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In the heart of south-east Asia
is an ancient kingdom...
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..with over 3,000km of coastline.
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But beyond its golden shores,
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00:00:27,440 --> 00:00:30,040
there are secret worlds.
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00:00:37,360 --> 00:00:39,560
Home to mysterious creatures...
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..and forest giants...
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This is a fast-changing country
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where East and West collide.
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People and animals must
work together to survive...
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..forming unique relationships.
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A spiritual land,
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full of magic and wonder.
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This is Thailand.
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South-west Thailand.
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A wild paradise of limestone castes,
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00:01:57,920 --> 00:02:02,840
golden beaches and dense forests.
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00:02:03,920 --> 00:02:08,080
Along this rugged coast
are some close-knit families.
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A troupe of 30 long-tailed macaques
has made this their home.
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00:02:29,080 --> 00:02:33,680
This youngster has relied on his
mother for the last six months.
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But he's now at an age where
he needs a more varied diet.
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00:02:42,520 --> 00:02:47,960
Trouble is, this is one of
Thailand's most extreme locations...
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..a vertical rock face,
50 metres high.
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00:03:03,880 --> 00:03:07,840
Up here, good food is scarce.
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00:03:07,840 --> 00:03:11,480
Bark and leaves
provide little energy.
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00:03:15,240 --> 00:03:20,240
Macaques are the most resourceful
and wide-ranging monkeys on earth
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and have learned to take advantage
of every opportunity.
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But this one involved
a precarious commute.
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00:03:43,120 --> 00:03:47,480
It's especially risky for
a mother carrying an infant.
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00:04:03,400 --> 00:04:06,280
For a young macaque
still learning the ropes,
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having a tail longer than
your body gives you the edge.
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It can both grip and act
as a counterbalance.
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This daily descent is
well worth the effort.
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Across Thailand, there are
thousands of Buddhist temples
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and families like this get a
surprisingly warm welcome.
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MAN SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE
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00:04:50,240 --> 00:04:54,760
Thai Buddhists have a unique
relationship with nature.
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For them, every living thing
contributes something to the world
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and deserves respect.
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00:05:22,720 --> 00:05:26,600
This compassionate relationship
is the perfect example
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00:05:26,600 --> 00:05:31,120
of the spiritual connection so
special in southern Thailand
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where humans are not set apart
from nature, but live within it.
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There are other welcome benefits for
the macaques who visit this temple.
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A chance to cool off and have
some fun in the heat of the day.
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00:06:05,560 --> 00:06:08,720
Southern Thailand
is a natural paradise
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for people and animals alike.
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00:06:12,920 --> 00:06:15,480
Hidden coves and scattered islands
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give it a total of
3,000km of coastline.
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00:06:20,080 --> 00:06:25,200
Its western shores have been carved
and shaped by the Andaman Sea.
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00:06:29,480 --> 00:06:34,040
Here, astonishing limestone
castes have been created -
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00:06:34,040 --> 00:06:38,360
towering stacks of
ancient shell and coral.
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This one stands 50 metres tall.
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00:06:47,160 --> 00:06:49,320
Once part of the seabed,
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00:06:49,320 --> 00:06:53,440
it was thrust up by
extreme geological forces.
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The power of the sea
and seasonal rains
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00:07:00,400 --> 00:07:04,080
continue to sculpt this
dramatic landscape.
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00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:17,720
Every year, millions of
people are drawn here.
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00:07:17,720 --> 00:07:20,480
Most come to relax.
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00:07:22,320 --> 00:07:25,440
Others are here for
an adrenaline rush.
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00:07:27,360 --> 00:07:31,920
Ao Nang Tower stands
nearly 100 metres high.
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00:07:35,160 --> 00:07:38,880
The ultimate challenge
for thrill seekers.
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00:07:45,480 --> 00:07:50,760
People come from all over the world
to climb these extraordinary cliffs.
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00:07:56,480 --> 00:07:59,960
But the locals have been
scaling them for centuries.
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00:08:05,720 --> 00:08:08,080
And it's not thrills they seek.
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It's natural treasure.
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These men have their sights set on
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a cave hundreds of metres
up a vertical cliff face.
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Inside, there's a hidden prize,
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00:08:33,520 --> 00:08:36,760
but reaching it is
fraught with danger.
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There's no hi-tech
climbing gear here.
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Just old ropes and local knowledge.
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00:08:57,720 --> 00:09:01,560
They must also navigate
a treacherous interior...
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..a ten-metre drop
into total darkness.
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This is what they're after.
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00:09:28,520 --> 00:09:33,760
Tiny, almost
translucent birds nests.
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00:09:33,760 --> 00:09:37,160
They may not look much, but in Asia,
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they're a highly
sought-after delicacy.
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00:09:41,880 --> 00:09:46,160
Eating birds nest soup is thought
to boost the immune system,
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00:09:46,160 --> 00:09:49,840
improve skin complexion
and fight ageing.
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00:09:52,120 --> 00:09:57,960
It's no wonder one kilogram of nests
is worth over 2,000.
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00:10:01,280 --> 00:10:06,640
Wild nest collecting has been
going on for over 500 years.
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00:10:06,640 --> 00:10:09,480
Recently, the safety
and sustainability
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has been brought into question.
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00:10:14,720 --> 00:10:17,760
But an unexpected answer was found.
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00:10:19,680 --> 00:10:21,520
BIRDSONG PLAYS FROM LOUDSPEAKERS
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00:10:22,680 --> 00:10:26,360
Thousands of loudspeakers
in the town of Pak Phanang
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play birdsong at full blast.
