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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,515 --> 00:00:02,348 (dramatic instrumental music) 2 00:00:02,348 --> 00:00:04,150 - [Narrator] July, 1969. 3 00:00:04,150 --> 00:00:06,410 Apollo 11 is go for launch. 4 00:00:06,410 --> 00:00:08,510 - [Man] T-minus 25 seconds and counting, 5 00:00:08,510 --> 00:00:09,630 we are go. 6 00:00:09,630 --> 00:00:10,463 - [Man] GBS go. 7 00:00:10,463 --> 00:00:11,296 - [Man] Bermuda-- 8 00:00:11,296 --> 00:00:12,400 - [Man] Guidance release, 15. 9 00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:14,220 - [Narrator] After a decade of work, 10 00:00:14,220 --> 00:00:16,120 NASA is less than four days 11 00:00:16,120 --> 00:00:17,518 from putting a man on the Moon. 12 00:00:17,518 --> 00:00:18,351 - [Man] Nine. 13 00:00:18,351 --> 00:00:19,793 - [Man] Ignition sequence start. 14 00:00:20,630 --> 00:00:25,630 Six, five, four, three, two, one, 15 00:00:25,740 --> 00:00:26,573 lift off. 16 00:00:26,573 --> 00:00:27,480 We have lift off. 17 00:00:27,480 --> 00:00:30,710 (rocket engine running) 18 00:00:30,710 --> 00:00:33,940 - [John] I believe that this nation should commit itself 19 00:00:33,940 --> 00:00:35,830 to achieving the goal 20 00:00:35,830 --> 00:00:37,410 of landing a man on the Moon 21 00:00:37,410 --> 00:00:40,227 and returning him safely to the Earth. 22 00:00:40,227 --> 00:00:43,120 - [Narrator] But in 1961 when Kennedy pledged 23 00:00:43,120 --> 00:00:44,530 to put man on the Moon, 24 00:00:44,530 --> 00:00:47,780 NASA had little idea of how to get there. 25 00:00:47,780 --> 00:00:49,720 - It was the most audacious thing NASA 26 00:00:49,720 --> 00:00:51,197 has ever attempted in its history. 27 00:00:51,197 --> 00:00:52,830 (rocket engine running) 28 00:00:52,830 --> 00:00:54,620 - When America says it's gonna do something, 29 00:00:54,620 --> 00:00:56,120 it does it. 30 00:00:56,120 --> 00:00:57,450 - [Narrator] A new rocket was needed 31 00:00:57,450 --> 00:00:58,903 to rise to the challenge, 32 00:00:59,930 --> 00:01:02,530 but developing such a colossal machine 33 00:01:02,530 --> 00:01:06,060 would push science and engineering to its limits. 34 00:01:06,060 --> 00:01:08,000 - These were people who weren't gonna accept 35 00:01:08,000 --> 00:01:09,460 that failure was an option. 36 00:01:09,460 --> 00:01:10,550 (rocket exploding) 37 00:01:10,550 --> 00:01:13,549 What they achieved is little short of remarkable. 38 00:01:13,549 --> 00:01:14,430 (rocket engine running) 39 00:01:14,430 --> 00:01:19,210 - It is still the most powerful rocket ever built. 40 00:01:19,210 --> 00:01:21,670 - [Narrator] This film tells the incredible story 41 00:01:21,670 --> 00:01:23,790 of how NASA built the machine 42 00:01:23,790 --> 00:01:26,900 that flew man to the Moon. 43 00:01:26,900 --> 00:01:28,670 - [Man] We have you go for orbit. 44 00:01:28,670 --> 00:01:29,735 You're go for orbit. 45 00:01:29,735 --> 00:01:31,967 (electronic beeping) 46 00:01:31,967 --> 00:01:34,398 (plane engine running) 47 00:01:34,398 --> 00:01:35,231 (dramatic instrumental music) 48 00:01:35,231 --> 00:01:37,400 - [Narrator] November, 1961, 49 00:01:37,400 --> 00:01:40,233 NASA pilots test the X-15 Rocket Plane. 50 00:01:41,104 --> 00:01:42,450 - [Bob] We're clear to go. 51 00:01:42,450 --> 00:01:43,467 Launch. 52 00:01:43,467 --> 00:01:46,871 (missile engine running) 53 00:01:46,871 --> 00:01:49,788 - [Man] Your angle looks good, Bob. 54 00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:53,210 - [Narrator] Speeding to Mach 6, 55 00:01:53,210 --> 00:01:55,533 NASA reaches out for the edge of space. 56 00:01:57,003 --> 00:01:59,603 - [Man] At 12.6, still good. 57 00:01:59,603 --> 00:02:01,860 - [Bob] It's fantastic up here. 58 00:02:01,860 --> 00:02:04,200 - [Narrator] But unbeknown to the American public, 59 00:02:04,200 --> 00:02:06,250 these rocketry milestones have been built 60 00:02:06,250 --> 00:02:08,803 on technology from an unlikely source. 61 00:02:11,496 --> 00:02:13,836 (siren ringing) 62 00:02:13,836 --> 00:02:14,815 (bombs exploding) 63 00:02:14,815 --> 00:02:18,850 1940, World War Two rages as London burns 64 00:02:18,850 --> 00:02:20,853 under relentless aerial bombardment, 65 00:02:22,150 --> 00:02:24,000 but deep within Nazi Germany, 66 00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:26,620 Hitler's plans for a new long range super weapon 67 00:02:26,620 --> 00:02:27,758 are being hatched. 68 00:02:27,758 --> 00:02:29,191 (rocket engine running) 69 00:02:29,191 --> 00:02:30,960 (dramatic instrumental music) 70 00:02:30,960 --> 00:02:34,680 The V-2 Rocket is the world's first ballistic missile 71 00:02:34,680 --> 00:02:36,593 and will leave Britain defenseless, 72 00:02:37,934 --> 00:02:41,250 (weapon exploding) 73 00:02:41,250 --> 00:02:44,602 but the V-2 has come at great cost to the Nazi war effort. 74 00:02:44,602 --> 00:02:47,935 (rocket engine running) 75 00:02:50,878 --> 00:02:54,108 (rocket exploding) 76 00:02:54,108 --> 00:02:57,200 However, these early lessons in rocketry 77 00:02:57,200 --> 00:02:59,370 will mark the surprising first steps 78 00:02:59,370 --> 00:03:00,943 towards manned spaceflight, 79 00:03:01,860 --> 00:03:04,890 and the mastermind behind the V-2 rocket, 80 00:03:04,890 --> 00:03:07,170 scientist Werner Von Braun, 81 00:03:07,170 --> 00:03:09,230 will later become an unlikely giant 82 00:03:09,230 --> 00:03:11,080 of the American space program. 83 00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:15,337 (gentle instrumental music) 84 00:03:15,337 --> 00:03:16,500 At the end of the war, 85 00:03:16,500 --> 00:03:20,050 U.S. agents capture over 100 German scientists, 86 00:03:20,050 --> 00:03:22,220 including Von Braun, 87 00:03:22,220 --> 00:03:24,973 and recruit them to develop weapons for the U.S. Army. 88 00:03:27,330 --> 00:03:29,800 - The story of Von Braun's arrival in the States 89 00:03:29,800 --> 00:03:31,653 dates back much further than that. 90 00:03:32,490 --> 00:03:35,253 It was very clear that the Allies were winning the war. 91 00:03:36,200 --> 00:03:40,090 They had to decide who they should surrender to. 92 00:03:40,090 --> 00:03:42,910 They were too concerned about the treatment 93 00:03:42,910 --> 00:03:45,450 that they would get from the Russians, 94 00:03:45,450 --> 00:03:48,370 and that left the United States. 95 00:03:48,370 --> 00:03:50,510 Von Braun and his team were shipped 96 00:03:50,510 --> 00:03:53,790 over to the States in September, 1945, 97 00:03:53,790 --> 00:03:56,390 along with 15 tons of paperwork 98 00:03:56,390 --> 00:03:59,033 and more than 100 V-2 rockets. 99 00:04:01,280 --> 00:04:02,820 - [Narrator] On arrival in America, 100 00:04:02,820 --> 00:04:05,430 Von Braun continues to develop the V-2 rocket 101 00:04:05,430 --> 00:04:06,770 for the U.S. Army, 102 00:04:06,770 --> 00:04:09,533 working on the rockets captured from Nazi Germany. 103 00:04:11,620 --> 00:04:14,050 - [Nigel] Von Braun and his team were clearly interested 104 00:04:14,050 --> 00:04:16,310 in pushing the technology forwards, 105 00:04:16,310 --> 00:04:18,910 improving the performance of the V-2, 106 00:04:18,910 --> 00:04:22,520 refining some of the systems that controlled the flight. 107 00:04:22,520 --> 00:04:25,800 Eventually, they started flying two stage rockets, 108 00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:27,910 where the V-2 was the first stage, 109 00:04:27,910 --> 00:04:30,833 and they had an additional booster as the second stage. 110 00:04:31,850 --> 00:04:33,360 - [Man] With this small, young missile 111 00:04:33,360 --> 00:04:34,800 called the Whack Corporal, 112 00:04:34,800 --> 00:04:37,620 fresh out of Pasadena, California. 113 00:04:37,620 --> 00:04:40,060 The V-2 Whack Corporal combination marked 114 00:04:40,060 --> 00:04:42,020 for the first time the blending in action 115 00:04:42,020 --> 00:04:44,540 of American and German rocket brains, 116 00:04:44,540 --> 00:04:46,140 a combination that was destined 117 00:04:46,140 --> 00:04:47,940 to have its rendezvous with history. 118 00:04:48,892 --> 00:04:52,225 (rocket engine running) 119 00:04:58,686 --> 00:04:59,970 (gentle instrumental music) 120 00:04:59,970 --> 00:05:02,080 - [Narrator] As the Cold War gathers momentum, 121 00:05:02,080 --> 00:05:04,770 both superpowers realize the conflict will be won 122 00:05:04,770 --> 00:05:07,873 or lost on the power of technology. 123 00:05:07,873 --> 00:05:11,612 (rocket engine running) 124 00:05:11,612 --> 00:05:14,529 (weapon exploding) 125 00:05:15,710 --> 00:05:18,610 With missiles reaching higher and higher altitudes, 126 00:05:18,610 --> 00:05:20,770 it becomes clear that the ultimate symbol 127 00:05:20,770 --> 00:05:24,663 of superiority will be the conquest of space. 128 00:05:26,390 --> 00:05:29,150 - The space race was essentially an arms race, 129 00:05:29,150 --> 00:05:31,050 but rather than using weapons of war, 130 00:05:31,050 --> 00:05:34,240 it was about the development of space technology. 131 00:05:34,240 --> 00:05:37,400 - This battle between two competing super powers, 132 00:05:37,400 --> 00:05:39,150 Communism, Capitalism, 133 00:05:39,150 --> 00:05:41,680 the United States and the Soviet Union, 134 00:05:41,680 --> 00:05:44,440 and what better stage could there be for you 135 00:05:44,440 --> 00:05:46,190 to convince the rest of the world 136 00:05:46,190 --> 00:05:48,000 that your system was superior, 137 00:05:48,000 --> 00:05:50,900 than the stage of space exploration? 138 00:05:50,900 --> 00:05:53,830 - Supremacy in space was vital. 139 00:05:53,830 --> 00:05:55,007 It said to the world, 140 00:05:55,007 --> 00:05:58,960 "We have the technological superiority over our rivals," 141 00:05:58,960 --> 00:06:01,270 and this is why it came as such a shock 142 00:06:01,270 --> 00:06:02,550 to the United States 143 00:06:02,550 --> 00:06:05,920 when the Russians launched the first artificial satellite 144 00:06:05,920 --> 00:06:07,173 to orbit the Earth. 