

In the english channel.

The canons in her hold point
to a much more ambitious plan.

And the drained sands
of kinnagoe bay offer
up another clue.

Half embedded in
the sandy seabed.

Dr. Martin: This to me
is the most remarkable
and precious thing

That was found on the wreck.

It's a chinese porcelain
bowl of the ming dynasty.

Shipped all the way to
seville and from there into
the hands of a spanish

Nobleman, who would be taking
it as part of his household
effects to England.

Narrator: A status symbol
to grace an elegant home.

Whoever owns it clearly
plans to stay in England.

Along with the siege canons
it's clear evidence that the
armada has come to invade,

Conquer and occupy.

Prof. Grove: Only regime
change would stop the
english engaging

In their piratical raids.

And that was the aim.

Narrator: After over
two years of preparation
and eight days at sea,

The armada nears
the english channel.

One hundred and thirty
spanish ships including the
mighty trinidad valencera.

Their objective is to
storm the beaches of
southern England.

But first they must join
forces with twenty-seven
thousand invasion troops,

Waiting in northern France.

The english commanders know
that if the all-powerful
spanish army gets ashore.

King philip will be
halfway to victory.

To stop him they have
just sixty fighting ships.

A life or death battle
for queen and country
is about to begin.

How will elizabeth's
captains fight back?

The answer lies inside
one of the most famous
ship wrecks of all time.

Narrator: England's
land army is no match
for the spanish.

And her fleet is outnumbered.

But her sea captains do have
two things in their favor.

New weapons and
radical new tactics.

Just how radical can be
seen one hundred and forty
miles away near portsmouth.

On board one of the
most famous ship wrecks
ever discovered.

The mary rose.

The favorite war
ship of queen elizabeth's
father, henry the eighth.

She is lost in battle in 1545.

The cause a mystery
for many centuries.

When she's found
archaeologists uncover a
treasure trove of information

About the english navy.

From more than forty
years before the
armada even set sail.

Now the dive teams research
and the underwater scan data
is combined with ongoing

Archaeological work after
she is famously raised
from the depths.

Making it possible to
reveal the mary rose exactly
as she was first discovered.

As the sea flows away,
it opens a remarkable
window into the past.

The mary rose.

Extraordinarily
well preserved.

And buried within her
clues that reveal how the
english are changing

The way they fight
sea battles.

Her exposed port side is worn
away to reveal the decks.

Scattered around
long thin chests.

When the dive team opened
them, they make a near
miraculous discovery.

English long bows, one of
the most feared weapons
of the medieval age.

In perfect condition.

Dr. Hildred: So
here they are.

Beautifully preserved.
You can see the condition.

I mean they look new.
They honestly look new.

The only collection of
archery equipment we have
from the medieval period

Is here on the mary rose.

Narrator: The long bows
show that the mary rose was
equipped for a traditional

Sea battle.

Prof. Grove: In the medieval
period in northern waters,

The classic form
of naval warfare

Was to put castles on
basically merchant ships.

These became fortresses
and you put archers
in the, on the castles.

And it was very much
a land battle at sea.

Narrator: Each archer can
fire up to twelve armor
piercing arrows a minute.

Clearing the way for
soldiers to grapple
and board enemy ships.

For over a thousand years
this has been the standard
form of naval warfare.

And it's exactly how the
admirals of the spanish armada
planned to attack the english.

Their nineteen thousand
elite troops stand ready
to grapple and board.

But the mary rose contains
key evidence that the
english navy is changing.

And embracing new technology.

Specifically, these.

The mary rose is carrying
ninety-one canons.

Fifteen made of bronze.

Dr. Hildred: We have these
finest cast bronze guns.

This has a bore of about a
hundred millimetres or so.

So, it would have taken
a shot that would have
weighed up to ten pounds.

This probably weighs
just over a ton.

Narrator: Bronze guns are
powerful but a shortage
of the right metal

Forces king henry to adapt.

And it's these other weapons
found on the mary rose
that are more significant.

A range of firearms from
canons to hand guns.

All made in a new way.

Dr. Hildred: Here we have
the first attempts to mass
produce a gun in cast iron.

You can see there's
a cast line round it.

But what this is
saying is henry was

A, trying to come up with
cheaper guns in cast iron.

And b, just attempt to
harness the technology.

Narrator: As well as cast
iron hand guns, the tudors
developed wrought iron canons.

Prof. Grove: They
discovered ways of making
iron that was strong enough

To stand the stresses
of a gun being fired.

And this was a huge
improvement in that
it made powerful guns

A good deal cheaper.

Narrator: Each wrought iron
gun is less than a tenth of
the cost of a bronze gun.

Meaning henry's favorite war
ship can pack a bigger punch.

The tudor navy calls their
new iron guns port pieces.

The mary rose has
twelve of them.

Each one mounted on a small
low-profile carriage.

Easy to reload.

All made to the same
standard.

They require a change
in ship design.

