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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:04,290 --> 00:00:06,421 A gleaming blue planet, 2 00:00:06,422 --> 00:00:10,619 rising in black space above the moon's horizon. 3 00:00:11,117 --> 00:00:13,802 The Earth. 4 00:00:13,803 --> 00:00:16,746 This was the first view humans ever had 5 00:00:16,747 --> 00:00:19,983 of their planet as a whole. 6 00:00:31,925 --> 00:00:34,131 People began to wonder whether someone 7 00:00:34,132 --> 00:00:36,553 or something out there might not 8 00:00:36,554 --> 00:00:39,806 in fact be observing our world already. 9 00:00:39,807 --> 00:00:43,380 In the same year, an amazing discovery had been made. 10 00:00:46,067 --> 00:00:50,173 Strange radio waves emanating from outermost space. 11 00:00:50,174 --> 00:00:52,380 At regular intervals. 12 00:00:52,381 --> 00:00:56,892 Could these be signals from some extraterrestrial beings? 13 00:00:56,893 --> 00:00:58,641 Was it an intelligent signal 14 00:00:58,642 --> 00:01:01,298 from outer space or not? 15 00:01:01,490 --> 00:01:04,188 Strange pulses from outer space. 16 00:01:04,189 --> 00:01:06,001 Earth's astronomers now competed 17 00:01:06,002 --> 00:01:08,828 to identify the source. 18 00:01:11,890 --> 00:01:14,630 Research into the pulses lead to the discovery 19 00:01:14,631 --> 00:01:17,541 of a strange new celestial body. 20 00:01:17,542 --> 00:01:19,205 One that produces something that 21 00:01:19,206 --> 00:01:22,928 has long attracted human interest, gold. 22 00:01:28,592 --> 00:01:30,906 A mysterious celestial body 23 00:01:30,907 --> 00:01:34,884 that sends out pulses and produces gold. 24 00:01:34,885 --> 00:01:38,634 What could this body look like? 25 00:02:40,087 --> 00:02:43,029 This is a voyage to explore the strangest object 26 00:02:43,030 --> 00:02:44,737 in outer space. 27 00:02:45,814 --> 00:02:50,241 Something mysterious, hidden deep within nebulous gasses. 28 00:02:55,264 --> 00:02:56,949 Explorers entering this region 29 00:02:56,950 --> 00:03:00,363 would be buffeted by fearsome storms. 30 00:03:02,411 --> 00:03:04,873 And a blinding, pulsing force, 31 00:03:04,874 --> 00:03:09,146 emanating and expanding waves. 32 00:03:12,554 --> 00:03:14,078 As they approach the object, 33 00:03:14,079 --> 00:03:16,447 they would see a rotating beam. 34 00:03:28,158 --> 00:03:33,158 And a star, with a diameter of just 10 kilometers, 35 00:03:35,453 --> 00:03:39,116 with a glinting mirror-like surface. 36 00:03:40,979 --> 00:03:45,346 This marvelous object really does exist in space. 37 00:03:47,453 --> 00:03:51,927 And now we will learn how it was discovered. 38 00:03:58,098 --> 00:04:01,110 Cambridge, England. 39 00:04:04,583 --> 00:04:06,630 Where the likes of Newton and Darwin 40 00:04:06,631 --> 00:04:10,827 launched more than one scientific revolution. 41 00:04:14,438 --> 00:04:18,976 A controversy in 1968 also started here. 42 00:04:25,285 --> 00:04:27,151 It was in the Cambridge suburbs 43 00:04:27,152 --> 00:04:30,489 that the antennas of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory 44 00:04:30,490 --> 00:04:34,762 picked up some bizarre signals. 45 00:04:40,282 --> 00:04:45,252 Antony Hewish is one of the discoverers of those signals. 46 00:04:46,762 --> 00:04:48,189 There was one in particular 47 00:04:48,190 --> 00:04:52,636 which my student Jocelyn pointed out, 48 00:04:52,637 --> 00:04:56,674 which was a little bit unusual. 49 00:04:57,096 --> 00:04:59,004 The perceptive graduate student Hewish 50 00:04:59,005 --> 00:05:02,321 refers to was Jocelyn Bell. 51 00:05:02,322 --> 00:05:05,489 Day in and day out she was studying radio waves 52 00:05:05,490 --> 00:05:07,671 from outer space. 53 00:05:13,276 --> 00:05:15,184 And so I was looking for sources 54 00:05:15,185 --> 00:05:17,840 that twinkled, that varied. 55 00:05:17,841 --> 00:05:19,909 And rather to my surprise, 56 00:05:19,910 --> 00:05:22,107 I found something that looked a bit 57 00:05:22,108 --> 00:05:24,485 like a twinkling radio source, 58 00:05:24,486 --> 00:05:29,221 but was not exactly like it. 59 00:05:29,222 --> 00:05:32,879 This is the actual record of Bell's observations. 60 00:05:32,880 --> 00:05:36,122 Usually there were hardly any undulations, 61 00:05:36,123 --> 00:05:39,685 but on this day she detected some regular pulses. 62 00:05:48,239 --> 00:05:51,590 The regularity of the intervals is indicated by the arrows, 63 00:05:52,458 --> 00:05:54,859 and the signals were strong. 64 00:05:57,466 --> 00:05:58,578 This was a first. 65 00:05:59,773 --> 00:06:03,996 It looked artificial, unlike any natural phenomenon. 66 00:06:11,628 --> 00:06:16,628 Crazy! Totally unlike anything astronomical. 67 00:06:17,238 --> 00:06:19,722 Never been seen before. 68 00:06:19,723 --> 00:06:22,405 Probably impossible. 69 00:06:22,742 --> 00:06:26,875 Pulse, pulse, pulse, pulse. 70 00:06:29,248 --> 00:06:31,583 The pulses continued the next day, 71 00:06:31,584 --> 00:06:35,669 and the next, the exact same spacing. 72 00:06:40,320 --> 00:06:42,793 Close analysis revealed a period, 73 00:06:42,794 --> 00:06:47,262 or interval, of exactly 1.34 seconds. 74 00:06:47,263 --> 00:06:50,670 It was amazingly precise. 75 00:06:53,343 --> 00:06:58,343 My immediate assumption, as a radio astronomer 76 00:06:58,484 --> 00:07:02,280 whose been in the game for several decades, 77 00:07:02,281 --> 00:07:05,533 is that it's some radio interference. 78 00:07:05,534 --> 00:07:08,584 Somebody is generating a signal somewhere. 79 00:07:12,275 --> 00:07:14,695 Suspicion fell first on the spark plugs 80 00:07:14,696 --> 00:07:17,330 of passing motor vehicles. 