145 00:06:09,264 --> 00:06:10,934 (electronic beeping) 146 00:06:10,934 --> 00:06:14,350 (gentle instrumental music) 147 00:06:14,350 --> 00:06:16,790 - [Man] All the people on this fast shrinking planet 148 00:06:16,790 --> 00:06:17,770 heard about it. 149 00:06:17,770 --> 00:06:19,700 Many of them watched it. 150 00:06:19,700 --> 00:06:22,060 All of them read about it. 151 00:06:22,060 --> 00:06:24,380 - [Narrator] In 1957, the U.S. learns 152 00:06:24,380 --> 00:06:27,600 of several spectacular Soviet space victories 153 00:06:27,600 --> 00:06:29,903 that send shock waves across America. 154 00:06:31,260 --> 00:06:33,560 On October the 4th, 1957, 155 00:06:33,560 --> 00:06:36,340 the Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, 156 00:06:36,340 --> 00:06:38,918 the world's first artificial satellite. 157 00:06:38,918 --> 00:06:42,251 (rocket engine running) 158 00:06:43,730 --> 00:06:47,760 - Sputnik really put the United States into crisis. 159 00:06:47,760 --> 00:06:50,050 - It was a global event. 160 00:06:50,050 --> 00:06:52,570 The Americans were absolutely shocked 161 00:06:52,570 --> 00:06:55,140 that a dictatorship suddenly beats them 162 00:06:55,140 --> 00:06:56,450 to the first hurdle, 163 00:06:56,450 --> 00:06:58,150 which was to put the first object 164 00:06:58,150 --> 00:06:59,941 into orbit around the Earth. 165 00:06:59,941 --> 00:07:01,380 (electronic beeping) 166 00:07:01,380 --> 00:07:04,980 Every day it was orbiting the Earth 16 times, 167 00:07:04,980 --> 00:07:07,610 and every day it was passing over American territory. 168 00:07:07,610 --> 00:07:09,530 There was nothing they could do about it, 169 00:07:09,530 --> 00:07:11,630 and that's why it had such a powerful effect 170 00:07:11,630 --> 00:07:12,744 on their psyche. 171 00:07:12,744 --> 00:07:14,480 (rocket engine running) 172 00:07:14,480 --> 00:07:17,000 - [Man] On November 3rd, 1957, 173 00:07:17,000 --> 00:07:19,893 the Earth's second artificial satellite went into orbit. 174 00:07:21,230 --> 00:07:22,430 - [Narrator] One month later, 175 00:07:22,430 --> 00:07:24,800 America suffers further humiliation 176 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:27,533 as Sputnik 2 carries life into orbit, 177 00:07:28,490 --> 00:07:30,193 a dog named Laika. 178 00:07:31,190 --> 00:07:33,589 - This hasn't got a primitive radio transmitter inside. 179 00:07:33,589 --> 00:07:36,510 This has got a living complex organism onboard, 180 00:07:36,510 --> 00:07:37,880 Laika the dog. 181 00:07:37,880 --> 00:07:40,630 It was a massive leap in the eyes of the public 182 00:07:40,630 --> 00:07:42,320 and technologically as well. 183 00:07:45,455 --> 00:07:49,920 (dramatic instrumental music) 184 00:07:49,920 --> 00:07:50,930 - [Man] In desperation, 185 00:07:50,930 --> 00:07:53,643 the United States look to the vanguard. 186 00:07:57,070 --> 00:07:59,330 Nearly 200 newsmen from all over the world 187 00:07:59,330 --> 00:08:02,060 were flown down for the big turkey shoot, 188 00:08:02,060 --> 00:08:04,340 and inside the blockhouse, 189 00:08:04,340 --> 00:08:06,053 the tension steadily mounted. 190 00:08:16,662 --> 00:08:19,995 (rocket engine running) 191 00:08:29,330 --> 00:08:32,610 America's prestige had never been lower, 192 00:08:32,610 --> 00:08:37,063 than at this moment, December 6th, 1957. 193 00:08:38,570 --> 00:08:41,990 - It's a terrible feeling when things don't go right, 194 00:08:41,990 --> 00:08:43,760 and it's also a terrible feeling 195 00:08:43,760 --> 00:08:47,290 when things don't go right for your colleagues. 196 00:08:47,290 --> 00:08:49,563 You feel dreadfully for other engineers. 197 00:08:50,600 --> 00:08:55,420 - As people were basking in the awe over Sputnik, 198 00:08:55,420 --> 00:08:57,240 this was called Flopnik 199 00:08:57,240 --> 00:08:59,850 because of course it got nowhere. 200 00:08:59,850 --> 00:09:02,900 It was at that point the American Army, 201 00:09:02,900 --> 00:09:04,340 with Werner Von Braun, 202 00:09:04,340 --> 00:09:09,250 were unleashed to launch a satellite within 60 days, 203 00:09:09,250 --> 00:09:11,770 and Von Braun and his Army team 204 00:09:11,770 --> 00:09:13,330 launched the first American satellite 205 00:09:13,330 --> 00:09:15,800 on the 31st of January, 1958. 206 00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:18,078 - [Man] Tank pressurized, missile power. 207 00:09:18,078 --> 00:09:19,268 Ignition, main stage, 208 00:09:19,268 --> 00:09:20,268 (rocket engine running) 209 00:09:20,268 --> 00:09:21,101 lift off. 210 00:09:22,413 --> 00:09:26,080 (gentle instrumental music) 211 00:09:32,524 --> 00:09:33,720 (machine whirring) 212 00:09:33,720 --> 00:09:36,240 - [Narrator] In 1958, Washington forms 213 00:09:36,240 --> 00:09:38,530 a research organization to accelerate 214 00:09:38,530 --> 00:09:40,163 an American space program. 215 00:09:41,090 --> 00:09:42,733 NASA is born. 216 00:09:43,710 --> 00:09:45,970 - Von Braun was enveloped 217 00:09:45,970 --> 00:09:49,660 within this expanding NASA organization, 218 00:09:49,660 --> 00:09:52,890 that hoovered up all of those different departments 219 00:09:52,890 --> 00:09:55,870 of Air Force, Army, and civilian activities 220 00:09:55,870 --> 00:09:58,300 to create the infrastructure 221 00:09:58,300 --> 00:10:00,363 that could mobilize major programs. 222 00:10:01,770 --> 00:10:04,420 - [Narrator] Von Braun and his men immediately begin work 223 00:10:04,420 --> 00:10:06,800 on a heavy lift vehicle that they believe 224 00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:09,789 will give America the lead in the space race. 225 00:10:09,789 --> 00:10:12,160 (gentle instrumental music) 226 00:10:12,160 --> 00:10:14,560 - Having stumbled at every hurdle in the race, 227 00:10:14,560 --> 00:10:17,100 there was further humiliation for the United States 228 00:10:17,100 --> 00:10:18,700 with the launch of Yuri Gagarin. 229 00:10:20,610 --> 00:10:22,710 He was the first human being to orbit the Earth, 230 00:10:22,710 --> 00:10:23,760 and that's all he did, 231 00:10:23,760 --> 00:10:26,910 one complete orbit, and then lands successfully. 232 00:10:26,910 --> 00:10:28,610 I say that's all he did, 233 00:10:28,610 --> 00:10:30,110 but we need to remember of course 234 00:10:30,110 --> 00:10:33,991 that every second he was traveling five miles, 235 00:10:33,991 --> 00:10:35,130 (mumbling) 236 00:10:35,130 --> 00:10:37,550 and he landed as a global hero. 237 00:10:37,550 --> 00:10:39,850 He was feted by the Soviet Union 238 00:10:39,850 --> 00:10:42,080 as a triumph of what was possible 239 00:10:42,080 --> 00:10:43,924 under a Communist society. 240 00:10:43,924 --> 00:10:44,757 (crowd cheering) 241 00:10:44,757 --> 00:10:48,740 - It really put a lot of pressure on the White House. 242 00:10:48,740 --> 00:10:52,090 How could you have let our country fall behind so badly? 243 00:10:52,090 --> 00:10:54,110 How could it be possible that the Russians 244 00:10:54,110 --> 00:10:56,730 could launch an artificial satellite 245 00:10:56,730 --> 00:10:59,510 and then secondly launch a human being? 246 00:10:59,510 --> 00:11:03,019 So the Americans felt this very, very deeply indeed. 247 00:11:03,019 --> 00:11:03,852 (crowd cheering) 248 00:11:03,852 --> 00:11:05,717 - Kennedy said at the time, 249 00:11:05,717 --> 00:11:08,067 "We're gonna have to take more hits 250 00:11:08,067 --> 00:11:10,440 "before we pull ahead," 251 00:11:10,440 --> 00:11:11,930 and that was the view. 252 00:11:11,930 --> 00:11:14,793 Simply head down, focus, keep going. 253 00:11:18,810 --> 00:11:20,240 - [Narrator] One month later, 254 00:11:20,240 --> 00:11:23,430 the United States responds with Project Mercury 255 00:11:23,430 --> 00:11:25,570 and launches Astronaut Alan Shepard 256 00:11:25,570 --> 00:11:28,773 to become America's first man in space. 257 00:11:29,660 --> 00:11:31,370 - Your attention please. 258 00:11:31,370 --> 00:11:34,340 On my mark, T-minus 15 minutes. 259 00:11:34,340 --> 00:11:36,710 T-minus 15 minutes and counting. 260 00:11:36,710 --> 00:11:40,377 (upbeat instrumental music) 261 00:11:41,635 --> 00:11:42,995 - Status check, pressurization. 262 00:11:42,995 --> 00:11:43,828 - [Man] Go. 263 00:11:43,828 --> 00:11:44,661 - [Man] LOX tanking. 264 00:11:44,661 --> 00:11:45,494 - [Man] You are go. 265 00:11:45,494 --> 00:11:46,327 - Water systems. 266 00:11:46,327 --> 00:11:47,160 - [Man] Go. 267 00:11:47,160 --> 00:11:48,348 - [Man] Range operations. 268 00:11:48,348 --> 00:11:49,181 - [Man] Clear to launch. 269 00:11:49,181 --> 00:11:50,216 - [Man] Mercury Capsule. 270 00:11:50,216 --> 00:11:51,049 - [Man] Go. 271 00:11:51,049 --> 00:11:52,779 - [Man] All pre-start panel lights are correct. 272 00:11:52,779 --> 00:11:54,282 The ready light is on. 273 00:11:54,282 --> 00:11:56,220 Eject Mercury umbilical. 274 00:11:56,220 --> 00:11:57,415 Oil evacuate. 275 00:11:57,415 --> 00:11:58,772 - [Man] Mercury umbilical clear. 276 00:11:58,772 --> 00:11:59,605 Lights on. 277 00:11:59,605 --> 00:12:01,130 - All recorders to fast. 278 00:12:01,130 --> 00:12:02,987 T-minus eight seconds and counting. 279 00:12:02,987 --> 00:12:03,820 Engine start. 280 00:12:03,820 --> 00:12:06,554 (rocket engine running) 281 00:12:06,554 --> 00:12:07,739 - [Man] Bolts and lift off. 282 00:12:07,739 --> 00:12:08,572 - [Alan] All right there, 283 00:12:08,572 --> 00:12:10,543 lift off and the clock has started. 284 00:12:12,030 --> 00:12:14,883 This is Freedom 7 reading you loud and clear. 285 00:12:17,320 --> 00:12:18,497 Control is smooth. 286 00:12:20,277 --> 00:12:22,110 What a beautiful view. 287 00:12:24,946 --> 00:12:28,613 (helicopter engine running) 288 00:12:30,030 --> 00:12:32,680 - [Narrator] Although Shepard's flight is a success, 289 00:12:32,680 --> 00:12:36,150 President Kennedy believes America must now show the world 290 00:12:36,150 --> 00:12:39,063 they can supersede all Soviet achievements. 291 00:12:39,910 --> 00:12:41,570 - [Man] President Kennedy begins a tour 292 00:12:41,570 --> 00:12:44,610 of four space installations at Huntsville, Alabama, 293 00:12:44,610 --> 00:12:46,980 where he is greeted by Dr. Werner Von Braun, 294 00:12:46,980 --> 00:12:48,400 space pioneer and director 295 00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:50,400 of this research and development center. 