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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:02,912 All three engines up and burning. 2 00:00:03,650 --> 00:00:07,111 Two, one, zero, and liftoff! 3 00:00:07,112 --> 00:00:09,418 The final liftoff of Atlantis. 4 00:00:10,149 --> 00:00:12,506 July 8, 2011. 5 00:00:12,507 --> 00:00:13,561 ...Continue the dream. 6 00:00:15,953 --> 00:00:17,385 The Space Shuttle Atlantis 7 00:00:17,386 --> 00:00:19,591 blasts off from the Kennedy Space Center. 8 00:00:19,592 --> 00:00:22,132 Houston now controlling the flight of Atlantis. 9 00:00:22,133 --> 00:00:23,463 The Space Shuttle spreads its wings. 10 00:00:23,464 --> 00:00:24,863 This would be the last time 11 00:00:24,864 --> 00:00:27,431 that a space shuttle would take flight. 12 00:00:31,031 --> 00:00:33,749 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 13 00:00:33,750 --> 00:00:35,131 or NASA, 14 00:00:35,132 --> 00:00:38,273 had worked tirelessly to build five shuttles. 15 00:00:40,424 --> 00:00:43,343 Since the inaugural flight in 1981, 16 00:00:43,344 --> 00:00:46,814 these spacecraft had journeyed between Earth and space. 17 00:00:47,664 --> 00:00:49,985 This is the final page in the story 18 00:00:49,986 --> 00:00:52,406 of the Space Shuttle program. 19 00:00:55,827 --> 00:01:01,455 Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Endeavour, 20 00:01:01,456 --> 00:01:02,777 and Atlantis. 21 00:01:03,807 --> 00:01:06,746 For 30 years, this orbiter fleet 22 00:01:06,747 --> 00:01:09,495 led the world's exploration of space. 23 00:01:12,786 --> 00:01:16,867 355 astronauts from 16 countries 24 00:01:16,868 --> 00:01:18,649 flew on the shuttles, 25 00:01:18,650 --> 00:01:21,220 carrying out a variety of missions. 26 00:01:25,090 --> 00:01:27,609 One of the program's biggest achievements 27 00:01:27,610 --> 00:01:30,772 was the deployment of the Hubble Space Telescope, 28 00:01:30,773 --> 00:01:32,932 which provides remarkable images 29 00:01:32,933 --> 00:01:35,249 of our mysterious universe. 30 00:01:37,579 --> 00:01:39,778 The International Space Station, 31 00:01:39,779 --> 00:01:42,206 where astronauts live and research, 32 00:01:42,207 --> 00:01:43,647 could not have been constructed 33 00:01:43,648 --> 00:01:46,019 without the aid of the space shuttles. 34 00:01:48,712 --> 00:01:50,971 But the story of the Space Shuttle program 35 00:01:50,972 --> 00:01:53,437 was not without its share of hardship. 36 00:01:56,007 --> 00:01:57,706 When building the shuttles, 37 00:01:57,707 --> 00:02:00,914 NASA faced multiple technological challenges. 38 00:02:02,044 --> 00:02:04,543 It took 10 years to develop the world's 39 00:02:04,544 --> 00:02:06,915 first reusable spacecraft. 40 00:02:14,568 --> 00:02:16,747 In two separate tragedies, 41 00:02:16,748 --> 00:02:19,667 the lives of 14 astronauts were lost 42 00:02:19,668 --> 00:02:21,358 when the shuttles exploded. 43 00:02:26,247 --> 00:02:28,598 But NASA overcame these obstacles, 44 00:02:28,599 --> 00:02:31,009 and the shuttles continued to fly. 45 00:02:35,550 --> 00:02:38,767 The passion of its dedicated astronauts and engineers 46 00:02:38,768 --> 00:02:41,054 kept the Space Shuttle program going. 47 00:02:46,425 --> 00:02:47,764 The shuttles carried with them 48 00:02:47,765 --> 00:02:50,064 our dreams and unyielding desire 49 00:02:50,065 --> 00:02:53,369 to explore the vast expanses of space. 50 00:02:55,979 --> 00:02:58,738 We trace the 30-year history of the shuttles 51 00:02:58,739 --> 00:03:01,418 that led man's journey to outer space 52 00:03:01,419 --> 00:03:03,950 on today's "Cosmic Front." 53 00:04:08,586 --> 00:04:09,873 Huntsville, Alabama, 54 00:04:09,874 --> 00:04:12,490 is home to the U.S. Space and Rocket Center. 55 00:04:17,912 --> 00:04:20,392 Every year, about 20,000 children 56 00:04:20,393 --> 00:04:22,805 from around the world visit here. 57 00:04:26,097 --> 00:04:28,577 They are participating in the immensely popular 58 00:04:28,578 --> 00:04:30,201 Space Camp program. 59 00:04:32,731 --> 00:04:33,550 Let's see that bunny hop. 60 00:04:33,551 --> 00:04:34,530 Let's see you jump. 61 00:04:35,500 --> 00:04:36,899 There you go, lots of hands! 62 00:04:36,900 --> 00:04:38,102 Let me see you smiling. 63 00:04:38,832 --> 00:04:39,332 There you go! 64 00:04:39,333 --> 00:04:41,353 This microgravity training chair 65 00:04:41,354 --> 00:04:45,093 simulates what one sixth of the earth's gravity feels like, 66 00:04:45,094 --> 00:04:47,586 making you feel like you're walking on the moon. 67 00:04:48,356 --> 00:04:49,216 There we go! 68 00:04:50,006 --> 00:04:51,506 Wave to the people down on Earth! 69 00:04:57,417 --> 00:04:59,534 The multiaxis training simulator 70 00:04:59,535 --> 00:05:01,475 creates the sensation of what it's like 71 00:05:01,476 --> 00:05:03,588 to lose control of a spacecraft. 72 00:05:05,679 --> 00:05:06,316 Whoo! 73 00:05:07,718 --> 00:05:09,762 The camp's most popular attraction 74 00:05:09,763 --> 00:05:11,542 is one in which visitors perform work 75 00:05:11,543 --> 00:05:13,377 outside the spacecraft. 76 00:05:15,967 --> 00:05:17,205 Alright, now go to your right. 77 00:05:22,215 --> 00:05:23,272 Alright, stop. 78 00:05:23,942 --> 00:05:24,973 Don't cross your legs. 79 00:05:29,263 --> 00:05:32,454 Satellite repairs are made from the robotic arm. 80 00:05:32,455 --> 00:05:35,065 Almost everyone has seen this on television 81 00:05:35,066 --> 00:05:36,877 or in magazine articles. 82 00:05:39,868 --> 00:05:43,420 The shuttles have brought space exploration closer to us. 83 00:05:48,411 --> 00:05:49,990 A graduate of Space Camp 84 00:05:49,991 --> 00:05:52,801 has even gone on to become a real astronaut. 85 00:05:58,633 --> 00:06:00,325 Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger 86 00:06:00,326 --> 00:06:03,148 attended the camp when she was in junior high school. 87 00:06:06,378 --> 00:06:08,818 20 years later in 2010, 88 00:06:08,819 --> 00:06:10,278 she was aboard the Space Shuttle 89 00:06:10,279 --> 00:06:12,989 for a mission to the International Space Station. 90 00:06:18,899 --> 00:06:21,119 The Space Shuttle is a spacecraft that can make 91 00:06:21,120 --> 00:06:23,441 multiple journeys to space and back, 92 00:06:23,442 --> 00:06:25,512 carrying passengers and cargo. 93 00:06:27,862 --> 00:06:30,379 It has a length of about 60 meters, 94 00:06:30,380 --> 00:06:33,751 and a total weight of about 2,000 metric tons. 95 00:06:36,081 --> 00:06:38,913 It is one of the largest rockets in the world. 96 00:06:42,503 --> 00:06:44,973 The Shuttle is propelled by three main engines 97 00:06:46,386 --> 00:06:49,676 and two solid rocket boosters on its sides. 