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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,480 --> 00:00:02,070 The 20th century was a time 2 00:00:02,070 --> 00:00:03,523 of incredible change, 3 00:00:04,398 --> 00:00:05,750 (Hitler speaking foreign language) 4 00:00:05,750 --> 00:00:08,890 unspeakable horrors, and amazing leaps 5 00:00:08,890 --> 00:00:10,503 of scientific discovery. 6 00:00:11,920 --> 00:00:13,970 It was a century marked by events 7 00:00:13,970 --> 00:00:17,020 that united and divided us, 8 00:00:17,020 --> 00:00:19,531 from great feats to great wars 9 00:00:19,531 --> 00:00:21,260 (bombs blasting) 10 00:00:21,260 --> 00:00:24,020 with advancements and setbacks 11 00:00:24,910 --> 00:00:27,490 that showed us the power of many, 12 00:00:27,490 --> 00:00:28,670 the power of one. 13 00:00:28,670 --> 00:00:30,063 I have a dream. 14 00:00:30,063 --> 00:00:31,963 A century of revolutions, 15 00:00:33,560 --> 00:00:36,350 evolutions, and retributions. 16 00:00:36,350 --> 00:00:37,910 He's been shot! 17 00:00:37,910 --> 00:00:41,100 A century made by conflicts and crimes, 18 00:00:41,100 --> 00:00:42,853 inventions and entertainment, 19 00:00:44,530 --> 00:00:49,530 politics, protests, discoveries, and disasters. 20 00:00:49,696 --> 00:00:51,480 Oh, the humanity! 21 00:00:51,480 --> 00:00:53,740 We will count down the 101 events 22 00:00:53,740 --> 00:00:55,640 of the 20th century. 23 00:00:55,640 --> 00:00:58,400 Their stories form the tapestry of our history 24 00:00:58,400 --> 00:01:00,463 and shape the world in which we live. 25 00:01:02,083 --> 00:01:04,833 (dramatic music) 26 00:01:05,722 --> 00:01:07,353 In this episode: 27 00:01:08,310 --> 00:01:10,720 His point was doesn't matter if this is 28 00:01:10,720 --> 00:01:12,500 the premier player in the world. 29 00:01:12,500 --> 00:01:13,700 She's a woman! 30 00:01:13,700 --> 00:01:15,950 Any man can beat her. 31 00:01:15,950 --> 00:01:19,460 So it was silently traveling all over the globe 32 00:01:19,460 --> 00:01:21,910 and it was being transmitted constantly 33 00:01:21,910 --> 00:01:24,103 without us even realizing it was around. 34 00:01:25,820 --> 00:01:29,900 The first Gulf War entrenched American military power 35 00:01:29,900 --> 00:01:32,053 in the heart of the Middle East. 36 00:01:34,995 --> 00:01:37,745 (dramatic music) 37 00:01:38,970 --> 00:01:41,160 In a small town in Texas, 38 00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:43,500 a shootout between a breakaway religious sect 39 00:01:43,500 --> 00:01:46,323 and government authorities would end in tragedy, 40 00:01:47,430 --> 00:01:49,580 shaking America's trust in their government 41 00:01:49,580 --> 00:01:51,450 and making headlines around the world. 42 00:01:51,450 --> 00:01:54,950 (police radio chattering) 43 00:02:00,750 --> 00:02:03,660 Outside of Waco, Texas, a religious group 44 00:02:03,660 --> 00:02:05,323 lived on a hilltop compound. 45 00:02:06,210 --> 00:02:08,270 The Branch Davidians were a break-off group 46 00:02:08,270 --> 00:02:09,900 from the Seventh Day Adventists 47 00:02:09,900 --> 00:02:12,630 and they have a belief that the second coming 48 00:02:12,630 --> 00:02:14,440 of Jesus Christ is imminent 49 00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:16,740 and as such are very concerned with interpreting 50 00:02:16,740 --> 00:02:19,440 signs and symptoms of when this second coming 51 00:02:19,440 --> 00:02:21,530 is actually going to occur. 52 00:02:21,530 --> 00:02:26,300 Under David Koresh, they came to be more cut off 53 00:02:26,300 --> 00:02:27,580 from the rest of society 54 00:02:27,580 --> 00:02:29,730 and this is when a break-off religion 55 00:02:29,730 --> 00:02:33,160 tends to be regarded as a cult more than a religion. 56 00:02:33,160 --> 00:02:34,634 What's he gonna preach? 57 00:02:34,634 --> 00:02:35,753 (congregation speaking indistinctly) 58 00:02:35,753 --> 00:02:36,797 Seven Seals. 59 00:02:36,797 --> 00:02:37,660 Seven Seals. 60 00:02:37,660 --> 00:02:41,080 The FBI saw Koresh as a deranged individual 61 00:02:41,080 --> 00:02:43,633 whose primary business was trading weapons. 62 00:02:44,640 --> 00:02:47,420 On the 28th of February 1993, 63 00:02:47,420 --> 00:02:51,430 agents from the US Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms 64 00:02:51,430 --> 00:02:53,700 arrived with a search warrant. 65 00:02:53,700 --> 00:02:57,020 Gunfire broke out, lasting for 45 minutes, 66 00:02:57,020 --> 00:03:00,280 the longest shootout in US law enforcement history. 67 00:03:00,280 --> 00:03:02,390 So after the ATF arrived, 68 00:03:02,390 --> 00:03:05,540 it's not 100% agreed upon what actually happened 69 00:03:05,540 --> 00:03:07,450 or who fired the first shot, 70 00:03:07,450 --> 00:03:09,760 whether it was that the Davidians had fired 71 00:03:09,760 --> 00:03:10,900 and therefore killed an agent, 72 00:03:10,900 --> 00:03:12,860 which then leads to a massive response, 73 00:03:12,860 --> 00:03:15,620 or whether the ATF, indeed, had fired, 74 00:03:15,620 --> 00:03:18,760 which then led to the Davidians defending themselves. 75 00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:19,950 At the end of the shooting, 76 00:03:19,950 --> 00:03:24,280 four ATF agents and six Branch Davidians had been killed. 77 00:03:24,280 --> 00:03:26,780 Our hearts go out to these brave agents (clears throat) 78 00:03:26,780 --> 00:03:28,800 who died today in the line of duty. 79 00:03:28,800 --> 00:03:29,847 ATF agents withdrew 80 00:03:29,847 --> 00:03:32,493 and negotiated a ceasefire via telephone. 81 00:03:33,580 --> 00:03:36,408 David Koresh, pick up the phone. 82 00:03:36,408 --> 00:03:38,210 Negotiators are attempting to get a hold of you. 83 00:03:38,210 --> 00:03:40,590 They would like to speak with you. 84 00:03:40,590 --> 00:03:42,080 The FBI arrived 85 00:03:42,080 --> 00:03:44,890 and took the lead on negotiations. 86 00:03:44,890 --> 00:03:47,083 A stand-off stretched out over weeks. 87 00:03:48,450 --> 00:03:50,690 After discovering the group had stockpiled 88 00:03:50,690 --> 00:03:53,150 at least a year's worth of supplies, 89 00:03:53,150 --> 00:03:55,993 the FBI decided to tear gas the compound. 90 00:03:56,860 --> 00:04:00,160 US Attorney General Janet Reno agreed to the plan 91 00:04:00,160 --> 00:04:04,980 on the 18th of April with the siege now in its 51st day. 92 00:04:04,980 --> 00:04:07,530 Six hours after tear gassing began, 93 00:04:07,530 --> 00:04:10,783 flames erupted at three separate points in the compound. 94 00:04:11,620 --> 00:04:14,290 Most of the Davidians died of smoke inhalation 95 00:04:14,290 --> 00:04:15,433 after the fire began. 96 00:04:17,140 --> 00:04:19,850 The investigators found 75 bodies, 97 00:04:19,850 --> 00:04:21,743 including 25 children. 98 00:04:23,120 --> 00:04:25,320 Five of Koresh's followers were convicted 99 00:04:25,320 --> 00:04:29,190 of voluntary manslaughter and firearms violations. 100 00:04:29,190 --> 00:04:31,890 Branch Davidians are not anti-government (sniffles) 101 00:04:31,890 --> 00:04:35,240 we're not anti-law enforcement 102 00:04:35,240 --> 00:04:39,030 and I'm sorry that there are four agents that are dead, 103 00:04:39,030 --> 00:04:43,800 but we lost 85 friends and family, too. 104 00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:45,310 After Reno was criticized 105 00:04:45,310 --> 00:04:47,380 for authorizing tear gas, 106 00:04:47,380 --> 00:04:49,523 a federal investigation was launched. 107 00:04:50,550 --> 00:04:52,990 The inquiry exonerated the FBI, 108 00:04:52,990 --> 00:04:56,263 attributing the deaths solely to the actions of Koresh. 109 00:04:57,130 --> 00:04:59,940 Despite the findings, public confidence in the 110 00:04:59,940 --> 00:05:02,030 authorities was shaken. 111 00:05:02,030 --> 00:05:04,880 The massive conflagration, the huge fire 112 00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:08,380 that is sort of burned into everybody's memories of Waco 113 00:05:08,380 --> 00:05:11,570 meant that the ATF and law enforcement more generally 114 00:05:11,570 --> 00:05:16,430 is way less gung-ho about going into a siege situation 115 00:05:16,430 --> 00:05:19,430 with a cult or a group of people who are 116 00:05:19,430 --> 00:05:22,920 sort of gathered around a particular movement or identity. 117 00:05:22,920 --> 00:05:25,700 Waco is seen as the kind of biggest tragedy 118 00:05:25,700 --> 00:05:28,163 in Law Enforcement in the United States. 119 00:05:31,031 --> 00:05:33,614 (upbeat music) 120 00:05:36,190 --> 00:05:38,510 The early 1970s. 121 00:05:38,510 --> 00:05:41,130 Women's campaign for equal pay was extending 122 00:05:41,130 --> 00:05:42,330 into the sporting arena. 123 00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:46,370 It was here that one female sporting legend 124 00:05:46,370 --> 00:05:49,423 would turn a gimmick match into an important stand. 125 00:05:50,921 --> 00:05:53,504 (upbeat music) 126 00:05:54,840 --> 00:05:58,390 In 1973, an exhibition tennis match was arranged 127 00:05:58,390 --> 00:06:02,470 between two pros, one male, one female. 128 00:06:02,470 --> 00:06:05,013 It was touted as finally answering the question: 129 00:06:05,930 --> 00:06:08,160 Who would win the battle of the sexes? 130 00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:10,490 But all over the world women were saying, 131 00:06:10,490 --> 00:06:11,690 you know, we want equal pay, 132 00:06:11,690 --> 00:06:13,350 we want equal conditions of work 133 00:06:13,350 --> 00:06:15,840 and we want equal reward for our endeavors, 134 00:06:15,840 --> 00:06:19,360 particularly in sports, where the women were 135 00:06:19,360 --> 00:06:21,510 shamelessly paid less than men 136 00:06:21,510 --> 00:06:24,060 regardless of how good they were. 137 00:06:24,910 --> 00:06:26,550 The contenders were Bobby Riggs 138 00:06:26,550 --> 00:06:29,333 on the men's side and Billie Jean King for the women. 