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The 20th century was a time
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of incredible change,
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(Hitler speaking foreign language)
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unspeakable horrors, and amazing leaps
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of scientific discovery.
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It was a century marked by events
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that united and divided us,
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from great feats to great wars
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(bombs blasting)
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with advancements and setbacks
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that showed us the power of many,
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the power of one.
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I have a dream.
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A century of revolutions,
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evolutions, and retributions.
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He's been shot!
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A century made by conflicts and crimes,
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inventions and entertainment,
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politics, protests, discoveries, and disasters.
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Oh, the humanity!
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We will count down the 101 events
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of the 20th century.
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Their stories form the tapestry of our history
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and shape the world in which we live.
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(dramatic music)
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In this episode:
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His point was doesn't matter if this is
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the premier player in the world.
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She's a woman!
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Any man can beat her.
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So it was silently traveling all over the globe
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and it was being transmitted constantly
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without us even realizing it was around.
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The first Gulf War entrenched American military power
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in the heart of the Middle East.
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(dramatic music)
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In a small town in Texas,
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a shootout between a breakaway religious sect
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and government authorities would end in tragedy,
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shaking America's trust in their government
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and making headlines around the world.
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(police radio chattering)
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Outside of Waco, Texas, a religious group
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lived on a hilltop compound.
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The Branch Davidians were a break-off group
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from the Seventh Day Adventists
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and they have a belief that the second coming
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of Jesus Christ is imminent
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and as such are very concerned with interpreting
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signs and symptoms of when this second coming
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is actually going to occur.
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Under David Koresh, they came to be more cut off
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from the rest of society
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and this is when a break-off religion
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tends to be regarded as a cult more than a religion.
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What's he gonna preach?
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(congregation speaking indistinctly)
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Seven Seals.
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Seven Seals.
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The FBI saw Koresh as a deranged individual
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whose primary business was trading weapons.
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On the 28th of February 1993,
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agents from the US Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms
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arrived with a search warrant.
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Gunfire broke out, lasting for 45 minutes,
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the longest shootout in US law enforcement history.
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So after the ATF arrived,
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it's not 100% agreed upon what actually happened
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or who fired the first shot,
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whether it was that the Davidians had fired
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and therefore killed an agent,
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which then leads to a massive response,
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or whether the ATF, indeed, had fired,
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which then led to the Davidians defending themselves.
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At the end of the shooting,
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four ATF agents and six Branch Davidians had been killed.
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Our hearts go out to these brave agents (clears throat)
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who died today in the line of duty.
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ATF agents withdrew
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and negotiated a ceasefire via telephone.
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David Koresh, pick up the phone.
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Negotiators are attempting to get a hold of you.
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They would like to speak with you.
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The FBI arrived
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and took the lead on negotiations.
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A stand-off stretched out over weeks.
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After discovering the group had stockpiled
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at least a year's worth of supplies,
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the FBI decided to tear gas the compound.
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US Attorney General Janet Reno agreed to the plan
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on the 18th of April with the siege now in its 51st day.
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Six hours after tear gassing began,
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flames erupted at three separate points in the compound.
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Most of the Davidians died of smoke inhalation
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after the fire began.
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The investigators found 75 bodies,
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including 25 children.
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Five of Koresh's followers were convicted
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of voluntary manslaughter and firearms violations.
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Branch Davidians are not anti-government (sniffles)
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we're not anti-law enforcement
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and I'm sorry that there are four agents that are dead,
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but we lost 85 friends and family, too.
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After Reno was criticized
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for authorizing tear gas,
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a federal investigation was launched.
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The inquiry exonerated the FBI,
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attributing the deaths solely to the actions of Koresh.
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Despite the findings, public confidence in the
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authorities was shaken.
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The massive conflagration, the huge fire
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that is sort of burned into everybody's memories of Waco
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meant that the ATF and law enforcement more generally
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is way less gung-ho about going into a siege situation
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with a cult or a group of people who are
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sort of gathered around a particular movement or identity.
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Waco is seen as the kind of biggest tragedy
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in Law Enforcement in the United States.
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(upbeat music)
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The early 1970s.
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Women's campaign for equal pay was extending
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into the sporting arena.
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It was here that one female sporting legend
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would turn a gimmick match into an important stand.
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(upbeat music)
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In 1973, an exhibition tennis match was arranged
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between two pros, one male, one female.
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It was touted as finally answering the question:
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Who would win the battle of the sexes?
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But all over the world women were saying,
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you know, we want equal pay,
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we want equal conditions of work
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and we want equal reward for our endeavors,
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particularly in sports, where the women were
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shamelessly paid less than men
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regardless of how good they were.
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The contenders were Bobby Riggs
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on the men's side and Billie Jean King for the women.
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Billie Jean King,
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five times Wimbledon champion,
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selects a soft easy-flowing Teddy Tinling creation,
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unlike her tennis, which his hard and devastating.
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This was an important match for King.
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She had been part of the group of women
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frustrated with the wage disparity between the sexes
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who were taking action by boycotting the men's tours
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for symbolic one dollar contracts to play their own tour.
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Bobby Riggs was now in his mid fifties.
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Despite his age, Riggs still thought he could win
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without training.
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When you play me you'll see shots
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you've never seen before.
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I mean, I'll let you know that right now.
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I believe that.
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Riggs was a pretty decent player.
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In the 1940s he'd won a Wimbledon title,
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he'd won a Davis Cup,
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but I mean he was way, way past his best.
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I mean, he'd retired and wasn't a serious competitor
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any longer and felt that things had got out of hand
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as far as he was concerned.
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When I say out of hand, he felt that women
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made too much progress.
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He liked women to be in their natural environment.
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That is, the home, in the kitchen specifically.
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And he was very outspoken about this.
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Riggs had won a match against world number one,
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Margaret Court, just six months earlier.
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His point was it doesn't matter if this is
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the premier player in the world.
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She's a woman.
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Any man can beat her.
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Any guy that can hold a tennis racket
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can probably beat, smash the world's best woman player.
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So he threw down the gauntlet to Billie Jean King.
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Bad decision.
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Billie Jean was a stalwart supporter of women's rights,
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had got a brilliant record,
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had won three slams the year before
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the actual Battle of the Sexes.
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More than 30,000 fans filled the Aerodrome,
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eager to see who would be victorious.
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It is also estimated that 90 million people
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watched from home.
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(upbeat music)
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(crowd applauding)
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King won convincingly.
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She was at the top of her game
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and had not stopped training in the lead-up to the match.
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I had said before the match that I was gonna win it,
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that there'd be no contest and I was wrong.
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And she said that they were gonna scrape me off
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the floor of the Astrodome.
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They didn't quite have to do that, but almost.
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King received a huge spike in sponsorship
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and co-founded the Women's Players Union
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and a not for profit advocacy group for female athletes.
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After King's win, there was a boom in women's sport.
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Even though there was a freakish feel about the event,
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there was a symbolic quality to it
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and by putting the guy in his place
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and frankly, rubbing his nose in it,
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she delivered a fantastic blow
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for the feminist cause in its day.
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Uh, to the Queen of Tennis.
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I'll bet you my head's too big. (onlookers clapping)
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(gentle music)
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When Franklin D. Roosevelt
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was sworn in as President of the United States in 1933,
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he inherited an economy in tatters
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and millions of unemployed citizens.
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His response would change the American political
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and social landscape for generations.
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Let me assert my firm belief
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that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.
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Black Tuesday had hit Wall Street
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on the 29th of October 1929.
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The first in a series of economic crises
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that led to financial devastation
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that the 20th century wouldn't see again.
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By 1933 in the grip of the Great Depression,
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America's GDP had fallen by almost 29%.
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Banking and credit systems were paralyzed.
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Soup kitchens, unemployment queues,
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and desperation were the daily challenges
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for millions of Americans.
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Roosevelt campaigned on a ticket of economic reform.
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I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people.
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(crowd cheering)
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Roosevelt takes office at a moment of
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unprecedented economic crisis,
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the banks are failing, mass unemployment, 25%.
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Farm prices are going through the floor.
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And Roosevelt doesn't have the answers,
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so the first thing that he sets out to do is
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to restore the confidence of the people in the government.