With decks specifically
strengthened to hold
weighty canons.

When the mary rose is built
in 1511, records show she
hasn't got a single

Port piece on board.

But in the drained wreck there
are port pieces scattered
across two of her decks.

Evidence that henry was so
serious about naval gunnery,

He made his ship builders
increase the fire

Power and strength of one
of his best warships.

Dr. Hildred: It's on that
brink of change of ships
from being troop carriers

To gun platforms.

It has certainly some
of the most sophisticated
modern weapons of its time.

Dr. Delgado: The gun
changes war at sea.

Ships go from being floating
castles to being vessels

Capable of destroying
another ship.

Narrator: But embracing
new ideas too quickly
can be dangerous.

When the french attack the
english coast in 1545, the
mary rose sails into battle.

She fires one salvo.

Turns and immediately sinks.

Dr. Hildred: You do get a
number of reports that say
suddenly a wind came up.

She then turned and in
turning was, you know, gust
of wind heeled her over.

Narrator: When a ship
heels its side tips
towards the waterline.

That's only a problem if sea
water can enter the ship.

And on board the mary rose
there's one very obvious
way that can happen.

Prof. Grove: To put big
guns into ships you had
to put them in the hull.

And so the gun port was born.

The problem with gun ports
was how low down in the
ship could you put them?

If the gun ports are too close
to the water line and the ship
heels and sailing ships heel,

Because of their sails,
then there's the danger

That water can come in
through the gun ports.

Narrator: And at the
drained wreck site a clue.

The gun ports are
clearly visible.

And they are all open.

Piecing together the evidence
what happens is now clear.

The mary rose heads into
battle against the french.

Her high castles
packed with archers.

She fires her starboard guns.

She turns to fire from
her port side guns.

A gust of wind
makes her heel over.

Unstable from
so many soldiers, guns and
ammunition, she heels too far.

Water pours into
the open gun ports.

In minutes she capsizes.

Taking all but thirty of
her four hundred and fifteen
crew to their deaths.

Forty-three years later
as the spanish armada
approaches plymouth,

The english fleet is about to
show that they have built on
the legacy of the mary rose.

They ditch hand to
hand combat.

And focus purely on the
firepower of their guns.

Will it be enough to save
England from invasion?

One hundred and thirty ships of
the armada come face to face
with England's one hundred.

As the battle begins the
spanish try to get close,

Looking to board and capture
the english warships.

But elizabeth's captains
have other ideas.

Prof. Grove: In that piratical
operation the english develop
standoff gunnery warfare.

Concentrating much
more on gunnery.

And locking the
enemy to pieces.

Narrator: It's a test
of english tactics.

If they get too close they
risk hand to hand combat

With an overwhelming force
of spanish soldiers.

If they stay too far, the
guns will do little damage.

But they have the perfect
ships for the job.

Transformed since the mary
rose the castles have gone.

Instead they're
packed with guns.

Sleek and maneuverable.

The fastest war
ships in the world.

Dr. Delgado: The tactics
the english developed as
pirates to come in shooting,

Prove effective against
the spanish armada.

Prof. Grove: Ships would
charge at each other.

A bit like cavalry.

And then they would fire,
turn, fire again,

Move away, reload and
come back.

Narrator: Making
elizabeth's navy fast
enough to hit. And run.

They fire over two
thousand shots to Spain's
seven hundred and fifty.

Shattering masts and
tearing holes through
splintered wooden hulls.

Driving the armada
along the coast.

Two days later there's
a second battle.

Seventy-five miles
away at portland bill.

It's a critical moment.

And the english take more
risks they come in closer,

Putting themselves at
risk of being boarded.

But this time when they fire.

They cause more damage.

The spanish have
naval guns too.

Plenty of them.

And one of the biggest
mysteries of the armada is
why they're not as effective

As the english guns.

Nearly four hundred miles
away in ireland's kinnagoe
bay can the drained wreck

Of la trinidad valencera
reveal the answer?

Spread across the site
guns for a sea battle
and lots of ammunition.

But how well was it used?

Like many of the ships of
the armada the trinidad
valencera is requisitioned

For war by king philip.

Such a disparate fleet carries
a huge range of weapons.

Dr. Martin: When we
started to find quite large
quantities of canon balls,

We were struck by the
wide range of calibres,
of diameters of the balls.

Unlike their enemy
the spanish have no
standardized guns.

It means in the heat of battle
it can be hard to find the
right shot for the right gun.

So they rely on a
measuring gauge.

Dr. Martin: You check against
a ball.

And if it goes through just
nicely as this one does,

Then you've got the right
shot for this particular gun.

And at the level of the poor
gunners on board the ships,

They were frequently
finding not this, where
they were the right size.

But this where they weren't.

Narrator: And the spanish
captains face other problems.

Dr. Martin: We then started
to look at the way the
spaniards used their guns,

Operated their guns.

We were helped by the
discovery of the
carriages that the ships

Had been using to mount
their guns for sea warfare.