139 00:06:30,200 --> 00:06:31,080 Billie Jean King, 140 00:06:31,080 --> 00:06:32,750 five times Wimbledon champion, 141 00:06:32,750 --> 00:06:35,950 selects a soft easy-flowing Teddy Tinling creation, 142 00:06:35,950 --> 00:06:38,450 unlike her tennis, which his hard and devastating. 143 00:06:39,510 --> 00:06:41,700 This was an important match for King. 144 00:06:41,700 --> 00:06:43,480 She had been part of the group of women 145 00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:46,600 frustrated with the wage disparity between the sexes 146 00:06:46,600 --> 00:06:49,410 who were taking action by boycotting the men's tours 147 00:06:49,410 --> 00:06:52,563 for symbolic one dollar contracts to play their own tour. 148 00:06:53,770 --> 00:06:56,180 Bobby Riggs was now in his mid fifties. 149 00:06:56,180 --> 00:06:59,210 Despite his age, Riggs still thought he could win 150 00:06:59,210 --> 00:07:00,093 without training. 151 00:07:01,059 --> 00:07:02,843 When you play me you'll see shots 152 00:07:02,843 --> 00:07:03,881 you've never seen before. 153 00:07:03,881 --> 00:07:05,110 I mean, I'll let you know that right now. 154 00:07:05,110 --> 00:07:06,500 I believe that. 155 00:07:06,500 --> 00:07:09,610 Riggs was a pretty decent player. 156 00:07:09,610 --> 00:07:12,630 In the 1940s he'd won a Wimbledon title, 157 00:07:12,630 --> 00:07:14,630 he'd won a Davis Cup, 158 00:07:14,630 --> 00:07:16,930 but I mean he was way, way past his best. 159 00:07:16,930 --> 00:07:20,560 I mean, he'd retired and wasn't a serious competitor 160 00:07:20,560 --> 00:07:24,750 any longer and felt that things had got out of hand 161 00:07:24,750 --> 00:07:26,080 as far as he was concerned. 162 00:07:26,080 --> 00:07:29,020 When I say out of hand, he felt that women 163 00:07:29,020 --> 00:07:30,440 made too much progress. 164 00:07:30,440 --> 00:07:34,690 He liked women to be in their natural environment. 165 00:07:34,690 --> 00:07:38,390 That is, the home, in the kitchen specifically. 166 00:07:38,390 --> 00:07:40,453 And he was very outspoken about this. 167 00:07:41,440 --> 00:07:43,600 Riggs had won a match against world number one, 168 00:07:43,600 --> 00:07:45,863 Margaret Court, just six months earlier. 169 00:07:46,940 --> 00:07:49,360 His point was it doesn't matter if this is 170 00:07:49,360 --> 00:07:51,150 the premier player in the world. 171 00:07:51,150 --> 00:07:52,360 She's a woman. 172 00:07:52,360 --> 00:07:53,620 Any man can beat her. 173 00:07:53,620 --> 00:07:56,160 Any guy that can hold a tennis racket 174 00:07:56,160 --> 00:08:00,710 can probably beat, smash the world's best woman player. 175 00:08:00,710 --> 00:08:04,780 So he threw down the gauntlet to Billie Jean King. 176 00:08:04,780 --> 00:08:06,320 Bad decision. 177 00:08:06,320 --> 00:08:11,130 Billie Jean was a stalwart supporter of women's rights, 178 00:08:11,130 --> 00:08:14,723 had got a brilliant record, 179 00:08:15,820 --> 00:08:19,210 had won three slams the year before 180 00:08:19,210 --> 00:08:21,003 the actual Battle of the Sexes. 181 00:08:22,400 --> 00:08:25,250 More than 30,000 fans filled the Aerodrome, 182 00:08:25,250 --> 00:08:27,433 eager to see who would be victorious. 183 00:08:28,380 --> 00:08:31,170 It is also estimated that 90 million people 184 00:08:31,170 --> 00:08:32,639 watched from home. 185 00:08:32,639 --> 00:08:35,243 (upbeat music) 186 00:08:35,243 --> 00:08:38,760 (crowd applauding) 187 00:08:38,760 --> 00:08:41,120 King won convincingly. 188 00:08:41,120 --> 00:08:42,780 She was at the top of her game 189 00:08:42,780 --> 00:08:45,630 and had not stopped training in the lead-up to the match. 190 00:08:46,869 --> 00:08:49,093 I had said before the match that I was gonna win it, 191 00:08:49,093 --> 00:08:51,110 that there'd be no contest and I was wrong. 192 00:08:51,110 --> 00:08:53,520 And she said that they were gonna scrape me off 193 00:08:53,520 --> 00:08:54,630 the floor of the Astrodome. 194 00:08:54,630 --> 00:08:56,930 They didn't quite have to do that, but almost. 195 00:08:57,930 --> 00:09:00,865 King received a huge spike in sponsorship 196 00:09:00,865 --> 00:09:02,940 and co-founded the Women's Players Union 197 00:09:02,940 --> 00:09:07,160 and a not for profit advocacy group for female athletes. 198 00:09:07,160 --> 00:09:10,950 After King's win, there was a boom in women's sport. 199 00:09:10,950 --> 00:09:15,950 Even though there was a freakish feel about the event, 200 00:09:16,660 --> 00:09:18,870 there was a symbolic quality to it 201 00:09:18,870 --> 00:09:21,000 and by putting the guy in his place 202 00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:23,150 and frankly, rubbing his nose in it, 203 00:09:23,150 --> 00:09:26,070 she delivered a fantastic blow 204 00:09:26,070 --> 00:09:27,970 for the feminist cause in its day. 205 00:09:27,970 --> 00:09:30,300 Uh, to the Queen of Tennis. 206 00:09:30,300 --> 00:09:34,859 I'll bet you my head's too big. (onlookers clapping) 207 00:09:34,859 --> 00:09:37,442 (gentle music) 208 00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:41,120 When Franklin D. Roosevelt 209 00:09:41,120 --> 00:09:45,270 was sworn in as President of the United States in 1933, 210 00:09:45,270 --> 00:09:47,530 he inherited an economy in tatters 211 00:09:47,530 --> 00:09:49,513 and millions of unemployed citizens. 212 00:09:50,830 --> 00:09:53,230 His response would change the American political 213 00:09:53,230 --> 00:09:55,273 and social landscape for generations. 214 00:09:56,350 --> 00:09:59,320 Let me assert my firm belief 215 00:09:59,320 --> 00:10:03,440 that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself. 216 00:10:08,920 --> 00:10:10,670 Black Tuesday had hit Wall Street 217 00:10:10,670 --> 00:10:13,323 on the 29th of October 1929. 218 00:10:14,700 --> 00:10:17,340 The first in a series of economic crises 219 00:10:17,340 --> 00:10:19,430 that led to financial devastation 220 00:10:19,430 --> 00:10:21,893 that the 20th century wouldn't see again. 221 00:10:22,940 --> 00:10:26,230 By 1933 in the grip of the Great Depression, 222 00:10:26,230 --> 00:10:30,870 America's GDP had fallen by almost 29%. 223 00:10:30,870 --> 00:10:33,713 Banking and credit systems were paralyzed. 224 00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:37,350 Soup kitchens, unemployment queues, 225 00:10:37,350 --> 00:10:39,590 and desperation were the daily challenges 226 00:10:39,590 --> 00:10:41,920 for millions of Americans. 227 00:10:41,920 --> 00:10:45,280 Roosevelt campaigned on a ticket of economic reform. 228 00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:50,280 I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people. 229 00:10:50,954 --> 00:10:52,520 (crowd cheering) 230 00:10:52,520 --> 00:10:55,050 Roosevelt takes office at a moment of 231 00:10:55,050 --> 00:10:58,000 unprecedented economic crisis, 232 00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:01,590 the banks are failing, mass unemployment, 25%. 233 00:11:01,590 --> 00:11:04,420 Farm prices are going through the floor. 234 00:11:04,420 --> 00:11:06,650 And Roosevelt doesn't have the answers, 235 00:11:06,650 --> 00:11:09,160 so the first thing that he sets out to do is 236 00:11:09,160 --> 00:11:12,060 to restore the confidence of the people in the government. 237 00:11:13,150 --> 00:11:14,690 Winning by a landslide, 238 00:11:14,690 --> 00:11:17,020 Roosevelt went straight to work to make good 239 00:11:17,020 --> 00:11:19,105 on his reform campaign promises. 240 00:11:19,105 --> 00:11:20,840 But we are on our way. 241 00:11:20,840 --> 00:11:23,190 In his first 100 days as President, 242 00:11:23,190 --> 00:11:25,780 he introduced major new laws. 243 00:11:25,780 --> 00:11:27,780 His work projects aimed to pull millions 244 00:11:27,780 --> 00:11:30,090 of unemployed Americans back to work 245 00:11:30,090 --> 00:11:32,870 by building roads, bridges, libraries, 246 00:11:32,870 --> 00:11:35,420 schools, and parks all around the country. 247 00:11:35,420 --> 00:11:37,420 Work that conserves the soil 248 00:11:37,420 --> 00:11:38,820 and replenishes the forests. 249 00:11:40,260 --> 00:11:43,280 Cultural projects were supported, too. 250 00:11:43,280 --> 00:11:45,217 Roosevelt famously remarked at one point, 251 00:11:45,217 --> 00:11:46,877 "Well, even artists are unemployed 252 00:11:46,877 --> 00:11:48,730 "and we need to help them." 253 00:11:48,730 --> 00:11:50,006 Under the Works program, 254 00:11:50,006 --> 00:11:52,040 musicians, artists, writers, and actors 255 00:11:52,040 --> 00:11:54,030 contribute their share to the cultural development 256 00:11:54,030 --> 00:11:54,880 of the community. 257 00:11:56,582 --> 00:11:58,780 For Roosevelt, the most important reform 258 00:11:58,780 --> 00:12:01,950 was the Social Security Act of 1935, 259 00:12:01,950 --> 00:12:04,520 creating an insurance system for the aged, 260 00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:08,020 unemployed, disabled, and retired workers. 261 00:12:08,020 --> 00:12:09,540 The public believes, too, 262 00:12:09,540 --> 00:12:12,603 that old age security should be a function of government. 263 00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:17,370 Then round about 1935, when he's been in office 264 00:12:17,370 --> 00:12:20,740 for two years, he switches to a bottom-up approach, 265 00:12:20,740 --> 00:12:23,230 trying to build up trade union power, 266 00:12:23,230 --> 00:12:25,800 give rights at the bottom of the economic pile, 267 00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:28,230 improve relief work. 268 00:12:28,230 --> 00:12:29,880 Despite its ambitions, 269 00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:33,320 Roosevelt's New Deal didn't end the economic depression, 270 00:12:33,320 --> 00:12:35,840 but it did have lasting effects. 