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Winning by a landslide,
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Roosevelt went straight to work to make good
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on his reform campaign promises.
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But we are on our way.
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In his first 100 days as President,
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he introduced major new laws.
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His work projects aimed to pull millions
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of unemployed Americans back to work
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by building roads, bridges, libraries,
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schools, and parks all around the country.
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Work that conserves the soil
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and replenishes the forests.
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Cultural projects were supported, too.
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Roosevelt famously remarked at one point,
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"Well, even artists are unemployed
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"and we need to help them."
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Under the Works program,
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musicians, artists, writers, and actors
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contribute their share to the cultural development
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of the community.
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For Roosevelt, the most important reform
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was the Social Security Act of 1935,
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creating an insurance system for the aged,
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unemployed, disabled, and retired workers.
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The public believes, too,
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that old age security should be a function of government.
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Then round about 1935, when he's been in office
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for two years, he switches to a bottom-up approach,
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trying to build up trade union power,
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give rights at the bottom of the economic pile,
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improve relief work.
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Despite its ambitions,
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Roosevelt's New Deal didn't end the economic depression,
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but it did have lasting effects.
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First and foremost, it demonstrated that
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the federal government's presence in the economy
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and in society was essential.
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Secondly, it made the presidency the central
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and driving force of the American political system.
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Since Roosevelt came to office in 1933,
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the throne Presidency has been a central assumption
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in American politics and Americans look to
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their Presidents for leadership.
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So Mr. Roosevelt is renominated
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and will probably be reelected.
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(dramatic music)
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On the second of August 1990,
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the international community was shaken
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when Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein
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ordered his army across the border into neighboring Kuwait.
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(dramatic music)
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Well, the initial pretext for the invasion
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on second of August 1990 was two things.
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Firstly, demarcation disputes over the exact border
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between Kuwait and Iraq.
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The second source of contention was the
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slant drilling of the Kuwaitis under the border
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into Iraqi oil reserves.
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Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait
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and in the space of about 12 hours,
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the country was completely overrun
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and the Kuwaiti leadership fled.
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Iraq's army was well-equipped
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as the US had provided military aid
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during the eight year war with Iran.
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Kuwait was a major supplier of oil to the US.
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The Iraqi takeover also posed an immediate threat
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to Saudi Arabia, another major exporter of oil.
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If Saudi Arabia fell to Saddam,
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Iraq would control one fifth of the world's oil supply.
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US President George HW Bush took immediate action.
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At my direction, elements of the 82nd Airborne Division
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are arriving today to take up defensive positions
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in Saudi Arabia.
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The US sought multilateral support
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from the United Nations Security Council.
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He sends another quarter of a million US troops,
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continues drumming up support for what would eventually
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become a 35 member coalition that were involved in
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military actions.
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After months of buildup,
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President Bush issued an ultimatum to Saddam Hussein.
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Leave Kuwait by the 15th of January 1991
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or face a full attack by the multinational force.
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When the deadline passed, the operation initially called
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Desert Shield became Desert Storm.
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(dramatic music)
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(bomb blasting)
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US bombing raids were followed by a swift ground war.
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(tank cannon blasting)
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It took Allied ground troops only 100 hours
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to declare Kuwait liberated.
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America and the world drew a line in the sand
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and tonight, America and the world have kept their word.
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The environmental and economic damage
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to the ravaged Kuwait was devastating.
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It was the world's first live televised war.
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Americans saw footage from cameras placed on smart bombs
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as they struck their rocky targets.
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The brevity of the action was a boost to US morale,
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reinforcing its status as
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the world's leading super power.
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The first Gulf War entrenched American military power
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in the heart of the Middle East.
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All of that would be extremely important
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in terms of the United States's capacity
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to project itself militarily in the region
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and protect and enhance the flow of petroleum products.
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After perhaps unparalleled international
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consultation, it became necessary to take this action.
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The swift US victory of Operation Desert Storm
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unsettled the political balance in the Middle East
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in ways that remain dangerous and unresolved
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into the 21st century.
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(gentle music)
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Humans have been modifying crops and livestock
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for tens of thousands of years
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to improve crop quality and make produce more resistant
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to adverse events and reap more bountiful harvests.
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But it was in the 20th century that crop modification
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entered a completely new area.
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(dramatic music)
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The 1935 discovery of DNA, the building blocks of life,
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was a major step towards the creation
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of genetically modified crops.
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The first is probably the discover of restriction enzymes
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that enabled us to cut up the DNA of organisms
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into gene sized pieces.
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The second one would be the ability to clone those genes
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up into large copies.
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And the third one the ability to introduce them
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using a vector into the recipient organism.
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In the case of plants, through an organism
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called Agrobacterium, which naturally infects the plant
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and inserts its own DNA into the plant genome.
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We are able to use that to carry a particular gene
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into the genome.
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Despite its great significance
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in the agricultural sector, some of the earliest GMO patents
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were not related to farming.
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The Exxon Oil Company was awarded a patent in 1982
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that allowed them to develop an oil-eating microorganism
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to be used in oil spills.
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The first agricultural GM patent was an antibiotic
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resistant tobacco plant produced in 1983.
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Opportunities were now opening up to create seed strains
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resistant to drought, disease, and pests.
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Scientists insert the genes into soybeans,
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ultimately creating what would become
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the most common GMO, herbicide resistant soybeans.
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Throughout the 1980s and '90s, other GMO seeds followed
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for potatoes, cotton, rice, sugar cane, and tomatoes.
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One of the first ones would have been
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the Flavr Savr tomato, which was developed by Calgene
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in the United States.
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There the goal was to produce a later ripening tomato
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and that was done by introduction of a foreign gene.
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The Flavr Savr tomato arrived
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on US grocery shelves in 1994 after being approved
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by the Food and Drug Administration in May of that year.
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Genetic modification delayed its ripening mechanism,
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giving it a longer shelf life.
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It was not a commercial success.
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That was in the time of very much uncertain
401
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consumer reaction to genetically engineered products.
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Almost as soon as the GMO products
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became available in supermarkets and grocery stores,
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public concerns were growing about their health effects,
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including increased allergies and resistance to antibiotics.
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We think that is very dangerous
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for the environment problem,
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also for the farmers all over the world
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and also for the health of everybody.
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00:20:00,210 --> 00:20:01,760
So it's not so much the technology
411
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which is the risky aspect.
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In fact, many scientific communities have found
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that the technology does not represent a greater risk
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than a conventional breeding.
415
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It's important to focus on what gene is introduced
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into the plant and what characteristic
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that confers on the plant.
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Despite concerns, GMO food crops
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have become widespread by the end of the 20th century.
420
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And with the planet's growing population,
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it seems that GMO food crops are
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set to be the way of the future.
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Farms like Gary Adam's spread
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outside Fairfield, Iowa, are planted with
425
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genetically modified crops.
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Like the tractor, GM seeds are viewed by Gary Adam
427
00:20:42,190 --> 00:20:45,420
and many US farmers as another technological tool
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to help them get the most out of their land.
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In the next 15 years we'll have another billion people
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in that period.
431
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It's just not going to be fast enough
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to improve our agriculture to keep up with that demand.
433
00:20:57,350 --> 00:20:59,830
So it really opens up the range of techniques
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that breeders can use, the extent of variation
435
00:21:02,900 --> 00:21:05,000
they can take from nature to improve
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the crop plants that we use as staples for our food.
437
00:21:09,124 --> 00:21:11,707
(gentle music)
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[Narrator] He was an emotional artist
439
00:21:20,250 --> 00:21:23,023
who explored his personal world through his painting.
440
00:21:26,260 --> 00:21:28,320
His work defined a movement,
441
00:21:28,320 --> 00:21:30,540
his influence defined by a painting
442
00:21:30,540 --> 00:21:32,943
that shocked and inspired the art world.
443
00:21:34,332 --> 00:21:36,915
(gentle music)
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Spanish painter Pablo Picasso first came to Paris in 1901.
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It was here that he would release
446
00:21:49,580 --> 00:21:51,523
some of his most influential work.
447
00:21:52,670 --> 00:21:55,730
In 1907, he produced a provocative piece
448
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depicting prostitutes from a Paris brothel he frequented.