81 00:07:17,331 --> 00:07:19,878 But testing found that an engine's spark plug 82 00:07:19,879 --> 00:07:24,290 could not produce so regular a pulse. 83 00:07:29,138 --> 00:07:33,969 Next they considered radio waves from nearby observatories. 84 00:07:33,970 --> 00:07:35,441 Perhaps they emitted radio waves 85 00:07:35,442 --> 00:07:38,320 during the course of their observations. 86 00:07:38,321 --> 00:07:42,880 But all the observatories they asked denied the possibility. 87 00:07:46,022 --> 00:07:49,093 Third suspect, the Moon. 88 00:07:49,094 --> 00:07:51,184 Radio waves from sources on Earth, 89 00:07:51,185 --> 00:07:54,660 might be reflected back to Earth by the Moon. 90 00:07:54,661 --> 00:07:58,953 But the pulses were coming even on moonless nights. 91 00:08:02,416 --> 00:08:05,732 They considered ships' radars, arc welders. 92 00:08:05,733 --> 00:08:10,324 And amateur radio operators all to no avail. 93 00:08:19,137 --> 00:08:21,324 Finally they found proof that the signals 94 00:08:21,325 --> 00:08:23,970 were in fact coming from outer space. 95 00:08:31,873 --> 00:08:36,873 The stars take 23 hours and 56 minutes 96 00:08:38,123 --> 00:08:42,272 to go round and come back to the same spot in the sky. 97 00:08:42,273 --> 00:08:47,146 Not 24 hours, they get four minutes earlier each day. 98 00:08:47,147 --> 00:08:51,295 And this object was moving like the stars. 99 00:08:51,296 --> 00:08:55,764 So it's either something very very curious, 100 00:08:55,765 --> 00:08:58,463 or it's stellar. 101 00:08:58,464 --> 00:09:01,940 And here we have this signal. 102 00:09:01,941 --> 00:09:05,491 It looks quite unnatural. 103 00:09:05,492 --> 00:09:09,843 Was it an intelligent signal from outer space, or not. 104 00:09:09,844 --> 00:09:14,585 That thought had to be taken seriously. 105 00:09:16,713 --> 00:09:21,683 Someone started to use the name, little green men. 106 00:09:24,183 --> 00:09:28,174 I'm not sure if it's this recording or not. 107 00:09:30,985 --> 00:09:33,896 Yes there we are, 108 00:09:33,897 --> 00:09:37,992 someone, you see, I think that may be my writing, 109 00:09:37,993 --> 00:09:41,176 has written green men on the report. 110 00:09:43,730 --> 00:09:45,447 Could Hewish and his associates 111 00:09:45,448 --> 00:09:49,986 prove a sentient alien source scientifically? 112 00:09:53,543 --> 00:09:55,452 It occurred to them that such a source 113 00:09:55,453 --> 00:09:59,948 most probably resided on another planet. 114 00:10:03,815 --> 00:10:08,123 I think if you have alien intelligence, 115 00:10:08,124 --> 00:10:11,088 it's likely to be on a planet 116 00:10:11,089 --> 00:10:13,872 which is in orbit about a star. 117 00:10:13,873 --> 00:10:18,315 And that orbital motion could be detected. 118 00:10:19,174 --> 00:10:21,370 Hewish thought as follows. 119 00:10:21,371 --> 00:10:23,631 Aliens are unlikely to be living right 120 00:10:23,632 --> 00:10:26,336 on a burning star like the sun. 121 00:10:31,408 --> 00:10:36,010 They would be living on a planet orbiting that star. 122 00:10:37,786 --> 00:10:40,452 And there was a perfect way to test whether the pulses 123 00:10:40,453 --> 00:10:44,681 did or did not come from such a source. 124 00:10:50,521 --> 00:10:52,174 Anything moving will give off sounds 125 00:10:52,175 --> 00:10:56,830 or radio waves of varying periodicity. 126 00:10:57,433 --> 00:11:00,173 For example, the sound of an approaching train 127 00:11:00,174 --> 00:11:01,613 will get higher. 128 00:11:01,614 --> 00:11:02,936 As the train approaches, 129 00:11:02,937 --> 00:11:06,328 the spaces between the sound waves it emits become shorter. 130 00:11:07,331 --> 00:11:09,870 That shorter cycle gives it a higher pitch. 131 00:11:12,653 --> 00:11:15,068 By the same token, as it pulls away, 132 00:11:15,443 --> 00:11:18,023 the spaces between sound waves get longer, 133 00:11:18,024 --> 00:11:19,783 and the pitch lower. 134 00:11:19,784 --> 00:11:23,106 It's called the Doppler Effect. 135 00:11:25,011 --> 00:11:27,217 So if those pulsing radio waves were 136 00:11:27,218 --> 00:11:30,332 from aliens on a planet in orbit about its sun, 137 00:11:30,333 --> 00:11:32,870 the space between pulses should grow longer 138 00:11:32,871 --> 00:11:37,521 as the planet moves farther from Earth. 139 00:11:37,522 --> 00:11:41,339 And as it moves closer, the spaces should get shorter. 140 00:11:41,340 --> 00:11:44,006 If this was the pattern, than one might indeed conclude 141 00:11:44,007 --> 00:11:47,509 that the signals were being sent by aliens. 142 00:11:49,532 --> 00:11:54,084 This was round about December, 1967, 143 00:11:54,085 --> 00:11:56,272 I was doing that work. 144 00:11:56,273 --> 00:12:01,273 And after three weeks, I could detect no orbital motion. 145 00:12:04,219 --> 00:12:05,828 If the signals did not originate 146 00:12:05,829 --> 00:12:08,868 from a planet in orbit, then they did not come 147 00:12:08,869 --> 00:12:11,332 from an alien life source. 148 00:12:11,333 --> 00:12:14,415 That meant they had to emanate from a star. 149 00:12:17,285 --> 00:12:21,673 But what sort of star could send out these regular pulses? 150 00:12:25,263 --> 00:12:28,198 The mystery only deepened. 151 00:12:31,250 --> 00:12:35,035 It was then that they discovered a second similar pulse, 152 00:12:35,036 --> 00:12:38,571 and it came from a totally different direction. 153 00:12:43,539 --> 00:12:45,298 The next day they found third 154 00:12:45,299 --> 00:12:48,781 and almost immediately a fourth. 155 00:12:53,811 --> 00:12:56,188 The objects emitting these bizarre signals 156 00:12:56,189 --> 00:12:59,148 were all over the universe. 