98 00:06:52,702 --> 00:06:55,381 Four, three... The five engines produce 99 00:06:55,382 --> 00:06:58,222 more than 3,000 tons of thrust. 100 00:06:58,223 --> 00:07:00,762 Liftoff for Space Shuttle Discovery. 101 00:07:00,763 --> 00:07:04,035 Roger After being launched, 102 00:07:04,036 --> 00:07:06,265 the shuttle makes a rapid ascent. 103 00:07:12,825 --> 00:07:15,425 It reduces its acceleration temporarily 104 00:07:15,426 --> 00:07:18,417 to counteract the stress imposed on its body, 105 00:07:18,418 --> 00:07:20,429 and then picks up speed again. 106 00:07:25,539 --> 00:07:27,038 Two minutes after takeoff, 107 00:07:27,039 --> 00:07:29,119 the rocket boosters are exhausted 108 00:07:29,120 --> 00:07:31,181 and ejected into the ocean. 109 00:07:32,382 --> 00:07:34,952 They are later retrieved for reuse. 110 00:07:39,792 --> 00:07:42,824 The external fuel tank is also jettisoned. 111 00:07:42,825 --> 00:07:45,753 It is the only component that is not reused. 112 00:07:49,813 --> 00:07:53,413 The backside of the Shuttle houses a large payload bay 113 00:07:53,414 --> 00:07:54,925 which has the capacity to carry 114 00:07:54,926 --> 00:07:57,577 a little more than 20 tons of cargo. 115 00:08:04,039 --> 00:08:05,978 When needed, laboratories that are used 116 00:08:05,979 --> 00:08:08,199 to perform various experiments 117 00:08:08,200 --> 00:08:10,220 are installed in the cargo area. 118 00:08:13,430 --> 00:08:16,009 Inside the Shuttle's nose under the cockpit 119 00:08:16,010 --> 00:08:17,684 are the living quarters. 120 00:08:17,685 --> 00:08:21,629 Up to seven crew members who work in shifts reside here. 121 00:08:27,563 --> 00:08:30,022 From the cockpit, the large robotic arm 122 00:08:30,023 --> 00:08:32,399 attached to the Shuttle can be maneuvered. 123 00:08:39,412 --> 00:08:41,072 After completing its mission, 124 00:08:41,073 --> 00:08:42,983 the Space Shuttle reduces its speed 125 00:08:42,984 --> 00:08:45,094 to reenter the earth's atmosphere. 126 00:08:45,944 --> 00:08:47,463 Hurdling towards Earth, 127 00:08:47,464 --> 00:08:50,154 it faces temperatures hot enough to melt steel. 128 00:08:53,745 --> 00:08:56,424 Approximately 30,000 heat-resistant tiles 129 00:08:56,425 --> 00:08:59,224 protect the spacecraft and its crew. 130 00:08:59,225 --> 00:09:01,384 These tiles also help to ensure that the Shuttle 131 00:09:01,385 --> 00:09:02,769 can be reused. 132 00:09:10,280 --> 00:09:12,639 After reentering the earth's atmosphere, 133 00:09:12,640 --> 00:09:14,140 the Shuttle uses its wings 134 00:09:14,141 --> 00:09:16,626 to glide through the air and land. 135 00:09:26,561 --> 00:09:29,037 With reusable components enabling it to make 136 00:09:29,038 --> 00:09:31,377 multiple journeys into space, 137 00:09:31,378 --> 00:09:34,018 the Shuttle was a groundbreaking spacecraft. 138 00:09:34,019 --> 00:09:35,538 It was a short journey. 139 00:09:35,539 --> 00:09:38,918 And to the ship that has led the way time and time again, 140 00:09:38,919 --> 00:09:41,439 we say farewell, Discovery. 141 00:09:57,206 --> 00:10:00,205 In the 1960's, the American space program 142 00:10:00,206 --> 00:10:02,172 set its sights on the moon. 143 00:10:06,316 --> 00:10:09,037 The race between the United States and the Soviet Union 144 00:10:09,038 --> 00:10:12,457 to land a man on the moon was won by the Americans 145 00:10:12,458 --> 00:10:16,582 when Apollo 11 made its lunar landing in 1969. 146 00:10:22,696 --> 00:10:24,876 However, the Vietnam War was becoming 147 00:10:24,877 --> 00:10:28,147 increasingly contentious during the same time period. 148 00:10:30,197 --> 00:10:31,996 The increase in military spending 149 00:10:31,997 --> 00:10:34,720 led to budget cuts for the space program. 150 00:10:34,721 --> 00:10:37,779 In 1970, the end of the Apollo program 151 00:10:37,780 --> 00:10:39,549 was officially announced. 152 00:10:41,441 --> 00:10:45,170 But NASA had not abandoned its dreams of exploring space, 153 00:10:45,171 --> 00:10:48,601 and was already taking steps towards an ambitious new plan. 154 00:10:52,616 --> 00:10:54,827 One that involved building a space station. 155 00:10:55,564 --> 00:10:58,423 In order to travel beyond the moon to other planets, 156 00:10:58,424 --> 00:11:00,683 a space station was required to gather knowledge 157 00:11:00,684 --> 00:11:04,034 about spending an extended period of time in outer space. 158 00:11:08,264 --> 00:11:10,324 Multiple trips to transport astronauts 159 00:11:10,325 --> 00:11:12,244 and components to the earth's orbit 160 00:11:12,245 --> 00:11:14,615 would be necessary to build the space station. 161 00:11:19,447 --> 00:11:22,347 NASA decided to build a cost-efficient spacecraft 162 00:11:22,348 --> 00:11:25,889 that could make numerous journeys between Earth and space. 163 00:11:28,101 --> 00:11:31,640 But coming up with a design for a reusable space vehicle 164 00:11:31,641 --> 00:11:33,212 proved to be a challenge. 165 00:11:38,670 --> 00:11:42,311 It began developing the Space Shuttle in 1972, 166 00:11:42,312 --> 00:11:44,631 the same year of the last lunar landing. 167 00:11:51,881 --> 00:11:54,222 Bob Thompson headed the project. 168 00:11:54,223 --> 00:11:56,323 He was the Space Shuttle Program Manager 169 00:11:56,324 --> 00:11:57,694 for 11 years. 170 00:12:01,324 --> 00:12:02,523 Thompson had been involved in 171 00:12:02,524 --> 00:12:05,710 all of the previous manned space programs: 172 00:12:05,711 --> 00:12:08,062 Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo. 173 00:12:12,308 --> 00:12:14,451 The design and construction of the Space Shuttle 174 00:12:14,452 --> 00:12:16,143 was his final undertaking. 175 00:12:18,255 --> 00:12:20,734 He began by reevaluating the technology 176 00:12:20,735 --> 00:12:22,994 developed for the Apollo program, 177 00:12:22,995 --> 00:12:26,305 analyzing the very foundation it was based on. 178 00:12:28,021 --> 00:12:30,321 We didn't try to reuse all of Apollo. 179 00:12:30,322 --> 00:12:32,321 We were able to do Apollo 180 00:12:32,322 --> 00:12:33,941 because of what we call staging. 181 00:12:33,942 --> 00:12:37,443 You could have a first stage, help you get started, 182 00:12:37,444 --> 00:12:38,745 throw away a lot of weight. 183 00:12:39,805 --> 00:12:41,876 Light another propulsion system. 184 00:12:41,877 --> 00:12:42,596 Go so far. 185 00:12:42,597 --> 00:12:44,177 Throw all that away. 186 00:12:44,178 --> 00:12:46,354 But I was throwing stuff away like mad. 187 00:12:47,144 --> 00:12:50,463 It gets pretty costly, and it gets limited. 188 00:12:51,734 --> 00:12:54,234 So it was pretty clear in 1970. 