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00:21:59,340 --> 00:22:02,850
This was "Les Demoiselles D'Avignon,"
450
00:22:02,850 --> 00:22:05,500
a groundbreaking painting and the culmination
451
00:22:05,500 --> 00:22:08,973
of Picasso's emotional and artistic influences at the time.
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00:22:10,390 --> 00:22:13,300
His relationship with his longtime model and lover,
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Fernande Olivier, had just ended.
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His idol, the influential painter Cezanne, had died.
455
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Picasso sought to memorialize Cezanne's techniques
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and show his own artistic rivals what he could do.
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One can really get the sense of where Picasso
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is coming from.
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Here we think we have five images of women,
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but in fact what we have is one woman shown
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00:22:34,700 --> 00:22:36,860
in five different perspectives.
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00:22:36,860 --> 00:22:40,510
Picasso wants to show everything.
463
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He's hungry for everything.
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He doesn't want to show you the woman from face on,
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he wants to show every single aspect of her.
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The controversial work is regarded
467
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as one of the first expressions of the movement
468
00:22:55,390 --> 00:22:56,793
known as Cubism.
469
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Cubism is a very interesting movement.
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As everyone knows, Picasso can be difficult.
471
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But people in the money want his work.
472
00:23:05,910 --> 00:23:09,970
Here's "Still Life with a Candle" to take an easier example.
473
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Picasso is trying to get to the
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absolute essence of reality
475
00:23:14,200 --> 00:23:16,570
and to understand how he's doing this
476
00:23:16,570 --> 00:23:19,600
when it seems such an extraordinary image,
477
00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:22,223
the object has melted away.
478
00:23:23,310 --> 00:23:25,040
It has no substance.
479
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The colors are reduced to grays and browns.
480
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What's recognizable about it?
481
00:23:30,330 --> 00:23:32,163
How can we see this as reality?
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Picasso's legacy stretches
483
00:23:35,410 --> 00:23:36,910
all the way to the present.
484
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His signature can be found in conceptual art
485
00:23:39,440 --> 00:23:41,730
and performance art, both of which aim
486
00:23:41,730 --> 00:23:43,630
to give objects and people new meaning.
487
00:23:43,630 --> 00:23:47,960
No longer the tradition of rendering something
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in a naturalistic manner,
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but in a way where there are multiple perspectives
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and multiple things that can happen at once.
491
00:23:56,830 --> 00:23:58,760
On the day "Les Demoiselles D'Avignon"
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00:23:58,760 --> 00:24:02,580
first exhibited, Picasso opened a new world
493
00:24:02,580 --> 00:24:04,603
understood by a new way of thinking.
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00:24:05,820 --> 00:24:08,650
His work and legacy was revolutionary,
495
00:24:08,650 --> 00:24:11,770
connecting art with mind and influencing artists
496
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for generations to come.
497
00:24:13,722 --> 00:24:16,472
(dramatic music)
498
00:24:26,137 --> 00:24:27,090
We have been to the moon,
499
00:24:27,090 --> 00:24:30,433
but the vast reaches of space still lay beyond our reach.
500
00:24:31,370 --> 00:24:33,400
This changed with the launch of a telescope
501
00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:35,813
that could reveal the wonders of our universe.
502
00:24:38,112 --> 00:24:40,572
The moon is our nearest neighbor
503
00:24:40,572 --> 00:24:43,422
and the telescope shows it to be a very mountainous body.
504
00:24:46,770 --> 00:24:49,840
Space telescopes weren't a new invention in the space age
505
00:24:49,840 --> 00:24:52,430
and it was really a way to solve the problems
506
00:24:52,430 --> 00:24:53,310
that we have on Earth.
507
00:24:53,310 --> 00:24:56,440
So the Earth's atmosphere blocks lots of colors of light,
508
00:24:56,440 --> 00:24:59,360
so we are very limited what we can see with our eyes
509
00:24:59,360 --> 00:25:01,453
and there's a lot more to discover.
510
00:25:02,480 --> 00:25:05,230
The Hubble Telescope was launched in 1990
511
00:25:05,230 --> 00:25:07,650
to see further than land based telescopes,
512
00:25:07,650 --> 00:25:10,160
measure distances to far off galaxies,
513
00:25:10,160 --> 00:25:12,380
and take pictures of what it saw.
514
00:25:12,380 --> 00:25:14,060
Where scientists have had to rely
515
00:25:14,060 --> 00:25:17,700
on sometimes ill-defined photographs of deep space,
516
00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:20,343
there will now be high resolution images.
517
00:25:21,290 --> 00:25:23,240
The new telescope would not be affected
518
00:25:23,240 --> 00:25:25,491
by the blur of the Earth's atmosphere
519
00:25:25,491 --> 00:25:27,260
and it would see all types of rays
520
00:25:27,260 --> 00:25:28,610
that were normally blocked.
521
00:25:29,460 --> 00:25:31,120
The Hubble Space Telescope,
522
00:25:31,120 --> 00:25:33,900
powered by two huge solar panels,
523
00:25:33,900 --> 00:25:36,450
will be able to detect objects so far away
524
00:25:36,450 --> 00:25:39,883
that they'll be seen as they were 15 billion years ago.
525
00:25:41,320 --> 00:25:43,580
Once the launch mission was completed,
526
00:25:43,580 --> 00:25:45,600
the images were disappointing.
527
00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:47,380
It was not until it had been installed
528
00:25:47,380 --> 00:25:49,000
in an orbit around the Earth
529
00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:51,150
that the engineers saw the problem.
530
00:25:51,150 --> 00:25:55,130
How is this multi-billion, yes, billion dollar instrument,
531
00:25:55,130 --> 00:25:56,740
having kind of terrible images?
532
00:25:56,740 --> 00:25:59,800
And they realized that they actually polished the mirror
533
00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:02,880
too much and so a rigorous and
534
00:26:02,880 --> 00:26:06,820
a huge effort of engineers, scientists, astronomers
535
00:26:06,820 --> 00:26:09,020
for a year was planned to build something
536
00:26:09,020 --> 00:26:12,100
to change the mirror, what we COSTAR.
537
00:26:12,100 --> 00:26:14,270
And that was a correction, a series of little lenses
538
00:26:14,270 --> 00:26:15,653
to correct for the image.
539
00:26:18,750 --> 00:26:20,700
The repair mission also proved
540
00:26:20,700 --> 00:26:23,020
that the telescope could be fixed and modified
541
00:26:23,020 --> 00:26:24,103
while in space.
542
00:26:25,863 --> 00:26:28,890
Over the years there would be several other repair missions.
543
00:26:28,890 --> 00:26:31,250
The telescope, named after Edwin Hubble
544
00:26:31,250 --> 00:26:34,660
for his pioneering work in proving the universe is expanding
545
00:26:34,660 --> 00:26:37,430
and for discovering galaxies beyond our own,
546
00:26:37,430 --> 00:26:40,520
took 70 years to go from an idea to reality
547
00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:43,553
and now every day it sends Earth new material.
548
00:26:45,610 --> 00:26:49,123
Its time in space has given the world spectacular images.
549
00:26:50,380 --> 00:26:52,950
The telescope also provided the inspiration
550
00:26:52,950 --> 00:26:56,430
and information for 15,000 scientific papers
551
00:26:56,430 --> 00:26:58,860
in multiple areas of research.
552
00:26:58,860 --> 00:27:00,970
The knowledge gained by the use of the telescope
553
00:27:00,970 --> 00:27:04,410
is astounding, dramatically increasing the possibilities
554
00:27:04,410 --> 00:27:05,823
of space exploration.
555
00:27:06,880 --> 00:27:09,110
The Hubble Space Telescope has changed our understanding
556
00:27:09,110 --> 00:27:11,530
of every part of space and astronomy.
557
00:27:11,530 --> 00:27:13,900
It's discovered the universe was accelerating.
558
00:27:13,900 --> 00:27:16,660
It's measured the most accurate measurements
559
00:27:16,660 --> 00:27:18,090
of how fast the universe was growing
560
00:27:18,090 --> 00:27:19,710
and then did it again.