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00:10:33,520 --> 00:10:37,800
Tweeting 24 hours a day,
seven days a week.
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00:10:42,520 --> 00:10:47,000
What was once a traditional
fishing town is now at the heart
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00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:50,360
of a brand-new industry -
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00:10:50,360 --> 00:10:52,200
bird nest farming.
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00:10:56,160 --> 00:10:58,840
Windows have been sealed up.
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00:10:58,840 --> 00:11:02,000
The darker inside, the better.
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00:11:06,920 --> 00:11:10,560
All to accommodate a
very particular resident.
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00:11:14,840 --> 00:11:17,440
The edible nest swiftlet.
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00:11:19,400 --> 00:11:24,160
During the breeding season, the
salivary glands of the swifts expand
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00:11:24,160 --> 00:11:26,920
and produce extra thick saliva.
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00:11:29,440 --> 00:11:32,400
Layer upon layer over 40 days,
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00:11:32,400 --> 00:11:35,600
the birds craft it
into a cup-like nest.
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00:11:42,680 --> 00:11:45,760
These new nesting sites
are helping this bird
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00:11:45,760 --> 00:11:49,120
make a good recovery
after years of decline.
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00:11:55,080 --> 00:11:58,160
Each day, as the
swiftlets are out feeding,
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00:11:58,160 --> 00:12:01,280
farmers like Mr Mu check the nests.
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00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:10,760
He waits until pairs
have bred successfully
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00:12:10,760 --> 00:12:13,520
and the chicks have fledged
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00:12:13,520 --> 00:12:17,640
before collecting
their precious nests.
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00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:31,520
The people of Pak Phanang
have a risk-free,
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00:12:31,520 --> 00:12:35,200
sustainable way to
harvest the nests
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00:12:35,200 --> 00:12:40,280
and the swiftlets have a new
network of nesting sites.
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00:12:45,560 --> 00:12:47,520
Across southern Thailand,
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00:12:47,520 --> 00:12:52,240
people and animals are finding
new ways to live together
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00:12:52,240 --> 00:12:57,440
and that sometimes
requires a bit of ingenuity.
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00:13:00,680 --> 00:13:03,360
Over 50km off the mainland
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lie two of the remotest
groups of Thai islands,
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00:13:07,800 --> 00:13:10,600
Similan and Surin.
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With crystal clear waters
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00:13:17,800 --> 00:13:20,440
and golden beaches...
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..this place might
look like paradise,
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00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,920
but dragons roam these shores.
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00:13:38,360 --> 00:13:42,000
A giant monitor lizard,
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00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:44,520
two metres long...
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..looking for food.
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00:13:59,480 --> 00:14:04,400
It tastes and smells the air
with its 30-centimetre tongue,
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00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:08,440
sensing even the
slightest hint of a meal.
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00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:27,520
Hermit crabs protect themselves
by hiding their soft bodies
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00:14:27,520 --> 00:14:30,600
in the abandoned shells
of other creatures.
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00:14:38,880 --> 00:14:42,880
They live up to 30 years,
so as they grow,
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00:14:42,880 --> 00:14:45,680
they need to upsize their homes.
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00:14:49,320 --> 00:14:52,880
But there's something of a
housing crisis on this island.
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00:14:57,360 --> 00:15:00,840
These idyllic hideaways
are a magnet for tourists,
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00:15:00,840 --> 00:15:05,000
who find it hard to resist
taking the occasional souvenir.
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00:15:09,040 --> 00:15:14,560
Every time a shell is removed, a
crab loses a potential new home.
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00:15:19,840 --> 00:15:24,760
So these canny crabs have
found another source of housing.
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00:15:29,520 --> 00:15:34,720
Each evening, the rangers clear
the beaches, piling up the litter.
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00:15:36,280 --> 00:15:40,560
And now the crabs do
something extraordinary.
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00:15:52,040 --> 00:15:56,160
This hermit has found
herself a more modern home...
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..in a mackerel tin.
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With so few shells around,
it's an ingenious solution.
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00:16:15,560 --> 00:16:18,000
And she's not alone.
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00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:20,960
This is a fast-growing trend.
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00:16:33,760 --> 00:16:38,080
An aluminium fizzy drink can
makes a lightweight home
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00:16:38,080 --> 00:16:40,520
that's worth fighting for.
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00:16:49,080 --> 00:16:52,600
Life in the mackerel tin
isn't ideal...
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..and the local rangers know it.
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00:16:59,520 --> 00:17:02,480
So they leave seashells
near the rubbish piles
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00:17:02,480 --> 00:17:05,040
to help the homeless crustaceans.
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00:17:08,280 --> 00:17:12,760
The crab normally winds its body
into the spiral of a shell.
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00:17:14,840 --> 00:17:18,560
It's far harder to grip a
straight and slippery can.
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00:17:25,640 --> 00:17:27,280
There are plenty of options.
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00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:31,120
It's all about finding a snug fit.
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00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:44,520
Well, she can be picky if she wants.
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00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:48,080
Moving house is an
important decision.
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00:18:04,520 --> 00:18:07,840
At last, the perfect home.
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00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:20,120
It might look like paradise,
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00:18:20,120 --> 00:18:25,360
but living along this coastline
requires great resourcefulness.
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00:18:27,720 --> 00:18:32,440
In southern Thailand, long-tailed
macaques are sometimes known as
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00:18:32,440 --> 00:18:35,880
"Ling Thalay" - sea monkeys.
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00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:42,560
And it's not hard to see why.
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00:19:01,160 --> 00:19:04,200
But this isn't just
about having a good time.
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00:19:09,320 --> 00:19:14,080
Like their temple-visiting cousins,
they've got a clever plan.