189 00:12:54,235 --> 00:12:57,921 We would like to get away from throwing everything away 190 00:12:57,922 --> 00:13:01,582 to begin to learn how to reuse things over and over. 191 00:13:04,182 --> 00:13:06,041 For a rocket to orbit Earth, 192 00:13:06,042 --> 00:13:08,092 it must reach the incredible speed 193 00:13:08,093 --> 00:13:10,914 of 7.9 kilometers per second. 194 00:13:15,006 --> 00:13:17,086 The rockets used prior to the Shuttle 195 00:13:17,087 --> 00:13:19,357 were able to achieve such a high speed 196 00:13:19,358 --> 00:13:22,868 by detaching parts of their bodies at different stages. 197 00:13:27,892 --> 00:13:29,451 However, since the Space Shuttle 198 00:13:29,452 --> 00:13:31,771 cannot release any parts of itself, 199 00:13:31,772 --> 00:13:33,271 engineers needed to develop 200 00:13:33,272 --> 00:13:35,744 a more powerful, but lighter, engine. 201 00:13:44,376 --> 00:13:47,015 This is the Space Shuttle main engine, 202 00:13:47,016 --> 00:13:49,707 also known as S.S.M.E. 203 00:13:53,418 --> 00:13:56,017 Lightweight, but powerful. 204 00:13:56,018 --> 00:13:58,958 To fuse these seemingly contradictory ideas, 205 00:13:58,959 --> 00:14:02,030 engineers developed a novel engine system. 206 00:14:10,270 --> 00:14:14,449 First, the liquid hydrogen inside the engine combusts, 207 00:14:14,450 --> 00:14:18,112 causing the turbine to rotate at an extremely rapid rate. 208 00:14:24,303 --> 00:14:27,542 At the same time, liquid oxygen is injected. 209 00:14:29,301 --> 00:14:32,240 As a result, a powerful chemical reaction occurs 210 00:14:32,241 --> 00:14:34,322 inside the combustion chamber. 211 00:14:35,183 --> 00:14:38,702 This engine produces a massive amount of power. 212 00:14:38,703 --> 00:14:41,042 More than three times the amount used to launch 213 00:14:41,043 --> 00:14:43,357 Apollo 13 to the moon 214 00:14:43,358 --> 00:14:47,670 at an astounding pressure of 210 atmospheres. 215 00:14:50,794 --> 00:14:51,993 But this type of system 216 00:14:51,994 --> 00:14:54,244 places a lot of stress on the engine. 217 00:14:58,917 --> 00:15:01,556 Every experiment resulted in cracked parts, 218 00:15:01,557 --> 00:15:03,008 or an exploded engine. 219 00:15:13,638 --> 00:15:15,151 Thompson and his team endured 220 00:15:15,152 --> 00:15:17,326 countless failed experiments. 221 00:15:23,936 --> 00:15:26,176 To this day, Thompson keeps an object 222 00:15:26,177 --> 00:15:29,603 assembled from pieces that had broken off during testing. 223 00:15:33,673 --> 00:15:36,323 It serves as a reminder of this period of struggle. 224 00:15:37,633 --> 00:15:39,253 Find that problem and fix it. 225 00:15:39,254 --> 00:15:40,692 Find this problem and fix it. 226 00:15:40,693 --> 00:15:42,373 Find that problem and fix it. 227 00:15:42,374 --> 00:15:45,813 These are all 15 or 20 different problems 228 00:15:45,814 --> 00:15:47,712 that developed in the engine program. 229 00:15:52,195 --> 00:15:53,874 It took 10 long years 230 00:15:53,875 --> 00:15:56,695 to finally develop a reusable main engine 231 00:15:56,696 --> 00:15:58,847 capable of functioning in space. 232 00:16:04,778 --> 00:16:07,457 However, the three engines were not powerful enough 233 00:16:07,458 --> 00:16:10,598 to obtain the speed needed to blast into space. 234 00:16:17,703 --> 00:16:19,482 So to supplement propulsion, 235 00:16:19,483 --> 00:16:22,574 engineers developed large-scale rocket boosters 236 00:16:22,575 --> 00:16:24,766 to attach to the outside of the ship. 237 00:16:35,220 --> 00:16:37,654 The Space Shuttle was nearing completion. 238 00:16:39,604 --> 00:16:43,075 But the engineers encountered another set of obstacles. 239 00:16:52,047 --> 00:16:54,426 The unthinkable happened when a jumbo jet 240 00:16:54,427 --> 00:16:56,768 carried the shuttle to its launch site 241 00:16:56,769 --> 00:16:58,580 at the Kennedy Space Center. 242 00:17:02,224 --> 00:17:04,623 Upon arrival, the shuttle was found to be 243 00:17:04,624 --> 00:17:06,254 in terrible condition. 244 00:17:09,144 --> 00:17:10,963 During the transport process, 245 00:17:10,964 --> 00:17:13,763 a large portion of the heat-resistant tiles 246 00:17:13,764 --> 00:17:15,294 had been ripped off. 247 00:17:17,544 --> 00:17:19,918 This was disastrous for the Shuttle. 248 00:17:27,889 --> 00:17:31,948 To create a reusable spacecraft, heat-resistant tiles, 249 00:17:31,949 --> 00:17:34,529 capable of withstanding extreme temperatures, 250 00:17:34,530 --> 00:17:35,901 had to be used. 251 00:17:39,711 --> 00:17:42,730 These heat-resistant tiles are made of silica, 252 00:17:42,731 --> 00:17:45,361 a material known to block heat transfer. 253 00:17:47,672 --> 00:17:51,966 However, silica tiles are soft and susceptible to breakage. 254 00:17:57,156 --> 00:18:00,035 After investigating why the tiles came off, 255 00:18:00,036 --> 00:18:01,715 developers found that the problem 256 00:18:01,716 --> 00:18:03,587 was with the tile's adhesive. 257 00:18:07,988 --> 00:18:11,487 Heat-resistant tiles contain many small air bubbles, 258 00:18:11,488 --> 00:18:13,807 and when a lot of pressure was applied, 259 00:18:13,808 --> 00:18:16,038 the tiles began to peel off. 260 00:18:19,589 --> 00:18:22,168 By reprocessing the surface of the tiles, 261 00:18:22,169 --> 00:18:23,628 and making them harder, 262 00:18:23,629 --> 00:18:25,668 engineers were able to keep the tiles 263 00:18:25,669 --> 00:18:29,199 from ripping off due to vibrations and wind pressure. 264 00:18:35,770 --> 00:18:37,770 Three years behind schedule, 265 00:18:37,771 --> 00:18:40,767 the Space Shuttle was finally ready for takeoff. 266 00:18:43,978 --> 00:18:47,605 It was a hard-nosed, 10 or 12-year grind 267 00:18:47,606 --> 00:18:49,581 to build an airplane, 268 00:18:50,511 --> 00:18:52,646 insulate it from the heat of entry, 269 00:18:53,716 --> 00:18:56,981 put electronics in it, put flight controls in it, 270 00:18:57,811 --> 00:18:59,690 so it could come back and land, 271 00:18:59,691 --> 00:19:01,612 build a rocket engine that would give you 272 00:19:01,613 --> 00:19:03,732 the ISP's you wanted, so you could 273 00:19:04,922 --> 00:19:06,949 build that much weight and take it to orbit. 274 00:19:06,950 --> 00:19:09,092 It was all understandable. 275 00:19:10,502 --> 00:19:13,072 But it took a lot of work. 276 00:19:14,642 --> 00:19:15,503 And a lot of money. 277 00:19:22,309 --> 00:19:24,976 April 12, 1981. 278 00:19:26,006 --> 00:19:27,945 The Columbia Space Shuttle was waiting for 279 00:19:27,946 --> 00:19:29,836 liftoff into space. 280 00:19:35,286 --> 00:19:37,205 This was the first time ever 281 00:19:37,206 --> 00:19:40,488 that a reusable spacecraft would be launched. 