561
00:27:19,710 --> 00:27:22,370
It's discovered that there's billions
562
00:27:22,370 --> 00:27:23,730
and trillions of galaxies.
563
00:27:23,730 --> 00:27:27,450
It found that black holes and active black holes
564
00:27:27,450 --> 00:27:28,990
can actually shoot things to it.
565
00:27:28,990 --> 00:27:31,450
It's discovered distant quasars and gamma ray bursts.
566
00:27:31,450 --> 00:27:32,780
It literally has done everything,
567
00:27:32,780 --> 00:27:34,550
every discovery that we think about
568
00:27:34,550 --> 00:27:36,940
in modern day astronomy has data
569
00:27:36,940 --> 00:27:39,230
from the Hubble Space Telescope.
570
00:27:39,230 --> 00:27:40,470
Eventually the viewing days
571
00:27:40,470 --> 00:27:42,960
of Hubble will expire and it will fall back
572
00:27:42,960 --> 00:27:46,430
through the atmosphere to be replaced by a new telescope
573
00:27:46,430 --> 00:27:48,763
that will continue its exploratory work,
574
00:27:49,950 --> 00:27:53,040
contributing to humankind's understanding
575
00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:55,093
of our own world and beyond.
576
00:27:55,997 --> 00:27:58,747
(dramatic music)
577
00:28:10,530 --> 00:28:13,340
In the second half of the 20th century,
578
00:28:13,340 --> 00:28:16,683
a confluence of events would inflame long held differences,
579
00:28:17,550 --> 00:28:20,403
sparking years of bloodshed and violence in Lebanon.
580
00:28:21,650 --> 00:28:23,090
The damage is not confined
581
00:28:23,090 --> 00:28:24,600
to material objects.
582
00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:27,193
Lebanon's political mold has been shattered, too.
583
00:28:28,583 --> 00:28:30,580
(tense music)
584
00:28:30,580 --> 00:28:33,130
Lebanon, who had received its independence
585
00:28:33,130 --> 00:28:36,620
from France in 1943, initially thrived
586
00:28:36,620 --> 00:28:39,520
despite its religiously sensitive environment.
587
00:28:39,520 --> 00:28:43,010
Lebanon's a complex, multi-religious society.
588
00:28:43,010 --> 00:28:46,610
It has 18 recognized ethno-religious communities
589
00:28:46,610 --> 00:28:50,050
that were recognized in the National Pact of 1943,
590
00:28:50,050 --> 00:28:52,370
which established the ground rules, if you will,
591
00:28:52,370 --> 00:28:55,580
for the formation of Lebanon as an independent country
592
00:28:55,580 --> 00:28:57,420
and the power-sharing relationship
593
00:28:57,420 --> 00:29:01,383
between those 18 recognized religious communities.
594
00:29:02,782 --> 00:29:04,880
By 1975, the best attempts to combine
595
00:29:04,880 --> 00:29:08,073
the groups deteriorated into an exchange of bullets.
596
00:29:08,949 --> 00:29:10,110
(gun fires)
597
00:29:10,110 --> 00:29:12,540
Like all civil wars, they don't just start.
598
00:29:12,540 --> 00:29:14,260
The antecedent conditions were there
599
00:29:14,260 --> 00:29:18,350
for the Lebanese Civil War in the lead up to 1975,
600
00:29:18,350 --> 00:29:19,683
when it formally started.
601
00:29:21,310 --> 00:29:23,900
The common spark that's often identified
602
00:29:23,900 --> 00:29:28,110
was a massacre of a busload of Palestinians
603
00:29:28,110 --> 00:29:30,440
by Phalangist militiamen.
604
00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:32,030
But of course, the Phalangists would argue
605
00:29:32,030 --> 00:29:34,140
that it was retribution for the shooting
606
00:29:34,140 --> 00:29:36,850
of two prominent members of the Christian community
607
00:29:36,850 --> 00:29:38,400
coming outside from the church.
608
00:29:39,660 --> 00:29:42,760
We are ready for a long war.
609
00:29:42,760 --> 00:29:44,467
If the war will take one year, two years,
610
00:29:44,467 --> 00:29:47,403
three years, we are ready to fight.
611
00:29:48,570 --> 00:29:51,370
15 years fighting followed the two attacks.
612
00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:54,240
Religious conflict boiling over between
613
00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:56,540
the many Christian and Muslim sects.
614
00:29:56,540 --> 00:29:58,850
There the Christians began the present round
615
00:29:58,850 --> 00:30:00,400
of fighting last April.
616
00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:02,803
Their war is basically a defensive one.
617
00:30:04,230 --> 00:30:06,050
It was hard for the Maronite Christians,
618
00:30:06,050 --> 00:30:08,780
Shia Muslims, and Sunni Muslims of the previous
619
00:30:08,780 --> 00:30:11,360
French-held country to reconcile
620
00:30:11,360 --> 00:30:13,670
despite each religious group holding one of
621
00:30:13,670 --> 00:30:15,800
three main parliamentary roles:
622
00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:19,023
Prime Minister, President, and Parliamentary Speaker.
623
00:30:20,440 --> 00:30:23,480
The policy would have to make room for change, however,
624
00:30:23,480 --> 00:30:25,950
as masses of Christians fled the country,
625
00:30:25,950 --> 00:30:28,400
leaving them without a president for a full year.
626
00:30:29,700 --> 00:30:33,580
Both Syrian and Israeli armies became involved in the war
627
00:30:33,580 --> 00:30:35,460
and stayed for the duration,
628
00:30:35,460 --> 00:30:39,070
holding their positions until the early 2000s.
629
00:30:39,070 --> 00:30:42,050
Peace attempts failed and wars continued,
630
00:30:42,050 --> 00:30:44,613
religious factions fighting within themselves.
631
00:30:45,560 --> 00:30:48,440
The Civil War was not a single conflict,
632
00:30:48,440 --> 00:30:51,690
but many clashes of larger groups dividing into small ones
633
00:30:51,690 --> 00:30:53,480
that turned on each other.
634
00:30:53,480 --> 00:30:56,500
Finally, the Syrian Army stormed the Presidential Palace
635
00:30:56,500 --> 00:31:00,160
at Baabda late in 1990, ending the fighting,
636
00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:01,810
but not the issue that led to it.
637
00:31:03,370 --> 00:31:06,320
Unrest had lessened, but not disappeared.
638
00:31:06,320 --> 00:31:08,680
The years of strife and the time that followed it
639
00:31:08,680 --> 00:31:11,480
remained an impediment to religious cooperation.
640
00:31:11,480 --> 00:31:14,120
Even if the present crisis is overcome,
641
00:31:14,120 --> 00:31:16,630
the prospects for a united and peaceful Lebanon
642
00:31:16,630 --> 00:31:17,613
appear bleak.
643
00:31:18,740 --> 00:31:21,320
The long lasting effects on Lebanon,
644
00:31:21,320 --> 00:31:26,320
not least 150,000 dead and more than 70,000 disappeared
645
00:31:28,560 --> 00:31:33,320
and then about a fifth or a million people emigrated
646
00:31:33,320 --> 00:31:34,320
from the country.
647
00:31:34,320 --> 00:31:36,080
So yes, a mass emigration.
648
00:31:36,080 --> 00:31:38,690
And this, of course, also changed the demographics
649
00:31:38,690 --> 00:31:39,523
of the country.
650
00:31:41,465 --> 00:31:44,215
(dramatic music)
651
00:31:50,290 --> 00:31:52,590
For centuries traders sought a faster way
652
00:31:52,590 --> 00:31:54,400
to move goods and people between
653
00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:56,563
the east and west coasts of America.
654
00:31:57,632 --> 00:31:58,465
(explosion blasts)
655
00:31:58,465 --> 00:32:01,810
A problem solved by an unparalleled feat of engineering,
656
00:32:01,810 --> 00:32:05,086
one that took 20th century technology to achieve.
657
00:32:05,086 --> 00:32:07,836
(dramatic music)
658
00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:14,590
The French tried to build a canal through
659
00:32:14,590 --> 00:32:18,230
the Central American nation of Panama in the 1880s,
660
00:32:18,230 --> 00:32:20,910
but they had been prevented by a lack of technology
661
00:32:20,910 --> 00:32:24,020
and the spread of disease amongst the workers.