271 00:12:35,840 --> 00:12:38,990 First and foremost, it demonstrated that 272 00:12:38,990 --> 00:12:42,830 the federal government's presence in the economy 273 00:12:42,830 --> 00:12:45,130 and in society was essential. 274 00:12:45,130 --> 00:12:47,950 Secondly, it made the presidency the central 275 00:12:47,950 --> 00:12:51,320 and driving force of the American political system. 276 00:12:51,320 --> 00:12:54,950 Since Roosevelt came to office in 1933, 277 00:12:54,950 --> 00:12:59,020 the throne Presidency has been a central assumption 278 00:12:59,020 --> 00:13:02,500 in American politics and Americans look to 279 00:13:02,500 --> 00:13:04,180 their Presidents for leadership. 280 00:13:04,180 --> 00:13:06,036 So Mr. Roosevelt is renominated 281 00:13:06,036 --> 00:13:07,245 and will probably be reelected. 282 00:13:07,245 --> 00:13:09,995 (dramatic music) 283 00:13:12,440 --> 00:13:14,540 On the second of August 1990, 284 00:13:15,420 --> 00:13:17,400 the international community was shaken 285 00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:20,030 when Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein 286 00:13:20,030 --> 00:13:23,663 ordered his army across the border into neighboring Kuwait. 287 00:13:23,663 --> 00:13:26,413 (dramatic music) 288 00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:33,390 Well, the initial pretext for the invasion 289 00:13:33,390 --> 00:13:37,900 on second of August 1990 was two things. 290 00:13:37,900 --> 00:13:41,790 Firstly, demarcation disputes over the exact border 291 00:13:41,790 --> 00:13:44,980 between Kuwait and Iraq. 292 00:13:44,980 --> 00:13:47,910 The second source of contention was the 293 00:13:47,910 --> 00:13:51,940 slant drilling of the Kuwaitis under the border 294 00:13:51,940 --> 00:13:55,470 into Iraqi oil reserves. 295 00:13:55,470 --> 00:13:58,270 Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait 296 00:13:58,270 --> 00:14:00,590 and in the space of about 12 hours, 297 00:14:00,590 --> 00:14:02,620 the country was completely overrun 298 00:14:02,620 --> 00:14:05,053 and the Kuwaiti leadership fled. 299 00:14:07,480 --> 00:14:09,570 Iraq's army was well-equipped 300 00:14:09,570 --> 00:14:11,630 as the US had provided military aid 301 00:14:11,630 --> 00:14:13,603 during the eight year war with Iran. 302 00:14:14,460 --> 00:14:17,420 Kuwait was a major supplier of oil to the US. 303 00:14:17,420 --> 00:14:20,410 The Iraqi takeover also posed an immediate threat 304 00:14:20,410 --> 00:14:23,733 to Saudi Arabia, another major exporter of oil. 305 00:14:24,960 --> 00:14:27,370 If Saudi Arabia fell to Saddam, 306 00:14:27,370 --> 00:14:30,613 Iraq would control one fifth of the world's oil supply. 307 00:14:32,830 --> 00:14:37,777 US President George HW Bush took immediate action. 308 00:14:37,777 --> 00:14:41,890 At my direction, elements of the 82nd Airborne Division 309 00:14:41,890 --> 00:14:45,660 are arriving today to take up defensive positions 310 00:14:45,660 --> 00:14:46,793 in Saudi Arabia. 311 00:14:48,120 --> 00:14:50,070 The US sought multilateral support 312 00:14:50,070 --> 00:14:52,930 from the United Nations Security Council. 313 00:14:52,930 --> 00:14:56,230 He sends another quarter of a million US troops, 314 00:14:56,230 --> 00:14:59,500 continues drumming up support for what would eventually 315 00:14:59,500 --> 00:15:02,760 become a 35 member coalition that were involved in 316 00:15:02,760 --> 00:15:03,763 military actions. 317 00:15:06,200 --> 00:15:07,790 After months of buildup, 318 00:15:07,790 --> 00:15:11,163 President Bush issued an ultimatum to Saddam Hussein. 319 00:15:12,320 --> 00:15:16,220 Leave Kuwait by the 15th of January 1991 320 00:15:16,220 --> 00:15:19,343 or face a full attack by the multinational force. 321 00:15:21,690 --> 00:15:24,810 When the deadline passed, the operation initially called 322 00:15:24,810 --> 00:15:27,787 Desert Shield became Desert Storm. 323 00:15:27,787 --> 00:15:30,537 (dramatic music) 324 00:15:32,051 --> 00:15:32,884 (bomb blasting) 325 00:15:32,884 --> 00:15:34,941 US bombing raids were followed by a swift ground war. 326 00:15:34,941 --> 00:15:36,250 (tank cannon blasting) 327 00:15:36,250 --> 00:15:39,040 It took Allied ground troops only 100 hours 328 00:15:39,040 --> 00:15:41,230 to declare Kuwait liberated. 329 00:15:41,230 --> 00:15:44,680 America and the world drew a line in the sand 330 00:15:44,680 --> 00:15:49,530 and tonight, America and the world have kept their word. 331 00:15:49,530 --> 00:15:51,550 The environmental and economic damage 332 00:15:51,550 --> 00:15:53,833 to the ravaged Kuwait was devastating. 333 00:15:54,830 --> 00:15:57,800 It was the world's first live televised war. 334 00:15:57,800 --> 00:16:01,030 Americans saw footage from cameras placed on smart bombs 335 00:16:01,030 --> 00:16:02,903 as they struck their rocky targets. 336 00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:08,580 The brevity of the action was a boost to US morale, 337 00:16:08,580 --> 00:16:10,210 reinforcing its status as 338 00:16:10,210 --> 00:16:11,923 the world's leading super power. 339 00:16:13,020 --> 00:16:17,130 The first Gulf War entrenched American military power 340 00:16:17,130 --> 00:16:19,520 in the heart of the Middle East. 341 00:16:19,520 --> 00:16:22,180 All of that would be extremely important 342 00:16:22,180 --> 00:16:24,860 in terms of the United States's capacity 343 00:16:24,860 --> 00:16:28,170 to project itself militarily in the region 344 00:16:28,170 --> 00:16:33,083 and protect and enhance the flow of petroleum products. 345 00:16:34,210 --> 00:16:37,070 After perhaps unparalleled international 346 00:16:37,070 --> 00:16:41,093 consultation, it became necessary to take this action. 347 00:16:42,170 --> 00:16:45,630 The swift US victory of Operation Desert Storm 348 00:16:45,630 --> 00:16:48,010 unsettled the political balance in the Middle East 349 00:16:48,010 --> 00:16:50,580 in ways that remain dangerous and unresolved 350 00:16:50,580 --> 00:16:52,213 into the 21st century. 351 00:16:54,984 --> 00:16:57,567 (gentle music) 352 00:16:59,430 --> 00:17:02,070 Humans have been modifying crops and livestock 353 00:17:02,070 --> 00:17:04,210 for tens of thousands of years 354 00:17:04,210 --> 00:17:07,680 to improve crop quality and make produce more resistant 355 00:17:07,680 --> 00:17:11,233 to adverse events and reap more bountiful harvests. 356 00:17:12,150 --> 00:17:15,440 But it was in the 20th century that crop modification 357 00:17:15,440 --> 00:17:17,273 entered a completely new area. 358 00:17:18,675 --> 00:17:21,425 (dramatic music) 359 00:17:25,310 --> 00:17:29,680 The 1935 discovery of DNA, the building blocks of life, 360 00:17:29,680 --> 00:17:32,000 was a major step towards the creation 361 00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:34,400 of genetically modified crops. 362 00:17:34,400 --> 00:17:37,350 The first is probably the discover of restriction enzymes 363 00:17:37,350 --> 00:17:40,160 that enabled us to cut up the DNA of organisms 364 00:17:40,160 --> 00:17:42,890 into gene sized pieces. 365 00:17:42,890 --> 00:17:46,310 The second one would be the ability to clone those genes 366 00:17:46,310 --> 00:17:48,180 up into large copies. 367 00:17:48,180 --> 00:17:51,120 And the third one the ability to introduce them 368 00:17:51,120 --> 00:17:53,750 using a vector into the recipient organism. 369 00:17:53,750 --> 00:17:56,410 In the case of plants, through an organism 370 00:17:56,410 --> 00:17:59,850 called Agrobacterium, which naturally infects the plant 371 00:17:59,850 --> 00:18:03,160 and inserts its own DNA into the plant genome. 372 00:18:03,160 --> 00:18:06,120 We are able to use that to carry a particular gene 373 00:18:06,120 --> 00:18:06,953 into the genome. 374 00:18:07,830 --> 00:18:09,350 Despite its great significance 375 00:18:09,350 --> 00:18:13,170 in the agricultural sector, some of the earliest GMO patents 376 00:18:13,170 --> 00:18:15,120 were not related to farming. 377 00:18:15,120 --> 00:18:19,250 The Exxon Oil Company was awarded a patent in 1982 378 00:18:19,250 --> 00:18:22,420 that allowed them to develop an oil-eating microorganism 379 00:18:22,420 --> 00:18:24,053 to be used in oil spills. 380 00:18:25,290 --> 00:18:28,780 The first agricultural GM patent was an antibiotic 381 00:18:28,780 --> 00:18:32,163 resistant tobacco plant produced in 1983. 382 00:18:33,460 --> 00:18:36,230 Opportunities were now opening up to create seed strains 383 00:18:36,230 --> 00:18:39,473 resistant to drought, disease, and pests. 384 00:18:41,060 --> 00:18:44,430 Scientists insert the genes into soybeans, 385 00:18:44,430 --> 00:18:46,600 ultimately creating what would become 386 00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:50,810 the most common GMO, herbicide resistant soybeans. 387 00:18:50,810 --> 00:18:55,280 Throughout the 1980s and '90s, other GMO seeds followed 388 00:18:55,280 --> 00:19:00,190 for potatoes, cotton, rice, sugar cane, and tomatoes. 389 00:19:00,190 --> 00:19:01,540 One of the first ones would have been 390 00:19:01,540 --> 00:19:04,620 the Flavr Savr tomato, which was developed by Calgene 391 00:19:04,620 --> 00:19:06,050 in the United States. 392 00:19:06,050 --> 00:19:10,150 There the goal was to produce a later ripening tomato 393 00:19:10,150 --> 00:19:15,150 and that was done by introduction of a foreign gene. 394 00:19:15,290 --> 00:19:17,270 The Flavr Savr tomato arrived 395 00:19:17,270 --> 00:19:21,240 on US grocery shelves in 1994 after being approved 396 00:19:21,240 --> 00:19:24,880 by the Food and Drug Administration in May of that year. 397 00:19:24,880 --> 00:19:27,940 Genetic modification delayed its ripening mechanism, 398 00:19:27,940 --> 00:19:30,310 giving it a longer shelf life. 399 00:19:30,310 --> 00:19:32,360 It was not a commercial success. 400 00:19:32,360 --> 00:19:34,510 That was in the time of very much uncertain 401 00:19:34,510 --> 00:19:38,190 consumer reaction to genetically engineered products. 