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00:19:14,080 --> 00:19:18,000
They've adapted their lives
to the rhythm of the sea.
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00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:26,000
And twice a day,
low tide reveals a feast -
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nutritious shellfish.
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00:19:30,320 --> 00:19:33,920
Trouble is, shells
are tough to crack.
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00:19:37,560 --> 00:19:42,960
But ever resourceful, these macaques
have found a smart solution.
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00:19:47,280 --> 00:19:52,040
They've worked out that rocks
make perfect shellfish hammers.
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00:20:04,480 --> 00:20:09,880
Although clearly some macaques
are a little smarter than others.
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Either way, low tide
provides a seafood bounty.
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00:20:26,280 --> 00:20:30,160
Stone tool use is a
rare skill among monkeys.
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00:20:30,160 --> 00:20:36,200
But these macaques can only benefit
from it by being completely in tune
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with the cycles of nature...
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..something many of Thailand's
human residents aspire to.
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00:20:55,760 --> 00:21:00,960
The south of the country is rich
in Buddhist temples and shrines.
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MONKS CHANT
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Sacred places where monks seek to
understand themselves and the world
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in which they live.
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00:21:20,120 --> 00:21:25,920
Buddhist principles place human life
in the context of a series of cycles
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like those in the natural world.
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00:21:35,320 --> 00:21:37,360
For more than 2,000 years,
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00:21:37,360 --> 00:21:42,400
the full moon has been celebrated
as an embodiment of this idea.
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00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:53,040
This celebration of the full moon
is embraced by visitors to Thailand,
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00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:56,760
but their version is
rather more exuberant.
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LOUD MUSIC BLARES
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00:22:04,720 --> 00:22:09,920
Koh Phangan's famous beach party
is a rite of passage for backpackers
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00:22:09,920 --> 00:22:11,960
passing through southern Thailand.
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00:22:17,440 --> 00:22:20,720
Partygoers are bathed
in ultraviolet light
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00:22:20,720 --> 00:22:23,600
and their fluorescent
body paint glows.
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00:22:26,720 --> 00:22:30,440
But hidden from view,
just below the water's surface,
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00:22:30,440 --> 00:22:33,120
there's an equally vibrant display.
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00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:38,280
By shining the same
ultraviolet light underwater,
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00:22:38,280 --> 00:22:41,240
an unexpected wonder is revealed.
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00:22:47,480 --> 00:22:51,800
These tropical waters are home
to an abundance of coral reefs.
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00:22:53,640 --> 00:22:57,080
A protein within them
absorbs the ultraviolet light,
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00:22:57,080 --> 00:23:00,760
emitting back a whole new spectrum.
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00:23:04,720 --> 00:23:07,960
These corals are all fluorescing.
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00:23:12,080 --> 00:23:14,400
First discovered in the 1930s,
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00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:17,840
scientists are still
debating why this happens.
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00:23:20,320 --> 00:23:22,960
One theory is that
fluorescent proteins
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00:23:22,960 --> 00:23:25,360
might act as a type of sunblock...
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00:23:27,360 --> 00:23:30,800
..protecting the coral from
the sun's intense rays.
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00:23:50,920 --> 00:23:54,760
But it isn't just corals
that glow under ultraviolet.
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00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:05,280
It's possible that other creatures
are able to see this show, too,
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00:24:05,280 --> 00:24:08,080
and use it to their advantage.
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00:24:12,480 --> 00:24:16,840
One reef resident's behaviour
seems to support this theory.
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00:24:21,480 --> 00:24:26,160
The scorpion fish is
an ambush predator
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00:24:26,160 --> 00:24:29,360
so camouflage is key.
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00:24:37,840 --> 00:24:41,280
Passing fish need to beware.
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00:24:41,280 --> 00:24:45,600
Come too close and his cavernous
mouth will suck them up
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in a split second.
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00:24:59,920 --> 00:25:02,360
For this scorpion fish,
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00:25:02,360 --> 00:25:07,320
red fluorescing algae appears
to be the perfect disguise.
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00:25:17,720 --> 00:25:22,720
Southern Thailand's secret worlds go
far beyond its dazzling coastline.
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00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:44,000
In the very centre of the peninsula
is a freshwater lake called
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00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:47,920
Cheow Lan, surrounded by great
mountains.
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00:25:56,080 --> 00:26:01,200
Limestone peaks intercept
moisture-laden clouds,
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00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:04,840
producing much-needed water for this
rainforest.
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00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:10,640
3,000 square kilometres of it.
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00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:24,360
It is home to an exceptional
diversity of plants and animals.
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00:26:24,360 --> 00:26:27,040
For 12 million years, the forest has
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00:26:27,040 --> 00:26:30,240
echoed to strange and haunting
sounds.
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00:26:30,240 --> 00:26:32,400
BIRDS CHIRPING
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00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:37,560
WINGS BEATING
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The wing beats of a giant.
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00:26:42,680 --> 00:26:44,800
The great hornbill.
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00:26:47,320 --> 00:26:50,480
WINGS BEATING
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00:26:51,480 --> 00:26:53,640
BIRD CRIES
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00:27:02,120 --> 00:27:07,920
For this male, it's an important
time of year.
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00:27:07,920 --> 00:27:12,400
Inside this nest hole is his
lifelong partner.
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00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:16,560
There's a slit just wide enough
for a bill.
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00:27:16,560 --> 00:27:20,600
But she's sealed in and won't come
out until her chicks fledge
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00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:22,080
in four months' time.
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00:27:24,840 --> 00:27:29,840
For now, she's completely reliant on
him to find food for them all.