296 00:12:54,050 --> 00:12:57,260 - I believe that this nation should commit itself 297 00:12:57,260 --> 00:12:59,100 to achieving the goal 298 00:12:59,100 --> 00:13:01,460 before this decade is out 299 00:13:01,460 --> 00:13:03,040 of landing a man on the Moon 300 00:13:03,040 --> 00:13:05,333 and returning him safely to the Earth. 301 00:13:06,690 --> 00:13:09,560 No single space project in this period 302 00:13:09,560 --> 00:13:12,360 will be more impressive to mankind 303 00:13:12,360 --> 00:13:15,773 or more important for the long range exploration of space, 304 00:13:16,620 --> 00:13:18,550 and none will be so difficult 305 00:13:18,550 --> 00:13:20,159 or expensive to accomplish. 306 00:13:20,159 --> 00:13:21,420 (rocket engine running) 307 00:13:21,420 --> 00:13:23,053 - [Man] God speed, John Glenn. 308 00:13:24,317 --> 00:13:27,230 - [John] Roger, zero G, and I feel fine. 309 00:13:27,230 --> 00:13:28,693 Oh, that view is tremendous. 310 00:13:29,788 --> 00:13:30,970 (gentle instrumental music) 311 00:13:30,970 --> 00:13:32,340 - [Narrator] Kennedy's pledge will inspire 312 00:13:32,340 --> 00:13:35,340 the American people, calm hysteria, 313 00:13:35,340 --> 00:13:37,160 and unite an army of engineers 314 00:13:37,160 --> 00:13:38,623 to take up his challenge, 315 00:13:40,586 --> 00:13:43,503 (machine whirring) 316 00:13:44,740 --> 00:13:47,980 but in 1963, NASA has little idea 317 00:13:47,980 --> 00:13:49,720 of how to build a rocket capable 318 00:13:49,720 --> 00:13:51,293 of flying beyond Earth orbit. 319 00:13:52,350 --> 00:13:55,590 Von Braun's favored design is a colossal rocket, 320 00:13:55,590 --> 00:13:57,330 known as the Nova, 321 00:13:57,330 --> 00:14:00,480 capable of launching a large lunar lander. 322 00:14:00,480 --> 00:14:02,830 This heavy spacecraft would fly directly 323 00:14:02,830 --> 00:14:04,990 to the Moon to land on its surface 324 00:14:04,990 --> 00:14:06,643 before returning to Earth. 325 00:14:07,940 --> 00:14:11,110 - When NASA was doing the very early designs 326 00:14:11,110 --> 00:14:13,370 for the whole Apollo mission, 327 00:14:13,370 --> 00:14:15,460 they developed a specification for a rocket 328 00:14:15,460 --> 00:14:18,500 which was never built called the Nova rocket, 329 00:14:18,500 --> 00:14:21,453 which would have been absolutely immense in size. 330 00:14:22,650 --> 00:14:24,070 - The whole front end of which 331 00:14:24,070 --> 00:14:25,220 would have been a spacecraft 332 00:14:25,220 --> 00:14:28,140 weighing about 45 or 50 tons. 333 00:14:28,140 --> 00:14:30,780 This would have been such a colossal spacecraft, 334 00:14:30,780 --> 00:14:33,580 with such weight that people did not know 335 00:14:33,580 --> 00:14:36,670 even if the surface of the Moon was sufficient 336 00:14:36,670 --> 00:14:39,493 to support the weight of such a colossal stage. 337 00:14:40,840 --> 00:14:43,050 - [Narrator] The Nova design is eventually abandoned 338 00:14:43,050 --> 00:14:45,662 due to cost and complexity. 339 00:14:45,662 --> 00:14:48,080 NASA commit to an alternate design, 340 00:14:48,080 --> 00:14:51,884 a smaller launch vehicle comprised of three main stages. 341 00:14:51,884 --> 00:14:52,830 (metal clanging) 342 00:14:52,830 --> 00:14:55,220 Consisting of fuel tanks and engines, 343 00:14:55,220 --> 00:14:56,970 each individual stage will burn 344 00:14:56,970 --> 00:14:59,640 at a specific time during launch. 345 00:14:59,640 --> 00:15:02,170 This staged design allows the heavy fuel tanks 346 00:15:02,170 --> 00:15:04,800 and engines to be discarded once used up, 347 00:15:04,800 --> 00:15:06,590 reducing the weight of the rocket 348 00:15:06,590 --> 00:15:08,400 as it climbs higher. 349 00:15:08,400 --> 00:15:10,560 This rocket will become an iconic symbol 350 00:15:10,560 --> 00:15:14,380 of the Apollo Program, the mighty Saturn V. 351 00:15:14,380 --> 00:15:17,520 (gentle instrumental music) 352 00:15:17,520 --> 00:15:20,370 The Saturn V will send a small Apollo spacecraft 353 00:15:20,370 --> 00:15:21,203 to the Moon. 354 00:15:22,080 --> 00:15:24,960 Unlike Nova, the Apollo spacecraft will be made 355 00:15:24,960 --> 00:15:27,830 of two modules with only a lightweight lander 356 00:15:27,830 --> 00:15:29,603 descending to the Moon's surface. 357 00:15:31,950 --> 00:15:34,910 This lander can then rendezvous with the main spacecraft 358 00:15:36,050 --> 00:15:37,804 and return to Earth, 359 00:15:37,804 --> 00:15:42,430 (dramatic instrumental music) 360 00:15:42,430 --> 00:15:44,560 but before building the Saturn V, 361 00:15:44,560 --> 00:15:46,850 NASA must expand their understanding 362 00:15:46,850 --> 00:15:49,140 of multi-stage rockets. 363 00:15:49,140 --> 00:15:51,740 Work begins immediately on the Saturn 1, 364 00:15:51,740 --> 00:15:56,260 a smaller test vehicle needed for trialing stage designs. 365 00:15:56,260 --> 00:15:58,980 Just five months after Kennedy's pledge, 366 00:15:58,980 --> 00:16:01,682 the first Saturn 1 is ready for launch. 367 00:16:01,682 --> 00:16:04,847 - [Man] Five, four, three, two, one. 368 00:16:05,681 --> 00:16:07,249 - [Man] All engines running. 369 00:16:07,249 --> 00:16:08,140 Launch commit. 370 00:16:08,140 --> 00:16:08,973 Launch Commit. 371 00:16:08,973 --> 00:16:09,806 Lift off. 372 00:16:09,806 --> 00:16:11,678 (rocket engine running) 373 00:16:11,678 --> 00:16:13,136 - [Man] Go, go. 374 00:16:13,136 --> 00:16:15,303 (yelling) 375 00:16:17,020 --> 00:16:19,270 (mumbling) 376 00:16:20,170 --> 00:16:21,580 - [Narrator] Over the next four years, 377 00:16:21,580 --> 00:16:23,550 NASA successfully launches a total 378 00:16:23,550 --> 00:16:26,050 of 10 Saturn 1 Rockets, 379 00:16:26,050 --> 00:16:28,300 helping perfect the liquid fuel dynamics 380 00:16:28,300 --> 00:16:31,920 and multi-stage designs needed for the larger Saturn V. 381 00:16:32,854 --> 00:16:35,521 (engine firing) 382 00:16:39,180 --> 00:16:44,180 By 1963, construction on the mighty Saturn V has begun. 383 00:16:44,750 --> 00:16:47,310 With the most powerful engines ever built, 384 00:16:47,310 --> 00:16:50,310 capable of launching man beyond Earth orbit, 385 00:16:50,310 --> 00:16:53,180 the Saturn V will secure America's dominance 386 00:16:53,180 --> 00:16:54,403 in the space race, 387 00:16:55,670 --> 00:16:57,940 but building such a colossal vehicle 388 00:16:57,940 --> 00:16:59,870 will require precision engineering 389 00:16:59,870 --> 00:17:01,793 on an unprecedented scale. 390 00:17:02,900 --> 00:17:05,520 - The Apollo Lunar Program 391 00:17:05,520 --> 00:17:08,190 was an absolutely enormous undertaking. 392 00:17:08,190 --> 00:17:10,380 At the height of the program, 393 00:17:10,380 --> 00:17:14,753 they had 375,000 people working on the project. 394 00:17:16,510 --> 00:17:19,800 The range of skills that were required 395 00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:23,543 was much, much broader than any single company could cover. 396 00:17:24,380 --> 00:17:28,370 The chance of success would be maximized 397 00:17:28,370 --> 00:17:31,900 by bringing together the very best minds 398 00:17:31,900 --> 00:17:34,963 from the top companies in the United States. 399 00:17:36,180 --> 00:17:38,210 - [Narrator] Under the direction of Von Braun, 400 00:17:38,210 --> 00:17:40,720 Boeing, North American Aviation, 401 00:17:40,720 --> 00:17:42,330 Douglas Aircraft Company, 402 00:17:42,330 --> 00:17:45,000 and the leading computer giant IBM 403 00:17:45,000 --> 00:17:48,256 are all contracted to the Saturn project, 404 00:17:48,256 --> 00:17:51,480 and new launch sites, control centers, 405 00:17:51,480 --> 00:17:54,903 and vast support complexes are built across America. 406 00:17:57,407 --> 00:17:58,310 (metal clanging) 407 00:17:58,310 --> 00:18:00,600 The first stage of the Saturn V 408 00:18:00,600 --> 00:18:04,010 consists of two main components, 409 00:18:04,010 --> 00:18:08,650 the fuel tanks and the giant F-1 engines. 410 00:18:08,650 --> 00:18:10,990 The 42 meter high first stage 411 00:18:10,990 --> 00:18:13,910 will be the largest section of the Saturn V, 412 00:18:13,910 --> 00:18:16,460 with most of its mass being made up of rocket fuel. 413 00:18:18,490 --> 00:18:21,390 Two tanks will hold kerosene and liquid oxygen 414 00:18:21,390 --> 00:18:23,423 for five F-1 engines. 415 00:18:25,621 --> 00:18:26,710 (gentle instrumental music) 416 00:18:26,710 --> 00:18:29,060 - Many people forget about the fuel tanks, 417 00:18:29,060 --> 00:18:31,350 but you must remember the challenges. 418 00:18:31,350 --> 00:18:33,540 The coldest temperature on the Earth, normally, 419 00:18:33,540 --> 00:18:36,220 it's about minus 88 centigrade in Antarctica. 420 00:18:36,220 --> 00:18:39,240 We have to go well below those temperature 421 00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:41,690 for the fuel tanks to work efficiently. 422 00:18:41,690 --> 00:18:44,330 Oxygen has to be cooled down massively 423 00:18:44,330 --> 00:18:46,360 until it becomes a liquid to have 424 00:18:46,360 --> 00:18:48,000 the amounts of oxygen we need 425 00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:49,480 to get the Saturn V into orbit, 426 00:18:49,480 --> 00:18:51,440 so first of all your fuel tanks 427 00:18:51,440 --> 00:18:53,030 have to function as some 428 00:18:53,030 --> 00:18:56,800 of the best cryogenic thermos flasks in the world, 429 00:18:56,800 --> 00:18:58,690 but you can't make them so heavy 430 00:18:58,690 --> 00:19:00,590 that you're never gonna get it off the ground, 431 00:19:00,590 --> 00:19:02,810 so when you consider all of these challenges, 432 00:19:02,810 --> 00:19:05,773 it really was pushing the science to its very limits. 