282 00:19:46,469 --> 00:19:48,809 To witness this momentous occasion, 283 00:19:48,810 --> 00:19:52,741 nearly 500,000 spectators came to the launch site. 284 00:19:59,369 --> 00:20:02,168 The winged Space Shuttle was a novel design, 285 00:20:02,169 --> 00:20:06,079 and the world viewed this as the start of a new era. 286 00:20:14,074 --> 00:20:15,433 Two astronauts were chosen 287 00:20:15,434 --> 00:20:19,206 to ride the Columbia Space Shuttle on its maiden voyage. 288 00:20:19,207 --> 00:20:22,199 Robert Crippen and John Young. 289 00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:23,944 Because it was a test flight, 290 00:20:23,945 --> 00:20:25,919 there were only two crew members. 291 00:20:30,029 --> 00:20:34,059 A decade-long experiment was finally being put to the test. 292 00:20:35,330 --> 00:20:37,670 There's obviously an apprehension 293 00:20:37,671 --> 00:20:41,153 any time you get ready for a launch like this. 294 00:20:42,624 --> 00:20:44,803 The thousands of people who'd been involved, 295 00:20:44,804 --> 00:20:48,634 thousands of individual processes that had to take place, 296 00:20:49,645 --> 00:20:52,844 no one person can be there and see all of that, 297 00:20:52,845 --> 00:20:55,905 so you're somewhat apprehensive. 298 00:20:55,906 --> 00:20:58,645 Did everything get put in place as it should have been? 299 00:20:58,646 --> 00:21:00,229 Is everything going to work alright? 300 00:21:00,960 --> 00:21:04,210 So you sit and watch it count down and liftoff. 301 00:21:04,898 --> 00:21:09,021 Eight, seven, six, five, four. 302 00:21:09,022 --> 00:21:10,901 We've gone from the engine start. 303 00:21:27,769 --> 00:21:29,748 The Shuttle released a plume of smoke 304 00:21:29,749 --> 00:21:31,628 and a ball of flames. 305 00:21:31,629 --> 00:21:34,534 It was engulfed in a bright, blinding light. 306 00:21:44,595 --> 00:21:46,616 40 minutes after its launch, 307 00:21:46,617 --> 00:21:49,228 the Columbia went into geocentric orbit. 308 00:21:53,841 --> 00:21:55,748 The two astronauts' duty was to ensure 309 00:21:55,749 --> 00:21:58,008 that the Shuttle's complex systems 310 00:21:58,009 --> 00:22:00,194 would work properly in space. 311 00:22:06,568 --> 00:22:10,100 And most importantly, to return home safely. 312 00:22:22,695 --> 00:22:27,136 In two days, the Columbia circled the planet 36 times 313 00:22:27,137 --> 00:22:28,947 before returning to earth. 314 00:22:35,702 --> 00:22:38,962 The Shuttle had opened the door for a new era 315 00:22:38,963 --> 00:22:40,833 in space exploration. 316 00:22:49,607 --> 00:22:51,608 After Columbia returned to Earth, 317 00:22:51,609 --> 00:22:54,360 more problems than expected were revealed. 318 00:22:55,190 --> 00:22:57,719 Nearly 150 heat-resistant tiles 319 00:22:57,720 --> 00:22:59,350 were damaged during the flight. 320 00:23:00,100 --> 00:23:03,159 The shuttle's second launch date was significantly postponed 321 00:23:03,160 --> 00:23:06,330 because of the additional time needed for maintenance. 322 00:23:09,861 --> 00:23:12,210 Seven months after its maiden voyage, 323 00:23:12,211 --> 00:23:14,881 Columbia was ready for its second flight. 324 00:23:18,691 --> 00:23:21,135 A lot more was at stake. 325 00:23:21,136 --> 00:23:23,775 It was the first ever attempt to launch a shuttle 326 00:23:23,776 --> 00:23:25,707 that had already been to space. 327 00:23:27,979 --> 00:23:30,058 This was the moment of truth, 328 00:23:30,059 --> 00:23:32,458 to see if this space shuttle was, in fact, 329 00:23:32,459 --> 00:23:35,390 a practical vehicle for space exploration. 330 00:23:40,110 --> 00:23:41,912 Two astronauts were chosen to embark 331 00:23:41,913 --> 00:23:44,074 on this important mission. 332 00:23:44,075 --> 00:23:46,266 Joe Engle and Richard Truly. 333 00:23:48,747 --> 00:23:51,447 Truly played a role in the development of the Shuttle, 334 00:23:51,448 --> 00:23:54,219 and was in charge of testing the landing functions. 335 00:23:57,289 --> 00:24:00,250 He is still active in the world of space exploration, 336 00:24:00,251 --> 00:24:02,961 and continues to advise the next generation. 337 00:24:07,241 --> 00:24:09,532 My first flight, STS-2, 338 00:24:10,702 --> 00:24:14,273 was really important in the series of flights 339 00:24:14,274 --> 00:24:16,829 because it was the first time 340 00:24:16,830 --> 00:24:22,083 that we had ever reflown a spacecraft into orbit. 341 00:24:26,064 --> 00:24:27,883 We have main engine start. 342 00:24:27,884 --> 00:24:30,159 The time had come for the second launch. 343 00:24:30,885 --> 00:24:32,148 We have ignition. 344 00:24:32,149 --> 00:24:36,028 We have ignition of the solid rocket boosters and liftoff. 345 00:24:36,029 --> 00:24:38,468 Liftoff of America's Space Shuttle, 346 00:24:38,469 --> 00:24:41,049 and the Space Shuttle has cleared the tower. 347 00:24:54,392 --> 00:24:57,712 This was Truly's first trip to space. 348 00:24:57,713 --> 00:25:01,151 A huge sense of responsibility weighed on his shoulders. 349 00:25:05,013 --> 00:25:06,173 Hey, good. 350 00:25:06,174 --> 00:25:07,603 The old eyeball looking out the window. 351 00:25:07,604 --> 00:25:10,125 The best device I think. 352 00:25:10,865 --> 00:25:11,984 And we've got a great picture 353 00:25:11,985 --> 00:25:14,716 from camera Delta beyond, going down into the cradle. 354 00:25:16,346 --> 00:25:18,066 On the last day of the flight, 355 00:25:18,067 --> 00:25:20,267 President Reagan visited the control room 356 00:25:20,268 --> 00:25:22,938 to offer encouragement to the two astronauts. 357 00:25:26,829 --> 00:25:30,548 Let me just say I'm sure you know how proud 358 00:25:30,549 --> 00:25:32,788 everyone down here is, 359 00:25:32,789 --> 00:25:35,850 and how this whole nation, I'm sure the world, 360 00:25:35,851 --> 00:25:37,831 but certainly America, 361 00:25:37,832 --> 00:25:42,123 has got its eyes and its heart on you. 362 00:25:46,413 --> 00:25:47,993 For two straight days, 363 00:25:47,994 --> 00:25:49,994 Truly and Engle worked tirelessly 364 00:25:49,995 --> 00:25:52,137 on the shuttle's performance tasks. 365 00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:56,584 And they proved that the Space Shuttle 366 00:25:56,585 --> 00:25:59,636 was capable of making multiple trips to space. 367 00:26:01,506 --> 00:26:04,928 We were gonna be flying this flight 368 00:26:04,929 --> 00:26:07,890 for years and years, and this was the first time 369 00:26:07,891 --> 00:26:11,082 that it had been reflown into space. 370 00:26:11,083 --> 00:26:12,642 And sure enough, we did. 371 00:26:12,643 --> 00:26:15,642 Here we are decades later, 372 00:26:15,643 --> 00:26:19,364 and we have flown it way over 100 times. 