157 00:13:00,808 --> 00:13:05,142 The mysterious objects came to be called pulsars. 158 00:13:07,836 --> 00:13:11,253 But there was considerable surprise 159 00:13:11,254 --> 00:13:13,840 and interest in this result. 160 00:13:13,841 --> 00:13:16,400 Word went round the astronomical community 161 00:13:16,401 --> 00:13:20,854 very very quickly about this surprising result. 162 00:13:21,446 --> 00:13:24,346 And the whole world knew about it. 163 00:13:24,347 --> 00:13:29,347 And of course every radio telescope that could point 164 00:13:30,160 --> 00:13:34,005 in the right direction looked at these pulsars. 165 00:13:35,312 --> 00:13:39,545 A new celestial body emitting a mysterious pulse. 166 00:13:39,546 --> 00:13:43,306 What could it possibly be like? 167 00:13:49,306 --> 00:13:52,835 Pulsars were a strange new celestial body. 168 00:13:52,836 --> 00:13:54,446 A clue as to what they were like, 169 00:13:54,447 --> 00:13:57,103 came from an unexpected source. 170 00:14:00,313 --> 00:14:03,448 Thirty years before the discovery of the pulsars, 171 00:14:03,449 --> 00:14:06,616 a genius of an astronomer posited the existence 172 00:14:06,617 --> 00:14:08,544 of a fantastic type of star. 173 00:14:12,193 --> 00:14:16,232 In 1934 the Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky 174 00:14:16,233 --> 00:14:18,707 made certain theoretical calculations 175 00:14:18,708 --> 00:14:22,861 about the final stage of a type of giant star. 176 00:14:26,856 --> 00:14:29,681 When the giant star uses up it's fuel, 177 00:14:29,682 --> 00:14:34,178 it erupts in a giant explosion called a super nova. 178 00:14:37,554 --> 00:14:42,554 After the explosion, what's left is an extremely small star. 179 00:14:45,885 --> 00:14:50,358 Furthermore, this small star is of a most peculiar kind. 180 00:14:51,164 --> 00:14:53,605 According to Zwicky's calculations, 181 00:14:53,606 --> 00:14:56,624 such a star might have the mass of our sun, 182 00:14:56,625 --> 00:15:01,451 but a diameter of just 10 kilometers. 183 00:15:01,606 --> 00:15:03,781 The star would be composed exclusively 184 00:15:03,782 --> 00:15:08,782 not of ordinary atoms, but of particles neutrons. 185 00:15:13,467 --> 00:15:16,090 So could the pulsars be the neutron stars 186 00:15:16,091 --> 00:15:18,634 predicted by Zwicky? 187 00:15:26,714 --> 00:15:31,714 Stars, neutron stars, can rotate fast enough 188 00:15:31,919 --> 00:15:34,371 and produce directed radiation. 189 00:15:34,372 --> 00:15:38,057 So that what you're looking at, 190 00:15:38,255 --> 00:15:40,632 is essentially a lighthouse. 191 00:15:40,633 --> 00:15:43,172 Like a terrestrial lighthouse. 192 00:15:45,390 --> 00:15:48,429 Neutron stars have magnetic fields. 193 00:15:48,430 --> 00:15:50,957 The stars rotate rapidly, all the while 194 00:15:50,958 --> 00:15:53,580 emitting electromagnetic radiation, 195 00:15:53,581 --> 00:15:56,054 including radio waves. 196 00:15:56,055 --> 00:15:57,664 Like the light from a lighthouse, 197 00:15:57,665 --> 00:16:01,830 These radio waves will seem to pulse with every revolution. 198 00:16:02,007 --> 00:16:06,459 The neutron star was a winning candidate for the pulsar. 199 00:16:10,625 --> 00:16:14,091 If a radio telescope could detect those pulsing radio waves 200 00:16:14,092 --> 00:16:17,338 amidst the remains of a supernova explosion, 201 00:16:17,339 --> 00:16:19,557 then it would be clear proof that the pulsar 202 00:16:19,558 --> 00:16:21,732 was none other than the likely product 203 00:16:21,733 --> 00:16:25,674 of that supernova explosion, the neutron star. 204 00:16:31,748 --> 00:16:34,447 Telescopes were pointed to the Crab Nebula 205 00:16:34,448 --> 00:16:37,428 in the constellation Taurus. 206 00:16:45,508 --> 00:16:47,470 The Crab Nebula is formed of the remnants 207 00:16:47,471 --> 00:16:51,443 of a supernova that occurred in 1054. 208 00:16:51,620 --> 00:16:55,486 Ancient texts record that supernova. 209 00:17:01,635 --> 00:17:04,077 It was so brilliant that it could be seen 210 00:17:04,078 --> 00:17:07,144 even in the middle of the day. 211 00:17:14,296 --> 00:17:18,188 The Crab Nebula is some 10 light years across. 212 00:17:18,189 --> 00:17:19,883 That is vast. 213 00:17:19,884 --> 00:17:24,884 It's 600,000 times the distance from the Earth to the Sun. 214 00:17:29,303 --> 00:17:32,906 Astronomers around the world are surveying it closely, 215 00:17:32,907 --> 00:17:36,256 believing that somewhere in these remnants of a supernova 216 00:17:36,257 --> 00:17:39,306 there must be a neutron star. 217 00:17:39,307 --> 00:17:43,653 But no one has yet found a pulse. 218 00:17:46,454 --> 00:17:50,949 Perhaps the pulsar is not a neutron star after all. 219 00:17:57,952 --> 00:18:01,572 The jewel of the Caribbean, Puerto Rico. 220 00:18:05,183 --> 00:18:08,169 In Arecibo, in the Western part of the island, 221 00:18:08,170 --> 00:18:11,336 is situated a gigantic structure, 222 00:18:11,337 --> 00:18:14,527 the Arecibo Observatory. 223 00:18:17,662 --> 00:18:20,829 With a dish antenna 305 meters across, 224 00:18:20,830 --> 00:18:24,739 this is the world's largest radio telescope. 225 00:18:30,504 --> 00:18:34,354 Compare that dish antenna to a baseball stadium. 226 00:18:34,355 --> 00:18:38,892 The stadium fits in with room to spare. 227 00:18:45,917 --> 00:18:49,798 This giant radio telescope was used to search for a pulsar 228 00:18:49,799 --> 00:18:52,609 in the Crab Nebula. 229 00:19:00,368 --> 00:19:05,269 But even this telescope could not find a pulsar there. 