402 00:19:38,190 --> 00:19:40,300 Almost as soon as the GMO products 403 00:19:40,300 --> 00:19:43,564 became available in supermarkets and grocery stores, 404 00:19:43,564 --> 00:19:46,870 public concerns were growing about their health effects, 405 00:19:46,870 --> 00:19:50,323 including increased allergies and resistance to antibiotics. 406 00:19:51,157 --> 00:19:52,407 We think that is very dangerous 407 00:19:52,407 --> 00:19:54,410 for the environment problem, 408 00:19:54,410 --> 00:19:56,840 also for the farmers all over the world 409 00:19:56,840 --> 00:19:58,863 and also for the health of everybody. 410 00:20:00,210 --> 00:20:01,760 So it's not so much the technology 411 00:20:01,760 --> 00:20:03,660 which is the risky aspect. 412 00:20:03,660 --> 00:20:06,480 In fact, many scientific communities have found 413 00:20:06,480 --> 00:20:09,700 that the technology does not represent a greater risk 414 00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:11,350 than a conventional breeding. 415 00:20:11,350 --> 00:20:13,810 It's important to focus on what gene is introduced 416 00:20:13,810 --> 00:20:15,940 into the plant and what characteristic 417 00:20:15,940 --> 00:20:17,473 that confers on the plant. 418 00:20:18,900 --> 00:20:21,570 Despite concerns, GMO food crops 419 00:20:21,570 --> 00:20:24,930 have become widespread by the end of the 20th century. 420 00:20:24,930 --> 00:20:27,360 And with the planet's growing population, 421 00:20:27,360 --> 00:20:29,560 it seems that GMO food crops are 422 00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:31,203 set to be the way of the future. 423 00:20:33,010 --> 00:20:34,550 Farms like Gary Adam's spread 424 00:20:34,550 --> 00:20:36,760 outside Fairfield, Iowa, are planted with 425 00:20:36,760 --> 00:20:39,100 genetically modified crops. 426 00:20:39,100 --> 00:20:42,190 Like the tractor, GM seeds are viewed by Gary Adam 427 00:20:42,190 --> 00:20:45,420 and many US farmers as another technological tool 428 00:20:45,420 --> 00:20:47,473 to help them get the most out of their land. 429 00:20:48,650 --> 00:20:51,140 In the next 15 years we'll have another billion people 430 00:20:51,140 --> 00:20:51,973 in that period. 431 00:20:51,973 --> 00:20:53,790 It's just not going to be fast enough 432 00:20:53,790 --> 00:20:57,350 to improve our agriculture to keep up with that demand. 433 00:20:57,350 --> 00:20:59,830 So it really opens up the range of techniques 434 00:20:59,830 --> 00:21:02,900 that breeders can use, the extent of variation 435 00:21:02,900 --> 00:21:05,000 they can take from nature to improve 436 00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:09,124 the crop plants that we use as staples for our food. 437 00:21:09,124 --> 00:21:11,707 (gentle music) 438 00:21:18,918 --> 00:21:20,250 [Narrator] He was an emotional artist 439 00:21:20,250 --> 00:21:23,023 who explored his personal world through his painting. 440 00:21:26,260 --> 00:21:28,320 His work defined a movement, 441 00:21:28,320 --> 00:21:30,540 his influence defined by a painting 442 00:21:30,540 --> 00:21:32,943 that shocked and inspired the art world. 443 00:21:34,332 --> 00:21:36,915 (gentle music) 444 00:21:42,810 --> 00:21:46,963 Spanish painter Pablo Picasso first came to Paris in 1901. 445 00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:49,580 It was here that he would release 446 00:21:49,580 --> 00:21:51,523 some of his most influential work. 447 00:21:52,670 --> 00:21:55,730 In 1907, he produced a provocative piece 448 00:21:55,730 --> 00:21:59,340 depicting prostitutes from a Paris brothel he frequented. 449 00:21:59,340 --> 00:22:02,850 This was "Les Demoiselles D'Avignon," 450 00:22:02,850 --> 00:22:05,500 a groundbreaking painting and the culmination 451 00:22:05,500 --> 00:22:08,973 of Picasso's emotional and artistic influences at the time. 452 00:22:10,390 --> 00:22:13,300 His relationship with his longtime model and lover, 453 00:22:13,300 --> 00:22:16,220 Fernande Olivier, had just ended. 454 00:22:16,220 --> 00:22:20,310 His idol, the influential painter Cezanne, had died. 455 00:22:20,310 --> 00:22:23,200 Picasso sought to memorialize Cezanne's techniques 456 00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:26,510 and show his own artistic rivals what he could do. 457 00:22:26,510 --> 00:22:28,980 One can really get the sense of where Picasso 458 00:22:28,980 --> 00:22:29,920 is coming from. 459 00:22:29,920 --> 00:22:32,310 Here we think we have five images of women, 460 00:22:32,310 --> 00:22:34,700 but in fact what we have is one woman shown 461 00:22:34,700 --> 00:22:36,860 in five different perspectives. 462 00:22:36,860 --> 00:22:40,510 Picasso wants to show everything. 463 00:22:40,510 --> 00:22:42,250 He's hungry for everything. 464 00:22:42,250 --> 00:22:45,440 He doesn't want to show you the woman from face on, 465 00:22:45,440 --> 00:22:48,743 he wants to show every single aspect of her. 466 00:22:51,370 --> 00:22:53,240 The controversial work is regarded 467 00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:55,390 as one of the first expressions of the movement 468 00:22:55,390 --> 00:22:56,793 known as Cubism. 469 00:22:58,100 --> 00:23:01,420 Cubism is a very interesting movement. 470 00:23:01,420 --> 00:23:03,790 As everyone knows, Picasso can be difficult. 471 00:23:03,790 --> 00:23:05,910 But people in the money want his work. 472 00:23:05,910 --> 00:23:09,970 Here's "Still Life with a Candle" to take an easier example. 473 00:23:09,970 --> 00:23:11,810 Picasso is trying to get to the 474 00:23:11,810 --> 00:23:14,200 absolute essence of reality 475 00:23:14,200 --> 00:23:16,570 and to understand how he's doing this 476 00:23:16,570 --> 00:23:19,600 when it seems such an extraordinary image, 477 00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:22,223 the object has melted away. 478 00:23:23,310 --> 00:23:25,040 It has no substance. 479 00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:28,270 The colors are reduced to grays and browns. 480 00:23:28,270 --> 00:23:30,330 What's recognizable about it? 481 00:23:30,330 --> 00:23:32,163 How can we see this as reality? 482 00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:35,410 Picasso's legacy stretches 483 00:23:35,410 --> 00:23:36,910 all the way to the present. 484 00:23:36,910 --> 00:23:39,440 His signature can be found in conceptual art 485 00:23:39,440 --> 00:23:41,730 and performance art, both of which aim 486 00:23:41,730 --> 00:23:43,630 to give objects and people new meaning. 487 00:23:43,630 --> 00:23:47,960 No longer the tradition of rendering something 488 00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:49,940 in a naturalistic manner, 489 00:23:49,940 --> 00:23:53,500 but in a way where there are multiple perspectives 490 00:23:53,500 --> 00:23:55,943 and multiple things that can happen at once. 491 00:23:56,830 --> 00:23:58,760 On the day "Les Demoiselles D'Avignon" 492 00:23:58,760 --> 00:24:02,580 first exhibited, Picasso opened a new world 493 00:24:02,580 --> 00:24:04,603 understood by a new way of thinking. 494 00:24:05,820 --> 00:24:08,650 His work and legacy was revolutionary, 495 00:24:08,650 --> 00:24:11,770 connecting art with mind and influencing artists 496 00:24:11,770 --> 00:24:13,722 for generations to come. 497 00:24:13,722 --> 00:24:16,472 (dramatic music) 498 00:24:26,137 --> 00:24:27,090 We have been to the moon, 499 00:24:27,090 --> 00:24:30,433 but the vast reaches of space still lay beyond our reach. 500 00:24:31,370 --> 00:24:33,400 This changed with the launch of a telescope 501 00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:35,813 that could reveal the wonders of our universe. 502 00:24:38,112 --> 00:24:40,572 The moon is our nearest neighbor 503 00:24:40,572 --> 00:24:43,422 and the telescope shows it to be a very mountainous body. 504 00:24:46,770 --> 00:24:49,840 Space telescopes weren't a new invention in the space age 505 00:24:49,840 --> 00:24:52,430 and it was really a way to solve the problems 506 00:24:52,430 --> 00:24:53,310 that we have on Earth. 507 00:24:53,310 --> 00:24:56,440 So the Earth's atmosphere blocks lots of colors of light, 508 00:24:56,440 --> 00:24:59,360 so we are very limited what we can see with our eyes 509 00:24:59,360 --> 00:25:01,453 and there's a lot more to discover. 510 00:25:02,480 --> 00:25:05,230 The Hubble Telescope was launched in 1990 511 00:25:05,230 --> 00:25:07,650 to see further than land based telescopes, 512 00:25:07,650 --> 00:25:10,160 measure distances to far off galaxies, 513 00:25:10,160 --> 00:25:12,380 and take pictures of what it saw. 514 00:25:12,380 --> 00:25:14,060 Where scientists have had to rely 515 00:25:14,060 --> 00:25:17,700 on sometimes ill-defined photographs of deep space, 516 00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:20,343 there will now be high resolution images. 517 00:25:21,290 --> 00:25:23,240 The new telescope would not be affected 518 00:25:23,240 --> 00:25:25,491 by the blur of the Earth's atmosphere 519 00:25:25,491 --> 00:25:27,260 and it would see all types of rays 520 00:25:27,260 --> 00:25:28,610 that were normally blocked. 521 00:25:29,460 --> 00:25:31,120 The Hubble Space Telescope, 522 00:25:31,120 --> 00:25:33,900 powered by two huge solar panels, 523 00:25:33,900 --> 00:25:36,450 will be able to detect objects so far away 524 00:25:36,450 --> 00:25:39,883 that they'll be seen as they were 15 billion years ago. 525 00:25:41,320 --> 00:25:43,580 Once the launch mission was completed, 526 00:25:43,580 --> 00:25:45,600 the images were disappointing. 527 00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:47,380 It was not until it had been installed 528 00:25:47,380 --> 00:25:49,000 in an orbit around the Earth 529 00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:51,150 that the engineers saw the problem. 