373 00:26:19,365 --> 00:26:21,563 But this was the first time, 374 00:26:22,521 --> 00:26:26,657 and so it was, it was a thrill for me to be 375 00:26:27,681 --> 00:26:30,151 involved in such an important flight. 376 00:26:32,447 --> 00:26:34,267 The goal was to launch the Space Shuttle 377 00:26:34,268 --> 00:26:36,568 several dozen times a year. 378 00:26:36,569 --> 00:26:39,841 So by 1985, they had built four shuttles. 379 00:26:43,952 --> 00:26:47,151 NASA grew confident in the performance of their shuttles, 380 00:26:47,152 --> 00:26:49,251 and called for other countries to join them 381 00:26:49,252 --> 00:26:51,163 in the exploration of space. 382 00:26:56,664 --> 00:27:00,634 Canada had already contributed a large robotic arm to NASA. 383 00:27:05,836 --> 00:27:07,735 And the European Space Agency 384 00:27:07,736 --> 00:27:09,675 had expressed its commitment to promoting 385 00:27:09,676 --> 00:27:12,906 research and development in space programs. 386 00:27:19,129 --> 00:27:21,029 With the shuttles now having the capacity 387 00:27:21,030 --> 00:27:23,349 to seat up to seven passengers, 388 00:27:23,350 --> 00:27:26,809 they began carrying astronauts with varied backgrounds, 389 00:27:26,810 --> 00:27:29,641 including scientists and engineers. 390 00:27:35,772 --> 00:27:39,672 As a result, NASA could carry out a variety of missions, 391 00:27:39,673 --> 00:27:42,452 which included performing complex experiments 392 00:27:42,453 --> 00:27:44,343 and deploying satellites. 393 00:27:49,154 --> 00:27:53,444 To make space travel possible for anyone, at any time. 394 00:27:56,675 --> 00:27:59,154 The Space Shuttle ushered in a new age 395 00:27:59,155 --> 00:28:01,965 where this dream could become a reality. 396 00:28:07,461 --> 00:28:08,793 But the shuttles, 397 00:28:08,794 --> 00:28:11,454 which had made multiple successful missions, 398 00:28:11,455 --> 00:28:13,825 were confronted by a sudden tragedy. 399 00:28:17,201 --> 00:28:18,380 Space shuttle mission, 400 00:28:18,381 --> 00:28:19,686 and it has cleared the towers. 401 00:28:19,687 --> 00:28:22,967 January 28, 1986. 402 00:28:23,817 --> 00:28:26,988 The Challenger lifted off from Kennedy Space Center. 403 00:28:31,042 --> 00:28:32,742 73 seconds later... 404 00:28:36,175 --> 00:28:37,268 One minute 15 seconds. 405 00:28:37,269 --> 00:28:39,108 Velocity 2900 feet per second. 406 00:28:39,109 --> 00:28:40,628 Altitude nine nautical miles. 407 00:28:40,629 --> 00:28:44,000 It suddenly exploded as the world watched. 408 00:28:48,083 --> 00:28:51,362 The Challenger, along with its seven astronauts, 409 00:28:51,363 --> 00:28:53,213 was engulfed in flames. 410 00:28:56,143 --> 00:28:58,402 It was the first time in NASA's history 411 00:28:58,403 --> 00:29:01,138 that lives were lost during flight. 412 00:29:09,537 --> 00:29:11,856 The Challenger disintegrated. 413 00:29:11,857 --> 00:29:13,516 Its bits and pieces were scattered 414 00:29:13,517 --> 00:29:15,448 all along the coast of Florida. 415 00:29:22,809 --> 00:29:25,168 The Space Shuttle program was suspended, 416 00:29:25,169 --> 00:29:28,250 and a detailed investigation followed the accident. 417 00:29:36,083 --> 00:29:38,483 The commission in charge of investigating the cause 418 00:29:38,484 --> 00:29:40,736 focused on the footage of the launch. 419 00:29:46,946 --> 00:29:49,417 The Challenger lifted off as expected. 420 00:29:51,248 --> 00:29:53,468 But flames started to come out of the side 421 00:29:53,469 --> 00:29:55,230 of one of the rocket boosters. 422 00:30:03,141 --> 00:30:06,162 Rocket boosters are made of several components. 423 00:30:06,163 --> 00:30:08,386 The fire's point of origin was in the section 424 00:30:08,387 --> 00:30:10,801 that connects two parts of the rocket. 425 00:30:15,792 --> 00:30:19,191 The O-ring is a mechanical gasket made of rubber 426 00:30:19,192 --> 00:30:20,822 placed in this section. 427 00:30:23,772 --> 00:30:25,371 It acts as a seal to prevent 428 00:30:25,372 --> 00:30:27,951 high-temperature gases from leaking. 429 00:30:27,952 --> 00:30:29,876 It is a critical component. 430 00:30:37,487 --> 00:30:39,027 The commission started to believe 431 00:30:39,028 --> 00:30:41,838 that the O-ring may have caused the accident. 432 00:30:46,539 --> 00:30:48,079 On the morning of the launch, 433 00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:49,839 temperatures were unusually low 434 00:30:49,840 --> 00:30:51,411 at the Kennedy Space Center. 435 00:30:56,122 --> 00:30:59,432 Some surrounding areas had dropped to below freezing. 436 00:31:01,262 --> 00:31:02,981 Because of the cold temperatures, 437 00:31:02,982 --> 00:31:06,272 the O-ring hardened and lost its sealing function. 438 00:31:07,102 --> 00:31:10,412 This led to a gas leak, which caused the explosion. 439 00:31:13,263 --> 00:31:15,223 Upon further investigation, 440 00:31:15,224 --> 00:31:16,523 the commission found that NASA 441 00:31:16,524 --> 00:31:19,183 had insisted on proceeding with the launch 442 00:31:19,184 --> 00:31:21,213 despite the low temperatures 443 00:31:21,214 --> 00:31:24,085 in an effort to increase the number of shuttle flights. 444 00:31:31,058 --> 00:31:33,240 This is John Logsdon. 445 00:31:33,241 --> 00:31:35,740 For years, he has been advising the government 446 00:31:35,741 --> 00:31:38,146 regarding space exploration policy. 447 00:31:39,016 --> 00:31:40,975 He believes NASA's overconfidence 448 00:31:40,976 --> 00:31:42,475 in the Space Shuttle program 449 00:31:42,476 --> 00:31:44,851 contributed to the Challenger accident. 450 00:31:45,702 --> 00:31:47,961 And NASA and the U.S. space community 451 00:31:47,962 --> 00:31:49,663 thought they could do anything. 452 00:31:50,793 --> 00:31:52,085 And so on paper, 453 00:31:53,175 --> 00:31:55,744 they said if we can solve these design problems, 454 00:31:55,745 --> 00:31:58,555 we can operate the Shuttle like an airplane. 455 00:31:59,445 --> 00:32:03,280 Launch it 50, 60, 70 times a year. 456 00:32:06,072 --> 00:32:07,852 That was basically a fantasy 457 00:32:07,853 --> 00:32:10,072 given the technological uncertainties 458 00:32:10,073 --> 00:32:12,239 and the complexity of the vehicle. 459 00:32:12,240 --> 00:32:16,389 The Challenger accident ended most of that self-delusion. 460 00:32:18,669 --> 00:32:21,391 NASA was subject to harsh criticism. 461 00:32:25,161 --> 00:32:28,960 The loss of seven astronauts' lives, along with the shuttle, 462 00:32:28,961 --> 00:32:30,475 was a crippling blow. 463 00:32:34,166 --> 00:32:35,645 There was even talk of how NASA 464 00:32:35,646 --> 00:32:37,377 would not be able to recover. 465 00:32:38,087 --> 00:32:41,108 It was the worst crisis the space agency had faced 466 00:32:41,109 --> 00:32:42,320 since its founding. 