433 00:19:07,460 --> 00:19:10,590 - [Narrator] The five F-1 engines will do the heavy lifting, 434 00:19:10,590 --> 00:19:12,670 pushing the 3,000 ton vehicle 435 00:19:12,670 --> 00:19:15,193 to over 8,000 kilometers per hour. 436 00:19:17,210 --> 00:19:20,500 - When you think about the Saturn V, the mind boggles, 437 00:19:20,500 --> 00:19:22,320 but it wasn't gonna go anywhere 438 00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:24,030 unless it had the right power plant, 439 00:19:24,030 --> 00:19:26,473 and this is where the F-1 Engine came in. 440 00:19:27,380 --> 00:19:29,390 Each of its engines could produce 441 00:19:29,390 --> 00:19:33,560 more than 620 tons of thrust. 442 00:19:33,560 --> 00:19:34,990 - [Narrator] The F-1 has actually been 443 00:19:34,990 --> 00:19:37,313 in development since 1955, 444 00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:40,260 but a cluster of five engines needed 445 00:19:40,260 --> 00:19:41,920 for the first stage will push 446 00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:44,453 current technology to its limits, 447 00:19:46,222 --> 00:19:47,055 (rocket engine running) 448 00:19:47,055 --> 00:19:47,970 but during testing, 449 00:19:47,970 --> 00:19:49,840 a discovery is made that threatens 450 00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:51,726 the entire Apollo mission. 451 00:19:51,726 --> 00:19:54,910 (dramatic instrumental music) 452 00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:56,700 - One of the biggest problems they faced 453 00:19:56,700 --> 00:19:59,770 was the issue of combustion instability. 454 00:19:59,770 --> 00:20:03,383 - The individual motors burn three tons of fuel a second. 455 00:20:04,720 --> 00:20:06,080 Imagine three tons of fuel 456 00:20:06,080 --> 00:20:07,480 just disappearing every second. 457 00:20:07,480 --> 00:20:09,003 It's quite extraordinary. 458 00:20:10,970 --> 00:20:15,310 The flow of that amount of fuel into a cauldron 459 00:20:15,310 --> 00:20:19,240 of burning gas is a very complex physical process. 460 00:20:19,240 --> 00:20:22,000 - [Narrator] The cause lies deep within the engine. 461 00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:24,670 Inconsistent fuel flow increases thrust, 462 00:20:24,670 --> 00:20:27,420 raising pressure and restricting the fuel supply, 463 00:20:27,420 --> 00:20:29,910 which in turn reduces thrust. 464 00:20:29,910 --> 00:20:32,900 The decreased pressure now causes a surge of fuel, 465 00:20:32,900 --> 00:20:34,800 again boosting the engine. 466 00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:38,180 The cycle continues with fatal consequences. 467 00:20:38,180 --> 00:20:40,930 - They were actually getting a thrust flame, 468 00:20:40,930 --> 00:20:43,130 which was streaking around the inside 469 00:20:43,130 --> 00:20:44,070 of the combustion chamber, 470 00:20:44,070 --> 00:20:45,630 faster and faster and faster. 471 00:20:45,630 --> 00:20:47,780 This is leading to massive instabilities, 472 00:20:47,780 --> 00:20:50,310 that engine after engine were failing 473 00:20:50,310 --> 00:20:52,210 after just a few seconds, 474 00:20:52,210 --> 00:20:54,530 and believe me, when an engine of the power 475 00:20:54,530 --> 00:20:55,760 of the F1 fails, 476 00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:58,993 it does so spectacularly and catastrophically. 477 00:20:59,837 --> 00:21:02,754 (engine exploding) 478 00:21:04,444 --> 00:21:06,980 (gentle instrumental music) 479 00:21:06,980 --> 00:21:09,270 - [Narrator] Thousands of engineers work tirelessly 480 00:21:09,270 --> 00:21:10,750 to solve the problem, 481 00:21:10,750 --> 00:21:13,390 eventually discovering that installing baffles 482 00:21:13,390 --> 00:21:15,600 to balance the fuel flow leads 483 00:21:15,600 --> 00:21:17,640 to a smoother, more stable burn. 484 00:21:19,560 --> 00:21:22,570 - When I look back at the challenges that they faced 485 00:21:22,570 --> 00:21:24,080 in a time when we didn't have 486 00:21:24,080 --> 00:21:28,900 computational fluid dynamics modeling on super computers, 487 00:21:28,900 --> 00:21:31,650 what they achieved in those few short years 488 00:21:31,650 --> 00:21:33,453 is little short of remarkable. 489 00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:36,520 These were people who weren't gonna accept 490 00:21:36,520 --> 00:21:38,610 that failure was an option. 491 00:21:38,610 --> 00:21:39,910 They knew the time pressure. 492 00:21:39,910 --> 00:21:41,350 They felt there was a national goal. 493 00:21:41,350 --> 00:21:42,950 They were putting their hearts and souls into it, 494 00:21:42,950 --> 00:21:45,620 so when they encountered difficulties, 495 00:21:45,620 --> 00:21:47,700 and when we look at the F-1 testing regime, 496 00:21:47,700 --> 00:21:49,380 boy, were there difficulties, 497 00:21:49,380 --> 00:21:50,320 they didn't give up. 498 00:21:50,320 --> 00:21:52,240 They just learnt from the lessons, 499 00:21:52,240 --> 00:21:53,283 and they moved on. 500 00:21:55,420 --> 00:21:56,920 - [Narrator] With the F-1 stable, 501 00:21:56,920 --> 00:21:58,520 the first five engine cluster 502 00:21:58,520 --> 00:22:01,855 on a fully developed first stage is test fired. 503 00:22:01,855 --> 00:22:04,522 (siren ringing) 504 00:22:08,356 --> 00:22:11,689 (rocket engine running) 505 00:22:16,060 --> 00:22:18,370 Collectively the five engines now produce 506 00:22:18,370 --> 00:22:22,370 an astounding 7.5 million pounds of thrust, 507 00:22:22,370 --> 00:22:25,373 meeting Von Braun's original specifications. 508 00:22:29,620 --> 00:22:32,610 The four outer engines are then fitted on gimbals 509 00:22:32,610 --> 00:22:35,823 to direct their thrust for in flight course corrections. 510 00:22:37,700 --> 00:22:40,720 - It's the nearest thing you can see to an explosion 511 00:22:40,720 --> 00:22:42,220 that isn't quite an explosion. 512 00:22:43,190 --> 00:22:45,840 It's quite stupendous to see something 513 00:22:45,840 --> 00:22:47,720 that is so nearly out of control, 514 00:22:47,720 --> 00:22:51,040 and yet being controlled so precisely. 515 00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:53,550 It's that balance that makes you respect 516 00:22:53,550 --> 00:22:56,493 the people who can design and build equipment like that. 517 00:22:58,840 --> 00:23:00,010 - [Narrator] Although the F-1 engines 518 00:23:00,010 --> 00:23:02,700 will only burn for two and half minutes, 519 00:23:02,700 --> 00:23:04,710 they are a feat of engineering, 520 00:23:04,710 --> 00:23:07,270 and to this day remain the most powerful 521 00:23:07,270 --> 00:23:10,779 single chamber liquid fueled rocket engines ever built. 522 00:23:10,779 --> 00:23:14,446 (gentle instrumental music) 523 00:23:17,220 --> 00:23:20,000 In parallel to the development of the first stage, 524 00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:22,750 work has begun on building the Apollo spacecraft 525 00:23:22,750 --> 00:23:25,250 that will fly the astronauts to the Moon and back, 526 00:23:27,140 --> 00:23:29,560 but to flight test this Apollo hardware, 527 00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:31,740 a new rocket is needed. 528 00:23:31,740 --> 00:23:35,473 Construction of the Saturn IB begins immediately. 529 00:23:35,473 --> 00:23:37,200 (dramatic instrumental music) 530 00:23:37,200 --> 00:23:39,670 With a new more powerful second stage, 531 00:23:39,670 --> 00:23:42,380 this vehicle will launch a manned Apollo spacecraft 532 00:23:42,380 --> 00:23:45,060 into orbit for flight testing. 533 00:23:45,060 --> 00:23:48,393 (rocket engine running) 534 00:23:50,390 --> 00:23:52,740 NASA selects 16 new astronauts 535 00:23:52,740 --> 00:23:55,200 for 10 pioneering manned missions 536 00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:57,580 named Project Gemini. 537 00:23:57,580 --> 00:24:00,070 Gemini will develop the techniques critical 538 00:24:00,070 --> 00:24:02,453 to the future success of a lunar mission. 539 00:24:04,690 --> 00:24:07,140 With the space program gathering momentum, 540 00:24:07,140 --> 00:24:09,943 the American people share a new sense of optimism, 541 00:24:10,830 --> 00:24:14,860 but one day in 1963, everything changes 542 00:24:16,522 --> 00:24:17,650 (gentle instrumental music) 543 00:24:17,650 --> 00:24:19,301 - [Man] Things are rather confused at this moment. 544 00:24:19,301 --> 00:24:20,633 Shots definitely were fired at the presidential motorcade 545 00:24:22,843 --> 00:24:25,079 as it passed through downtown Dallas. 546 00:24:25,079 --> 00:24:25,912 All-- 547 00:24:25,912 --> 00:24:27,280 - [Man] We have just received word that shots 548 00:24:27,280 --> 00:24:28,620 have been fired at the Kennedy motorcade. 549 00:24:28,620 --> 00:24:30,230 We just talked to the police department here 550 00:24:30,230 --> 00:24:31,290 with that conversation. 551 00:24:31,290 --> 00:24:33,760 - [Man] No one yet has any authoritative reports 552 00:24:33,760 --> 00:24:35,800 upon the nature of the wounds to the President-- 553 00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:37,200 - [Man] One policeman fell to the ground, 554 00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:39,740 pulled his pistol and screamed, "Get down," 555 00:24:39,740 --> 00:24:40,686 and a man across the street-- 556 00:24:40,686 --> 00:24:42,844 - [Man] It is now reported that Governor Connolly 557 00:24:42,844 --> 00:24:45,369 and the President perhaps have been wounded 558 00:24:45,369 --> 00:24:47,689 in this assassin's attempt. 559 00:24:47,689 --> 00:24:50,590 It is an unofficial report that both the President 560 00:24:50,590 --> 00:24:54,617 and Governor Connolly were wounded in this shooting event. 561 00:24:54,617 --> 00:24:59,120 - [Man] Ladies and Gentlemen, the President is dead 562 00:24:59,120 --> 00:25:01,703 at Parkland Hospital in Dallas. 