662
00:32:24,020 --> 00:32:26,950
A few decades later, the United States
663
00:32:26,950 --> 00:32:28,400
took up the challenge.
664
00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:30,680
The United States was starting to see itself
665
00:32:30,680 --> 00:32:33,023
for the first time, really, as a global power.
666
00:32:33,023 --> 00:32:34,360
From the point of view of commerce,
667
00:32:34,360 --> 00:32:36,860
they wanted to actually get a faster way
668
00:32:36,860 --> 00:32:39,290
to get goods from the east of America
669
00:32:39,290 --> 00:32:41,059
to the east of the world.
670
00:32:41,059 --> 00:32:42,140
(train chugging)
671
00:32:42,140 --> 00:32:44,580
In 1904, construction resumes
672
00:32:44,580 --> 00:32:47,020
with the builders facing the same challenges
673
00:32:47,020 --> 00:32:48,470
that had defeated the French.
674
00:32:49,743 --> 00:32:52,960
They had a very difficult environment to work in
675
00:32:52,960 --> 00:32:55,940
and, in a sense, the difficulty was about really
676
00:32:55,940 --> 00:32:58,040
a swelling river that they'd have to deal with.
677
00:32:58,040 --> 00:32:59,560
Because once they started to cut,
678
00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:02,380
the river, as it would actually swell with the rains,
679
00:33:02,380 --> 00:33:04,940
it would actually start to remove most of the soil.
680
00:33:04,940 --> 00:33:06,230
So they were getting a lot of landslides
681
00:33:06,230 --> 00:33:07,330
they had to deal with.
682
00:33:08,700 --> 00:33:10,710
A year passed following the same route
683
00:33:10,710 --> 00:33:12,803
until a new chief engineer took over.
684
00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:16,880
Under railroad specialist John Stevens,
685
00:33:16,880 --> 00:33:19,700
the design was changed from a sea level canal
686
00:33:19,700 --> 00:33:21,940
to a lock system to improve progress
687
00:33:21,940 --> 00:33:24,000
and make the plan more viable.
688
00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:26,923
However, the scale of the task remained daunting.
689
00:33:27,950 --> 00:33:32,600
Well, if you could imagine about an eight mile long gap
690
00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:36,800
that had to actually be excavated to about a hundred meters,
691
00:33:36,800 --> 00:33:38,350
that was some challenge.
692
00:33:38,350 --> 00:33:41,350
You then actually have up to 40,000 people
693
00:33:41,350 --> 00:33:43,470
trying to actually house them to create
694
00:33:43,470 --> 00:33:47,160
these almost instant villages and that gives you
695
00:33:47,160 --> 00:33:50,683
some of the scale in terms of maybe what had to be done.
696
00:33:51,710 --> 00:33:53,830
The project took 10 years to complete
697
00:33:53,830 --> 00:33:56,830
and has become one of the seven wonders of the modern world.
698
00:33:57,790 --> 00:33:59,240
Uncle Sam moves his fleet
699
00:33:59,240 --> 00:34:00,850
from the Pacific to the Atlantic,
700
00:34:00,850 --> 00:34:03,300
the greatest peacetime movement in naval history.
701
00:34:04,320 --> 00:34:05,770
It cuts thousands of miles
702
00:34:05,770 --> 00:34:07,680
from the trip around South America,
703
00:34:07,680 --> 00:34:10,640
significantly improving communications between countries
704
00:34:10,640 --> 00:34:14,440
on either side of the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean.
705
00:34:14,440 --> 00:34:16,950
The structure is also a feat of political
706
00:34:16,950 --> 00:34:19,380
and international cooperation.
707
00:34:19,380 --> 00:34:24,020
It was done often against huge political odds
708
00:34:24,020 --> 00:34:26,080
with a lot of political interference.
709
00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:30,340
It was a multinational operation under quite sharp
710
00:34:30,340 --> 00:34:31,520
military discipline.
711
00:34:31,520 --> 00:34:32,770
Strategically, the canal
712
00:34:32,770 --> 00:34:34,250
still has importance.
713
00:34:34,250 --> 00:34:35,940
The Defense Department says it's needed
714
00:34:35,940 --> 00:34:38,923
for quick transfer and resupply of US forces.
715
00:34:40,120 --> 00:34:43,190
For America this at the at time was like
716
00:34:43,190 --> 00:34:44,650
sending a man to the moon.
717
00:34:44,650 --> 00:34:47,230
It was an immense achievement.
718
00:34:47,230 --> 00:34:48,750
Today the canal is used
719
00:34:48,750 --> 00:34:51,190
by at least 25 countries,
720
00:34:51,190 --> 00:34:54,480
a feat of human determination and ingenuity
721
00:34:54,480 --> 00:34:58,330
that continues to play an important role in globalization,
722
00:34:58,330 --> 00:35:02,140
shortening sea voyages, and expanding global trade routes
723
00:35:02,140 --> 00:35:04,113
that link countries and continents.
724
00:35:06,949 --> 00:35:09,699
(dramatic music)
725
00:35:11,730 --> 00:35:14,330
By the 1970s, the developed world,
726
00:35:14,330 --> 00:35:16,510
especially the United States,
727
00:35:16,510 --> 00:35:18,543
was increasingly dependent on oil.
728
00:35:20,390 --> 00:35:22,280
American production could not keep pace
729
00:35:22,280 --> 00:35:23,693
with American consumption,
730
00:35:25,180 --> 00:35:28,242
a disparity that would soon be used against them.
731
00:35:28,242 --> 00:35:30,992
(dramatic music)
732
00:35:36,820 --> 00:35:39,020
Many oil producing countries were members
733
00:35:39,020 --> 00:35:42,420
of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries,
734
00:35:42,420 --> 00:35:45,013
or OPEC, founded in 1960.
735
00:35:47,123 --> 00:35:50,220
When the Yom Kippur War began on the 6th of October 1973,
736
00:35:51,640 --> 00:35:54,400
Arab members of OPEC sought to punish countries
737
00:35:54,400 --> 00:35:57,197
that supported Israel in the conflict.
738
00:35:57,197 --> 00:36:00,760
So the 1973 oil crisis was initiated by the Arab states
739
00:36:00,760 --> 00:36:04,430
in OPEC to voice their collective displeasure
740
00:36:04,430 --> 00:36:08,380
at support for Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
741
00:36:08,380 --> 00:36:11,010
So they were very specific in their embargo,
742
00:36:11,010 --> 00:36:12,910
it was against the United States, the UK,
743
00:36:12,910 --> 00:36:14,790
Netherlands, and Japan.
744
00:36:14,790 --> 00:36:17,540
And they also implemented a price raise
745
00:36:17,540 --> 00:36:18,840
for the rest of the world.
746
00:36:20,140 --> 00:36:24,820
When the Israelis accept to withdraw
747
00:36:24,820 --> 00:36:28,800
from the occupied territories and the US government
748
00:36:28,800 --> 00:36:33,300
guarantees their decision, then immediately we can
749
00:36:33,300 --> 00:36:34,573
lift the embargo.
750
00:36:35,577 --> 00:36:37,220
Though Arab-Israeli hostilities ended
751
00:36:37,220 --> 00:36:40,870
on October 22nd, the embargo continued.
752
00:36:40,870 --> 00:36:44,610
Prices rose quickly from $3 to $12 per barrel
753
00:36:44,610 --> 00:36:46,820
within three months of the embargo
754
00:36:46,820 --> 00:36:48,650
and prices at the pump doubled,
755
00:36:48,650 --> 00:36:51,560
causing outrage and protests from truck drivers
756
00:36:51,560 --> 00:36:53,710
and nationwide restrictions in the US
757
00:36:53,710 --> 00:36:55,620
and across Europe and elsewhere.
758
00:36:55,620 --> 00:36:58,720
America's energy demands have grown so rapidly
759
00:36:58,720 --> 00:37:01,810
that they now outstrip our energy supplies.
760
00:37:01,810 --> 00:37:03,870
As a result, we face the possibility of
761
00:37:03,870 --> 00:37:06,690
temporary fuel shortages and some increases
762
00:37:06,690 --> 00:37:08,430
in fuel prices in America.