230 00:19:16,154 --> 00:19:19,418 Richard Lovelace of Cornell University spent eight months 231 00:19:19,419 --> 00:19:23,124 at Arecibo observing the nebula. 232 00:19:29,818 --> 00:19:34,105 Why could a pulsar not be found in the Crab Nebula? 233 00:19:34,106 --> 00:19:37,112 Lovelace consulted with his colleagues. 234 00:19:37,113 --> 00:19:39,694 One theory emerging from their discussions 235 00:19:39,695 --> 00:19:41,827 was that it was there, 236 00:19:41,828 --> 00:19:45,842 but with a much shorter period than expected. 237 00:19:46,158 --> 00:19:50,221 We should look for much shorter periods. 238 00:19:50,222 --> 00:19:55,222 Because in fact the pulsars found by Hewish and Bell, 239 00:19:55,299 --> 00:19:58,348 those were one second period 240 00:19:58,349 --> 00:20:00,871 and one of them was a quarter of a second. 241 00:20:02,189 --> 00:20:03,809 So Lovelace and his colleagues 242 00:20:03,810 --> 00:20:07,223 developed an analytical program to identify pulsars 243 00:20:07,224 --> 00:20:12,032 with merely 1/5 the period of most Hewish and Bell pulsars. 244 00:20:17,434 --> 00:20:20,399 On November 9th, 1968, after Lovelace 245 00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:23,567 had completed his Gallop computer program, 246 00:20:23,568 --> 00:20:26,681 he focused Arecibo's giant spherical antenna 247 00:20:26,682 --> 00:20:29,364 on the Crab Nebula. 248 00:20:31,535 --> 00:20:33,625 Gallop worked splendidly. 249 00:20:33,626 --> 00:20:38,626 Capturing and analyzing radio waves in rapid succession. 250 00:20:39,151 --> 00:20:41,859 Here are the computational results. 251 00:20:41,860 --> 00:20:43,619 Pulses were assigned number values 252 00:20:43,620 --> 00:20:47,341 in order of magnitude from one to nine. 253 00:20:47,342 --> 00:20:50,663 The strongest pulses of all were labeled X. 254 00:20:54,552 --> 00:20:58,629 And here is the much sought after X. 255 00:21:01,918 --> 00:21:04,359 Detailed analysis showed that this pulse 256 00:21:04,360 --> 00:21:07,218 from the Crab Nebula occurred at an interval 257 00:21:07,219 --> 00:21:10,129 of 0.03 seconds. 258 00:21:10,130 --> 00:21:13,884 That is a mere 1/40 of the pulsar periods initially observed 259 00:21:13,885 --> 00:21:16,935 by Hewish and his associates. 260 00:21:21,564 --> 00:21:24,880 The reason this pulsar had not previously been detected 261 00:21:24,881 --> 00:21:27,494 in the Crab Nebula was because the star producing it 262 00:21:27,495 --> 00:21:31,781 was spinning so fast, yielding such a small period. 263 00:21:31,782 --> 00:21:35,648 The Gallop Program had scored a great coup. 264 00:21:38,427 --> 00:21:43,392 It was really a turning point in the ideas about pulsars. 265 00:21:44,134 --> 00:21:46,638 So it became absolutely clear they 266 00:21:46,639 --> 00:21:49,562 were rotating neutron stars. 267 00:21:49,563 --> 00:21:51,610 There was no doubt about that. 268 00:21:51,611 --> 00:21:54,148 Discovery of a pulsar in the Crab Nebula 269 00:21:54,149 --> 00:21:59,149 was the confirmation that all of this was fitting together 270 00:22:00,005 --> 00:22:03,311 and we understood it properly. 271 00:22:06,692 --> 00:22:10,040 In 1999, the Subaru telescope at the summit 272 00:22:10,041 --> 00:22:14,916 of Mauna Kea in Hawaii was aimed at the Crab Nebula. 273 00:22:23,217 --> 00:22:26,360 Observe the object indicated in the middle. 274 00:22:30,856 --> 00:22:33,410 Here it is in slow motion. 275 00:22:38,013 --> 00:22:41,745 Something is twinkling, flashing unlike any 276 00:22:41,746 --> 00:22:43,985 of the stars around it. 277 00:22:43,986 --> 00:22:46,348 A pulsar. 278 00:22:47,484 --> 00:22:50,182 And it is indeed a neutron star, 279 00:22:50,183 --> 00:22:53,259 the remnant of a supernova. 280 00:22:56,337 --> 00:22:58,832 The strange object predicted by Zwicky 281 00:22:58,833 --> 00:23:01,728 had finally revealed itself. 282 00:23:05,829 --> 00:23:09,295 So the pulsar is a neutron star. 283 00:23:09,296 --> 00:23:12,795 It is the result of an exceptionally turbulent process. 284 00:23:20,111 --> 00:23:25,111 A giant star, eight to 20 times the mass of our own sun, 285 00:23:25,349 --> 00:23:28,154 reaches the end of its life. 286 00:23:35,641 --> 00:23:39,176 It explodes as a supernova. 287 00:23:47,161 --> 00:23:50,412 In the middle of it all, the atoms that make up its matter 288 00:23:50,413 --> 00:23:53,970 are subjected to tremendously violent forces. 289 00:23:54,030 --> 00:23:57,650 The orbits of particles disintegrate. 290 00:23:57,677 --> 00:24:01,783 Electrons and protons fuse together creating neutrons 291 00:24:01,784 --> 00:24:05,777 which rapidly condense in volume. 292 00:24:07,330 --> 00:24:10,177 What finally emerges is a ball of neutrons 293 00:24:10,178 --> 00:24:13,713 a mere 10 kilometers in diameter. 294 00:24:15,724 --> 00:24:20,017 A neutron star is born. 295 00:24:22,508 --> 00:24:24,395 The spinning energy of a giant star 296 00:24:24,396 --> 00:24:27,200 more than eight times the volume of the sun 297 00:24:27,201 --> 00:24:30,453 is now concentrated in this tiny object 298 00:24:30,454 --> 00:24:33,327 10 kilometers in diameter. 299 00:24:36,566 --> 00:24:41,566 So the neutron star revolves at fantastic speed. 300 00:24:43,456 --> 00:24:45,183 And with its magnetic field, 301 00:24:45,184 --> 00:24:46,964 the neutron star sends out pulses 302 00:24:46,965 --> 00:24:50,201 of both radio waves and light. 303 00:24:54,143 --> 00:24:58,072 The pulsar. 304 00:25:01,556 --> 00:25:05,032 Professor Antony Hewish. 305 00:25:05,033 --> 00:25:07,976 The discovery of pulsars for which you 306 00:25:07,977 --> 00:25:10,656 played a decisive role is... 307 00:25:10,717 --> 00:25:13,394 For role in the discover of the pulsar, 308 00:25:13,395 --> 00:25:17,773 Hewish was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1974. 