563 00:25:05,484 --> 00:25:08,577 (cloth flapping) 564 00:25:08,577 --> 00:25:10,733 - There at the time you could feel it, 565 00:25:13,383 --> 00:25:15,870 a terrible sense of loss. 566 00:25:18,470 --> 00:25:23,470 It enshrined in the memory of all those 567 00:25:23,740 --> 00:25:27,110 who were there at the time in the United States, 568 00:25:27,110 --> 00:25:30,430 the fact that what Kennedy had begun 569 00:25:30,430 --> 00:25:33,323 was to ignite a dream, 570 00:25:34,990 --> 00:25:37,200 that a post war world 571 00:25:37,200 --> 00:25:41,380 and that a young and far sighted leadership 572 00:25:41,380 --> 00:25:46,380 could begin the process of transforming a world 573 00:25:46,720 --> 00:25:49,193 endangered by the threat of nuclear war, 574 00:25:50,090 --> 00:25:52,310 that essentially the American people 575 00:25:52,310 --> 00:25:54,140 could themselves be mobilized 576 00:25:54,140 --> 00:25:56,530 to make the world a better place, 577 00:25:56,530 --> 00:25:59,633 but instead of creating a demoralization, 578 00:26:00,690 --> 00:26:04,470 it brought a response of an absolute, 579 00:26:04,470 --> 00:26:08,773 resolute determination that come what may, 580 00:26:10,060 --> 00:26:12,640 they would get Americans on the Moon 581 00:26:12,640 --> 00:26:13,890 by the end of the decade. 582 00:26:17,745 --> 00:26:18,810 (dramatic instrumental music) 583 00:26:18,810 --> 00:26:21,973 - [Narrator] NASA defiantly presses on with Project Gemini. 584 00:26:22,879 --> 00:26:24,288 - [Gus] The clock has started. 585 00:26:24,288 --> 00:26:25,950 - [Man] You're on your way, Molly Brown. 586 00:26:25,950 --> 00:26:27,140 - [Narrator] They make huge steps 587 00:26:27,140 --> 00:26:29,260 towards fulfilling Kennedy's dream 588 00:26:29,260 --> 00:26:32,450 and showing the world the America he believed in. 589 00:26:32,450 --> 00:26:33,340 - [Man] Oh man. 590 00:26:33,340 --> 00:26:35,032 - [Ed] This is the greatest experience. 591 00:26:35,032 --> 00:26:37,160 I feel like a million dollars. 592 00:26:37,160 --> 00:26:40,650 - Gemini played an absolutely crucial role. 593 00:26:40,650 --> 00:26:44,090 10 manned Gemini missions had to prove 594 00:26:44,090 --> 00:26:46,750 all of the technologies that were gonna be essential 595 00:26:46,750 --> 00:26:48,970 if Project Apollo was going to meet its challenge 596 00:26:48,970 --> 00:26:50,570 of landing on the Moon. 597 00:26:50,570 --> 00:26:52,680 - [Man] Staring right down the old line. 598 00:26:52,680 --> 00:26:54,430 - [Anu] How do you get two spacecraft, 599 00:26:54,430 --> 00:26:57,120 orbiting the Earth at five miles a second, 600 00:26:57,120 --> 00:26:59,870 to rendezvous and achieve a docking? 601 00:26:59,870 --> 00:27:01,671 - [Man] Roger, how do it look? 602 00:27:01,671 --> 00:27:03,323 - [Man] It looks great. 603 00:27:03,323 --> 00:27:06,880 - Would a human being be able to survive 14 days 604 00:27:06,880 --> 00:27:09,520 in what we call the micro-gravity environment? 605 00:27:09,520 --> 00:27:11,540 - [Man] How does it feel for the United States 606 00:27:11,540 --> 00:27:13,750 to be the new record holder? 607 00:27:13,750 --> 00:27:15,470 - [Man] At last, huh? 608 00:27:15,470 --> 00:27:17,984 - [Man] Roger, congratulations. 609 00:27:17,984 --> 00:27:20,250 (rocket engine running) 610 00:27:20,250 --> 00:27:22,120 - [Narrator] Longer flight durations, 611 00:27:22,120 --> 00:27:25,600 docking maneuvers, and spacewalks are all practiced 612 00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:28,000 and perfected by the Gemini crews 613 00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:30,563 for the forthcoming Apollo Program. 614 00:27:31,545 --> 00:27:35,212 (helicopter engine running) 615 00:27:37,634 --> 00:27:39,810 (gentle instrumental music) 616 00:27:39,810 --> 00:27:42,310 Construction of the Saturn V's third stage 617 00:27:42,310 --> 00:27:45,103 is well underway at the Douglas Aircraft Company. 618 00:27:46,389 --> 00:27:48,360 (metal clanging) 619 00:27:48,360 --> 00:27:50,670 Stage Three has two main roles 620 00:27:50,670 --> 00:27:53,863 requiring its single J-2 engine to fire twice. 621 00:27:55,548 --> 00:27:57,400 The engine will first boost the spacecraft 622 00:27:57,400 --> 00:28:00,600 into Earth orbit and later re-ignite, 623 00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:02,603 setting the ship on course for the Moon, 624 00:28:04,749 --> 00:28:06,560 but during J-2 testing, 625 00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:10,053 engineers encounter another serious engine problem. 626 00:28:11,380 --> 00:28:13,400 - The entire assembly exploded, 627 00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:14,510 destroying the motor 628 00:28:14,510 --> 00:28:17,404 and damaging the test stand very severely. 629 00:28:17,404 --> 00:28:18,515 (rocket engine running) 630 00:28:18,515 --> 00:28:20,980 (siren ringing) 631 00:28:20,980 --> 00:28:23,210 The spherical tanks designed to pressurize 632 00:28:23,210 --> 00:28:24,870 the fuel system had ruptured, 633 00:28:24,870 --> 00:28:27,410 so a weld had failed, 634 00:28:27,410 --> 00:28:30,210 and the shrapnel created an enormous explosion 635 00:28:30,210 --> 00:28:31,590 that destroyed the motor 636 00:28:31,590 --> 00:28:34,550 and also seriously damaged the test stand. 637 00:28:34,550 --> 00:28:36,890 (helicopter engine running) 638 00:28:36,890 --> 00:28:38,700 In subsequent investigations, 639 00:28:38,700 --> 00:28:41,800 it was found that the weld for that sphere 640 00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:43,220 was out of specification, 641 00:28:43,220 --> 00:28:47,060 and in combination with multiple tests 642 00:28:47,060 --> 00:28:49,210 of over pressuring the sphere, 643 00:28:49,210 --> 00:28:52,176 the assembly had weakened and lead to that failure. 644 00:28:52,176 --> 00:28:55,180 (electronic buzzing) 645 00:28:55,180 --> 00:28:57,450 - [Narrator] Welding the fuel tanks of the Saturn V 646 00:28:57,450 --> 00:28:59,513 has proved to be a major challenge. 647 00:29:00,550 --> 00:29:02,450 Sophisticated modifications are made 648 00:29:02,450 --> 00:29:05,380 to equipment in order to produce the flawless welds 649 00:29:05,380 --> 00:29:08,713 needed to withstand the extreme in flight stresses. 650 00:29:10,390 --> 00:29:12,870 All welds are inspected and subject 651 00:29:12,870 --> 00:29:16,163 to a new policy of over testing to destruction. 652 00:29:16,163 --> 00:29:18,292 (tank exploding) 653 00:29:18,292 --> 00:29:20,959 (water rushing) 654 00:29:23,090 --> 00:29:25,730 - The big secret with the engineering on the Saturn V 655 00:29:25,730 --> 00:29:30,730 lay in the experience of the German rocket pioneers. 656 00:29:31,024 --> 00:29:32,360 (machine whirring) 657 00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:37,090 It was the uncompromising commitment to test, 658 00:29:37,090 --> 00:29:38,698 test, and re-test, 659 00:29:38,698 --> 00:29:39,950 (steam hissing) 660 00:29:39,950 --> 00:29:43,360 and the very systematic development 661 00:29:43,360 --> 00:29:45,860 of one system after another, 662 00:29:45,860 --> 00:29:48,520 that were the core of why the Saturn program 663 00:29:48,520 --> 00:29:49,573 worked so well. 664 00:29:52,340 --> 00:29:53,620 - [Narrator] Despite steady progress 665 00:29:53,620 --> 00:29:55,760 on the first and third stages, 666 00:29:55,760 --> 00:29:57,800 the second stage of the Saturn V 667 00:29:57,800 --> 00:30:01,043 at North American Aviation is proving more difficult. 668 00:30:02,550 --> 00:30:04,950 Due to redesigns of the Apollo spacecraft, 669 00:30:04,950 --> 00:30:06,880 the Saturn V is too heavy, 670 00:30:06,880 --> 00:30:09,050 and the weight reduction must somehow come 671 00:30:09,050 --> 00:30:10,473 from the second stage. 672 00:30:12,210 --> 00:30:14,310 The original design of Stage Two 673 00:30:14,310 --> 00:30:17,150 uses two separate fuel tanks, 674 00:30:17,150 --> 00:30:19,120 but designing a single fuel tank 675 00:30:19,120 --> 00:30:21,910 with a common bulkhead separating the two liquids 676 00:30:21,910 --> 00:30:26,270 will shorten Stage Two and dramatically reduce its weight, 677 00:30:26,270 --> 00:30:28,010 but this leaves Stage Two engineers 678 00:30:28,010 --> 00:30:29,980 facing one of the greatest challenges 679 00:30:29,980 --> 00:30:31,620 of the entire build. 680 00:30:31,620 --> 00:30:35,440 Two intensely cold, highly flammable liquids 681 00:30:35,440 --> 00:30:36,830 will now be separated 682 00:30:36,830 --> 00:30:39,363 by only a thin layer of insulation. 683 00:30:39,363 --> 00:30:41,750 (gentle instrumental music) 684 00:30:41,750 --> 00:30:43,450 - This common bulkhead was one 685 00:30:43,450 --> 00:30:45,700 of the really challenging, 686 00:30:45,700 --> 00:30:49,410 potentially show stopping problems. 687 00:30:49,410 --> 00:30:52,850 A difference of nearly 130 degrees 688 00:30:52,850 --> 00:30:56,023 across those two cryogenic fluids, 689 00:30:56,900 --> 00:30:59,740 hydrogen at minus 423, 690 00:30:59,740 --> 00:31:01,510 oxygen, just the other side 691 00:31:01,510 --> 00:31:04,873 of this very thin wall, minus 297. 692 00:31:05,810 --> 00:31:08,750 You couldn't have heat leak between the two, 693 00:31:08,750 --> 00:31:10,730 and the technology was stretched 694 00:31:10,730 --> 00:31:13,060 to the very limit in terms of the materials 695 00:31:13,060 --> 00:31:15,740 that were required for this common bulkhead, 696 00:31:15,740 --> 00:31:18,070 and all this was happening in parallel 697 00:31:18,070 --> 00:31:20,583 as these various stages were being developed. 698 00:31:22,490 --> 00:31:25,080 - [Narrator] By May, 1965, the shorter 699 00:31:25,080 --> 00:31:27,673 and lighter second stage is near completion, 700 00:31:28,570 --> 00:31:30,680 and in parallel the instrument unit 701 00:31:30,680 --> 00:31:32,303 is also under construction. 702 00:31:33,780 --> 00:31:35,730 This circular section of the vehicle, 703 00:31:35,730 --> 00:31:37,700 22 feet in diameter, 704 00:31:37,700 --> 00:31:39,493 will sit above the Third Stage. 705 00:31:40,380 --> 00:31:42,310 Manufactured by IBM, 706 00:31:42,310 --> 00:31:45,670 this collar holds all of Saturn V's flight guidance, 707 00:31:45,670 --> 00:31:48,973 detection systems, and flight control gyros. 708 00:31:50,160 --> 00:31:51,320 - During motor burn, 709 00:31:51,320 --> 00:31:53,450 you've got to control the flow of fuel 710 00:31:53,450 --> 00:31:54,530 into the combustion chambers. 