530 00:25:51,150 --> 00:25:55,130 How is this multi-billion, yes, billion dollar instrument, 531 00:25:55,130 --> 00:25:56,740 having kind of terrible images? 532 00:25:56,740 --> 00:25:59,800 And they realized that they actually polished the mirror 533 00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:02,880 too much and so a rigorous and 534 00:26:02,880 --> 00:26:06,820 a huge effort of engineers, scientists, astronomers 535 00:26:06,820 --> 00:26:09,020 for a year was planned to build something 536 00:26:09,020 --> 00:26:12,100 to change the mirror, what we COSTAR. 537 00:26:12,100 --> 00:26:14,270 And that was a correction, a series of little lenses 538 00:26:14,270 --> 00:26:15,653 to correct for the image. 539 00:26:18,750 --> 00:26:20,700 The repair mission also proved 540 00:26:20,700 --> 00:26:23,020 that the telescope could be fixed and modified 541 00:26:23,020 --> 00:26:24,103 while in space. 542 00:26:25,863 --> 00:26:28,890 Over the years there would be several other repair missions. 543 00:26:28,890 --> 00:26:31,250 The telescope, named after Edwin Hubble 544 00:26:31,250 --> 00:26:34,660 for his pioneering work in proving the universe is expanding 545 00:26:34,660 --> 00:26:37,430 and for discovering galaxies beyond our own, 546 00:26:37,430 --> 00:26:40,520 took 70 years to go from an idea to reality 547 00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:43,553 and now every day it sends Earth new material. 548 00:26:45,610 --> 00:26:49,123 Its time in space has given the world spectacular images. 549 00:26:50,380 --> 00:26:52,950 The telescope also provided the inspiration 550 00:26:52,950 --> 00:26:56,430 and information for 15,000 scientific papers 551 00:26:56,430 --> 00:26:58,860 in multiple areas of research. 552 00:26:58,860 --> 00:27:00,970 The knowledge gained by the use of the telescope 553 00:27:00,970 --> 00:27:04,410 is astounding, dramatically increasing the possibilities 554 00:27:04,410 --> 00:27:05,823 of space exploration. 555 00:27:06,880 --> 00:27:09,110 The Hubble Space Telescope has changed our understanding 556 00:27:09,110 --> 00:27:11,530 of every part of space and astronomy. 557 00:27:11,530 --> 00:27:13,900 It's discovered the universe was accelerating. 558 00:27:13,900 --> 00:27:16,660 It's measured the most accurate measurements 559 00:27:16,660 --> 00:27:18,090 of how fast the universe was growing 560 00:27:18,090 --> 00:27:19,710 and then did it again. 561 00:27:19,710 --> 00:27:22,370 It's discovered that there's billions 562 00:27:22,370 --> 00:27:23,730 and trillions of galaxies. 563 00:27:23,730 --> 00:27:27,450 It found that black holes and active black holes 564 00:27:27,450 --> 00:27:28,990 can actually shoot things to it. 565 00:27:28,990 --> 00:27:31,450 It's discovered distant quasars and gamma ray bursts. 566 00:27:31,450 --> 00:27:32,780 It literally has done everything, 567 00:27:32,780 --> 00:27:34,550 every discovery that we think about 568 00:27:34,550 --> 00:27:36,940 in modern day astronomy has data 569 00:27:36,940 --> 00:27:39,230 from the Hubble Space Telescope. 570 00:27:39,230 --> 00:27:40,470 Eventually the viewing days 571 00:27:40,470 --> 00:27:42,960 of Hubble will expire and it will fall back 572 00:27:42,960 --> 00:27:46,430 through the atmosphere to be replaced by a new telescope 573 00:27:46,430 --> 00:27:48,763 that will continue its exploratory work, 574 00:27:49,950 --> 00:27:53,040 contributing to humankind's understanding 575 00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:55,093 of our own world and beyond. 576 00:27:55,997 --> 00:27:58,747 (dramatic music) 577 00:28:10,530 --> 00:28:13,340 In the second half of the 20th century, 578 00:28:13,340 --> 00:28:16,683 a confluence of events would inflame long held differences, 579 00:28:17,550 --> 00:28:20,403 sparking years of bloodshed and violence in Lebanon. 580 00:28:21,650 --> 00:28:23,090 The damage is not confined 581 00:28:23,090 --> 00:28:24,600 to material objects. 582 00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:27,193 Lebanon's political mold has been shattered, too. 583 00:28:28,583 --> 00:28:30,580 (tense music) 584 00:28:30,580 --> 00:28:33,130 Lebanon, who had received its independence 585 00:28:33,130 --> 00:28:36,620 from France in 1943, initially thrived 586 00:28:36,620 --> 00:28:39,520 despite its religiously sensitive environment. 587 00:28:39,520 --> 00:28:43,010 Lebanon's a complex, multi-religious society. 588 00:28:43,010 --> 00:28:46,610 It has 18 recognized ethno-religious communities 589 00:28:46,610 --> 00:28:50,050 that were recognized in the National Pact of 1943, 590 00:28:50,050 --> 00:28:52,370 which established the ground rules, if you will, 591 00:28:52,370 --> 00:28:55,580 for the formation of Lebanon as an independent country 592 00:28:55,580 --> 00:28:57,420 and the power-sharing relationship 593 00:28:57,420 --> 00:29:01,383 between those 18 recognized religious communities. 594 00:29:02,782 --> 00:29:04,880 By 1975, the best attempts to combine 595 00:29:04,880 --> 00:29:08,073 the groups deteriorated into an exchange of bullets. 596 00:29:08,949 --> 00:29:10,110 (gun fires) 597 00:29:10,110 --> 00:29:12,540 Like all civil wars, they don't just start. 598 00:29:12,540 --> 00:29:14,260 The antecedent conditions were there 599 00:29:14,260 --> 00:29:18,350 for the Lebanese Civil War in the lead up to 1975, 600 00:29:18,350 --> 00:29:19,683 when it formally started. 601 00:29:21,310 --> 00:29:23,900 The common spark that's often identified 602 00:29:23,900 --> 00:29:28,110 was a massacre of a busload of Palestinians 603 00:29:28,110 --> 00:29:30,440 by Phalangist militiamen. 604 00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:32,030 But of course, the Phalangists would argue 605 00:29:32,030 --> 00:29:34,140 that it was retribution for the shooting 606 00:29:34,140 --> 00:29:36,850 of two prominent members of the Christian community 607 00:29:36,850 --> 00:29:38,400 coming outside from the church. 608 00:29:39,660 --> 00:29:42,760 We are ready for a long war. 609 00:29:42,760 --> 00:29:44,467 If the war will take one year, two years, 610 00:29:44,467 --> 00:29:47,403 three years, we are ready to fight. 611 00:29:48,570 --> 00:29:51,370 15 years fighting followed the two attacks. 612 00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:54,240 Religious conflict boiling over between 613 00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:56,540 the many Christian and Muslim sects. 614 00:29:56,540 --> 00:29:58,850 There the Christians began the present round 615 00:29:58,850 --> 00:30:00,400 of fighting last April. 616 00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:02,803 Their war is basically a defensive one. 617 00:30:04,230 --> 00:30:06,050 It was hard for the Maronite Christians, 618 00:30:06,050 --> 00:30:08,780 Shia Muslims, and Sunni Muslims of the previous 619 00:30:08,780 --> 00:30:11,360 French-held country to reconcile 620 00:30:11,360 --> 00:30:13,670 despite each religious group holding one of 621 00:30:13,670 --> 00:30:15,800 three main parliamentary roles: 622 00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:19,023 Prime Minister, President, and Parliamentary Speaker. 623 00:30:20,440 --> 00:30:23,480 The policy would have to make room for change, however, 624 00:30:23,480 --> 00:30:25,950 as masses of Christians fled the country, 625 00:30:25,950 --> 00:30:28,400 leaving them without a president for a full year. 626 00:30:29,700 --> 00:30:33,580 Both Syrian and Israeli armies became involved in the war 627 00:30:33,580 --> 00:30:35,460 and stayed for the duration, 628 00:30:35,460 --> 00:30:39,070 holding their positions until the early 2000s. 629 00:30:39,070 --> 00:30:42,050 Peace attempts failed and wars continued, 630 00:30:42,050 --> 00:30:44,613 religious factions fighting within themselves. 631 00:30:45,560 --> 00:30:48,440 The Civil War was not a single conflict, 632 00:30:48,440 --> 00:30:51,690 but many clashes of larger groups dividing into small ones 633 00:30:51,690 --> 00:30:53,480 that turned on each other. 634 00:30:53,480 --> 00:30:56,500 Finally, the Syrian Army stormed the Presidential Palace 635 00:30:56,500 --> 00:31:00,160 at Baabda late in 1990, ending the fighting, 636 00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:01,810 but not the issue that led to it. 637 00:31:03,370 --> 00:31:06,320 Unrest had lessened, but not disappeared. 638 00:31:06,320 --> 00:31:08,680 The years of strife and the time that followed it 639 00:31:08,680 --> 00:31:11,480 remained an impediment to religious cooperation. 640 00:31:11,480 --> 00:31:14,120 Even if the present crisis is overcome, 641 00:31:14,120 --> 00:31:16,630 the prospects for a united and peaceful Lebanon 642 00:31:16,630 --> 00:31:17,613 appear bleak. 643 00:31:18,740 --> 00:31:21,320 The long lasting effects on Lebanon, 644 00:31:21,320 --> 00:31:26,320 not least 150,000 dead and more than 70,000 disappeared 645 00:31:28,560 --> 00:31:33,320 and then about a fifth or a million people emigrated 646 00:31:33,320 --> 00:31:34,320 from the country. 647 00:31:34,320 --> 00:31:36,080 So yes, a mass emigration. 648 00:31:36,080 --> 00:31:38,690 And this, of course, also changed the demographics 649 00:31:38,690 --> 00:31:39,523 of the country. 650 00:31:41,465 --> 00:31:44,215 (dramatic music) 651 00:31:50,290 --> 00:31:52,590 For centuries traders sought a faster way 652 00:31:52,590 --> 00:31:54,400 to move goods and people between 653 00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:56,563 the east and west coasts of America. 654 00:31:57,632 --> 00:31:58,465 (explosion blasts) 655 00:31:58,465 --> 00:32:01,810 A problem solved by an unparalleled feat of engineering, 656 00:32:01,810 --> 00:32:05,086 one that took 20th century technology to achieve. 