309 00:25:21,789 --> 00:25:24,476 Further research revealed even more. 310 00:25:24,477 --> 00:25:27,910 That the pulsar was responsible for a stupendous phenomenon 311 00:25:27,911 --> 00:25:32,076 that went beyond anyone's imagination. 312 00:25:32,604 --> 00:25:35,653 Stimulated by the discoveries of Hewish and Bell, 313 00:25:35,654 --> 00:25:39,675 astronomers all over the world are using radio telescopes 314 00:25:39,676 --> 00:25:43,030 to look for pulsars. 315 00:25:43,089 --> 00:25:45,893 Parkes, Australia is home to a scientist known 316 00:25:45,894 --> 00:25:49,094 as the world's number one pulsar hunter. 317 00:25:53,573 --> 00:25:57,674 Richard Manchester. 318 00:25:58,704 --> 00:26:00,601 He's been using the Parkes Observatory 319 00:26:00,602 --> 00:26:04,265 to search for pulsars for the last four decades. 320 00:26:10,511 --> 00:26:12,601 Parkes is a big telescope, 321 00:26:12,602 --> 00:26:16,025 but by world standards, it's not huge. 322 00:26:16,026 --> 00:26:19,011 There are radio telescopes in other parts of the world, 323 00:26:19,012 --> 00:26:21,432 in Europe, in North America, which are bigger, 324 00:26:21,433 --> 00:26:25,719 but we've found twice as many pulsars 325 00:26:25,720 --> 00:26:29,293 as all of the rest of them put together. 326 00:26:29,294 --> 00:26:32,307 And we're pretty proud of that. 327 00:26:32,931 --> 00:26:35,959 The telescope is located in a natural setting 328 00:26:35,960 --> 00:26:39,629 with more kangaroos than humans passing by. 329 00:26:39,630 --> 00:26:43,042 There are almost no artificial radio sources nearby 330 00:26:43,043 --> 00:26:46,727 to contaminate observations of the universe. 331 00:26:48,738 --> 00:26:51,574 And given its location in the southern hemisphere, 332 00:26:51,575 --> 00:26:55,030 it has a great view of the center of the Milky Way. 333 00:26:55,031 --> 00:26:58,326 All this makes the Parkes Observatory the perfect place 334 00:26:58,327 --> 00:27:01,905 for pulsar hunting. 335 00:27:04,641 --> 00:27:08,443 Manchester also has a special device here. 336 00:27:18,603 --> 00:27:20,874 It's housed in a white box as large 337 00:27:20,875 --> 00:27:25,476 as a two-story bungalow positioned above the reflector. 338 00:27:28,693 --> 00:27:32,282 This will be a rare look inside the box. 339 00:27:44,116 --> 00:27:46,942 It takes 10 minutes to climb the 50 meter ladder 340 00:27:46,943 --> 00:27:49,017 to the white box. 341 00:27:53,769 --> 00:27:56,776 So this is the multibeam receiver. 342 00:27:56,777 --> 00:28:01,319 It has 13 beams. You can just see the feed horns 343 00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:03,405 through these panels. 344 00:28:06,344 --> 00:28:08,732 Each of the 13 elements in the array 345 00:28:08,733 --> 00:28:11,880 collects radio waves from a different direction. 346 00:28:17,746 --> 00:28:19,486 A single receiver can cover 347 00:28:19,487 --> 00:28:22,936 only one region of space at time. 348 00:28:22,973 --> 00:28:24,935 But Manchester and his team have developed 349 00:28:24,936 --> 00:28:27,671 an array of 13 receivers. 350 00:28:27,848 --> 00:28:32,823 This multibeam receiver can observe 13 areas at once. 351 00:28:41,972 --> 00:28:44,776 Once the multibeam was introduced, 352 00:28:44,777 --> 00:28:48,259 pulsar identifications increased dramatically. 353 00:28:48,595 --> 00:28:52,429 Manchester's team soon found more than 1,100 of them. 354 00:28:57,192 --> 00:29:00,199 Thanks to the efforts of astronomers around the world 355 00:29:00,200 --> 00:29:03,639 that number has reached roughly 2,000. 356 00:29:03,709 --> 00:29:06,459 If we could see pulsars with our own eyes, 357 00:29:06,460 --> 00:29:09,729 they would liberally populate the night sky. 358 00:29:15,026 --> 00:29:17,243 It has become apparent that pulsars, 359 00:29:17,244 --> 00:29:21,104 that is neutron stars, are quite common 360 00:29:21,105 --> 00:29:23,222 throughout the universe. 361 00:29:25,734 --> 00:29:29,083 Six, five, four, three, 362 00:29:29,084 --> 00:29:32,016 we have a go for engine start, zero, 363 00:29:32,017 --> 00:29:34,415 we have booster ignition... 364 00:29:34,416 --> 00:29:37,934 in 1999 the Chandra X-Ray Observatory 365 00:29:37,935 --> 00:29:41,262 was launched into Earth orbit. 366 00:29:41,263 --> 00:29:42,606 You look out and this thing is so big... 367 00:29:42,607 --> 00:29:45,454 Earth is constantly bombarded by x-rays 368 00:29:45,455 --> 00:29:47,705 from distant parts of the universe. 369 00:29:50,692 --> 00:29:52,632 Ground based scopes however, 370 00:29:52,852 --> 00:29:54,334 are hindered from observing them 371 00:29:54,335 --> 00:29:57,273 by the Earth's thick atmosphere. 372 00:29:57,748 --> 00:30:00,029 That is the advantage of basing a telescope 373 00:30:00,030 --> 00:30:04,259 in space where there is no such interference. 374 00:30:12,200 --> 00:30:13,703 Chandra provides an excellent way 375 00:30:13,704 --> 00:30:16,316 to observe the remnants of a supernova. 376 00:30:16,317 --> 00:30:19,744 We'll look at a portion of the constellation Cassiopeia. 377 00:30:21,744 --> 00:30:24,863 There's that famous W shape. 378 00:30:24,869 --> 00:30:27,780 And off to one side is a supernova remnant 379 00:30:27,781 --> 00:30:29,829 dubbed Cassiopeia A. 380 00:30:34,876 --> 00:30:38,883 This is an image of Cassiopeia A taken with visible light 381 00:30:39,305 --> 00:30:43,619 and with visible light that's about as good as it gets. 382 00:30:44,104 --> 00:30:48,796 With Chandra however, it looks like this. 383 00:30:48,797 --> 00:30:51,133 Gas clouds enveloping a neutron star 384 00:30:51,134 --> 00:30:54,018 that is fiercely emitting x-radiation. 