467 00:32:43,948 --> 00:32:46,747 Richard Truly, who was on the second space mission, 468 00:32:46,748 --> 00:32:48,595 headed the program's overhaul. 469 00:32:51,966 --> 00:32:53,825 He assumed this responsibility 470 00:32:53,826 --> 00:32:56,556 after wrestling over whether or not to take the position. 471 00:33:03,741 --> 00:33:06,440 The project to get the Shuttle back into operation 472 00:33:06,441 --> 00:33:08,891 was called, "Return to Flight." 473 00:33:12,142 --> 00:33:14,241 One of my biggest problems though 474 00:33:14,242 --> 00:33:16,301 was not technical at all. 475 00:33:16,302 --> 00:33:19,461 It was a leadership problem 476 00:33:19,462 --> 00:33:23,470 in order to get the team to work together again. 477 00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:27,108 To lose a spacecraft and seven people 478 00:33:28,738 --> 00:33:30,344 was terribly 479 00:33:32,214 --> 00:33:33,494 disappointing 480 00:33:34,974 --> 00:33:38,235 and heartbreaking to all the people in NASA 481 00:33:38,236 --> 00:33:40,309 that worked on the program. 482 00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:44,799 And somehow, I had to create a team of people 483 00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:46,236 that eventually would, 484 00:33:47,070 --> 00:33:50,600 would get back to a new flight. 485 00:33:52,211 --> 00:33:54,351 A task force of military officials 486 00:33:54,352 --> 00:33:55,919 and former astronauts, 487 00:33:55,920 --> 00:33:58,977 who were experts in their fields, was assembled. 488 00:33:59,627 --> 00:34:02,649 They worked on changing the mindset of the employees. 489 00:34:04,139 --> 00:34:06,570 Under their leadership, their goal was to restore 490 00:34:06,571 --> 00:34:09,522 the workers' confidence and trust in NASA. 491 00:34:12,612 --> 00:34:13,711 The task force dealt with 492 00:34:13,712 --> 00:34:16,382 one technological challenge after another. 493 00:34:21,192 --> 00:34:23,051 The rocket booster's sealing joints, 494 00:34:23,052 --> 00:34:25,412 which connected the different parts of the rocket, 495 00:34:25,413 --> 00:34:27,564 were strengthened to improve safety. 496 00:34:30,016 --> 00:34:33,526 The number of O-ring seals was increased from two to three. 497 00:34:37,097 --> 00:34:38,917 When it was determined that there were areas 498 00:34:38,918 --> 00:34:41,918 of the engine and fuel tank that could be improved, 499 00:34:41,919 --> 00:34:44,491 the design of the Shuttle was reevaluated. 500 00:34:48,402 --> 00:34:50,836 Multiple changes were made to the Space Shuttle. 501 00:34:51,666 --> 00:34:54,205 It may have looked the same from the outside, 502 00:34:54,206 --> 00:34:56,997 but it had undergone a complete transformation. 503 00:35:02,108 --> 00:35:05,408 On September 29, 1988, 504 00:35:05,409 --> 00:35:09,168 two years and eight months after the Challenger accident, 505 00:35:09,169 --> 00:35:11,339 the Space Shuttle was set for relaunch. 506 00:35:13,456 --> 00:35:18,683 Three, two, one, zero, and liftoff! 507 00:35:18,684 --> 00:35:19,955 Liftoff! 508 00:35:19,956 --> 00:35:21,095 Americans returning... 509 00:35:21,096 --> 00:35:23,255 All across America and the world, 510 00:35:23,256 --> 00:35:25,837 people watched as the Space Shuttle Discovery 511 00:35:25,838 --> 00:35:27,408 took flight once again. 512 00:35:40,595 --> 00:35:43,744 It was the moment that everyone had been waiting for. 513 00:35:52,336 --> 00:35:55,305 The Challenger accident and two and a half years 514 00:35:55,306 --> 00:35:57,387 of the hardest job I ever did 515 00:35:58,398 --> 00:36:03,358 of getting the Shuttle back together, 516 00:36:03,359 --> 00:36:07,278 and I was deliriously happy 517 00:36:07,279 --> 00:36:10,971 when we finally lifted off on that Discovery mission 518 00:36:11,881 --> 00:36:14,531 in 1988 to fly again. 519 00:36:15,361 --> 00:36:19,692 That particular day was a beautiful day for me. 520 00:36:23,964 --> 00:36:27,086 The Space Shuttle succeeded in overcoming tragedy, 521 00:36:27,087 --> 00:36:30,158 and resumed its odyssey of exploration. 522 00:36:34,808 --> 00:36:37,335 April 24, 1990. 523 00:36:38,026 --> 00:36:40,926 The 10th flight after resuming operations. 524 00:36:43,026 --> 00:36:45,086 Discovery was carrying out the Space Shuttle's 525 00:36:45,087 --> 00:36:47,358 most important mission to date. 526 00:36:49,688 --> 00:36:52,212 It would transport a telescope to outer space. 527 00:36:53,009 --> 00:36:56,440 One that would help unravel the mysteries of our universe. 528 00:36:59,264 --> 00:37:00,823 The Hubble space telescope 529 00:37:00,824 --> 00:37:04,504 is a 13-meter long giant space telescope. 530 00:37:10,764 --> 00:37:14,864 In outer space, there is no atmospheric interference. 531 00:37:14,865 --> 00:37:17,985 Because of this, the Hubble can take clearer images 532 00:37:17,986 --> 00:37:20,077 of distant stars and galaxies. 533 00:37:23,192 --> 00:37:26,091 This precision instrument can only be transported 534 00:37:26,092 --> 00:37:29,272 and have maintenance performed on it by the Shuttle. 535 00:37:29,273 --> 00:37:32,357 It is the only spacecraft that can cushion the telescope 536 00:37:32,358 --> 00:37:34,277 from the impact of liftoff 537 00:37:34,278 --> 00:37:36,708 and make multiple trips to space. 538 00:37:42,198 --> 00:37:44,238 For this reason, the Hubble's size 539 00:37:44,239 --> 00:37:46,038 was designed to fit perfectly 540 00:37:46,039 --> 00:37:47,869 inside the Shuttle's payload bay. 541 00:37:54,067 --> 00:37:55,726 But in order to keep interference 542 00:37:55,727 --> 00:37:58,286 from the earth's atmosphere to a minimum, 543 00:37:58,287 --> 00:38:00,446 it was necessary to transport Hubble 544 00:38:00,447 --> 00:38:02,837 to an altitude of 600 kilometers. 545 00:38:06,169 --> 00:38:09,501 This was approximately double the Shuttle's normal altitude 546 00:38:09,502 --> 00:38:13,202 of around 300 kilometers, and was nearly the limit 547 00:38:13,203 --> 00:38:15,577 of what was considered safe for the Shuttle. 548 00:38:20,798 --> 00:38:23,859 On the adjacent launchpad, Space Shuttle Columbia 549 00:38:23,860 --> 00:38:26,520 was placed on standby just in case. 550 00:38:34,255 --> 00:38:37,540 Discovery, with the Hubble on board, 551 00:38:37,541 --> 00:38:40,402 managed to safely reach its target altitude. 552 00:38:41,932 --> 00:38:42,731 Discovery, Houston. 553 00:38:42,732 --> 00:38:44,011 We're getting some real good 554 00:38:44,012 --> 00:38:46,111 payload bay television downlink, 555 00:38:46,112 --> 00:38:48,051 and we see that Steve has been hard at work 556 00:38:48,052 --> 00:38:49,490 getting the RMS deployed. 