Narrator: The gun and carriage
can span nineteen feet

Over half the width
of a ships deck.

Dr. Martin: Spaniards seem
to have had cumbersome two
wheeled carriages

With long trails, which
were quite difficult to
bring in to reload.

Narrator: All of this
means that the two sides
fight very differently.

Prof. Grove: The spanish
tend it would appear,

Not to see the gun as
a powerful weapon for
sea born combat.

Although they do have
guns at sea they don't
fire them very often.

Dr. Martin: They, the
english were firing twice
as quickly as the spaniards.

Like having twice as
many guns if you can fire
them in half the time.

Narrator: The second battle
lasts over two hours.

The english inflict
the most damage.

But the armada remains
largely intact.

And its large galleons are
still a powerful threat.

Dr. Martin: It's extremely
difficult to sink a wooden
ship with canon fire.

You need to batter
away at it.

Insofar as breaking up the
actual fleet which held
together, protecting itself,

The english effectively
were powerless.

Narrator: The armada
heads to northern France.

Where twenty seven thousand
fresh and well trained
spanish soldiers await.

Ready to join the fleet
and try to land in England.

Back in kinnagoe bay
can the wreck of la
trinidad valencera

Explain why that
invasion never happened?

But the troops aren't
ready to board.

So the spanish are
forced to wait.

Close together in the
face of a gathering storm.

This gives the english an
unexpected opportunity

And they use it to unleash a
terrifying new weapon.

Hell burners.

Eight of their own ships
packed with explosives,

Set on fire and aimed right
at the heart of the armada.

Prof. Grove: The english
took their opportunity,

Sent in fire ships,

Caused the armada
to break formation.

Narrator: Now the english
captains can pick their
enemies off

One ship at a time.

At daybreak they pounce.

After the first two clashes
the english know they can
fire at a hundred feet

Without being boarded.

An advantage they now
exploit to the fore.

Disabling four of
Spain's best galleons.

And damaging many more.

The battle rages for
nine hours.

Nearly two thousand spanish
soldiers and sailors
are left dead or injured.

Their invasion
attempt is over.

Damaged by enemy fire, packed
with injured and dying men.

The surviving ships of the
armada. Run for home.

But only sixty ships
will ever make it back.

In ireland the drained
wreck site of la trinidad
valencera reveals

How one of the mightiest
ships of the armada
ended her days.

The surviving timbers
are scattered and spread
across a rocky reef.

It's a clue that helps to
explain what happened
after the epic battle

Against the english.

Dr. Martin: Well the
spanish armada

When it failed in it's
objective,

Decided to return home
by sailing right round

The top of the british isles.

Narrator: Thrusting the
spanish into the path

Of a new and even more
formidable enemy.

The weather.

Summer storms roar
up the north sea.

Battering the already
damaged galleons.

To such religious men it
must feel like god himself
has turned against Spain.

But what happened next to
the la trinidad valencera
is even more hellish.

Dr. Martin: She found herself
in a sinking condition.

A decision was made
to run for the shore.

Narrator: La trinidad
valencera heads for the
irish coast

Looking for a safe place to
land.

Dr. Martin: She grounded
some distance from the
shore on a sandy bottom.

But with her bow
sitting on a reef.

Narrator: Almost all
the crew scramble
ashore unharmed.

Dr. Martin: They marched off
heading for the west coast
of ireland where they hoped

They might make contact
with other armada ships
that would bring them home.

Unfortunately for them
they were intercepted by a
force of english soldiers.

Narrator: What happens
next is savage.

The english start to
execute their prisoners.

Only a lucky few manage
to run to the hills.

Through drowning or
execution over six thousand
men die along these shores.

La trinidad valencera is one
of just six armada wrecks

Found off the coast
of ireland.

The rest, probably up
to twenty, have never
been discovered.

What began as a battle
to crush the upstart
english has changed

The global balance of power.

Prof. Grove: The weakness of
the spanish empire was its
actual dependence on wealth.

And when other powers began
to rise like the dutch, like
the english, like the french,

Then these powers had much
greater economic depth.

Spain loses its sources
of wealth and it's got
nothing to fall back on.

Narrator: Within ten
years Spain is bankrupt.

In red bay and beyond cargo
ships like the san juan no
longer hold the monopoly

On new world trade routes.

England with its mastery of
naval gunnery and its fast,

Mobile warships is now
the rising force.

Dr. Delgado: In the aftermath
of the armada these new types

Of ships and tactics will
dominate naval warfare for
the next two centuries.

Narrator: Within twenty
years England establishes
its first successful colony

In the americas.

English will become
the dominant language
in north america

And much of the world beyond.

And as England becomes great
britain, ships controlled

In london will dominate
global trading routes.

Britain will become the
undisputed ruler of the waves.

Until she is finally eclipsed
by her own colonies, the
united states.

A process all triggered
by the fight for the
riches of the americas.

And the defeat of
the spanish armada.

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