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00:27:47,560 --> 00:27:51,440
A long bill makes fruit
easier to reach.
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00:28:03,680 --> 00:28:07,760
It's tossed to the back of the
throat and stored in a pouch.
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00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:18,280
Remarkably, hornbills can carry
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00:28:18,280 --> 00:28:20,920
over 250 berries at a time.
236
00:28:31,320 --> 00:28:34,800
Delicately regurgitating
one at a time,
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00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:37,720
he eases his beak
through the narrow hole.
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00:28:45,640 --> 00:28:48,080
This devoted couple have raised
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00:28:48,080 --> 00:28:52,280
chicks in this tree
for over a decade.
240
00:28:52,280 --> 00:28:55,800
And because they might live
to the age of 40,
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00:28:55,800 --> 00:28:59,400
they should be back here
for many more years to come.
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00:29:18,280 --> 00:29:20,760
On the east coast
of Southern Thailand,
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00:29:20,760 --> 00:29:23,160
there is another secret world
far from
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00:29:23,160 --> 00:29:26,400
the tourist trails,
teeming with wildlife.
245
00:29:29,160 --> 00:29:34,720
Flat coastal plains are home to four
expansive lagoons,
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00:29:34,720 --> 00:29:38,720
covering over 8,000 square
kilometres.
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00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:45,440
In Thailand's largest lake,
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00:29:45,440 --> 00:29:48,680
local people are finding unique ways
to make a living.
249
00:29:50,720 --> 00:29:52,920
Somjai is a farmer.
250
00:29:52,920 --> 00:29:55,960
He's raising the only large animals
to be found here.
251
00:30:02,120 --> 00:30:06,480
Somewhere amongst this expanse is
his herd of water buffalo.
252
00:30:06,480 --> 00:30:09,520
GRUNTING
253
00:30:13,200 --> 00:30:16,960
Although their wild ancestors are
native to Thailand,
254
00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:19,320
these are domesticated buffalo.
255
00:30:21,240 --> 00:30:24,720
Somjai lets them live a mostly wild
life.
256
00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:31,560
But in the evening, he tracks them
down.
257
00:30:39,120 --> 00:30:42,960
In the shallowest parts of the lake,
punting is the only option.
258
00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:50,080
The buffalo spend the day feeding on
the rich aquatic plants.
259
00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:16,160
In the 40 degree heat,
260
00:31:16,160 --> 00:31:19,600
a mud bath cools them off and repels
insects.
261
00:31:23,200 --> 00:31:27,800
The buffaloes' splayed hooves stop
them sinking into the soft ground.
262
00:31:30,560 --> 00:31:36,160
But the constant exposure to water
can be damaging.
263
00:31:36,160 --> 00:31:40,960
So he must round them up and steer
them into a dry pen for the night.
264
00:31:40,960 --> 00:31:43,400
HE SHOUTS
265
00:31:53,120 --> 00:31:55,840
For Somjai, this work is about much
266
00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:57,480
more than making a living.
267
00:32:07,360 --> 00:32:10,600
The dry pen not only protects their
feet,
268
00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:13,160
but gives them a chance to rest for
the night.
269
00:32:19,320 --> 00:32:22,120
This free range partnership also has
270
00:32:22,120 --> 00:32:25,800
unexpected benefits for the wider
ecosystem.
271
00:32:28,880 --> 00:32:31,000
Ploughing their way through the
wetlands,
272
00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:33,120
spreading seeds as they go,
273
00:32:33,120 --> 00:32:36,280
the buffalo help important plants to
regenerate.
274
00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:46,960
Carpets of lotus flowers create a
haven for over a million birds...
275
00:32:50,120 --> 00:32:53,880
..making this a wetland of global
importance.
276
00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:06,240
It's the perfect place for
specialists,
277
00:33:06,240 --> 00:33:08,400
those with a light step...
278
00:33:09,800 --> 00:33:11,800
..and fast reactions.
279
00:33:18,280 --> 00:33:21,920
This purple swamp hen may look
ungainly,
280
00:33:21,920 --> 00:33:23,680
but he's got a secret weapon.
281
00:33:26,240 --> 00:33:31,000
Huge feet to spread his body weight
over the floating foliage.
282
00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:39,480
This helps a lot when stealth is not
your style.
283
00:33:46,920 --> 00:33:50,840
He also has a particular taste in
food,
284
00:33:50,840 --> 00:33:53,720
unwittingly helping to protect his
habitat.
285
00:33:58,400 --> 00:34:03,040
Golden apple snails aren't native to
Thailand and can harm natural
286
00:34:03,040 --> 00:34:05,280
habitats when numbers boom.
287
00:34:07,880 --> 00:34:10,520
Luckily, swamp hens love them.
288
00:34:17,200 --> 00:34:19,000
If they can find them.
289
00:34:29,840 --> 00:34:34,160
A secure footing is vital when
you're trying to haul in your catch.
290
00:34:40,360 --> 00:34:44,360
Long toes mean a foot can act as a
hand.
291
00:34:51,280 --> 00:34:55,960
Purple swamp hens are perfectly
adapted to this environment,
292
00:34:55,960 --> 00:34:57,960
and in a small way,
293
00:34:57,960 --> 00:35:01,680
these accidental conservationists
are helping to preserve it.
294
00:35:08,760 --> 00:35:10,920
These aren't the only animals
295
00:35:10,920 --> 00:35:14,480
helping to conserve the natural
beauty of Southern Thailand.
296
00:35:21,640 --> 00:35:25,160
This is Kui Buri National Park.