557 00:38:51,960 --> 00:38:53,740 Using the robotic arm, 558 00:38:53,741 --> 00:38:56,971 the crew begin transporting Hubble out of the payload bay. 559 00:39:02,353 --> 00:39:05,558 Pitch is about four degrees off, altitude-wise. 560 00:39:05,559 --> 00:39:06,162 Okay. 561 00:39:07,032 --> 00:39:09,231 Maybe that's what's making it look like that. 562 00:39:10,181 --> 00:39:11,341 You gonna pitch it up? 563 00:39:12,132 --> 00:39:13,002 Okay. 564 00:39:16,348 --> 00:39:18,869 Discovery, go for Hubble release. 565 00:39:19,536 --> 00:39:21,076 Okay, we have a go for release, 566 00:39:21,077 --> 00:39:22,866 and we're gonna be a minute late. 567 00:39:22,867 --> 00:39:24,027 Okay. 568 00:39:28,361 --> 00:39:30,180 Hubble was deployed into orbit 569 00:39:30,181 --> 00:39:33,147 at an altitude of 600 kilometers from Earth. 570 00:39:40,398 --> 00:39:43,377 The shuttles made five more trips to the telescope 571 00:39:43,378 --> 00:39:46,170 to perform maintenance and make improvements. 572 00:39:50,982 --> 00:39:54,742 The Hubble telescope continues to send us images. 573 00:39:54,743 --> 00:39:58,544 Images which could hold the key to unlocking the secrets 574 00:39:58,545 --> 00:40:00,095 of the universe. 575 00:40:06,329 --> 00:40:08,630 The success of Hubble enabled NASA 576 00:40:08,631 --> 00:40:10,810 to finally shake off the nightmare 577 00:40:10,811 --> 00:40:12,463 of the Challenger accident. 578 00:40:16,203 --> 00:40:20,253 Certainly, you could not have Hubble without the Shuttle. 579 00:40:20,254 --> 00:40:22,103 Hubble was able to give us 580 00:40:22,104 --> 00:40:24,725 all these years of remarkable discoveries 581 00:40:24,726 --> 00:40:28,175 and images that still thrill people. 582 00:40:28,176 --> 00:40:31,585 I would say that the symbosis, 583 00:40:33,357 --> 00:40:35,286 symbiosis between 584 00:40:36,096 --> 00:40:37,056 Shuttle and Hubble 585 00:40:37,057 --> 00:40:39,679 is probably the program's greatest achievement. 586 00:40:44,590 --> 00:40:46,510 As the shuttles were making their comeback 587 00:40:46,511 --> 00:40:49,690 during the mid-1980's through the early 90's, 588 00:40:49,691 --> 00:40:52,847 historic changes were taking place back on Earth. 589 00:40:59,093 --> 00:41:00,106 Bravo! 590 00:41:01,617 --> 00:41:04,958 The Berlin Wall, which symbolized the Cold War, 591 00:41:04,959 --> 00:41:08,881 was torn down, marking the end of the Cold War era. 592 00:41:11,123 --> 00:41:12,923 This wave of change also reached 593 00:41:12,924 --> 00:41:14,799 the world of space exploration. 594 00:41:18,669 --> 00:41:20,288 In 1993, 595 00:41:20,289 --> 00:41:23,730 Russia joined the International Space Station program, 596 00:41:23,731 --> 00:41:24,910 which was being developed 597 00:41:24,911 --> 00:41:26,841 by the nations of the Western block. 598 00:41:31,132 --> 00:41:34,773 The U.S. had long dreamed of building a space station, 599 00:41:34,774 --> 00:41:36,663 and the Shuttle program was created 600 00:41:36,664 --> 00:41:38,144 to help make this happen. 601 00:41:38,874 --> 00:41:40,933 By overcoming the divisions that had existed 602 00:41:40,934 --> 00:41:43,544 between the Eastern and Western world, 603 00:41:43,545 --> 00:41:46,097 this dream became a reality. 604 00:41:47,728 --> 00:41:50,260 And liftoff of the Space Shuttle Endeavour, 605 00:41:50,261 --> 00:41:51,627 with the first American element 606 00:41:51,628 --> 00:41:53,558 of the International Space Station. 607 00:41:53,559 --> 00:41:55,963 Components of the International Space Station 608 00:41:55,964 --> 00:41:58,303 supplied by the U.S. and Russia 609 00:41:58,304 --> 00:42:00,854 began to be transported into space. 610 00:42:04,745 --> 00:42:07,759 As expected, the Shuttle played a major role. 611 00:42:10,871 --> 00:42:14,951 After reaching a geocentric orbit of 400 kilometers, 612 00:42:14,952 --> 00:42:17,342 construction of the space station began. 613 00:42:21,712 --> 00:42:23,796 You have a go to install Unity. 614 00:42:29,648 --> 00:42:31,204 One and a half. 615 00:42:33,104 --> 00:42:33,992 Six inches. 616 00:42:34,888 --> 00:42:36,323 Halfway down, keep it coming. 617 00:42:37,507 --> 00:42:38,874 Them. 618 00:42:42,155 --> 00:42:43,034 Good job. 619 00:42:43,035 --> 00:42:44,935 Glad you caught on the back log. 620 00:42:48,306 --> 00:42:50,505 The International Space Station project 621 00:42:50,506 --> 00:42:52,087 was set into motion. 622 00:42:55,717 --> 00:43:00,040 15 countries, including the U.S., Russia, and Japan, 623 00:43:00,041 --> 00:43:01,911 participated in the program. 624 00:43:06,361 --> 00:43:08,820 The world was steadily building a foothold 625 00:43:08,821 --> 00:43:11,031 into the outer regions of space. 626 00:43:18,154 --> 00:43:22,453 In May 2008, Japan provided an experiment module 627 00:43:22,454 --> 00:43:23,807 for the Space Station. 628 00:43:27,457 --> 00:43:30,597 It was given the name Kibo, meaning hope. 629 00:43:36,887 --> 00:43:40,629 For 13 years, the Space Shuttle traveled back and forth 630 00:43:40,630 --> 00:43:43,743 between Earth and the International Space Station. 631 00:43:49,054 --> 00:43:50,513 The United States and Russia 632 00:43:50,514 --> 00:43:53,154 were able to work together in space, 633 00:43:53,155 --> 00:43:54,825 where there are no boundaries. 634 00:43:55,715 --> 00:43:57,460 The Space Shuttle's accomplishments 635 00:43:57,461 --> 00:43:59,711 made the unthinkable possible. 636 00:44:08,722 --> 00:44:13,461 In January 2003, seven astronauts were on board the Columbia 637 00:44:13,462 --> 00:44:15,263 for a scientific research mission. 638 00:44:15,264 --> 00:44:18,463 My hat is off to. 639 00:44:18,464 --> 00:44:20,263 He did some space acrobatics. 640 00:44:20,264 --> 00:44:21,663 They conducted experiments 641 00:44:21,664 --> 00:44:23,823 in a variety of different fields, 642 00:44:23,824 --> 00:44:26,134 including life science and medicine. 643 00:44:26,135 --> 00:44:27,615 There is a handover before 644 00:44:27,616 --> 00:44:29,995 the blue shift goes off duty and the red shift... 645 00:44:31,986 --> 00:44:34,445 After completing a 17-day mission, 646 00:44:34,446 --> 00:44:37,436 all they had left was the return journey to Earth. 647 00:44:39,822 --> 00:44:42,122 But tragedy would strike for the second time 648 00:44:42,123 --> 00:44:43,723 in the Space Shuttle's history. 649 00:44:55,887 --> 00:44:56,826 Columbia, Houston. 650 00:44:56,827 --> 00:44:57,726 Com check. 651 00:45:00,918 --> 00:45:03,977 During its reentry into the earth's atmosphere, 652 00:45:03,978 --> 00:45:06,288 the Columbia suddenly disintegrated. 