763
00:37:08,430 --> 00:37:09,940
Fuel was rationed.
764
00:37:09,940 --> 00:37:13,530
In some cases, petrol stations closed on Sundays
765
00:37:13,530 --> 00:37:17,360
and in others, cars could only fuel up on certain days.
766
00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:20,380
The US had never conceived of oil as a weapon.
767
00:37:20,380 --> 00:37:23,380
It was always a commodity, the basis of the global economy,
768
00:37:23,380 --> 00:37:25,200
everyone needed affordable oil
769
00:37:25,200 --> 00:37:26,760
to keep everyone's economy going.
770
00:37:26,760 --> 00:37:28,490
So this was quite a shock.
771
00:37:28,490 --> 00:37:30,550
In Britain, the public was encouraged
772
00:37:30,550 --> 00:37:32,533
to heat only one room in their house.
773
00:37:33,390 --> 00:37:36,580
In the States, Oregon banned Christmas lights.
774
00:37:36,580 --> 00:37:40,150
The national speed limit was reduced to 55 miles per hour
775
00:37:40,150 --> 00:37:42,690
to avoid excess fuel consumption.
776
00:37:42,690 --> 00:37:46,370
And Daylight Saving came into effect year round.
777
00:37:46,370 --> 00:37:49,850
The impact of surging oil prices forced a major downturn
778
00:37:49,850 --> 00:37:51,290
in the US economy.
779
00:37:51,290 --> 00:37:55,140
The US dollar dropped and that meant overseas producers,
780
00:37:55,140 --> 00:37:57,340
who had set their price in US dollars
781
00:37:57,340 --> 00:38:00,090
were faced with diminishing returns.
782
00:38:00,090 --> 00:38:01,830
America's automobile industry,
783
00:38:01,830 --> 00:38:05,410
which had been making big cars that relied on a lot of fuel,
784
00:38:05,410 --> 00:38:08,610
suffered as Japan's smaller, more oil efficient vehicles
785
00:38:08,610 --> 00:38:10,420
gained in favor.
786
00:38:10,420 --> 00:38:12,970
The oil crisis established a new power center
787
00:38:12,970 --> 00:38:16,090
for fuel pricing and control of supply.
788
00:38:16,090 --> 00:38:19,130
Its immediate effect was to drive up prices,
789
00:38:19,130 --> 00:38:22,530
its longer term effects being far more diverse.
790
00:38:22,530 --> 00:38:25,540
So it really drove investments into renewables,
791
00:38:25,540 --> 00:38:27,340
into wind, into solar.
792
00:38:27,340 --> 00:38:29,580
This is the first time that you see in the US
793
00:38:29,580 --> 00:38:33,280
the environmental conservation movement in sync
794
00:38:33,280 --> 00:38:35,000
with national security requirements,
795
00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,480
so it was quite interesting at the time
796
00:38:37,480 --> 00:38:40,203
to have these two camps on the same side.
797
00:38:41,890 --> 00:38:43,300
Although much of the world had been
798
00:38:43,300 --> 00:38:46,970
caught by surprise and had realized their vulnerability,
799
00:38:46,970 --> 00:38:50,290
the 1973 oil crisis opened pathways
800
00:38:50,290 --> 00:38:52,930
that were previously thought uneconomical
801
00:38:52,930 --> 00:38:55,210
and paved the way for renewable energy,
802
00:38:55,210 --> 00:38:58,643
energy efficiency, and exploration of new oil reserves.
803
00:39:02,343 --> 00:39:04,926
(gentle music)
804
00:39:07,260 --> 00:39:10,573
A transfer of sovereignty that was 15 years in the making,
805
00:39:11,690 --> 00:39:14,990
ending 156 years of colonial rule
806
00:39:14,990 --> 00:39:18,738
and signaling the rise of a new economic superpower.
807
00:39:18,738 --> 00:39:21,321
(gentle music)
808
00:39:24,770 --> 00:39:26,860
Known as the Pearl of the Orient,
809
00:39:26,860 --> 00:39:29,380
Hong Kong Island was first ceded by China
810
00:39:29,380 --> 00:39:32,480
after the First Opium War in 1842.
811
00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:34,330
What the British did was that they took over
812
00:39:34,330 --> 00:39:36,210
what was known as an island,
813
00:39:36,210 --> 00:39:37,670
which not many people living there,
814
00:39:37,670 --> 00:39:39,200
mostly a fishing village.
815
00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:41,350
Even the British saw it as this barren rock,
816
00:39:41,350 --> 00:39:43,197
but they took over and claimed it
817
00:39:43,197 --> 00:39:45,900
and in 1842 when the peace treaty is signed,
818
00:39:45,900 --> 00:39:48,160
the Treaty of Nanking, among other things,
819
00:39:48,160 --> 00:39:50,870
declared that Hong Kong was now part
820
00:39:50,870 --> 00:39:52,423
of the British Empire.
821
00:39:53,830 --> 00:39:56,180
Political upheavals in mainland China,
822
00:39:56,180 --> 00:40:00,520
first in 1911 and then in 1950, contributed to its
823
00:40:00,520 --> 00:40:03,920
increasing population and growing economy.
824
00:40:03,920 --> 00:40:07,520
Talks between Britain and China began in 1982
825
00:40:07,520 --> 00:40:10,310
and Beijing insisted that ownership of Hong Kong
826
00:40:10,310 --> 00:40:12,940
was non-negotiable, demanding its return
827
00:40:12,940 --> 00:40:14,970
along with the new territories.
828
00:40:14,970 --> 00:40:17,520
Perhaps naively, Margaret Thatcher, who of course,
829
00:40:17,520 --> 00:40:19,470
was no fan of the Chinese Communist Party
830
00:40:19,470 --> 00:40:22,820
suggested that perhaps a lease could be renewed,
831
00:40:22,820 --> 00:40:24,910
that perhaps it was in the interest of China
832
00:40:24,910 --> 00:40:27,820
that Hong Kong should remain under the rule of the British
833
00:40:27,820 --> 00:40:31,090
to continue its thriving economic development.
834
00:40:31,090 --> 00:40:35,320
That of course laid bare a very naive understanding
835
00:40:35,320 --> 00:40:38,110
of the British of what Hong Kong really meant for China.
836
00:40:38,110 --> 00:40:42,510
For the Chinese, Hong Kong was a symbol of humiliation.
837
00:40:42,510 --> 00:40:44,440
Not only was it a symbol of humiliation,
838
00:40:44,440 --> 00:40:47,360
it was part of that unfinished mission
839
00:40:47,360 --> 00:40:51,360
that China had to be unified under the rule
840
00:40:51,360 --> 00:40:53,590
of the Chinese Communist Party.
841
00:40:53,590 --> 00:40:55,600
China has put out an information film
842
00:40:55,600 --> 00:40:58,710
about Hong Kong emphasizing the overcrowding
843
00:40:58,710 --> 00:41:01,030
and the hectic pace of life there.
844
00:41:01,030 --> 00:41:04,150
But China has agreed that the Western lifestyle of Hong Kong
845
00:41:04,150 --> 00:41:06,560
will remain unchanged for 50 years
846
00:41:06,560 --> 00:41:08,210
after its return to the mainland.
847
00:41:09,090 --> 00:41:12,530
Deng Xiaoping's one country, two systems policy
848
00:41:12,530 --> 00:41:14,760
allowed Hong Kong's capitalist economy
849
00:41:14,760 --> 00:41:17,193
to sit alongside China's communist state.
850
00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:20,380
An agreement was reached for Hong Kong to be
851
00:41:20,380 --> 00:41:25,300
formally returned to China on the first of July 1997.
852
00:41:25,300 --> 00:41:26,530
The British Prime Minister,
853
00:41:26,530 --> 00:41:29,040
Margaret Thatcher, exchanged the final documents
854
00:41:29,040 --> 00:41:32,683
in December with the Chinese Prime Minister, Zhao Ziyang.
855
00:41:33,650 --> 00:41:35,860
Despite the pledges of the Chinese government,
856
00:41:35,860 --> 00:41:39,660
concerns grew after the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre
857
00:41:39,660 --> 00:41:41,150
in Beijing.