385 00:31:01,715 --> 00:31:05,538 What does an analysis of their composition reveal? 386 00:31:08,231 --> 00:31:10,566 This shows the presence of silicon. 387 00:31:10,567 --> 00:31:13,841 The redder the area, the more there is. 388 00:31:13,842 --> 00:31:15,483 The distribution indicates the extent 389 00:31:15,484 --> 00:31:20,395 of the supernova explosion. 390 00:31:20,955 --> 00:31:25,547 This is calcium. 391 00:31:26,342 --> 00:31:30,240 And this is the distribution of iron. 392 00:31:31,761 --> 00:31:34,138 Elements such as iron and silicon 393 00:31:34,139 --> 00:31:38,549 are produced by supernovas. 394 00:31:46,426 --> 00:31:50,356 Next, we'll use Chandra to search for a pulsar. 395 00:31:57,037 --> 00:32:00,753 This nebula lies in the constellation Sagittarius. 396 00:32:01,708 --> 00:32:06,708 A pulsar in its midst flashes with exceptional luminosity. 397 00:32:08,876 --> 00:32:11,563 Ringed by gases, it's understandably 398 00:32:11,564 --> 00:32:14,288 called the Bullseye pulsar. 399 00:32:24,662 --> 00:32:28,975 This supernova remnant is in constellation Vela. 400 00:32:33,088 --> 00:32:35,971 A pulsar has been detected here. 401 00:32:39,828 --> 00:32:43,875 The nebula has an odd, tail-like protrusion. 402 00:32:54,014 --> 00:32:57,207 This nebula has some pointy-ness to it. 403 00:32:59,965 --> 00:33:03,298 It also has a pulsar, here. 404 00:33:03,517 --> 00:33:06,460 Gases expelled by a supernova normally expand 405 00:33:06,461 --> 00:33:09,308 outward in a spherical fashion. 406 00:33:09,309 --> 00:33:11,441 But collisions with surrounding gases 407 00:33:11,442 --> 00:33:14,742 have produced these strange angles. 408 00:33:26,865 --> 00:33:30,709 This nebula has a long, long tail. 409 00:33:33,894 --> 00:33:37,898 And at one tip, a pulsar. 410 00:33:38,459 --> 00:33:42,122 The gas cloud is 4.2 light-years in length. 411 00:33:45,872 --> 00:33:47,992 Measurements show that the pulsar itself 412 00:33:47,993 --> 00:33:49,678 is not going anywhere. 413 00:33:49,679 --> 00:33:52,873 So this long tail is a mystery. 414 00:33:57,135 --> 00:34:01,097 This nebula has been called the Cosmic Hand. 415 00:34:04,729 --> 00:34:08,952 The nebula almost looks like my hand here, 416 00:34:08,953 --> 00:34:10,541 with the pulsar sitting here. 417 00:34:10,542 --> 00:34:13,080 There are finger-like structures reaching up here. 418 00:34:13,081 --> 00:34:15,810 There's a thumb-like region over here. 419 00:34:15,811 --> 00:34:19,122 And we don't know why it looks like that. 420 00:34:19,160 --> 00:34:22,956 I think most of us just smiled and looked at it 421 00:34:22,957 --> 00:34:26,684 and said, well this isn't going to be easy to explain. 422 00:34:30,743 --> 00:34:34,636 The pulsar is located at the heel of the palm. 423 00:34:34,637 --> 00:34:38,929 The hand seems to be trying to grasp something. 424 00:34:43,841 --> 00:34:48,304 It's a broad palm, 150 light-years across. 425 00:34:48,620 --> 00:34:52,379 Truly this cosmic hand is an awesome sight. 426 00:35:03,851 --> 00:35:05,748 Scientists find another structure 427 00:35:05,749 --> 00:35:09,327 to be even more astonishing though, 428 00:35:09,386 --> 00:35:11,823 the Crab Nebula. 429 00:35:15,370 --> 00:35:19,609 Chandra can capture the x-rays it produces. 430 00:35:24,980 --> 00:35:28,157 What appears now is a mushroom shape. 431 00:35:28,158 --> 00:35:31,779 This is quite different from its optical image. 432 00:35:41,790 --> 00:35:44,733 Koji Murai used the Chandra X-Ray Observatory 433 00:35:44,734 --> 00:35:47,452 to study the Crab Nebula. 434 00:35:47,453 --> 00:35:52,012 He observed it continuously over a five month period. 435 00:35:57,511 --> 00:36:00,134 As he did so, he saw an awesome phenomenon 436 00:36:00,135 --> 00:36:03,084 he had no expectation of seeing. 437 00:36:04,423 --> 00:36:06,065 What attracted his attention was 438 00:36:06,066 --> 00:36:08,491 the ring of gas in the center. 439 00:36:11,932 --> 00:36:14,416 He imaged it at three week intervals 440 00:36:14,417 --> 00:36:17,067 and combined the results. 441 00:36:19,899 --> 00:36:21,995 It had moved. 442 00:36:26,853 --> 00:36:29,866 The ring is one light-year across. 443 00:36:30,075 --> 00:36:32,196 That's 60 thousand times the distance 444 00:36:32,197 --> 00:36:36,746 from the Earth to the Sun. 445 00:36:38,895 --> 00:36:43,188 Yet on that gigantic scale, the ring suddenly enlarged. 446 00:37:09,752 --> 00:37:13,522 A ring expanding at half the speed of light. 447 00:37:16,343 --> 00:37:19,085 Why is the gas ring expanding at all? 448 00:37:28,834 --> 00:37:31,286 One scientist has tried to solve the mystery 449 00:37:31,287 --> 00:37:33,419 of this pulsar phenomenon by means 450 00:37:33,420 --> 00:37:38,420 of computer simulations. 451 00:37:38,902 --> 00:37:41,493 Shinpei Shibata thinks that the reason the ring 452 00:37:41,494 --> 00:37:44,064 is enlarging so fast is that the pulsar 453 00:37:44,065 --> 00:37:46,442 at its center carries an exceptionally 454 00:37:46,443 --> 00:37:49,232 powerful magnetic charge. 455 00:38:00,234 --> 00:38:02,996 Shibata and his associates used a supercomputer 456 00:38:02,997 --> 00:38:06,164 at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 457 00:38:06,165 --> 00:38:09,039 to simulate the pulsars environment. 458 00:38:14,271 --> 00:38:17,469 Then they set a pulsar, meaning a powerful magnet, 459 00:38:17,470 --> 00:38:19,839 spinning in that environment. 