711 00:31:54,530 --> 00:31:57,480 You've got to control the direction 712 00:31:57,480 --> 00:31:59,490 in which the thrust is pointing. 713 00:31:59,490 --> 00:32:00,790 - The engines are designed to move 714 00:32:00,790 --> 00:32:02,270 to steer the vehicle. 715 00:32:02,270 --> 00:32:06,800 Those engines have to keep moving just to keep it on track. 716 00:32:06,800 --> 00:32:08,510 - So you needed the control computers 717 00:32:08,510 --> 00:32:10,950 that took signals from the various sensors, 718 00:32:10,950 --> 00:32:12,800 telling it how to gimbal the motors 719 00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:14,130 so that the thrust was pointing 720 00:32:14,130 --> 00:32:16,570 in the direction that was necessary. 721 00:32:16,570 --> 00:32:19,550 Of course, you've got to think back to the 1960s 722 00:32:19,550 --> 00:32:21,670 and what computers were like then. 723 00:32:21,670 --> 00:32:23,480 Probably your electric watch 724 00:32:23,480 --> 00:32:26,430 has got more computing capacity than this had, 725 00:32:26,430 --> 00:32:29,747 but as with many aspects of the Apollo Program, 726 00:32:29,747 --> 00:32:32,390 the small steps to advance technology, 727 00:32:32,390 --> 00:32:35,180 to apply them in new areas, 728 00:32:35,180 --> 00:32:37,130 are all part of the story 729 00:32:37,130 --> 00:32:41,610 that leads up to laptops and computers in our car 730 00:32:41,610 --> 00:32:42,860 and things like that. 731 00:32:42,860 --> 00:32:45,790 It accidentally threw off all of these benefits 732 00:32:45,790 --> 00:32:47,553 which society now feeds on. 733 00:32:49,630 --> 00:32:52,300 - [Narrator] Meanwhile the Lockheed Propulsion Company 734 00:32:52,300 --> 00:32:54,733 has designed and built the Launch Escape System. 735 00:32:56,280 --> 00:32:59,580 - The Saturn V vehicle stood 110 meters. 736 00:32:59,580 --> 00:33:01,400 The final 10 meters, 737 00:33:01,400 --> 00:33:04,410 attached to the top of the Command Module 738 00:33:04,410 --> 00:33:06,100 that the astronauts actually sat in, 739 00:33:06,100 --> 00:33:08,203 was the Launch Escape Tower. 740 00:33:09,530 --> 00:33:11,700 The Launch Escape Tower was essentially 741 00:33:11,700 --> 00:33:14,290 to take the astronauts to a safe place 742 00:33:14,290 --> 00:33:17,100 in the event of a vehicle failure. 743 00:33:17,100 --> 00:33:20,433 (rocket engine running) 744 00:33:22,888 --> 00:33:25,960 The rocket motor would pull the Command Module 745 00:33:25,960 --> 00:33:28,550 containing the astronauts away from the rocket, 746 00:33:28,550 --> 00:33:32,310 and it would divert them out towards the sea, 747 00:33:32,310 --> 00:33:34,350 and the Command Module would come down 748 00:33:34,350 --> 00:33:36,940 into the water under its parachutes. 749 00:33:36,940 --> 00:33:37,900 (water splashing) 750 00:33:37,900 --> 00:33:39,940 - [Narrator] With the astronauts out of harm's way, 751 00:33:39,940 --> 00:33:41,955 they can be recovered by the U.S. Navy. 752 00:33:41,955 --> 00:33:43,088 (helicopter engine running) 753 00:33:43,088 --> 00:33:45,338 (mumbling) 754 00:33:49,960 --> 00:33:54,130 Throughout 1966, success follows success, 755 00:33:54,130 --> 00:33:56,830 and it seems nothing can stop the Apollo Program, 756 00:33:56,830 --> 00:33:57,680 (rocket engine running) 757 00:33:57,680 --> 00:34:01,513 but in January, 1967, disaster strikes. 758 00:34:01,513 --> 00:34:05,180 (gentle instrumental music) 759 00:34:07,930 --> 00:34:11,010 Astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, 760 00:34:11,010 --> 00:34:13,600 and Roger Chaffee board a Saturn IB 761 00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:15,793 for a routine static launch test. 762 00:34:18,300 --> 00:34:20,210 Once locked inside the capsule, 763 00:34:20,210 --> 00:34:21,423 a fire breaks out. 764 00:34:23,680 --> 00:34:25,730 In the pure oxygen environment, 765 00:34:25,730 --> 00:34:28,330 the fire flashes through the spacecraft 766 00:34:28,330 --> 00:34:31,053 killing the trapped astronauts in seconds. 767 00:34:33,320 --> 00:34:37,723 - The Apollo fire was a shock. 768 00:34:39,810 --> 00:34:43,080 The expectation was that we would have 769 00:34:43,080 --> 00:34:44,683 difficulties and problems. 770 00:34:45,550 --> 00:34:50,070 There was no realization that within the design 771 00:34:50,070 --> 00:34:54,070 of the spacecraft itself lay deeply embedded, 772 00:34:54,070 --> 00:34:56,713 serious engineering design flaws, 773 00:34:57,980 --> 00:35:02,980 and so the shock was a deeply incisive and damaging, 774 00:35:05,400 --> 00:35:08,153 to a great extent, impact on morale. 775 00:35:10,810 --> 00:35:13,350 Gus Grissom himself said we expect to loose people 776 00:35:13,350 --> 00:35:14,183 in this business, 777 00:35:14,183 --> 00:35:18,400 and he said it must not stop if lives are lost. 778 00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:21,793 Sadly he was one of those whose life was lost, 779 00:35:23,050 --> 00:35:25,280 but there was a sense that, 780 00:35:25,280 --> 00:35:30,010 just as the death of Kennedy had deepened the resolve 781 00:35:30,010 --> 00:35:31,483 to fulfill his commitment, 782 00:35:32,340 --> 00:35:35,500 so too were the loss of these three lives 783 00:35:35,500 --> 00:35:39,510 not going to reduce in any way the effort 784 00:35:39,510 --> 00:35:42,290 and the determination and the resolution, 785 00:35:42,290 --> 00:35:44,690 to press on and get on the Moon 786 00:35:44,690 --> 00:35:45,940 by the end of the decade. 787 00:35:48,160 --> 00:35:50,240 - [Narrator] The Apollo Program is delayed 788 00:35:50,240 --> 00:35:53,563 while NASA engineers apply new fire safety measures, 789 00:35:55,946 --> 00:35:57,000 (dramatic instrumental music) 790 00:35:57,000 --> 00:35:59,140 but with the end of the decade looming, 791 00:35:59,140 --> 00:36:03,120 NASA bypasses its reliable incremental testing strategy 792 00:36:03,120 --> 00:36:06,223 and proceeds with a high risk all up flight test. 793 00:36:09,330 --> 00:36:11,300 All stages of the vehicle are assembled 794 00:36:11,300 --> 00:36:13,270 at the Kennedy Space Center, 795 00:36:13,270 --> 00:36:15,220 and the first Saturn V rocket 796 00:36:15,220 --> 00:36:17,400 will be launched as Apollo 4. 797 00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:18,400 - [Man] We are go. 798 00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:20,580 30 seconds and counting. 799 00:36:20,580 --> 00:36:22,210 - [Narrator] After years of pioneering 800 00:36:22,210 --> 00:36:24,210 rocket design and engineering, 801 00:36:24,210 --> 00:36:28,640 NASA's first $135 million Saturn V 802 00:36:28,640 --> 00:36:30,123 is ready for lift off. 803 00:36:30,980 --> 00:36:33,420 - [Man] Okay, all flight controllers, let's play it cool. 804 00:36:33,420 --> 00:36:34,936 Final status check, booster. 805 00:36:34,936 --> 00:36:35,769 - [Man] Go. 806 00:36:35,769 --> 00:36:36,602 - [Man] Retro. 807 00:36:36,602 --> 00:36:37,435 - [Man] Go. 808 00:36:37,435 --> 00:36:38,268 - [Man] Fido. 809 00:36:38,268 --> 00:36:39,101 - [Man] Go. 810 00:36:39,101 --> 00:36:39,934 - [Man] Guidance. 811 00:36:39,934 --> 00:36:40,767 - [Man] Go. 812 00:36:40,767 --> 00:36:41,917 - [Man] Verify you are go for launch. 813 00:36:41,917 --> 00:36:44,140 - [Man] Roger, we are go for launch. 814 00:36:44,140 --> 00:36:46,141 (rocket engine running) 815 00:36:46,141 --> 00:36:47,815 - [Man] We have ignition. 816 00:36:47,815 --> 00:36:49,815 All engines are running. 817 00:36:58,580 --> 00:36:59,720 We have lift off. 818 00:36:59,720 --> 00:37:03,380 We have lift off at 7:00 A.M. Eastern Standard time. 819 00:37:06,450 --> 00:37:09,253 - It was the most remarkable scene. 820 00:37:10,260 --> 00:37:13,583 It was the most impressive sight. 821 00:37:14,810 --> 00:37:19,293 The weight of a warship lifting vertically into the air, 822 00:37:20,550 --> 00:37:22,013 it was just breathtaking. 823 00:37:24,630 --> 00:37:26,230 - [Narrator] Apollo 4 brings the dream 824 00:37:26,230 --> 00:37:29,293 of landing a man on the Moon a huge step closer, 825 00:37:31,350 --> 00:37:33,230 but before astronauts can pilot 826 00:37:33,230 --> 00:37:36,723 the mighty Saturn V, further testing must take place. 827 00:37:37,730 --> 00:37:39,680 NASA launches Apollo 6, 828 00:37:39,680 --> 00:37:43,632 their second unmanned Saturn V, in April, 1968. 829 00:37:43,632 --> 00:37:44,644 (rocket engine running) 830 00:37:44,644 --> 00:37:48,144 - [Man] Five, four, three, two, one, zero. 831 00:37:50,050 --> 00:37:51,070 We have commit. 832 00:37:51,070 --> 00:37:52,471 We have lift off. 833 00:37:52,471 --> 00:37:55,740 Lift off at 7:00 A.M. Eastern Standard Time. 834 00:37:57,101 --> 00:37:58,421 Five seconds into the flight, 835 00:37:58,421 --> 00:38:00,373 we're looking good. 836 00:38:00,373 --> 00:38:01,840 - [Man] Pitch and roll program started. 837 00:38:01,840 --> 00:38:04,530 Vehicle going now to an Azimuth heading of 72 degrees. 838 00:38:04,530 --> 00:38:06,135 All five F-1 engines firing. 839 00:38:06,135 --> 00:38:06,968 They're looking good. 840 00:38:06,968 --> 00:38:09,860 They're given a green light at this time from range safety. 841 00:38:12,640 --> 00:38:15,370 - [Narrator] NASA expects another perfect flight, 842 00:38:15,370 --> 00:38:16,700 but shortly after launch, 843 00:38:16,700 --> 00:38:19,343 the Saturn V starts shaking violently. 844 00:38:20,470 --> 00:38:22,530 If these vibrations continue, 845 00:38:22,530 --> 00:38:24,623 the vehicle will break itself apart. 846 00:38:26,158 --> 00:38:28,780 This vibration is known as pogo. 847 00:38:28,780 --> 00:38:31,650 NASA engineers have encountered pogo before, 848 00:38:31,650 --> 00:38:33,113 but never on this scale. 849 00:38:34,090 --> 00:38:35,770 - Pogo is essentially a vibration 850 00:38:35,770 --> 00:38:37,713 that occurs along the rocket. 851 00:38:38,950 --> 00:38:42,400 It's created by the motion of the rocket, 852 00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:45,940 changing the way that fuel flows along the fuel lines, 853 00:38:45,940 --> 00:38:48,222 which then varies the thrust, 854 00:38:48,222 --> 00:38:49,220 (rocket engine running) 855 00:38:49,220 --> 00:38:50,930 and it can become so violent 856 00:38:50,930 --> 00:38:53,053 that it actually destroys the vehicle. 