657 00:32:05,086 --> 00:32:07,836 (dramatic music) 658 00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:14,590 The French tried to build a canal through 659 00:32:14,590 --> 00:32:18,230 the Central American nation of Panama in the 1880s, 660 00:32:18,230 --> 00:32:20,910 but they had been prevented by a lack of technology 661 00:32:20,910 --> 00:32:24,020 and the spread of disease amongst the workers. 662 00:32:24,020 --> 00:32:26,950 A few decades later, the United States 663 00:32:26,950 --> 00:32:28,400 took up the challenge. 664 00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:30,680 The United States was starting to see itself 665 00:32:30,680 --> 00:32:33,023 for the first time, really, as a global power. 666 00:32:33,023 --> 00:32:34,360 From the point of view of commerce, 667 00:32:34,360 --> 00:32:36,860 they wanted to actually get a faster way 668 00:32:36,860 --> 00:32:39,290 to get goods from the east of America 669 00:32:39,290 --> 00:32:41,059 to the east of the world. 670 00:32:41,059 --> 00:32:42,140 (train chugging) 671 00:32:42,140 --> 00:32:44,580 In 1904, construction resumes 672 00:32:44,580 --> 00:32:47,020 with the builders facing the same challenges 673 00:32:47,020 --> 00:32:48,470 that had defeated the French. 674 00:32:49,743 --> 00:32:52,960 They had a very difficult environment to work in 675 00:32:52,960 --> 00:32:55,940 and, in a sense, the difficulty was about really 676 00:32:55,940 --> 00:32:58,040 a swelling river that they'd have to deal with. 677 00:32:58,040 --> 00:32:59,560 Because once they started to cut, 678 00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:02,380 the river, as it would actually swell with the rains, 679 00:33:02,380 --> 00:33:04,940 it would actually start to remove most of the soil. 680 00:33:04,940 --> 00:33:06,230 So they were getting a lot of landslides 681 00:33:06,230 --> 00:33:07,330 they had to deal with. 682 00:33:08,700 --> 00:33:10,710 A year passed following the same route 683 00:33:10,710 --> 00:33:12,803 until a new chief engineer took over. 684 00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:16,880 Under railroad specialist John Stevens, 685 00:33:16,880 --> 00:33:19,700 the design was changed from a sea level canal 686 00:33:19,700 --> 00:33:21,940 to a lock system to improve progress 687 00:33:21,940 --> 00:33:24,000 and make the plan more viable. 688 00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:26,923 However, the scale of the task remained daunting. 689 00:33:27,950 --> 00:33:32,600 Well, if you could imagine about an eight mile long gap 690 00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:36,800 that had to actually be excavated to about a hundred meters, 691 00:33:36,800 --> 00:33:38,350 that was some challenge. 692 00:33:38,350 --> 00:33:41,350 You then actually have up to 40,000 people 693 00:33:41,350 --> 00:33:43,470 trying to actually house them to create 694 00:33:43,470 --> 00:33:47,160 these almost instant villages and that gives you 695 00:33:47,160 --> 00:33:50,683 some of the scale in terms of maybe what had to be done. 696 00:33:51,710 --> 00:33:53,830 The project took 10 years to complete 697 00:33:53,830 --> 00:33:56,830 and has become one of the seven wonders of the modern world. 698 00:33:57,790 --> 00:33:59,240 Uncle Sam moves his fleet 699 00:33:59,240 --> 00:34:00,850 from the Pacific to the Atlantic, 700 00:34:00,850 --> 00:34:03,300 the greatest peacetime movement in naval history. 701 00:34:04,320 --> 00:34:05,770 It cuts thousands of miles 702 00:34:05,770 --> 00:34:07,680 from the trip around South America, 703 00:34:07,680 --> 00:34:10,640 significantly improving communications between countries 704 00:34:10,640 --> 00:34:14,440 on either side of the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean. 705 00:34:14,440 --> 00:34:16,950 The structure is also a feat of political 706 00:34:16,950 --> 00:34:19,380 and international cooperation. 707 00:34:19,380 --> 00:34:24,020 It was done often against huge political odds 708 00:34:24,020 --> 00:34:26,080 with a lot of political interference. 709 00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:30,340 It was a multinational operation under quite sharp 710 00:34:30,340 --> 00:34:31,520 military discipline. 711 00:34:31,520 --> 00:34:32,770 Strategically, the canal 712 00:34:32,770 --> 00:34:34,250 still has importance. 713 00:34:34,250 --> 00:34:35,940 The Defense Department says it's needed 714 00:34:35,940 --> 00:34:38,923 for quick transfer and resupply of US forces. 715 00:34:40,120 --> 00:34:43,190 For America this at the at time was like 716 00:34:43,190 --> 00:34:44,650 sending a man to the moon. 717 00:34:44,650 --> 00:34:47,230 It was an immense achievement. 718 00:34:47,230 --> 00:34:48,750 Today the canal is used 719 00:34:48,750 --> 00:34:51,190 by at least 25 countries, 720 00:34:51,190 --> 00:34:54,480 a feat of human determination and ingenuity 721 00:34:54,480 --> 00:34:58,330 that continues to play an important role in globalization, 722 00:34:58,330 --> 00:35:02,140 shortening sea voyages, and expanding global trade routes 723 00:35:02,140 --> 00:35:04,113 that link countries and continents. 724 00:35:06,949 --> 00:35:09,699 (dramatic music) 725 00:35:11,730 --> 00:35:14,330 By the 1970s, the developed world, 726 00:35:14,330 --> 00:35:16,510 especially the United States, 727 00:35:16,510 --> 00:35:18,543 was increasingly dependent on oil. 728 00:35:20,390 --> 00:35:22,280 American production could not keep pace 729 00:35:22,280 --> 00:35:23,693 with American consumption, 730 00:35:25,180 --> 00:35:28,242 a disparity that would soon be used against them. 731 00:35:28,242 --> 00:35:30,992 (dramatic music) 732 00:35:36,820 --> 00:35:39,020 Many oil producing countries were members 733 00:35:39,020 --> 00:35:42,420 of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 734 00:35:42,420 --> 00:35:45,013 or OPEC, founded in 1960. 735 00:35:47,123 --> 00:35:50,220 When the Yom Kippur War began on the 6th of October 1973, 736 00:35:51,640 --> 00:35:54,400 Arab members of OPEC sought to punish countries 737 00:35:54,400 --> 00:35:57,197 that supported Israel in the conflict. 738 00:35:57,197 --> 00:36:00,760 So the 1973 oil crisis was initiated by the Arab states 739 00:36:00,760 --> 00:36:04,430 in OPEC to voice their collective displeasure 740 00:36:04,430 --> 00:36:08,380 at support for Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. 741 00:36:08,380 --> 00:36:11,010 So they were very specific in their embargo, 742 00:36:11,010 --> 00:36:12,910 it was against the United States, the UK, 743 00:36:12,910 --> 00:36:14,790 Netherlands, and Japan. 744 00:36:14,790 --> 00:36:17,540 And they also implemented a price raise 745 00:36:17,540 --> 00:36:18,840 for the rest of the world. 746 00:36:20,140 --> 00:36:24,820 When the Israelis accept to withdraw 747 00:36:24,820 --> 00:36:28,800 from the occupied territories and the US government 748 00:36:28,800 --> 00:36:33,300 guarantees their decision, then immediately we can 749 00:36:33,300 --> 00:36:34,573 lift the embargo. 750 00:36:35,577 --> 00:36:37,220 Though Arab-Israeli hostilities ended 751 00:36:37,220 --> 00:36:40,870 on October 22nd, the embargo continued. 752 00:36:40,870 --> 00:36:44,610 Prices rose quickly from $3 to $12 per barrel 753 00:36:44,610 --> 00:36:46,820 within three months of the embargo 754 00:36:46,820 --> 00:36:48,650 and prices at the pump doubled, 755 00:36:48,650 --> 00:36:51,560 causing outrage and protests from truck drivers 756 00:36:51,560 --> 00:36:53,710 and nationwide restrictions in the US 757 00:36:53,710 --> 00:36:55,620 and across Europe and elsewhere. 758 00:36:55,620 --> 00:36:58,720 America's energy demands have grown so rapidly 759 00:36:58,720 --> 00:37:01,810 that they now outstrip our energy supplies. 760 00:37:01,810 --> 00:37:03,870 As a result, we face the possibility of 761 00:37:03,870 --> 00:37:06,690 temporary fuel shortages and some increases 762 00:37:06,690 --> 00:37:08,430 in fuel prices in America. 763 00:37:08,430 --> 00:37:09,940 Fuel was rationed. 764 00:37:09,940 --> 00:37:13,530 In some cases, petrol stations closed on Sundays 765 00:37:13,530 --> 00:37:17,360 and in others, cars could only fuel up on certain days. 766 00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:20,380 The US had never conceived of oil as a weapon. 767 00:37:20,380 --> 00:37:23,380 It was always a commodity, the basis of the global economy, 768 00:37:23,380 --> 00:37:25,200 everyone needed affordable oil 769 00:37:25,200 --> 00:37:26,760 to keep everyone's economy going. 770 00:37:26,760 --> 00:37:28,490 So this was quite a shock. 771 00:37:28,490 --> 00:37:30,550 In Britain, the public was encouraged 772 00:37:30,550 --> 00:37:32,533 to heat only one room in their house. 773 00:37:33,390 --> 00:37:36,580 In the States, Oregon banned Christmas lights. 774 00:37:36,580 --> 00:37:40,150 The national speed limit was reduced to 55 miles per hour 775 00:37:40,150 --> 00:37:42,690 to avoid excess fuel consumption. 776 00:37:42,690 --> 00:37:46,370 And Daylight Saving came into effect year round. 777 00:37:46,370 --> 00:37:49,850 The impact of surging oil prices forced a major downturn 778 00:37:49,850 --> 00:37:51,290 in the US economy. 779 00:37:51,290 --> 00:37:55,140 The US dollar dropped and that meant overseas producers, 780 00:37:55,140 --> 00:37:57,340 who had set their price in US dollars 781 00:37:57,340 --> 00:38:00,090 were faced with diminishing returns. 782 00:38:00,090 --> 00:38:01,830 America's automobile industry, 783 00:38:01,830 --> 00:38:05,410 which had been making big cars that relied on a lot of fuel, 784 00:38:05,410 --> 00:38:08,610 suffered as Japan's smaller, more oil efficient vehicles 785 00:38:08,610 --> 00:38:10,420 gained in favor. 786 00:38:10,420 --> 00:38:12,970 The oil crisis established a new power center 787 00:38:12,970 --> 00:38:16,090 for fuel pricing and control of supply. 