858
00:41:41,150 --> 00:41:44,140
Regardless, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
859
00:41:44,140 --> 00:41:46,363
remained committed to the joint declaration.
860
00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:50,340
So the fact that we still had a British colony
861
00:41:50,340 --> 00:41:52,170
in Hong Kong up until 1997,
862
00:41:53,145 --> 00:41:57,240
is a good example of how colonialism still exists in Asia
863
00:41:57,240 --> 00:41:58,110
up until that period.
864
00:41:58,110 --> 00:42:00,250
And again, a stark reminder of how
865
00:42:00,250 --> 00:42:01,600
something that we would have thought was
866
00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:02,880
very much part of the past
867
00:42:02,880 --> 00:42:05,710
was still part of everyday life in China
868
00:42:05,710 --> 00:42:07,453
or at least in Hong Kong up until
869
00:42:07,453 --> 00:42:08,730
the end of the 20th century.
870
00:42:08,730 --> 00:42:11,460
The 30th of June 1997 marked
871
00:42:11,460 --> 00:42:13,720
the last day of British rule.
872
00:42:13,720 --> 00:42:17,350
The handover officially began at 11:30 p.m.
873
00:42:17,350 --> 00:42:20,530
Britain is part of Hong Kong's history
874
00:42:20,530 --> 00:42:23,900
and Hong Kong is part of Britain's history.
875
00:42:23,900 --> 00:42:26,330
We are also part of each other's future.
876
00:42:26,330 --> 00:42:29,004
We are confident that the ties between us
877
00:42:29,004 --> 00:42:34,004
will not only endure, but will continue to develop.
878
00:42:35,220 --> 00:42:36,730
Minutes before midnight,
879
00:42:36,730 --> 00:42:39,780
the British national flag and the Hong Kong colonial flag
880
00:42:39,780 --> 00:42:42,780
were lowered, officially ending British colonial rule
881
00:42:42,780 --> 00:42:45,823
in the city of nearly 6.5 million people.
882
00:42:52,429 --> 00:42:55,012
(gentle music)
883
00:42:57,270 --> 00:43:00,420
A kidnapping that dominated the headlines,
884
00:43:00,420 --> 00:43:03,163
a baby taken from his celebrity parents' mansion,
885
00:43:04,130 --> 00:43:08,111
a tragedy that fame and fortune could not prevent.
886
00:43:08,111 --> 00:43:10,861
(dramatic music)
887
00:43:18,270 --> 00:43:22,350
In 1927, Charles Lindburgh shot to international stardom
888
00:43:22,350 --> 00:43:25,553
as the first man to fly nonstop across the Atlantic.
889
00:43:27,604 --> 00:43:29,160
First solo transatlantic flight.
890
00:43:29,160 --> 00:43:30,792
It took him 33 hours.
891
00:43:30,792 --> 00:43:31,655
(crowd cheering)
892
00:43:31,655 --> 00:43:33,770
Back home once more, he received a hero's welcome
893
00:43:33,770 --> 00:43:34,610
in New York.
894
00:43:34,610 --> 00:43:37,562
It was crowds and cheering all the way.
895
00:43:37,562 --> 00:43:39,260
(crowd cheering)
896
00:43:39,260 --> 00:43:42,310
In the late 1920s, early '30s,
897
00:43:42,310 --> 00:43:45,830
Charles Lindburgh was as big a global celebrity
898
00:43:45,830 --> 00:43:47,370
as you can imagine.
899
00:43:47,370 --> 00:43:48,810
But fame was no protection
900
00:43:48,810 --> 00:43:52,220
when his first child, Charles Junior, the Eaglet,
901
00:43:52,220 --> 00:43:54,170
disappeared from his New Jersey estate.
902
00:43:55,212 --> 00:43:56,563
It was from this house at Hopewell,
903
00:43:56,563 --> 00:43:59,026
New Jersey, Colonel Lindburgh's home,
904
00:43:59,026 --> 00:44:00,640
that the kidnapping of his baby son
905
00:44:00,640 --> 00:44:04,580
that shocked the world in March of 1932 took place.
906
00:44:04,580 --> 00:44:05,780
A crudely written ransom note
907
00:44:05,780 --> 00:44:08,770
demanding $50,000 was found on the window ledge
908
00:44:08,770 --> 00:44:12,930
of the baby's room with a folding ladder propped outside.
909
00:44:12,930 --> 00:44:15,170
New Jersey state police assumed charge
910
00:44:15,170 --> 00:44:17,850
of the investigation, which was severely hampered
911
00:44:17,850 --> 00:44:20,250
by Lindburgh's determination to negotiate
912
00:44:20,250 --> 00:44:23,710
with the kidnappers and by the surrounding media storm.
913
00:44:23,710 --> 00:44:27,850
The 1930s was the era when the mass media
914
00:44:27,850 --> 00:44:29,740
had really come into its own.
915
00:44:29,740 --> 00:44:32,690
The Lindburgh case was very serious news.
916
00:44:32,690 --> 00:44:34,740
I mean, it dominated the headlines
917
00:44:34,740 --> 00:44:38,033
all over the United States and later across the world.
918
00:44:38,910 --> 00:44:41,780
It was a long drawn out event,
919
00:44:41,780 --> 00:44:43,720
this whole kidnapping saga.
920
00:44:43,720 --> 00:44:46,900
H.L. Mencken, who was a famous journalist of the day,
921
00:44:46,900 --> 00:44:49,580
said that the kidnapping trial
922
00:44:49,580 --> 00:44:52,400
was a bigger story than the resurrection.
923
00:44:52,400 --> 00:44:54,640
A ransom of $50,000 was paid
924
00:44:54,640 --> 00:44:58,063
by an intermediary, but the baby wasn't returned.
925
00:44:59,500 --> 00:45:01,890
The hunt continued until May,
926
00:45:01,890 --> 00:45:04,810
where a truck driver discovered partially buried remains
927
00:45:04,810 --> 00:45:08,980
in a wood only a few miles from the Lindburgh mansion.
928
00:45:08,980 --> 00:45:12,000
I am the guy that found Lindburgh's baby.
929
00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:13,780
A medical examination revealed
930
00:45:13,780 --> 00:45:15,720
the baby had died from a blow to the head
931
00:45:15,720 --> 00:45:19,163
two months earlier at the time of his disappearance.
932
00:45:20,500 --> 00:45:23,190
With the baby's death, the only course remaining
933
00:45:23,190 --> 00:45:24,890
was to find the culprit.
934
00:45:24,890 --> 00:45:27,487
A breakthrough came after a gold certificate,
935
00:45:27,487 --> 00:45:29,620
which had made up part of the ransom,
936
00:45:29,620 --> 00:45:31,810
was traced back to a gas station
937
00:45:31,810 --> 00:45:33,800
where a suspicious attendant took note
938
00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:36,290
of the customer's license plate number.
939
00:45:36,290 --> 00:45:39,160
Police followed the lead to Bruno Richard Hauptmann,
940
00:45:39,160 --> 00:45:42,260
who was arrested and the subsequent trial of the century
941
00:45:42,260 --> 00:45:46,160
began on the second of January 1935.
942
00:45:46,160 --> 00:45:47,993
It lasted for five weeks.
943
00:45:48,950 --> 00:45:52,060
The jury found Hauptmann guilty of first degree murder
944
00:45:52,060 --> 00:45:54,033
and sentenced him to death.
945
00:45:55,020 --> 00:45:57,230
As a direct consequence of the case,
946
00:45:57,230 --> 00:46:01,530
in June 1932, the US Congress passed the Lindburgh Law,
947
00:46:01,530 --> 00:46:05,360
making kidnapping across state lines a federal felony.
948
00:46:05,360 --> 00:46:08,560
Interest in the case lasted for decades.
949
00:46:08,560 --> 00:46:10,300
In the broader sweep of the 20th century,
950
00:46:10,300 --> 00:46:14,290
I think probably it's best seen as a media event,
951
00:46:14,290 --> 00:46:17,290
as an early form of celebrity politics,
952
00:46:17,290 --> 00:46:20,120
celebrity justice, and media politics
953
00:46:20,120 --> 00:46:23,510
fed by radio, which of course, created exactly the same
954
00:46:23,510 --> 00:46:27,036
sort of event concentration and publicity
955
00:46:27,036 --> 00:46:30,650
and hysteria that later celebrity trials
956
00:46:30,650 --> 00:46:33,923
such as OJ Simpson generated 50 years later.