857 00:38:54,400 --> 00:38:56,500 - [Narrator] As the first stage burn ends, 858 00:38:56,500 --> 00:38:58,143 the vibrations subside, 859 00:39:00,170 --> 00:39:02,923 but the damage caused is about to become clear. 860 00:39:03,910 --> 00:39:06,400 Four minutes into the second stage burn, 861 00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:09,663 two of the J-2 engines lose power and shut down. 862 00:39:11,490 --> 00:39:13,100 - [Man] We have a report of the loss 863 00:39:13,100 --> 00:39:15,090 of engines two and three. 864 00:39:15,090 --> 00:39:16,610 - [Narrator] With two engines out, 865 00:39:16,610 --> 00:39:18,553 NASA prepares for a mission abort, 866 00:39:19,410 --> 00:39:21,200 but the remaining engines gimbal 867 00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:22,700 to correct the trajectory, 868 00:39:22,700 --> 00:39:24,633 and the rocket just reaches orbit. 869 00:39:26,093 --> 00:39:27,210 (gentle instrumental music) 870 00:39:27,210 --> 00:39:29,190 After this precarious flight, 871 00:39:29,190 --> 00:39:31,543 NASA investigates the pogo problem. 872 00:39:33,410 --> 00:39:35,810 Engineers discover the pogo vibrations 873 00:39:35,810 --> 00:39:37,060 ruptured a fuel line, 874 00:39:37,060 --> 00:39:39,340 causing the engines to fail. 875 00:39:39,340 --> 00:39:42,673 (rocket engine running) 876 00:39:43,540 --> 00:39:45,930 Apollo 6 flight data also reveals 877 00:39:45,930 --> 00:39:47,900 that astronauts would not have survived 878 00:39:47,900 --> 00:39:50,393 the violent vibrations had they been onboard. 879 00:39:51,920 --> 00:39:54,033 NASA must stop pogo. 880 00:39:55,110 --> 00:39:56,430 - At one point in time, 881 00:39:56,430 --> 00:39:58,260 NASA had about 1,000 engineers 882 00:39:58,260 --> 00:39:59,983 working on the pogo problem. 883 00:40:01,180 --> 00:40:04,410 NASA decided that the pogo suppression systems 884 00:40:04,410 --> 00:40:06,350 that had been developed 885 00:40:06,350 --> 00:40:09,030 but hadn't been fitted because of the complexity 886 00:40:09,030 --> 00:40:12,360 and the cost and delays that they would have caused 887 00:40:12,360 --> 00:40:15,253 should then be fitted to all subsequent Saturn Vs. 888 00:40:16,870 --> 00:40:18,710 - [Narrator] Although engineers fit suppression measures 889 00:40:18,710 --> 00:40:21,030 to the first stage F-1 engines, 890 00:40:21,030 --> 00:40:22,700 it will be several manned missions 891 00:40:22,700 --> 00:40:24,810 before they address the severe pogo 892 00:40:24,810 --> 00:40:26,793 of the second stage J-2s. 893 00:40:29,400 --> 00:40:32,880 In October, 1968, astronauts Eisele, 894 00:40:32,880 --> 00:40:34,750 Schirra, and Cunningham fly 895 00:40:34,750 --> 00:40:37,276 aboard a Saturn IB on Apollo 7, 896 00:40:37,276 --> 00:40:38,420 (rocket engine running) 897 00:40:38,420 --> 00:40:40,590 the first manned mission of the program. 898 00:40:40,590 --> 00:40:41,470 - [Man] Thrust is okay. 899 00:40:41,470 --> 00:40:43,135 - [Man] Right on the old button. 900 00:40:43,135 --> 00:40:43,968 - [Man] Roll. 901 00:40:43,968 --> 00:40:44,801 - [Man] Roger roll. 902 00:40:44,801 --> 00:40:46,170 We have you go for orbit. 903 00:40:46,170 --> 00:40:47,401 You're go for orbit. 904 00:40:47,401 --> 00:40:48,450 (electronic beeping) 905 00:40:48,450 --> 00:40:49,960 - [Narrator] They give the Apollo spacecraft 906 00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:52,173 a comprehensive system checkout in orbit. 907 00:40:53,032 --> 00:40:54,510 - [Man] Roger, good morning to everyone 908 00:40:54,510 --> 00:40:56,310 in television land. 909 00:40:56,310 --> 00:40:59,220 Three, two, one, mark. 910 00:40:59,220 --> 00:41:01,280 - [Man] Houston is go for the burn. 911 00:41:01,280 --> 00:41:02,113 - [Man] We're burning. 912 00:41:02,113 --> 00:41:02,946 The rates are good. 913 00:41:02,946 --> 00:41:03,779 It's a good burn. 914 00:41:03,779 --> 00:41:04,630 We're go. 915 00:41:04,630 --> 00:41:06,420 - [Man] Beautiful job. 916 00:41:06,420 --> 00:41:08,290 - [Narrator] All hardware works perfectly, 917 00:41:08,290 --> 00:41:11,763 and the stage is set for further exploration. 918 00:41:13,910 --> 00:41:16,470 December, 1968, 919 00:41:16,470 --> 00:41:20,200 NASA chases Kennedy's deadline with Apollo 8. 920 00:41:20,200 --> 00:41:22,610 Apollo 8 will be both the first manned flight 921 00:41:22,610 --> 00:41:25,220 of the Saturn V and the first time man 922 00:41:25,220 --> 00:41:28,093 will attempt to fly beyond Earth orbit to the Moon. 923 00:41:28,990 --> 00:41:30,960 - It was the most audacious thing NASA 924 00:41:30,960 --> 00:41:33,370 has ever attempted in its history. 925 00:41:33,370 --> 00:41:35,850 - The challenge was not just to go to the Moon, 926 00:41:35,850 --> 00:41:37,660 but to get back again. 927 00:41:37,660 --> 00:41:40,940 Apollo 8 was arguably the boldest decision 928 00:41:40,940 --> 00:41:43,078 that NASA has ever made in the history 929 00:41:43,078 --> 00:41:44,463 of human space flight. 930 00:41:47,010 --> 00:41:48,730 - [Narrator] After years of design, 931 00:41:48,730 --> 00:41:50,530 development, and testing, 932 00:41:50,530 --> 00:41:54,510 the Saturn V is handed over to the crew of Apollo 8, 933 00:41:54,510 --> 00:41:58,010 Astronauts Anders, Lovell, and Borman. 934 00:41:58,010 --> 00:41:59,500 - [Man] Our status board indicates 935 00:41:59,500 --> 00:42:01,220 that all aspects are ready, 936 00:42:01,220 --> 00:42:03,050 spacecraft ready as we come up 937 00:42:03,050 --> 00:42:06,513 on the 60 second mark on our flight to the Moon. 938 00:42:06,513 --> 00:42:07,686 (rocket engine running) 939 00:42:07,686 --> 00:42:12,686 T-minus 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, nine, 940 00:42:15,315 --> 00:42:17,830 we have ignition sequence start. 941 00:42:17,830 --> 00:42:19,250 The engines are armed. 942 00:42:19,250 --> 00:42:21,083 Four, three, two, one, 943 00:42:23,350 --> 00:42:24,600 we have commit. 944 00:42:27,023 --> 00:42:28,183 - [Man] We have lift off. 945 00:42:28,183 --> 00:42:29,349 (dramatic instrumental music) 946 00:42:29,349 --> 00:42:30,445 - [Man] Clock's started flight. 947 00:42:30,445 --> 00:42:32,416 - [Man] Roger, clock. 948 00:42:32,416 --> 00:42:33,939 - [Man] Cleared the tower. 949 00:42:33,939 --> 00:42:36,990 - [Man] Copy tower, Houston copies. 950 00:42:36,990 --> 00:42:41,650 - Any big rocket launch is an assault on all your senses. 951 00:42:41,650 --> 00:42:43,660 It rattles the fillings in your teeth. 952 00:42:43,660 --> 00:42:46,743 I mean, it literally shakes you internally. 953 00:42:50,180 --> 00:42:52,680 - The knowledge of where the vehicle was going 954 00:42:52,680 --> 00:42:55,210 and the hopes that were contained, 955 00:42:55,210 --> 00:42:58,290 not just within the three people on board 956 00:42:58,290 --> 00:43:00,420 and not just within the thousands of people 957 00:43:00,420 --> 00:43:01,420 who worked on the program, 958 00:43:01,420 --> 00:43:04,130 but within the spirit of humanity 959 00:43:04,130 --> 00:43:06,939 that Project Apollo represented. 960 00:43:06,939 --> 00:43:08,570 - [Man] Apollo 8, Houston trajectory 961 00:43:08,570 --> 00:43:10,020 and guidance look good, over. 962 00:43:11,200 --> 00:43:12,560 - Here we were, 963 00:43:12,560 --> 00:43:17,430 leaving Earth and breaking that bond with our home planet 964 00:43:17,430 --> 00:43:20,330 to place men within the gravitational grip 965 00:43:20,330 --> 00:43:21,770 of another world in space. 966 00:43:21,770 --> 00:43:24,113 My body was full of goose pimps. 967 00:43:24,113 --> 00:43:27,239 - [Man] Apollo 8, you are go for TLI, over. 968 00:43:27,239 --> 00:43:29,570 - [Man] We are go for TLI. 969 00:43:29,570 --> 00:43:31,660 - When that third stage was re-lit 970 00:43:31,660 --> 00:43:33,350 to head toward the Moon, 971 00:43:33,350 --> 00:43:36,210 to see the velocity going up and up and up and up, 972 00:43:36,210 --> 00:43:37,933 the counters on the consoles, 973 00:43:39,090 --> 00:43:41,473 it was awesome. 974 00:43:47,610 --> 00:43:51,070 - I think the Apollo 8 crew saw our home planet 975 00:43:51,070 --> 00:43:53,230 from a perspective that people have dreamt 976 00:43:53,230 --> 00:43:55,840 about for thousands of years. 977 00:43:55,840 --> 00:43:57,870 They were the first human beings to be able 978 00:43:57,870 --> 00:44:01,970 to blot out every aspect of human history, 979 00:44:01,970 --> 00:44:03,150 everyone they'd loved, 980 00:44:03,150 --> 00:44:04,450 everyone they'd dreamt about, 981 00:44:04,450 --> 00:44:06,320 all of their successes, all of their failures, 982 00:44:06,320 --> 00:44:08,930 just to blot it out with a thumb. 983 00:44:08,930 --> 00:44:12,750 - It's the first time that the Earth was seen 984 00:44:12,750 --> 00:44:15,690 not as the place that we live, 985 00:44:15,690 --> 00:44:19,403 but as a planet floating in a black sky, 986 00:44:20,330 --> 00:44:24,293 seemingly insignificant among the vastness of the stars. 987 00:44:26,170 --> 00:44:28,070 - [Narrator] Apollo 8 successfully orbits 988 00:44:28,070 --> 00:44:29,970 the Moon 10 times, 989 00:44:29,970 --> 00:44:32,480 and on Christmas Eve 1968, 990 00:44:32,480 --> 00:44:36,103 makes a historic television broadcast to the world. 991 00:44:37,610 --> 00:44:40,490 - [Man] For all the people back on Earth, 992 00:44:40,490 --> 00:44:42,900 the crew of Apollo 8 has a message 993 00:44:42,900 --> 00:44:46,327 that we would like to send to you. 994 00:44:46,327 --> 00:44:49,497 In the beginning, God created the Heaven 995 00:44:49,497 --> 00:44:50,330 and the Earth, 996 00:44:51,360 --> 00:44:54,850 and the Earth was without form and void, 997 00:44:54,850 --> 00:44:57,550 and darkness was upon the face of the deep, 998 00:44:57,550 --> 00:45:01,040 and God said, "Let there be light," 999 00:45:01,040 --> 00:45:02,073 and there was light. 