788 00:38:16,090 --> 00:38:19,130 Its immediate effect was to drive up prices, 789 00:38:19,130 --> 00:38:22,530 its longer term effects being far more diverse. 790 00:38:22,530 --> 00:38:25,540 So it really drove investments into renewables, 791 00:38:25,540 --> 00:38:27,340 into wind, into solar. 792 00:38:27,340 --> 00:38:29,580 This is the first time that you see in the US 793 00:38:29,580 --> 00:38:33,280 the environmental conservation movement in sync 794 00:38:33,280 --> 00:38:35,000 with national security requirements, 795 00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,480 so it was quite interesting at the time 796 00:38:37,480 --> 00:38:40,203 to have these two camps on the same side. 797 00:38:41,890 --> 00:38:43,300 Although much of the world had been 798 00:38:43,300 --> 00:38:46,970 caught by surprise and had realized their vulnerability, 799 00:38:46,970 --> 00:38:50,290 the 1973 oil crisis opened pathways 800 00:38:50,290 --> 00:38:52,930 that were previously thought uneconomical 801 00:38:52,930 --> 00:38:55,210 and paved the way for renewable energy, 802 00:38:55,210 --> 00:38:58,643 energy efficiency, and exploration of new oil reserves. 803 00:39:02,343 --> 00:39:04,926 (gentle music) 804 00:39:07,260 --> 00:39:10,573 A transfer of sovereignty that was 15 years in the making, 805 00:39:11,690 --> 00:39:14,990 ending 156 years of colonial rule 806 00:39:14,990 --> 00:39:18,738 and signaling the rise of a new economic superpower. 807 00:39:18,738 --> 00:39:21,321 (gentle music) 808 00:39:24,770 --> 00:39:26,860 Known as the Pearl of the Orient, 809 00:39:26,860 --> 00:39:29,380 Hong Kong Island was first ceded by China 810 00:39:29,380 --> 00:39:32,480 after the First Opium War in 1842. 811 00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:34,330 What the British did was that they took over 812 00:39:34,330 --> 00:39:36,210 what was known as an island, 813 00:39:36,210 --> 00:39:37,670 which not many people living there, 814 00:39:37,670 --> 00:39:39,200 mostly a fishing village. 815 00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:41,350 Even the British saw it as this barren rock, 816 00:39:41,350 --> 00:39:43,197 but they took over and claimed it 817 00:39:43,197 --> 00:39:45,900 and in 1842 when the peace treaty is signed, 818 00:39:45,900 --> 00:39:48,160 the Treaty of Nanking, among other things, 819 00:39:48,160 --> 00:39:50,870 declared that Hong Kong was now part 820 00:39:50,870 --> 00:39:52,423 of the British Empire. 821 00:39:53,830 --> 00:39:56,180 Political upheavals in mainland China, 822 00:39:56,180 --> 00:40:00,520 first in 1911 and then in 1950, contributed to its 823 00:40:00,520 --> 00:40:03,920 increasing population and growing economy. 824 00:40:03,920 --> 00:40:07,520 Talks between Britain and China began in 1982 825 00:40:07,520 --> 00:40:10,310 and Beijing insisted that ownership of Hong Kong 826 00:40:10,310 --> 00:40:12,940 was non-negotiable, demanding its return 827 00:40:12,940 --> 00:40:14,970 along with the new territories. 828 00:40:14,970 --> 00:40:17,520 Perhaps naively, Margaret Thatcher, who of course, 829 00:40:17,520 --> 00:40:19,470 was no fan of the Chinese Communist Party 830 00:40:19,470 --> 00:40:22,820 suggested that perhaps a lease could be renewed, 831 00:40:22,820 --> 00:40:24,910 that perhaps it was in the interest of China 832 00:40:24,910 --> 00:40:27,820 that Hong Kong should remain under the rule of the British 833 00:40:27,820 --> 00:40:31,090 to continue its thriving economic development. 834 00:40:31,090 --> 00:40:35,320 That of course laid bare a very naive understanding 835 00:40:35,320 --> 00:40:38,110 of the British of what Hong Kong really meant for China. 836 00:40:38,110 --> 00:40:42,510 For the Chinese, Hong Kong was a symbol of humiliation. 837 00:40:42,510 --> 00:40:44,440 Not only was it a symbol of humiliation, 838 00:40:44,440 --> 00:40:47,360 it was part of that unfinished mission 839 00:40:47,360 --> 00:40:51,360 that China had to be unified under the rule 840 00:40:51,360 --> 00:40:53,590 of the Chinese Communist Party. 841 00:40:53,590 --> 00:40:55,600 China has put out an information film 842 00:40:55,600 --> 00:40:58,710 about Hong Kong emphasizing the overcrowding 843 00:40:58,710 --> 00:41:01,030 and the hectic pace of life there. 844 00:41:01,030 --> 00:41:04,150 But China has agreed that the Western lifestyle of Hong Kong 845 00:41:04,150 --> 00:41:06,560 will remain unchanged for 50 years 846 00:41:06,560 --> 00:41:08,210 after its return to the mainland. 847 00:41:09,090 --> 00:41:12,530 Deng Xiaoping's one country, two systems policy 848 00:41:12,530 --> 00:41:14,760 allowed Hong Kong's capitalist economy 849 00:41:14,760 --> 00:41:17,193 to sit alongside China's communist state. 850 00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:20,380 An agreement was reached for Hong Kong to be 851 00:41:20,380 --> 00:41:25,300 formally returned to China on the first of July 1997. 852 00:41:25,300 --> 00:41:26,530 The British Prime Minister, 853 00:41:26,530 --> 00:41:29,040 Margaret Thatcher, exchanged the final documents 854 00:41:29,040 --> 00:41:32,683 in December with the Chinese Prime Minister, Zhao Ziyang. 855 00:41:33,650 --> 00:41:35,860 Despite the pledges of the Chinese government, 856 00:41:35,860 --> 00:41:39,660 concerns grew after the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre 857 00:41:39,660 --> 00:41:41,150 in Beijing. 858 00:41:41,150 --> 00:41:44,140 Regardless, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher 859 00:41:44,140 --> 00:41:46,363 remained committed to the joint declaration. 860 00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:50,340 So the fact that we still had a British colony 861 00:41:50,340 --> 00:41:52,170 in Hong Kong up until 1997, 862 00:41:53,145 --> 00:41:57,240 is a good example of how colonialism still exists in Asia 863 00:41:57,240 --> 00:41:58,110 up until that period. 864 00:41:58,110 --> 00:42:00,250 And again, a stark reminder of how 865 00:42:00,250 --> 00:42:01,600 something that we would have thought was 866 00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:02,880 very much part of the past 867 00:42:02,880 --> 00:42:05,710 was still part of everyday life in China 868 00:42:05,710 --> 00:42:07,453 or at least in Hong Kong up until 869 00:42:07,453 --> 00:42:08,730 the end of the 20th century. 870 00:42:08,730 --> 00:42:11,460 The 30th of June 1997 marked 871 00:42:11,460 --> 00:42:13,720 the last day of British rule. 872 00:42:13,720 --> 00:42:17,350 The handover officially began at 11:30 p.m. 873 00:42:17,350 --> 00:42:20,530 Britain is part of Hong Kong's history 874 00:42:20,530 --> 00:42:23,900 and Hong Kong is part of Britain's history. 875 00:42:23,900 --> 00:42:26,330 We are also part of each other's future. 876 00:42:26,330 --> 00:42:29,004 We are confident that the ties between us 877 00:42:29,004 --> 00:42:34,004 will not only endure, but will continue to develop. 878 00:42:35,220 --> 00:42:36,730 Minutes before midnight, 879 00:42:36,730 --> 00:42:39,780 the British national flag and the Hong Kong colonial flag 880 00:42:39,780 --> 00:42:42,780 were lowered, officially ending British colonial rule 881 00:42:42,780 --> 00:42:45,823 in the city of nearly 6.5 million people. 882 00:42:52,429 --> 00:42:55,012 (gentle music) 883 00:42:57,270 --> 00:43:00,420 A kidnapping that dominated the headlines, 884 00:43:00,420 --> 00:43:03,163 a baby taken from his celebrity parents' mansion, 885 00:43:04,130 --> 00:43:08,111 a tragedy that fame and fortune could not prevent. 886 00:43:08,111 --> 00:43:10,861 (dramatic music) 887 00:43:18,270 --> 00:43:22,350 In 1927, Charles Lindburgh shot to international stardom 888 00:43:22,350 --> 00:43:25,553 as the first man to fly nonstop across the Atlantic. 889 00:43:27,604 --> 00:43:29,160 First solo transatlantic flight. 890 00:43:29,160 --> 00:43:30,792 It took him 33 hours. 891 00:43:30,792 --> 00:43:31,655 (crowd cheering) 892 00:43:31,655 --> 00:43:33,770 Back home once more, he received a hero's welcome 893 00:43:33,770 --> 00:43:34,610 in New York. 894 00:43:34,610 --> 00:43:37,562 It was crowds and cheering all the way. 895 00:43:37,562 --> 00:43:39,260 (crowd cheering) 896 00:43:39,260 --> 00:43:42,310 In the late 1920s, early '30s, 897 00:43:42,310 --> 00:43:45,830 Charles Lindburgh was as big a global celebrity 898 00:43:45,830 --> 00:43:47,370 as you can imagine. 899 00:43:47,370 --> 00:43:48,810 But fame was no protection 900 00:43:48,810 --> 00:43:52,220 when his first child, Charles Junior, the Eaglet, 901 00:43:52,220 --> 00:43:54,170 disappeared from his New Jersey estate. 902 00:43:55,212 --> 00:43:56,563 It was from this house at Hopewell, 903 00:43:56,563 --> 00:43:59,026 New Jersey, Colonel Lindburgh's home, 904 00:43:59,026 --> 00:44:00,640 that the kidnapping of his baby son 905 00:44:00,640 --> 00:44:04,580 that shocked the world in March of 1932 took place. 906 00:44:04,580 --> 00:44:05,780 A crudely written ransom note 907 00:44:05,780 --> 00:44:08,770 demanding $50,000 was found on the window ledge 908 00:44:08,770 --> 00:44:12,930 of the baby's room with a folding ladder propped outside. 909 00:44:12,930 --> 00:44:15,170 New Jersey state police assumed charge 910 00:44:15,170 --> 00:44:17,850 of the investigation, which was severely hampered 911 00:44:17,850 --> 00:44:20,250 by Lindburgh's determination to negotiate 912 00:44:20,250 --> 00:44:23,710 with the kidnappers and by the surrounding media storm. 913 00:44:23,710 --> 00:44:27,850 The 1930s was the era when the mass media 914 00:44:27,850 --> 00:44:29,740 had really come into its own. 915 00:44:29,740 --> 00:44:32,690 The Lindburgh case was very serious news. 916 00:44:32,690 --> 00:44:34,740 I mean, it dominated the headlines 917 00:44:34,740 --> 00:44:38,033 all over the United States and later across the world. 