957
00:46:34,943 --> 00:46:36,100
(gavel banging)
958
00:46:36,100 --> 00:46:38,580
Decades later, questions remain
959
00:46:38,580 --> 00:46:42,030
and one family's tragedy has been enshrined in history
960
00:46:42,030 --> 00:46:44,687
as the crime of the 20th century.
961
00:46:44,687 --> 00:46:47,046
(dramatic music)
962
00:46:47,046 --> 00:46:49,629
(gentle music)
963
00:46:52,100 --> 00:46:54,590
Medical discoveries of the 20th century
964
00:46:54,590 --> 00:46:57,490
had eradicated some of humanity's worst diseases
965
00:46:58,370 --> 00:47:01,210
until a newly discovered virus exploded
966
00:47:01,210 --> 00:47:04,440
into the world's population, devastating lives
967
00:47:04,440 --> 00:47:05,443
and communities.
968
00:47:05,443 --> 00:47:09,026
He was 37 years old in 1986.
969
00:47:09,959 --> 00:47:14,005
Tens of thousands of families around the world.
970
00:47:14,005 --> 00:47:16,307
(dramatic music)
971
00:47:16,307 --> 00:47:19,470
In the 1980s unusual disease symptoms
972
00:47:19,470 --> 00:47:22,423
were being reported in the United States and Africa.
973
00:47:24,520 --> 00:47:26,760
It'll probably never be known for sure
974
00:47:26,760 --> 00:47:31,760
when, how, and where HIV was transmitted into humans,
975
00:47:32,830 --> 00:47:36,450
but the most plausible and reasonable theory
976
00:47:36,450 --> 00:47:39,360
is called the natural selection theory
977
00:47:39,360 --> 00:47:43,850
or the bushmeat theory and that's that in Central Africa
978
00:47:43,850 --> 00:47:48,200
people who were hunting monkeys and chimpanzees for food
979
00:47:48,200 --> 00:47:50,600
were out searching for their food
980
00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:54,810
and they came across a monkey that had SIV.
981
00:47:54,810 --> 00:47:58,220
So that's Simian Immunodeficiency Virus.
982
00:47:58,220 --> 00:48:00,780
And somewhere within that hunting,
983
00:48:00,780 --> 00:48:05,780
that virus jumped from simian version into a human.
984
00:48:06,725 --> 00:48:07,680
By the early '80s,
985
00:48:07,680 --> 00:48:10,950
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, or AIDS,
986
00:48:10,950 --> 00:48:14,003
had become a known infection in the United States.
987
00:48:15,260 --> 00:48:17,820
The conditions stemmed from the HIV virus,
988
00:48:17,820 --> 00:48:20,330
which attacked a person's immune system.
989
00:48:20,330 --> 00:48:23,900
So what HIV does is killing us softly.
990
00:48:23,900 --> 00:48:27,700
So it makes the human body and our immune system
991
00:48:27,700 --> 00:48:30,330
unable to battle things that normally
992
00:48:30,330 --> 00:48:32,880
we would be able to flick off at a moment's notice.
993
00:48:36,722 --> 00:48:38,380
It was not until 1985,
994
00:48:38,380 --> 00:48:41,800
when technology advanced, that screening was available
995
00:48:41,800 --> 00:48:43,540
for the disease.
996
00:48:43,540 --> 00:48:46,140
The National Cancer Institute of America
997
00:48:46,140 --> 00:48:47,820
announced that they had isolated the
998
00:48:47,820 --> 00:48:50,750
Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
999
00:48:50,750 --> 00:48:53,370
They had been working with the Parisian Pasteur Institute
1000
00:48:53,370 --> 00:48:55,440
to put a name to the frightening epidemic
1001
00:48:55,440 --> 00:48:57,143
that was effecting the world
1002
00:48:57,143 --> 00:48:58,790
and would hopefully bring a cure.
1003
00:48:58,790 --> 00:49:02,120
It was silently traveling all over the globe
1004
00:49:02,120 --> 00:49:04,740
and it was being transmitted constantly,
1005
00:49:04,740 --> 00:49:07,130
without us even realizing it was around.
1006
00:49:07,130 --> 00:49:11,790
Estimates are that about 300,000 people had HIV
1007
00:49:11,790 --> 00:49:15,023
somewhere all over the globe at the start of the '80s.
1008
00:49:16,470 --> 00:49:18,150
The original at-risk categories
1009
00:49:18,150 --> 00:49:22,770
included drug users, homosexual men, hemophiliacs,
1010
00:49:22,770 --> 00:49:24,283
and people of Haitian origin.
1011
00:49:29,150 --> 00:49:31,040
When it was first described in the US
1012
00:49:31,040 --> 00:49:35,120
in the start of the '80s, it was said to be a new
1013
00:49:35,120 --> 00:49:38,313
infection of gay men, which it wasn't.
1014
00:49:39,328 --> 00:49:41,410
So it not only was discrimination about this
1015
00:49:41,410 --> 00:49:44,010
terrifying new deadly virus,
1016
00:49:44,010 --> 00:49:47,000
that is coupled with the discrimination that comes
1017
00:49:47,000 --> 00:49:49,770
of homophobia that was rife
1018
00:49:49,770 --> 00:49:52,370
and you bring them together and that meant
1019
00:49:52,370 --> 00:49:57,370
that there was this really delayed response to HIV research.
1020
00:49:57,730 --> 00:49:59,780
I am deathly afraid of AIDS disease.
1021
00:49:59,780 --> 00:50:01,960
Anybody that says they're not afraid of AIDS
1022
00:50:01,960 --> 00:50:03,233
is a fool or a liar.
1023
00:50:04,550 --> 00:50:06,670
The modern plague continued to spread.
1024
00:50:06,670 --> 00:50:10,020
By 1995, it had become the leading cause of death
1025
00:50:10,020 --> 00:50:12,763
for ages 25 to 44 in America.
1026
00:50:13,780 --> 00:50:16,950
Death numbers were in the tens of thousands per year
1027
00:50:16,950 --> 00:50:19,610
and fear characterized the public response.
1028
00:50:19,610 --> 00:50:21,660
Because of the fear and ignorance
1029
00:50:21,660 --> 00:50:24,290
about AIDS, the boys have become outcasts,
1030
00:50:24,290 --> 00:50:26,710
shunned in their own hometown.
1031
00:50:26,710 --> 00:50:29,800
They see us go back their church when they was out here
1032
00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:31,423
and it's just like they just turn their head
1033
00:50:31,423 --> 00:50:33,730
like we never exist.
1034
00:50:33,730 --> 00:50:36,370
In 1996, a cocktail of drug therapies
1035
00:50:36,370 --> 00:50:39,380
reached the market which slowed the disease
1036
00:50:39,380 --> 00:50:41,033
and halved the annual death rate.
1037
00:50:42,630 --> 00:50:45,560
So in the mid-90s, they changed the way
1038
00:50:45,560 --> 00:50:47,730
that we were treating HIV and started doing
1039
00:50:47,730 --> 00:50:51,670
multi-drug approaches and that can really help knock out
1040
00:50:51,670 --> 00:50:55,410
all different mutations and strains of the HIV virus,
1041
00:50:55,410 --> 00:50:59,530
to really keep it at bay, keep your immune system healthy
1042
00:50:59,530 --> 00:51:02,453
so that it doesn't then develop into AIDS.
1043
00:51:03,730 --> 00:51:05,670
With increased knowledge and collaboration
1044
00:51:05,670 --> 00:51:08,990
to fight against AIDS, prevention of it spread,
1045
00:51:08,990 --> 00:51:12,260
and work towards eradication of the deadly virus
1046
00:51:12,260 --> 00:51:14,653
now occupies researchers around the world.
1047
00:51:15,897 --> 00:51:18,647
(dramatic music)
1048
00:51:20,942 --> 00:51:23,525
(upbeat music)
82504
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