460 00:38:26,078 --> 00:38:29,266 That yields a vast amount of electrical energy, 461 00:38:29,267 --> 00:38:33,560 which in turn produces a huge quantity of particles. 462 00:38:34,430 --> 00:38:37,724 The particles are spun off by the rotating pulsar 463 00:38:37,725 --> 00:38:40,787 and flung out toward the periphery. 464 00:38:47,474 --> 00:38:51,356 The speed of these ejected particles has been calculated. 465 00:38:51,357 --> 00:38:56,357 It's 99.999999999999% of the speed of light. 466 00:39:40,946 --> 00:39:44,828 The pulsar wind blasts out at light speed. 467 00:39:54,286 --> 00:39:56,791 At those fierce speeds, the pulsar wind 468 00:39:56,792 --> 00:40:00,188 pushes surrounding gases outward. 469 00:40:07,148 --> 00:40:09,259 This rendering of the pulsar is based 470 00:40:09,260 --> 00:40:12,134 on the latest research by Shibata. 471 00:40:18,817 --> 00:40:21,560 And so we take an imaginary journey 472 00:40:21,561 --> 00:40:24,929 into deep space to the Crab Nebula. 473 00:40:28,924 --> 00:40:31,141 We plunge into the nebula 474 00:40:31,142 --> 00:40:33,434 greeted by a fearsome particle storm 475 00:40:33,435 --> 00:40:36,587 with winds reaching half the speed of light. 476 00:40:44,101 --> 00:40:47,231 It's still one light-year to the pulsar. 477 00:40:47,312 --> 00:40:50,079 We can see the ripples spreading out. 478 00:40:53,605 --> 00:40:56,703 The pulsar is now a billion kilometers away. 479 00:40:56,704 --> 00:41:00,025 And now we can see the lighthouse effect. 480 00:41:04,074 --> 00:41:07,033 The source of that flashing light is the pulsar. 481 00:41:21,897 --> 00:41:26,897 Finally, the pulsar itself, a shimmering ball of neutrons 482 00:41:27,283 --> 00:41:30,232 just 10 kilometers in diameter. 483 00:41:31,080 --> 00:41:33,863 It's gravitational force is so tremendous, 484 00:41:33,864 --> 00:41:36,743 all bumps and dips are leveled out. 485 00:41:36,744 --> 00:41:39,324 The surface gleams like a mirror. 486 00:41:39,325 --> 00:41:41,820 It even reflects the spaceship. 487 00:41:41,821 --> 00:41:45,953 It's simply amazing that such an object exists. 488 00:41:48,956 --> 00:41:52,347 Seen close up, the pulsar can only be called 489 00:41:52,348 --> 00:41:55,382 a wonder of the universe. 490 00:41:57,510 --> 00:41:59,760 The latest research has revealed 491 00:41:59,761 --> 00:42:02,949 that pulsars are also a source of a certain element 492 00:42:02,950 --> 00:42:07,563 of particular interest to humans. 493 00:42:08,484 --> 00:42:10,904 It happens during the most violent explosions 494 00:42:10,905 --> 00:42:13,263 known to occur in outer space. 495 00:42:21,369 --> 00:42:25,293 Thomas Janka and Shinya Wanajo are pursuing this matter 496 00:42:25,294 --> 00:42:27,426 by creating computer simulations 497 00:42:27,427 --> 00:42:31,026 of violent collisions between two neutron stars. 498 00:42:39,245 --> 00:42:43,057 First Janka creates the neutron star collisions. 499 00:42:47,575 --> 00:42:49,590 The two neutron stars orbit each other 500 00:42:49,591 --> 00:42:50,891 in very close distance. 501 00:42:50,892 --> 00:42:53,206 You can see that the distance between the two neutron stars 502 00:42:53,207 --> 00:42:56,800 is a bit smaller already than the diameter. 503 00:42:56,801 --> 00:42:59,649 And then the two neutron stars actually finally 504 00:42:59,650 --> 00:43:02,186 approach each other with violence and merge 505 00:43:02,187 --> 00:43:04,993 into one big blob of metal. 506 00:43:07,691 --> 00:43:09,578 As soon as they collide and merge, 507 00:43:09,579 --> 00:43:11,711 the two neutron stars are enshrouded 508 00:43:11,712 --> 00:43:15,461 in a misty shell of particles. 509 00:43:15,509 --> 00:43:19,300 These are neutrons shed by the neutron stars. 510 00:43:22,932 --> 00:43:25,588 And eject in the end at large distances 511 00:43:25,589 --> 00:43:28,126 radiates a gamma ray burst which we see 512 00:43:28,127 --> 00:43:31,022 as the brightest flash observable in the universe. 513 00:43:35,337 --> 00:43:39,143 The two neutron stars approach one another rapidly. 514 00:43:39,144 --> 00:43:42,451 Finally, at 30% of the speed of light, 515 00:43:42,452 --> 00:43:45,869 they collide and merge. 516 00:43:46,430 --> 00:43:50,375 At that point, a huge quantity of neutrons is released, 517 00:43:50,376 --> 00:43:52,775 along with a huge amount of energy 518 00:43:52,776 --> 00:43:56,194 causing a gigantic explosion. 519 00:43:57,203 --> 00:44:02,167 The biggest explosion in the universe, a gamma ray burst. 520 00:44:05,351 --> 00:44:07,931 Wanajo believes that this is when various forms 521 00:44:07,932 --> 00:44:10,694 of matter emerge from the cloud of neutrons 522 00:44:10,695 --> 00:44:12,833 released by the explosion. 523 00:44:17,329 --> 00:44:19,184 They say that it is actually rather easy 524 00:44:19,185 --> 00:44:21,435 to envision the phenomenon of neutrons 525 00:44:21,436 --> 00:44:23,541 producing other matter. 526 00:44:41,168 --> 00:44:42,692 The neutrons that spread about 527 00:44:42,693 --> 00:44:46,943 at the moment of impact carry a neutral charge. 528 00:44:47,056 --> 00:44:49,945 So they can combine with other matter easily, 529 00:44:49,946 --> 00:44:52,308 they offer no resistance. 530 00:45:06,670 --> 00:45:09,347 As more and more neutrons attach to a given nucleus, 531 00:45:09,348 --> 00:45:13,683 the nucleus grows larger and larger. 532 00:45:15,384 --> 00:45:17,762 Wanajo calculated the type and quantity 533 00:45:17,763 --> 00:45:20,456 of elements created at that stage. 534 00:45:25,176 --> 00:45:28,567 Consider what happens during the first 0.3 seconds 535 00:45:28,568 --> 00:45:30,631 after the explosion. 