918 00:44:38,910 --> 00:44:41,780 It was a long drawn out event, 919 00:44:41,780 --> 00:44:43,720 this whole kidnapping saga. 920 00:44:43,720 --> 00:44:46,900 H.L. Mencken, who was a famous journalist of the day, 921 00:44:46,900 --> 00:44:49,580 said that the kidnapping trial 922 00:44:49,580 --> 00:44:52,400 was a bigger story than the resurrection. 923 00:44:52,400 --> 00:44:54,640 A ransom of $50,000 was paid 924 00:44:54,640 --> 00:44:58,063 by an intermediary, but the baby wasn't returned. 925 00:44:59,500 --> 00:45:01,890 The hunt continued until May, 926 00:45:01,890 --> 00:45:04,810 where a truck driver discovered partially buried remains 927 00:45:04,810 --> 00:45:08,980 in a wood only a few miles from the Lindburgh mansion. 928 00:45:08,980 --> 00:45:12,000 I am the guy that found Lindburgh's baby. 929 00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:13,780 A medical examination revealed 930 00:45:13,780 --> 00:45:15,720 the baby had died from a blow to the head 931 00:45:15,720 --> 00:45:19,163 two months earlier at the time of his disappearance. 932 00:45:20,500 --> 00:45:23,190 With the baby's death, the only course remaining 933 00:45:23,190 --> 00:45:24,890 was to find the culprit. 934 00:45:24,890 --> 00:45:27,487 A breakthrough came after a gold certificate, 935 00:45:27,487 --> 00:45:29,620 which had made up part of the ransom, 936 00:45:29,620 --> 00:45:31,810 was traced back to a gas station 937 00:45:31,810 --> 00:45:33,800 where a suspicious attendant took note 938 00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:36,290 of the customer's license plate number. 939 00:45:36,290 --> 00:45:39,160 Police followed the lead to Bruno Richard Hauptmann, 940 00:45:39,160 --> 00:45:42,260 who was arrested and the subsequent trial of the century 941 00:45:42,260 --> 00:45:46,160 began on the second of January 1935. 942 00:45:46,160 --> 00:45:47,993 It lasted for five weeks. 943 00:45:48,950 --> 00:45:52,060 The jury found Hauptmann guilty of first degree murder 944 00:45:52,060 --> 00:45:54,033 and sentenced him to death. 945 00:45:55,020 --> 00:45:57,230 As a direct consequence of the case, 946 00:45:57,230 --> 00:46:01,530 in June 1932, the US Congress passed the Lindburgh Law, 947 00:46:01,530 --> 00:46:05,360 making kidnapping across state lines a federal felony. 948 00:46:05,360 --> 00:46:08,560 Interest in the case lasted for decades. 949 00:46:08,560 --> 00:46:10,300 In the broader sweep of the 20th century, 950 00:46:10,300 --> 00:46:14,290 I think probably it's best seen as a media event, 951 00:46:14,290 --> 00:46:17,290 as an early form of celebrity politics, 952 00:46:17,290 --> 00:46:20,120 celebrity justice, and media politics 953 00:46:20,120 --> 00:46:23,510 fed by radio, which of course, created exactly the same 954 00:46:23,510 --> 00:46:27,036 sort of event concentration and publicity 955 00:46:27,036 --> 00:46:30,650 and hysteria that later celebrity trials 956 00:46:30,650 --> 00:46:33,923 such as OJ Simpson generated 50 years later. 957 00:46:34,943 --> 00:46:36,100 (gavel banging) 958 00:46:36,100 --> 00:46:38,580 Decades later, questions remain 959 00:46:38,580 --> 00:46:42,030 and one family's tragedy has been enshrined in history 960 00:46:42,030 --> 00:46:44,687 as the crime of the 20th century. 961 00:46:44,687 --> 00:46:47,046 (dramatic music) 962 00:46:47,046 --> 00:46:49,629 (gentle music) 963 00:46:52,100 --> 00:46:54,590 Medical discoveries of the 20th century 964 00:46:54,590 --> 00:46:57,490 had eradicated some of humanity's worst diseases 965 00:46:58,370 --> 00:47:01,210 until a newly discovered virus exploded 966 00:47:01,210 --> 00:47:04,440 into the world's population, devastating lives 967 00:47:04,440 --> 00:47:05,443 and communities. 968 00:47:05,443 --> 00:47:09,026 He was 37 years old in 1986. 969 00:47:09,959 --> 00:47:14,005 Tens of thousands of families around the world. 970 00:47:14,005 --> 00:47:16,307 (dramatic music) 971 00:47:16,307 --> 00:47:19,470 In the 1980s unusual disease symptoms 972 00:47:19,470 --> 00:47:22,423 were being reported in the United States and Africa. 973 00:47:24,520 --> 00:47:26,760 It'll probably never be known for sure 974 00:47:26,760 --> 00:47:31,760 when, how, and where HIV was transmitted into humans, 975 00:47:32,830 --> 00:47:36,450 but the most plausible and reasonable theory 976 00:47:36,450 --> 00:47:39,360 is called the natural selection theory 977 00:47:39,360 --> 00:47:43,850 or the bushmeat theory and that's that in Central Africa 978 00:47:43,850 --> 00:47:48,200 people who were hunting monkeys and chimpanzees for food 979 00:47:48,200 --> 00:47:50,600 were out searching for their food 980 00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:54,810 and they came across a monkey that had SIV. 981 00:47:54,810 --> 00:47:58,220 So that's Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. 982 00:47:58,220 --> 00:48:00,780 And somewhere within that hunting, 983 00:48:00,780 --> 00:48:05,780 that virus jumped from simian version into a human. 984 00:48:06,725 --> 00:48:07,680 By the early '80s, 985 00:48:07,680 --> 00:48:10,950 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, or AIDS, 986 00:48:10,950 --> 00:48:14,003 had become a known infection in the United States. 987 00:48:15,260 --> 00:48:17,820 The conditions stemmed from the HIV virus, 988 00:48:17,820 --> 00:48:20,330 which attacked a person's immune system. 989 00:48:20,330 --> 00:48:23,900 So what HIV does is killing us softly. 990 00:48:23,900 --> 00:48:27,700 So it makes the human body and our immune system 991 00:48:27,700 --> 00:48:30,330 unable to battle things that normally 992 00:48:30,330 --> 00:48:32,880 we would be able to flick off at a moment's notice. 993 00:48:36,722 --> 00:48:38,380 It was not until 1985, 994 00:48:38,380 --> 00:48:41,800 when technology advanced, that screening was available 995 00:48:41,800 --> 00:48:43,540 for the disease. 996 00:48:43,540 --> 00:48:46,140 The National Cancer Institute of America 997 00:48:46,140 --> 00:48:47,820 announced that they had isolated the 998 00:48:47,820 --> 00:48:50,750 Human Immunodeficiency Virus. 999 00:48:50,750 --> 00:48:53,370 They had been working with the Parisian Pasteur Institute 1000 00:48:53,370 --> 00:48:55,440 to put a name to the frightening epidemic 1001 00:48:55,440 --> 00:48:57,143 that was effecting the world 1002 00:48:57,143 --> 00:48:58,790 and would hopefully bring a cure. 1003 00:48:58,790 --> 00:49:02,120 It was silently traveling all over the globe 1004 00:49:02,120 --> 00:49:04,740 and it was being transmitted constantly, 1005 00:49:04,740 --> 00:49:07,130 without us even realizing it was around. 1006 00:49:07,130 --> 00:49:11,790 Estimates are that about 300,000 people had HIV 1007 00:49:11,790 --> 00:49:15,023 somewhere all over the globe at the start of the '80s. 1008 00:49:16,470 --> 00:49:18,150 The original at-risk categories 1009 00:49:18,150 --> 00:49:22,770 included drug users, homosexual men, hemophiliacs, 1010 00:49:22,770 --> 00:49:24,283 and people of Haitian origin. 1011 00:49:29,150 --> 00:49:31,040 When it was first described in the US 1012 00:49:31,040 --> 00:49:35,120 in the start of the '80s, it was said to be a new 1013 00:49:35,120 --> 00:49:38,313 infection of gay men, which it wasn't. 1014 00:49:39,328 --> 00:49:41,410 So it not only was discrimination about this 1015 00:49:41,410 --> 00:49:44,010 terrifying new deadly virus, 1016 00:49:44,010 --> 00:49:47,000 that is coupled with the discrimination that comes 1017 00:49:47,000 --> 00:49:49,770 of homophobia that was rife 1018 00:49:49,770 --> 00:49:52,370 and you bring them together and that meant 1019 00:49:52,370 --> 00:49:57,370 that there was this really delayed response to HIV research. 1020 00:49:57,730 --> 00:49:59,780 I am deathly afraid of AIDS disease. 1021 00:49:59,780 --> 00:50:01,960 Anybody that says they're not afraid of AIDS 1022 00:50:01,960 --> 00:50:03,233 is a fool or a liar. 1023 00:50:04,550 --> 00:50:06,670 The modern plague continued to spread. 1024 00:50:06,670 --> 00:50:10,020 By 1995, it had become the leading cause of death 1025 00:50:10,020 --> 00:50:12,763 for ages 25 to 44 in America. 1026 00:50:13,780 --> 00:50:16,950 Death numbers were in the tens of thousands per year 1027 00:50:16,950 --> 00:50:19,610 and fear characterized the public response. 1028 00:50:19,610 --> 00:50:21,660 Because of the fear and ignorance 1029 00:50:21,660 --> 00:50:24,290 about AIDS, the boys have become outcasts, 1030 00:50:24,290 --> 00:50:26,710 shunned in their own hometown. 1031 00:50:26,710 --> 00:50:29,800 They see us go back their church when they was out here 1032 00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:31,423 and it's just like they just turn their head 1033 00:50:31,423 --> 00:50:33,730 like we never exist. 1034 00:50:33,730 --> 00:50:36,370 In 1996, a cocktail of drug therapies 1035 00:50:36,370 --> 00:50:39,380 reached the market which slowed the disease 1036 00:50:39,380 --> 00:50:41,033 and halved the annual death rate. 1037 00:50:42,630 --> 00:50:45,560 So in the mid-90s, they changed the way 1038 00:50:45,560 --> 00:50:47,730 that we were treating HIV and started doing 1039 00:50:47,730 --> 00:50:51,670 multi-drug approaches and that can really help knock out 1040 00:50:51,670 --> 00:50:55,410 all different mutations and strains of the HIV virus, 1041 00:50:55,410 --> 00:50:59,530 to really keep it at bay, keep your immune system healthy 1042 00:50:59,530 --> 00:51:02,453 so that it doesn't then develop into AIDS. 1043 00:51:03,730 --> 00:51:05,670 With increased knowledge and collaboration 1044 00:51:05,670 --> 00:51:08,990 to fight against AIDS, prevention of it spread, 1045 00:51:08,990 --> 00:51:12,260 and work towards eradication of the deadly virus 1046 00:51:12,260 --> 00:51:14,653 now occupies researchers around the world. 1047 00:51:15,897 --> 00:51:18,647 (dramatic music) 1048 00:51:20,942 --> 00:51:23,525 (upbeat music) 82504

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