297
00:35:27,120 --> 00:35:29,280
Formerly thick forest,
298
00:35:29,280 --> 00:35:32,640
it was cleared for farmland and the
wildlife forced out.
299
00:35:34,040 --> 00:35:36,000
In the 1990s,
300
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:38,040
public support for Buddhist-inspired
301
00:35:38,040 --> 00:35:40,520
environmental principles started to
grow.
302
00:35:42,080 --> 00:35:47,080
Respecting the natural world was not
simply a spiritual notion.
303
00:35:47,080 --> 00:35:49,440
It had to become a reality.
304
00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:58,960
In 1999, the government gave this
area back to nature.
305
00:35:58,960 --> 00:36:02,840
BELLOWING
306
00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:10,760
These native elephants
reclaimed land
307
00:36:10,760 --> 00:36:14,680
and have had a remarkable impact
on the ecosystem.
308
00:36:21,720 --> 00:36:27,200
Asian elephants need to eat 150kg
of food each day.
309
00:36:33,920 --> 00:36:37,760
They eat over 50 different plant
types,
310
00:36:37,760 --> 00:36:41,120
spreading seeds far and wide in
their dung,
311
00:36:41,120 --> 00:36:43,880
replanting Kui Buri's forest.
312
00:36:43,880 --> 00:36:45,760
BELLOWING
313
00:36:53,160 --> 00:36:55,720
And by pushing through the
undergrowth,
314
00:36:55,720 --> 00:37:00,280
they create pathways for smaller
animals like sambar deer.
315
00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:08,800
They also give birds an opportunity
to pick off scattering insects.
316
00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:23,600
Elephants were allowed to rebuild
the ecosystem
317
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:26,440
and they have done just that,
318
00:37:26,440 --> 00:37:29,360
creating a wild paradise.
319
00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:37,760
Turning this habitat back over to
320
00:37:37,760 --> 00:37:40,520
the animals has restored the
balance.
321
00:37:42,840 --> 00:37:44,720
But in other habitats,
322
00:37:44,720 --> 00:37:47,840
sometimes only human intervention
will do.
323
00:38:01,680 --> 00:38:04,480
Although these boards are being
used for a bit of fun,
324
00:38:04,480 --> 00:38:07,760
the Thai people invented them
long before the wake board.
325
00:38:10,080 --> 00:38:12,800
And when used in the traditional
way,
326
00:38:12,800 --> 00:38:15,440
they are a vital form of transport,
327
00:38:15,440 --> 00:38:19,440
and the best way to get safely
around a mangrove swamp at low tide.
328
00:38:28,360 --> 00:38:31,640
These men are here on urgent
business.
329
00:38:40,600 --> 00:38:43,800
Mangroves once covered much of
Thailand's coastline...
330
00:38:46,960 --> 00:38:49,320
..but since the 1960s,
331
00:38:49,320 --> 00:38:53,360
half have been uprooted to make way
for shrimp farms.
332
00:38:53,360 --> 00:38:56,720
When people began to realise the
devastating impact
333
00:38:56,720 --> 00:38:59,040
of shrimp farming on the landscape,
334
00:38:59,040 --> 00:39:03,480
they started looking more closely at
this vitally important ecosystem.
335
00:39:09,960 --> 00:39:13,320
Decomposing leaves provide valuable
nutrients
336
00:39:13,320 --> 00:39:15,840
which support a rich biodiversity.
337
00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:25,600
Mangroves also act as a barrier
between the land and the sea,
338
00:39:25,600 --> 00:39:30,280
protecting low-lying communities
from storms and coastal flooding.
339
00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:34,280
They produce seeds that are buoyant,
340
00:39:34,280 --> 00:39:37,840
floating away and germinating in far
away places.
341
00:39:41,560 --> 00:39:43,840
As their roots grow outwards,
342
00:39:43,840 --> 00:39:45,720
they trap sediment,
343
00:39:45,720 --> 00:39:47,440
and are one of the few habitats
344
00:39:47,440 --> 00:39:49,960
that can actually build up the
coastline.
345
00:39:55,320 --> 00:39:58,320
Cutting down the trees is now
illegal,
346
00:39:58,320 --> 00:40:01,000
and over the last 30 years,
347
00:40:01,000 --> 00:40:03,080
volunteers from all over the south
348
00:40:03,080 --> 00:40:05,760
have been replanting the mangrove
forests.
349
00:40:09,240 --> 00:40:13,400
Little by little, this crucial
habitat is reclaiming the land.
350
00:40:16,200 --> 00:40:19,200
And mud skippers are moving in -
351
00:40:19,200 --> 00:40:21,480
a tangible sign of recovery.
352
00:40:29,960 --> 00:40:33,960
Seeing them here means there is a
healthy supply of food.
353
00:40:35,440 --> 00:40:38,920
And a good tidal flow creating lots
of fresh puddles
354
00:40:38,920 --> 00:40:40,920
to keep their skin wet.
355
00:40:45,040 --> 00:40:46,920
For ecologists,
356
00:40:46,920 --> 00:40:48,960
seeing them living in a new forest
357
00:40:48,960 --> 00:40:52,240
is a sign the ecosystem is
functioning once again.
358
00:40:55,200 --> 00:40:59,360
And this mangrove restoration has
far-reaching effects.
359
00:41:07,840 --> 00:41:12,320
The coral reef owes its clear waters
to the mangroves' natural filtering
360
00:41:12,320 --> 00:41:14,320
of silt and pollutants.
361
00:41:21,160 --> 00:41:24,200
South-east Asia has more coral reef
362
00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:26,520
than any other region of the world.