536 00:45:35,255 --> 00:45:38,326 The line extended towards the upper right of the graph 537 00:45:38,327 --> 00:45:41,969 indicates the volume of neutrons combining together. 538 00:45:45,399 --> 00:45:48,688 Heavy elements appear in a flash. 539 00:45:54,070 --> 00:45:58,596 0.01 seconds after the blast. 540 00:46:00,520 --> 00:46:02,663 The neutrons as they combine, 541 00:46:02,664 --> 00:46:05,111 begin to form heavier nuclei. 542 00:46:07,539 --> 00:46:10,321 Large quantities of neutrons whiz about, 543 00:46:10,322 --> 00:46:13,602 creating elements such as iron and silver. 544 00:46:18,919 --> 00:46:21,958 At 0.3 seconds after the explosion, 545 00:46:21,959 --> 00:46:25,355 more neutrons get added. 546 00:46:28,209 --> 00:46:30,085 When they reach a certain mass, 547 00:46:30,086 --> 00:46:32,427 the nuclei stabilize. 548 00:46:54,586 --> 00:46:56,942 So the collision scatters vast quantities 549 00:46:56,943 --> 00:46:58,926 of neutrons about. 550 00:46:58,927 --> 00:47:02,409 And in very short order, they produce gold. 551 00:47:12,686 --> 00:47:14,349 So how much gold does the collision 552 00:47:14,350 --> 00:47:17,091 of those two neutron star produce? 553 00:47:17,092 --> 00:47:20,061 And how does it get scattered about? 554 00:47:24,675 --> 00:47:26,786 This is a computer graphic rendering 555 00:47:26,787 --> 00:47:29,490 based on those calculations. 556 00:47:30,253 --> 00:47:34,465 All those neutrons have produced a vast quantity of gold 557 00:47:34,466 --> 00:47:36,871 which is then dispersed through space. 558 00:47:41,677 --> 00:47:44,320 The quantity of gold produced at this time 559 00:47:44,321 --> 00:47:47,814 is equivalent to triple the mass of planet Earth. 560 00:47:50,657 --> 00:47:54,241 Wanajo and Janka say that if one goes back far enough, 561 00:47:54,242 --> 00:47:56,022 one could trace Earth's gold also 562 00:47:56,023 --> 00:47:59,793 to collisions between neutron stars. 563 00:48:00,439 --> 00:48:02,667 At least the neutron star merges seem 564 00:48:02,668 --> 00:48:05,451 to be a good candidate for the most, 565 00:48:05,452 --> 00:48:08,459 for the main produces for the origin of most 566 00:48:08,460 --> 00:48:11,984 of the very heavy elements, like uranium and gold. 567 00:48:15,716 --> 00:48:18,141 Collisions between neutron stars, 568 00:48:18,142 --> 00:48:21,569 happening far away, and long ago. 569 00:48:28,509 --> 00:48:31,473 The gold we ourselves handle was created 570 00:48:31,474 --> 00:48:34,593 by the largest collisions in the universe. 571 00:48:45,420 --> 00:48:46,599 During the filming of the work done 572 00:48:46,600 --> 00:48:49,202 by pulsar hunter Richard Manchester, 573 00:48:49,203 --> 00:48:52,034 an unexpected discovery was made. 574 00:48:57,727 --> 00:49:01,838 Coffee cup in hand, he begins his observations for the day. 575 00:49:03,657 --> 00:49:05,469 Manchester knows a number of regions 576 00:49:05,470 --> 00:49:08,942 where pulsars are relatively likely to be found. 577 00:49:09,673 --> 00:49:13,272 He targets one of them. 578 00:49:15,944 --> 00:49:19,378 For 30 minutes he directs the 64 meter antenna 579 00:49:19,379 --> 00:49:22,637 at one star in particular. 580 00:49:24,094 --> 00:49:26,556 That's when it happened. 581 00:49:26,557 --> 00:49:28,710 Oh, oh, oh! Oh look at that. 582 00:49:28,711 --> 00:49:32,171 Yeah, yeah, yeah that's a binary. 583 00:49:32,936 --> 00:49:37,250 Well now, let me just, I turned off... 584 00:49:38,705 --> 00:49:42,870 Is this binary star the kind that produces gold? 585 00:49:43,174 --> 00:49:44,165 There is a... 586 00:49:44,166 --> 00:49:46,567 There's a curvature There's a curvature, yeah. 587 00:49:50,026 --> 00:49:51,060 Very good! Yeah, yeah 588 00:49:51,061 --> 00:49:52,447 That could be an interesting source, 589 00:49:52,448 --> 00:49:55,592 what's the period? 590 00:49:55,593 --> 00:49:57,139 One two three milliseconds. 591 00:49:57,140 --> 00:50:00,894 123, so it could even be a double neutron star. 592 00:50:04,264 --> 00:50:08,079 So that's pretty amazing, wow. 593 00:50:08,084 --> 00:50:12,259 Not a bad haul Pretty good. 594 00:50:13,416 --> 00:50:17,917 And we only know of ten or twelve of these systems 595 00:50:17,918 --> 00:50:21,799 out of the 2,000 pulsars that we know about 596 00:50:21,800 --> 00:50:24,856 and so finding another one would be very exciting. 597 00:50:27,368 --> 00:50:29,949 The two neutron stars in a binary system 598 00:50:29,950 --> 00:50:31,815 will eventually, it is thought, 599 00:50:31,816 --> 00:50:33,970 approach each other and collide. 600 00:50:37,896 --> 00:50:41,329 Along with one of the greatest explosions in the universe, 601 00:50:41,330 --> 00:50:43,601 the result will be an increase in the amount 602 00:50:43,602 --> 00:50:45,958 of gold in existence. 603 00:50:45,959 --> 00:50:48,720 An increase equivalent to several times the mass 604 00:50:48,721 --> 00:50:50,902 of our entire planet. 605 00:51:04,091 --> 00:51:08,757 Today as well, pulses from afar are reaching our planet. 606 00:51:19,962 --> 00:51:24,186 Pulses that led to the discovery of neutron stars, 607 00:51:24,187 --> 00:51:27,690 spectacular celestial bodies. 608 00:51:35,215 --> 00:51:38,488 The pulsating neutron star, or pulsar, 609 00:51:38,489 --> 00:51:41,453 is the strangest object in the universe. 610 00:51:41,454 --> 00:51:45,076 And one deeply associated with the creation of matter. 611 00:51:46,330 --> 00:51:48,866 It will continue to challenge humanities vision and 612 00:51:48,867 --> 00:51:52,274 intelligence for many years to come. 48079

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