653 00:45:12,080 --> 00:45:14,177 This shocked the entire world. 654 00:45:25,682 --> 00:45:28,342 The shuttle shattered into thousands of pieces 655 00:45:28,343 --> 00:45:31,093 over a 5,000 square kilometer area. 656 00:45:37,405 --> 00:45:40,024 A thorough investigation was conducted, 657 00:45:40,025 --> 00:45:42,402 just like after the Challenger accident. 658 00:45:46,772 --> 00:45:49,392 A piece of foam insulation that had broken off 659 00:45:49,393 --> 00:45:52,553 from an external fuel tank shortly after liftoff 660 00:45:52,554 --> 00:45:54,877 was found to have caused the accident. 661 00:46:01,412 --> 00:46:04,472 The broken piece had smashed into the Shuttle's wing, 662 00:46:04,473 --> 00:46:05,744 creating a hole. 663 00:46:10,454 --> 00:46:13,805 Unaware of this, the Columbia kept on flying. 664 00:46:17,655 --> 00:46:19,894 When it reentered the earth's atmosphere, 665 00:46:19,895 --> 00:46:22,555 superheated gases penetrated the hole 666 00:46:22,556 --> 00:46:25,068 causing the Shuttle to disintegrate. 667 00:46:30,239 --> 00:46:33,690 All seven astronauts died in this horrific disaster. 668 00:46:38,418 --> 00:46:40,694 All Americans today are thinking as well 669 00:46:41,438 --> 00:46:43,114 of the families of these men and women 670 00:46:43,998 --> 00:46:46,694 who have been given this sudden shock in grief. 671 00:46:48,144 --> 00:46:49,154 You're not alone. 672 00:46:50,044 --> 00:46:51,794 Our entire nation grieves with you. 673 00:46:54,404 --> 00:46:56,254 The Space Shuttle program was again 674 00:46:56,255 --> 00:46:58,266 in danger of being scrapped. 675 00:47:03,657 --> 00:47:07,096 But after a hiatus of two years and six months, 676 00:47:07,097 --> 00:47:10,011 the Space Shuttle resumed operations. 677 00:47:13,428 --> 00:47:15,307 Leaders of countries interested in completing 678 00:47:15,308 --> 00:47:18,747 the International Space Station, as well as the public, 679 00:47:18,748 --> 00:47:21,059 called for the program's continuation. 680 00:47:28,376 --> 00:47:30,215 After the Columbia accident, 681 00:47:30,216 --> 00:47:32,986 the Shuttle made 21 additional flights. 682 00:47:33,756 --> 00:47:35,826 The space station was nearing completion. 683 00:47:48,389 --> 00:47:51,189 However, massive amounts of money were spent 684 00:47:51,190 --> 00:47:53,801 to ensure that the shuttles kept running safely. 685 00:47:59,792 --> 00:48:02,131 Upon their return, the shuttles' maintenance 686 00:48:02,132 --> 00:48:05,559 included the replacing of broken heat-resistant tiles 687 00:48:05,560 --> 00:48:09,070 and the dismantling and inspection of its engines. 688 00:48:13,781 --> 00:48:16,221 Because of the increasing cost of its upkeep, 689 00:48:16,222 --> 00:48:19,932 a single mission costs over $1 billion. 690 00:48:26,772 --> 00:48:29,724 Although the Shuttle was a reusable spacecraft, 691 00:48:29,725 --> 00:48:32,524 the cumulative effect of these repeated trips 692 00:48:32,525 --> 00:48:34,475 took a heavy toll on its body. 693 00:48:41,153 --> 00:48:43,693 In 2004, President Bush announced 694 00:48:43,694 --> 00:48:45,554 that the Shuttle would be retired 695 00:48:45,555 --> 00:48:48,405 after construction of the space station was completed. 696 00:48:55,832 --> 00:48:58,472 But the technology that was developed for the Shuttle 697 00:48:58,473 --> 00:49:02,251 is now being applied to the next generation of spacecraft. 698 00:49:06,724 --> 00:49:11,355 SpaceX, a private company that was established in 2002, 699 00:49:11,356 --> 00:49:13,439 is using NASA's technology 700 00:49:13,440 --> 00:49:15,930 to develop new types of launch vehicles. 701 00:49:22,604 --> 00:49:24,344 In December 2010, 702 00:49:26,324 --> 00:49:28,213 the firm's unmanned spacecraft 703 00:49:28,214 --> 00:49:30,833 successfully circled the earth twice 704 00:49:30,834 --> 00:49:33,124 before reentering the atmosphere 705 00:49:33,125 --> 00:49:35,295 and safely returning to Earth. 706 00:49:39,287 --> 00:49:41,431 This company ultimately aims to build 707 00:49:41,432 --> 00:49:43,165 a manned space vehicle. 708 00:49:49,696 --> 00:49:51,895 NASA also has announced a plan 709 00:49:51,896 --> 00:49:54,266 to create a new type of spacecraft. 710 00:49:59,519 --> 00:50:02,218 It's goal is to go beyond Earth's orbit, 711 00:50:02,219 --> 00:50:05,430 and carry out manned expeditions to Mars. 712 00:50:09,041 --> 00:50:12,040 The technology that was developed for the Space Shuttle 713 00:50:12,041 --> 00:50:13,940 is helping to open the door 714 00:50:13,941 --> 00:50:16,572 to the outer regions of space. 715 00:50:26,625 --> 00:50:28,744 In June 2011, 716 00:50:28,745 --> 00:50:31,244 Atlantis was transported to the launch site 717 00:50:31,245 --> 00:50:34,033 for the Space Shuttle program's final blastoff. 718 00:50:37,983 --> 00:50:41,164 From the initial liftoff in 1981, 719 00:50:41,165 --> 00:50:43,624 over a span of 30 years, 720 00:50:43,625 --> 00:50:47,796 the five shuttles circled the earth more than 20,000 times. 721 00:50:51,247 --> 00:50:52,986 The shuttles and its crew took part 722 00:50:52,987 --> 00:50:55,497 in numerous daring adventures. 723 00:51:00,647 --> 00:51:04,667 For 30 years, it has carried science, payloads, 724 00:51:04,668 --> 00:51:09,147 defense payloads, communication satellites, 725 00:51:09,148 --> 00:51:11,392 hundreds of people into space, 726 00:51:12,622 --> 00:51:16,521 and has for three decades 727 00:51:16,522 --> 00:51:18,822 literally been our space program. 728 00:51:20,072 --> 00:51:22,145 Will there be a next Shuttle? 729 00:51:23,835 --> 00:51:25,594 I personally think there will be. 730 00:51:25,595 --> 00:51:27,053 I don't think it's a last 731 00:51:27,964 --> 00:51:30,455 big space plane we're ever gonna build. 732 00:51:30,465 --> 00:51:33,324 There will be other vehicles 733 00:51:33,325 --> 00:51:36,075 that do similar to what the Shuttle does. 734 00:51:41,129 --> 00:51:44,687 The Shuttle had made dreams come true for mankind. 735 00:51:45,691 --> 00:51:48,597 Their arrival conveyed the dawn of a new era 736 00:51:48,598 --> 00:51:50,590 in space exploration. 737 00:51:59,945 --> 00:52:01,204 Though the Shuttle's history 738 00:52:01,205 --> 00:52:04,204 was filled with hardships and tragedy, 739 00:52:04,205 --> 00:52:06,295 they brought us closer to space. 740 00:52:14,162 --> 00:52:15,811 For 30 years, 741 00:52:15,812 --> 00:52:19,051 the shuttles led us to the cosmic front 742 00:52:19,052 --> 00:52:22,622 by fulfilling our dreams of space exploration 743 00:52:22,623 --> 00:52:27,193 and stirring our imagination of future discoveries. 57071

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