363
00:41:31,320 --> 00:41:33,880
Lying at the heart of this area,
364
00:41:33,880 --> 00:41:37,520
Thai waters are home to more than
2,000 types of fish...
365
00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:43,880
..such as the moray eel,
366
00:41:43,880 --> 00:41:45,880
clownfish,
367
00:41:45,880 --> 00:41:47,480
and cuttlefish.
368
00:41:50,920 --> 00:41:52,880
When the reef is in balance,
369
00:41:52,880 --> 00:41:55,720
every individual
plays a crucial role.
370
00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:03,520
The crown of thorns starfish grazes
on the fastest-growing coral,
371
00:42:03,520 --> 00:42:06,600
giving the slower-growing corals a
chance to catch up.
372
00:42:11,760 --> 00:42:16,400
Long-spined sea urchins feed on
algae,
373
00:42:16,400 --> 00:42:18,680
clearing the way for coral growth.
374
00:42:26,120 --> 00:42:29,400
But the reef is a delicate ecosystem
375
00:42:29,400 --> 00:42:32,400
that can easily be knocked out of
balance.
376
00:42:35,080 --> 00:42:38,880
Pollution and a loss of natural
predators
377
00:42:38,880 --> 00:42:42,280
can cause starfish and urchin
numbers to explode.
378
00:42:47,920 --> 00:42:51,120
Both are covered in venomous spines.
379
00:42:58,560 --> 00:43:03,160
But there is one renowned reef
resident able to take them on.
380
00:43:08,080 --> 00:43:10,560
The titan triggerfish.
381
00:43:12,640 --> 00:43:15,040
They've got a fearsome reputation...
382
00:43:22,440 --> 00:43:25,560
..aggressively defending their patch
of reef.
383
00:43:36,880 --> 00:43:38,680
A sea urchin's spines are no
384
00:43:38,680 --> 00:43:41,480
protection against teeth like these.
385
00:43:51,960 --> 00:43:55,240
Although the crown of thorns is well
protected on top,
386
00:43:55,240 --> 00:43:57,400
it has a soft underside.
387
00:44:04,840 --> 00:44:07,680
Titan triggerfish play an important
role
388
00:44:07,680 --> 00:44:10,480
in keeping numbers at healthy
levels.
389
00:44:13,360 --> 00:44:15,440
And with this much food around,
390
00:44:15,440 --> 00:44:18,280
it's a great place to start a
family.
391
00:44:25,520 --> 00:44:29,360
This couple have a little bundle of
eggs to care for.
392
00:44:36,840 --> 00:44:42,240
While the female blows water over
the eggs to oxygenate them,
393
00:44:42,240 --> 00:44:44,640
the male is on guard patrol.
394
00:44:48,040 --> 00:44:52,280
This sort of parental care might be
surprising,
395
00:44:52,280 --> 00:44:55,080
but it's vitally important they
protect
396
00:44:55,080 --> 00:44:57,720
the next generation of reef helpers.
397
00:45:07,040 --> 00:45:10,200
All the creatures here play their
part.
398
00:45:10,200 --> 00:45:13,920
And this has a direct influence on
the open ocean.
399
00:45:19,520 --> 00:45:22,400
When the coral and other reef
animals spawn,
400
00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:24,560
it helps to feed the plankton.
401
00:45:30,000 --> 00:45:34,280
Some of this is swept up by large
filter feeding animals...
402
00:45:36,920 --> 00:45:38,720
..like the manta ray...
403
00:45:41,760 --> 00:45:43,200
..and whale shark.
404
00:45:53,880 --> 00:45:57,240
The rest can drift far away,
405
00:45:57,240 --> 00:45:59,680
forming a floating food supply.
406
00:46:03,160 --> 00:46:06,320
This not only supports life under
the sea,
407
00:46:06,320 --> 00:46:08,120
but also above it.
408
00:46:12,520 --> 00:46:17,040
Fish is the most important source of
protein in Southern Thailand.
409
00:46:22,120 --> 00:46:24,240
Almost two million Thai people keep
410
00:46:24,240 --> 00:46:26,720
the country supplied with this
staple.
411
00:46:32,280 --> 00:46:35,640
In this village on the east coast of
Thailand,
412
00:46:35,640 --> 00:46:38,360
Bang, his wife Patima,
413
00:46:38,360 --> 00:46:42,320
and their son Thongchai rely on a
good daily catch.
414
00:46:53,640 --> 00:46:56,560
Early every morning, they head out
to sea.
415
00:47:19,360 --> 00:47:22,000
Before they cast their nets,
416
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:25,280
there's a sign from nature they
always hope to see...
417
00:47:26,920 --> 00:47:30,640
..something that helps guide them to
the biggest shoals of fish.
418
00:47:58,240 --> 00:48:02,160
This is the Indo-Pacific humpback
dolphin,
419
00:48:02,160 --> 00:48:06,880
a species found in coastal waters
from India to Australia.
420
00:48:08,920 --> 00:48:12,120
It's sometimes called the pink
dolphin.
421
00:48:14,320 --> 00:48:16,800
Grey in their juvenile years,
422
00:48:16,800 --> 00:48:20,640
they slowly lose this colour in
blotches,
423
00:48:20,640 --> 00:48:23,680
turning bright pink when they fully
mature.
424
00:48:28,880 --> 00:48:31,000
These unusual-looking dolphins
425
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:33,480
scour the coastline in search of the
426
00:48:33,480 --> 00:48:35,880
small fish that feed on plankton.
427
00:48:37,720 --> 00:48:41,880
Anchovies are a favourite for
dolphin and fishermen alike.
428
00:48:52,400 --> 00:48:54,960
And today it's a good haul.