1000 00:45:04,210 --> 00:45:06,790 - When I hear the reading of the passages from Genesis, 1001 00:45:06,790 --> 00:45:08,820 it makes the hairs on the back of my neck stand up, 1002 00:45:08,820 --> 00:45:11,120 and that's 40 years later. 1003 00:45:11,120 --> 00:45:14,520 - I think Apollo 8 is certainly a contender 1004 00:45:14,520 --> 00:45:17,107 for the proudest moment of the Saturn V. 1005 00:45:17,107 --> 00:45:19,633 - [Man] And from the crew of Apollo 8, 1006 00:45:19,633 --> 00:45:22,243 we close with goodnight, good luck, 1007 00:45:23,200 --> 00:45:27,066 and Merry Christmas, and God bless all of you, 1008 00:45:27,066 --> 00:45:29,068 all of you on the good Earth. 1009 00:45:29,068 --> 00:45:32,735 (gentle instrumental music) 1010 00:45:36,471 --> 00:45:38,940 (dramatic instrumental music) 1011 00:45:38,940 --> 00:45:41,710 - [Narrator] Now with a fully functioning Saturn V, 1012 00:45:41,710 --> 00:45:44,591 NASA accelerates towards a Moon landing. 1013 00:45:44,591 --> 00:45:46,630 (rocket engine running) 1014 00:45:46,630 --> 00:45:51,630 In March, 1969, Apollo 9 orbits the Earth for 10 days, 1015 00:45:51,670 --> 00:45:53,780 conducting the first manned flight test 1016 00:45:53,780 --> 00:45:55,680 of the Lunar Module. 1017 00:45:55,680 --> 00:46:00,080 - [Man] Three, two, one, retro fire. 1018 00:46:00,080 --> 00:46:02,120 - [Man] Mission confirmed. 1019 00:46:02,120 --> 00:46:03,280 - [Narrator] Two months later, 1020 00:46:03,280 --> 00:46:05,170 Apollo 10 returns to the Moon 1021 00:46:05,170 --> 00:46:07,100 to practice landing procedures, 1022 00:46:07,100 --> 00:46:11,280 flying the Lunar Module just eight miles above the surface. 1023 00:46:11,280 --> 00:46:13,490 - [Man] We is down among them, Charlie. 1024 00:46:13,490 --> 00:46:15,950 - [Man] Roger, you're weaving your way up the freeway. 1025 00:46:15,950 --> 00:46:16,990 - [Man] It might sound corny, 1026 00:46:16,990 --> 00:46:19,800 but the view is really out of this world. 1027 00:46:19,800 --> 00:46:21,580 - [Narrator] With all testing complete, 1028 00:46:21,580 --> 00:46:24,563 the stage is now set to attempt a lunar landing. 1029 00:46:26,000 --> 00:46:28,680 July 16th, 1969, 1030 00:46:28,680 --> 00:46:32,020 Apollo 11 Astronauts Armstrong, Aldrin, 1031 00:46:32,020 --> 00:46:34,603 and Collins board their Saturn V. 1032 00:46:35,510 --> 00:46:37,908 - [Man] We are go, 20 seconds. 1033 00:46:37,908 --> 00:46:38,741 - [Man] Balance go. 1034 00:46:38,741 --> 00:46:39,574 - [Man] CBM. 1035 00:46:39,574 --> 00:46:40,637 - [Man] CBMs go. 1036 00:46:40,637 --> 00:46:42,850 - [Man] 11, 10, nine, 1037 00:46:42,850 --> 00:46:45,270 we have ignition sequence start. 1038 00:46:45,270 --> 00:46:49,007 Six, five, four, three, two, one, 1039 00:46:50,230 --> 00:46:51,573 all engines running. 1040 00:46:56,610 --> 00:46:57,520 - [Man] Lift off. 1041 00:46:57,520 --> 00:46:58,693 We have a lift off. 1042 00:47:02,340 --> 00:47:04,790 - [Man] 32 minutes past the hour, 1043 00:47:04,790 --> 00:47:06,173 lift off on Apollo 11. 1044 00:47:08,050 --> 00:47:09,370 - [Narrator] Four days later, 1045 00:47:09,370 --> 00:47:12,080 Neil Armstrong sets foot on the Moon, 1046 00:47:12,080 --> 00:47:14,080 realizing Kennedy's dream 1047 00:47:14,080 --> 00:47:17,700 and securing America's superiority in the space race. 1048 00:47:18,672 --> 00:47:19,681 (electronic beeping) 1049 00:47:19,681 --> 00:47:23,443 - [Neil] That's one small step for man, 1050 00:47:23,443 --> 00:47:25,693 one giant leap for mankind. 1051 00:47:27,174 --> 00:47:29,679 (crowd clapping) 1052 00:47:29,679 --> 00:47:33,717 (rocket engine running) 1053 00:47:33,717 --> 00:47:35,620 - [Narrator] For the next six missions, 1054 00:47:35,620 --> 00:47:38,813 the Saturn V maintains its 100% record. 1055 00:47:41,490 --> 00:47:44,868 Between 1968 and 1972, 1056 00:47:44,868 --> 00:47:46,860 24 men fly to the Moon, 1057 00:47:46,860 --> 00:47:49,510 and 12 walk upon its surface. 1058 00:47:49,510 --> 00:47:50,840 - [Gene] This has got to be one of the most proud moments 1059 00:47:50,840 --> 00:47:52,600 of my life, I guarantee you. 1060 00:47:52,600 --> 00:47:54,170 - [Narrator] As NASA grows in confidence, 1061 00:47:54,170 --> 00:47:56,760 crews land in mountainous and valley terrain 1062 00:47:56,760 --> 00:47:58,950 and explore vast areas of the Moon 1063 00:47:58,950 --> 00:48:01,590 in surface missions lasting up to three days. 1064 00:48:01,590 --> 00:48:02,423 - [Charlie] Boy, Houston the beauty 1065 00:48:02,423 --> 00:48:06,037 of this place is absolutely incredible. 1066 00:48:06,037 --> 00:48:09,200 - [Narrator] But on December 7th, 1972, 1067 00:48:09,200 --> 00:48:11,383 man leaves the Moon for the last time. 1068 00:48:12,410 --> 00:48:13,730 - [Man] What a ride. 1069 00:48:13,730 --> 00:48:16,890 - [Narrator] Apollo 17 closes a remarkable chapter 1070 00:48:16,890 --> 00:48:18,830 in the history of space flight. 1071 00:48:18,830 --> 00:48:21,510 (crowd clapping) 1072 00:48:21,510 --> 00:48:25,290 In 1973, the final flight of the Saturn V 1073 00:48:25,290 --> 00:48:28,120 launches America's first space station, 1074 00:48:28,120 --> 00:48:30,700 and the service of this remarkable vehicle 1075 00:48:30,700 --> 00:48:32,787 comes to a distinguished end. 1076 00:48:32,787 --> 00:48:36,620 (dramatic instrumental music) 1077 00:48:37,510 --> 00:48:39,700 - The legacy of the Saturn V is 1078 00:48:39,700 --> 00:48:43,820 the number of scientists and engineers and teachers 1079 00:48:43,820 --> 00:48:47,950 who were inspired by the sight of that magnificent, 1080 00:48:47,950 --> 00:48:51,447 outrageous rocket standing on the launch pad. 1081 00:48:51,447 --> 00:48:54,890 (rocket engine running) 1082 00:48:54,890 --> 00:48:56,910 - I'm one of that generation that are referred to 1083 00:48:56,910 --> 00:48:58,263 as the children of Apollo. 1084 00:48:59,150 --> 00:49:02,950 It drove my interest in science and maths 1085 00:49:02,950 --> 00:49:04,783 for as long as I can remember. 1086 00:49:06,920 --> 00:49:09,963 - Saturn V was a totally remarkable vehicle. 1087 00:49:11,820 --> 00:49:13,050 You just didn't question it. 1088 00:49:13,050 --> 00:49:15,710 It was a pinnacle of engineering 1089 00:49:15,710 --> 00:49:18,550 and a pinnacle of man's defiance 1090 00:49:18,550 --> 00:49:20,453 of the laws of nature almost. 1091 00:49:21,860 --> 00:49:23,460 You know, I can do what I want. 1092 00:49:23,460 --> 00:49:24,900 Get out of the way. 1093 00:49:24,900 --> 00:49:28,830 - It is still the most powerful rocket 1094 00:49:28,830 --> 00:49:31,527 ever launched from the surface of the Earth. 1095 00:49:38,190 --> 00:49:39,400 - Its whole purpose, 1096 00:49:39,400 --> 00:49:41,950 the whole embodiment of what it represented, 1097 00:49:41,950 --> 00:49:45,610 was to go in search of answers to questions 1098 00:49:45,610 --> 00:49:48,133 that had been asked since the beginning of time, 1099 00:49:49,060 --> 00:49:50,490 what we are? 1100 00:49:50,490 --> 00:49:52,420 What is out there? 1101 00:49:52,420 --> 00:49:53,890 What is that Moon? 1102 00:49:53,890 --> 00:49:55,853 What is it like to walk upon it? 1103 00:49:57,370 --> 00:50:00,260 - The Saturn V showed us that we could do it. 1104 00:50:00,260 --> 00:50:02,750 It's about time we did it again. 1105 00:50:02,750 --> 00:50:06,200 - When people imagine the Moon landings, 1106 00:50:06,200 --> 00:50:09,090 I think you see an astronaut standing 1107 00:50:09,090 --> 00:50:10,600 on the surface of the Moon, 1108 00:50:10,600 --> 00:50:13,440 and you also see that amazing rocket 1109 00:50:13,440 --> 00:50:14,623 leaving the launch pad. 1110 00:50:16,190 --> 00:50:18,410 - [John] This generation does not intend 1111 00:50:19,401 --> 00:50:23,460 to flounder in the backwash of the coming age of space. 1112 00:50:23,460 --> 00:50:25,540 We mean to be a part of it. 1113 00:50:25,540 --> 00:50:27,436 We mean to lead it. 1114 00:50:27,436 --> 00:50:28,830 - And I can feel the hairs on the back 1115 00:50:28,830 --> 00:50:30,568 of my neck stand up. 1116 00:50:30,568 --> 00:50:32,354 - [Man] All engines running. 1117 00:50:32,354 --> 00:50:33,283 Launch commit. 1118 00:50:33,283 --> 00:50:34,116 Launch commit. 1119 00:50:34,116 --> 00:50:34,972 Lift off. 1120 00:50:34,972 --> 00:50:36,059 - [Man] We have lift off. 1121 00:50:36,059 --> 00:50:38,628 We have lift off at 7:00 A.M. Eastern Standard time-- 1122 00:50:38,628 --> 00:50:40,598 - [Man] Go, go, go, go, man, go-- 1123 00:50:40,598 --> 00:50:42,169 - [Man] Tower has been cleared. 1124 00:50:42,169 --> 00:50:44,290 Tower has been cleared. 1125 00:50:44,290 --> 00:50:47,160 - But really, beyond all that, 1126 00:50:47,160 --> 00:50:51,340 it stimulated dedicated workmen to shed tears 1127 00:50:51,340 --> 00:50:53,402 when they saw that thing rise, 1128 00:50:53,402 --> 00:50:56,030 (rocket engine running) 1129 00:50:56,030 --> 00:50:59,010 the fulfillment and the culmination of their dreams 1130 00:51:00,060 --> 00:51:02,150 carried forward into the cosmos 1131 00:51:03,740 --> 00:51:06,830 by such an extraordinary vehicle. 1132 00:51:10,390 --> 00:51:12,933 - We'd like to give a special thanks 1133 00:51:15,090 --> 00:51:20,090 to all those Americans who built those spacecraft, 1134 00:51:21,870 --> 00:51:26,360 who did the construction, design, the tests, 1135 00:51:28,773 --> 00:51:33,773 and put their heart and all their abilities 1136 00:51:33,820 --> 00:51:34,670 into those craft. 1137 00:51:36,833 --> 00:51:41,177 To those people, tonight we give a special thank you. 1138 00:51:42,026 --> 00:51:43,271 God bless you. 1139 00:51:43,271 --> 00:51:45,354 Goodnight from Apollo 11. 1140 00:51:46,370 --> 00:51:47,860 - [Narrator] The Saturn V remains 1141 00:51:47,860 --> 00:51:50,460 the most powerful vehicle ever built 1142 00:51:50,460 --> 00:51:52,080 and will always be considered one 1143 00:51:52,080 --> 00:51:55,652 of mankind's greatest technological achievements. 1144 00:51:55,652 --> 00:51:59,485 (dramatic instrumental music) 80731

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