429
00:49:06,360 --> 00:49:10,200
There's one more thing they want to
do before heading back to shore.
430
00:49:24,280 --> 00:49:26,360
Across their range,
431
00:49:26,360 --> 00:49:30,000
pink dolphins often forge special
relationships with people.
432
00:49:39,920 --> 00:49:43,600
Southern Thailand is a natural
paradise
433
00:49:43,600 --> 00:49:47,600
where people and nature are deeply
connected.
434
00:49:50,280 --> 00:49:52,200
For many Thai people,
435
00:49:52,200 --> 00:49:55,600
their existence is no more important
than those creatures
436
00:49:55,600 --> 00:49:57,720
with whom they share their world.
437
00:50:02,400 --> 00:50:04,360
Habitat to habitat,
438
00:50:04,360 --> 00:50:08,000
surprising connections and
partnerships run deep.
439
00:50:09,560 --> 00:50:13,520
This is a place that draws people
from all over the world
440
00:50:13,520 --> 00:50:16,720
to enjoy its beauty.
441
00:50:16,720 --> 00:50:18,680
It's a wild wonderland
442
00:50:18,680 --> 00:50:21,680
full of unexpected surprises.
443
00:50:37,920 --> 00:50:42,080
The coral reefs of southern Thailand
are world-renowned.
444
00:50:43,800 --> 00:50:46,120
But there's an animal that lives on
445
00:50:46,120 --> 00:50:49,840
the reef that strikes fear in all
who enter the water.
446
00:50:58,000 --> 00:51:01,080
It's definitely the fish that
everyone is scared of.
447
00:51:01,080 --> 00:51:04,840
Like, we have some sharks, no
problem.
448
00:51:06,400 --> 00:51:09,960
I don't want to get on the wrong
side of them.
449
00:51:09,960 --> 00:51:13,520
This woman got bitten or rammed on
her head or something.
450
00:51:13,520 --> 00:51:16,760
And there was just blood pouring
down her head.
451
00:51:16,760 --> 00:51:18,440
The titan triggerfish.
452
00:51:21,240 --> 00:51:23,760
It may be only 60 centimetres long,
453
00:51:23,760 --> 00:51:26,480
but its huge teeth are built to bite
454
00:51:26,480 --> 00:51:28,160
through coral and shell.
455
00:51:30,840 --> 00:51:34,080
During the breeding season,
they're particularly aggressive
456
00:51:34,080 --> 00:51:36,440
when caring for their eggs.
457
00:51:36,440 --> 00:51:40,320
And this is what the BBC crew were
here to film.
458
00:51:43,560 --> 00:51:48,080
Producer Lara Bickerton has just one
week to get what she needs.
459
00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:52,720
Seeing a triggerfish at all would be
a start on this shoot.
460
00:51:53,880 --> 00:51:57,960
But cameramen Johnny Rogers and
Simon Enderby are highly skilled
461
00:51:57,960 --> 00:51:59,840
underwater cinematographers.
462
00:52:03,600 --> 00:52:08,080
The waters surrounding Thailand are
famous for their incredible clarity.
463
00:52:10,000 --> 00:52:11,400
But not today.
464
00:52:14,320 --> 00:52:17,040
No triggers. No titans.
465
00:52:17,040 --> 00:52:21,280
No titans. Visibility about no more
than five metres.
466
00:52:21,280 --> 00:52:24,240
Apparently the visibility is better
on the other side of the island,
467
00:52:24,240 --> 00:52:26,040
so shall we go and give that a go?
468
00:52:26,040 --> 00:52:28,120
Yeah.
469
00:52:28,120 --> 00:52:30,600
It's a good plan, but the crew don't
get far.
470
00:52:30,600 --> 00:52:34,080
ENGINE RUMBLES
471
00:52:37,760 --> 00:52:41,160
We're just on our way to another
dive site and found out our boat's
472
00:52:41,160 --> 00:52:44,080
broken down. The ironic result is
the boat that is now towing us is
473
00:52:44,080 --> 00:52:46,920
actually towing us faster than what
this boat
474
00:52:46,920 --> 00:52:48,840
was doing under its own power.
475
00:52:52,840 --> 00:52:56,160
At last Simon gets a second dive in.
476
00:52:59,600 --> 00:53:01,000
Got it?
477
00:53:02,440 --> 00:53:05,040
Although the visibility is still
poor,
478
00:53:05,040 --> 00:53:07,520
he captures the odd glimpse of
a titan.
479
00:53:13,240 --> 00:53:16,200
They are certainly around.
480
00:53:16,200 --> 00:53:18,960
They're there, but we just
can't see them.
481
00:53:18,960 --> 00:53:20,520
Visibility is too bad.
482
00:53:23,320 --> 00:53:25,640
The crew are told
normal weather patterns
483
00:53:25,640 --> 00:53:27,360
are running three weeks late,
484
00:53:27,360 --> 00:53:30,240
and that could be what's reducing
the visibility.
485
00:53:33,600 --> 00:53:35,680
Things only get worse.
486
00:53:40,520 --> 00:53:42,560
Lara is increasingly concerned.
487
00:53:45,680 --> 00:53:48,840
High winds, heavy rain and rough
seas.
488
00:53:50,240 --> 00:53:52,800
The team need their luck to change.
489
00:53:58,080 --> 00:54:01,080
Three days later, the storm passes.
490
00:54:02,880 --> 00:54:05,960
The crew hope the water visibility
has improved, too.
491
00:54:08,520 --> 00:54:12,440
The challenge now is not finding
more triggerfish,
492
00:54:12,440 --> 00:54:15,120
but filming a complete behavioural
sequence.
493
00:54:16,360 --> 00:54:20,440
So the crew focus their attention at
a site where the triggerfish's prey,
494
00:54:20,440 --> 00:54:23,600
the crown of thorns starfish,
is most abundant.
495
00:54:27,320 --> 00:54:31,320
It's a place that marine biologist
Spencer Arnold knows well.
496
00:54:37,520 --> 00:54:41,520
Sometimes starfish numbers can
explode and damage the reef.
497
00:54:41,520 --> 00:54:44,960
So Spencer and the volunteers from
New Heaven Dive School
498
00:54:44,960 --> 00:54:47,120
work hard to remove them.
499
00:54:49,760 --> 00:54:53,240
But there are still plenty left for
the triggerfish.
500
00:54:53,240 --> 00:54:56,440
The titan triggerfish will eat a
crown of thorns sea star.
501
00:54:56,440 --> 00:54:58,320
So obviously very,
502
00:54:58,320 --> 00:55:01,560
very important keystone species on
the island of Koh Tao in terms of
503
00:55:01,560 --> 00:55:03,960
controlling these, these pest
species.
504
00:55:06,840 --> 00:55:10,800
The challenge for the crew now is
finding and filming the triggerfish.
505
00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:12,920
With so little time left,
506
00:55:12,920 --> 00:55:16,960
Lara decides to form a tag team,
with both Johnny and Simon working
507
00:55:16,960 --> 00:55:20,560
back-to-back, maximising their time
underwater.
508
00:55:21,640 --> 00:55:26,640
Johnny Rogers is also using a
re-breather diving system,
509
00:55:26,640 --> 00:55:30,040
allowing him to spend over two hours
at a time underwater.
510
00:55:32,840 --> 00:55:34,920
And as soon as Simon comes out,
511
00:55:34,920 --> 00:55:36,600
Johnny gets in.
512
00:55:40,440 --> 00:55:44,040
This allows them eight hours a day
of uninterrupted filming.
513
00:55:48,720 --> 00:55:52,280
With the visibility much better, the
team make progress.
514
00:55:53,800 --> 00:55:56,280
Johnny captures footage of a
triggerfish
515
00:55:56,280 --> 00:55:59,720
attacking the soft underside of a
crown of thorns starfish.
516
00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:04,640
It's a great start to the sequence.
517
00:56:09,000 --> 00:56:11,320
We got her on a crown of thorns.
518
00:56:11,320 --> 00:56:14,080
Did you? Yeah. Awesome. Great news.
519
00:56:14,080 --> 00:56:16,600
And Johnny's seen a triggerfish.
520
00:56:16,600 --> 00:56:19,640
Well, I've seen one before, but not
on this trip.
521
00:56:19,640 --> 00:56:21,320
It's only taken four days.
522
00:56:23,000 --> 00:56:25,120
The team are soon back underwater,
523
00:56:25,120 --> 00:56:27,680
making the most of the time they
have left.
524
00:56:29,040 --> 00:56:33,160
And Johnny gets a remarkable bit of
behaviour no one expected.
525
00:56:42,840 --> 00:56:46,760
The triggerfish bites each
individual spine off the sea urchin
526
00:56:46,760 --> 00:56:48,960
before devouring the whole thing.
527
00:56:51,320 --> 00:56:53,880
Finally we're actually getting
somewhere.
528
00:56:57,000 --> 00:56:59,320
Simon captures the final bit of the
puzzle.
529
00:57:02,320 --> 00:57:04,240
It's when the titans are guarding
530
00:57:04,240 --> 00:57:07,440
their nests they get most
aggressive.
531
00:57:07,440 --> 00:57:10,520
But this couple are surprisingly
chilled,
532
00:57:10,520 --> 00:57:14,960
letting Simon get an intimate view
of the female aerating her eggs.
533
00:57:20,080 --> 00:57:22,360
Well, patience finally paid off.
534
00:57:22,360 --> 00:57:24,800
That's the closest I've ever come to
a nesting
535
00:57:24,800 --> 00:57:27,200
titan triggerfish in my entire life.
536
00:57:28,760 --> 00:57:32,920
Male and female. Male, we found the
male first, defending his territory.
537
00:57:32,920 --> 00:57:36,160
Thought, OK. Actually swam over the
female looking at the male,
538
00:57:36,160 --> 00:57:38,760
didn't notice that. I went, "Oh,
hello."
539
00:57:38,760 --> 00:57:42,600
So I was basically this much from
her, puffing away on her eggs.
540
00:57:44,240 --> 00:57:46,800
Sunshine, blue water,
541
00:57:46,800 --> 00:57:48,680
target animals.
542
00:57:48,680 --> 00:57:50,680
Amazing, amazing news.
543
00:57:50,680 --> 00:57:53,080
I am so chuffed at that.
544
00:57:53,080 --> 00:57:54,760
Today has paid off.
545
00:57:56,480 --> 00:57:59,600
The team finally had the conclusion
they needed.
546
00:58:00,720 --> 00:58:03,280
And along the way learned that if
you catch
547
00:58:03,280 --> 00:58:07,640
this notorious fish on a good day,
they're remarkably easy-going.
548
00:58:14,440 --> 00:58:17,720
Next time, we head to Thailand's
bustling capital.
549
00:58:20,920 --> 00:58:26,000
Here, spirituality can be found in
human and animal relationships.
550
00:58:26,000 --> 00:58:28,880
Both likely and unlikely.
551
00:58:30,160 --> 00:58:32,840
This is the very heart of Thailand.
552
00:58:32,840 --> 00:58:37,000
Home to mysterious giants and
striking beauty.
45127
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