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- [Alex] The world cheered
when the first Apollo crew
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set foot upon the moon and
returned safely to Earth.
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(drum and trumpet music)
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00:00:14,100 --> 00:00:18,370
Buzz Aldrin, Neil
Armstrong, and Mike Collins
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had fulfilled one of the
most audacious dreams
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in the history of human exploration.
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The exploits of the Apollo
astronauts were well-known.
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Few knew at the time that what they saw,
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what they found,
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would touch off a chain
reaction in science
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delivering a new understanding
of how the planets formed,
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how the moon was born,
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(orchestral music)
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and how Earth and life emerged.
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These findings, along
with the recent discovery
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of water on the moon,
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are rebooting Apollo's loftiest vision,
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to launch new generations
of human exploration.
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Six times in four-and-a-half years,
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Apollo spacecraft will coast
over a pocked lunar surface
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and descend onto dusty plains.
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12 astronauts will climb out
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to experience the moon up close.
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On tightly choreographed excursions,
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they set up experiments,
made measurements,
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and collected rocks as they walked
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or drove across the alien terrain.
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These heroic missions
teased a daring new era
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of exploration and achievement.
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The investment poured into researching
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how to get safely to and from the moon
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would act as an accelerant
for technologies
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that increasingly shape modern life,
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computation,
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communications,
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electronics,
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robotics.
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But it's the science produced
in the wake of Apollo,
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that will increasingly define its legacy.
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The quest to study the moon
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was a fundamental goal of the Space Age.
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(piano music)
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The Soviets developed
the giant N1 launcher
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intended to send cosmonauts
beyond Earth orbit.
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The N1 never succeeded in
any of its four launches.
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It's second attempt crashed back
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in one of the largest ever
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human-made and non-nuclear explosions.
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The American lunar
program pinned its hopes
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on the mighty Saturn 5 rocket.
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(engine roaring)
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- We shall send to the moon,
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240,000 miles away
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from the control station in Houston,
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a giant rocket more than 300 feet tall,
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made of new metal alloys,
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some of which have not yet been invented,
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capable of standing heat and stresses
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several times more than
have ever been experienced,
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fitted together with a precision
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better than the finest watch,
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carrying all the equipment
needed for propulsion,
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guidance, control,
communications, food, and survival
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on an untried mission to
an unknown celestial body.
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And do all this, and do
all this, and do it right.
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(engine roaring)
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(adventurous orchestral music)
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- [Alex] In 13 launches, the
U.S. heavy lift launch vehicle
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never failed to safely
deliver its payload.
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The first human-rated launch
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carried the Apollo 8 command
module into lunar orbit.
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- [Houston] Roger, safe journey guys.
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- [Jim] We'll see you on the other side.
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- [Alex] Alone, behind the moon
and out of touch with Earth,
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Apollo 8 astronauts
fired their single engine
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proving the critical maneuver
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for American missions to return.
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- [Frank] Oh my God!
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Look at that picture over there!
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Here's the Earth coming up.
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Wow, is that pretty!
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- [Alex] This moon shot gave a war-weary,
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conflict-ridden United States
something to cheer about.
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And set the stage for
humankind's greatest adventure.
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- [Houston] Ignition sequence started.
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Six, five, four,
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three, two, one, zero.
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All engines running, lift off.
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We have a lift off.
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32 minutes across the hour.
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Lift off on Apollo 11.
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- [Alex] On July the 16th,
Apollo 11 blasts off.
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- [Houston] Tower clear.
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- [Neil] Roger, we got a roll program.
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- [Houston PAO] Neil Armstrong reporting
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the roll and pitch program,
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which puts Apollo 11 on a proper heading.
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- [Alex] Neil Armstrong serves
as the mission commander.
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Buzz Aldrin would pilot
the lunar module Eagle
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down to the moon's surface.
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Michael Collins pilots the command module.
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It takes three days for Apollo 11
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to cross the nearly 400,000 kilometers
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between Earth and moon.
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On July the 19th, Collins fires
the command module's rockets
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and Apollo 11 enters lunar orbit.
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- [Neil] Well there is some
rough country over there.
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Something really separate that was.
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(soft music)
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- [Alex] The next day,
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Armstrong and Aldrin
enter the Eagle lander
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to begin their descent.
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- [Mike] You cats take it
easy on the lunar surface.
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If I hear you huffing and puffing,
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I'm going to start bitching at you.
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- [Buzz] Okay Mike.
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- [Alex] Spurious radar data
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flood the lunar module's computer
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triggering five separate alarms.
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- [Buzz] Okay good buddy,
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let's hang tight and
look for landing radar.
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- [Neil] We'll need that
landing radar by 18,000
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with this soundtrack
program alarm, 1202, 1202,
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give us a reading on
the 1202 program alarm.
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We're going netfly.
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If it doesn't reoccur, we'll be gold.
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He's taking it in (mumbles).
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- [Houston] Roger, we got you.
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We're going at alarm.
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- [Alex] Each time,
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mission control deems it safe to press on.
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- [Houston] Okay, all flight controllers
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gonna go for landing.
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Retro?
- [Retro] Go.
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- [Houston] FIDO?
- [FIDO] Go.
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- [Houston] Guidance?
- [Guidance] Go.
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- [Houston] Control?
- [Control] Go.
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- [Houston] Telcomm?
- [Telcomm] Go.
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- [Houston] GNC?
- [GNC] Go.
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- [Houston] EECOM?
- [EECOM] Go.
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- [Houston] Surgeon?
- [Surgeon] Go.
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- [Houston] Capcomm,
we're a go for landing.
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- [Mike] Eagle, Houston,
you're a go for landing, over.
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- [Alex] The moon's gravity is uneven.
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That causes the Eagle lander
to pick up some extra velocity.
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- [Buzz] (static) velocity.
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Standard speed down,
three-and-a-half, 47 forward.
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- [Alex] The astronauts sail past
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their ideal landing zone.
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- [Buzz] Four-and-a-half
down, five-an-a-half down.
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(intense music)
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- [Alex] Flying above a field
of boulders as big as houses
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and running low on fuel,
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Armstrong takes manual control
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searching for a clean spot to touch down.
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- [Astronaut] Three-and-a-half
down, nine forward,
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hypervents,
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95,
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875 feet, it's looking good, down a half.
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- [Houston] 60 seconds.
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- [Buzz] 60 seconds, lights on.
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Down two-and-a-half.
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Forward, forward.
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Good.
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Bring your feet down, two-and-a-half
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picking up some dust.
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Three feet, two-and-a-half
down, (mumbles).
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- [Neil] Now at the 30.
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- [Buzz] Pull forward, pull forward,
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head to the right a little.
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30 seconds,
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down a half.
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30 seconds, forward, good.
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Back light.
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- [Neil] Okay, engine stop.
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ETA on descent.
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Both control, both auto (mumbles)
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engine command override off.
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Engine is on off.
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113 is in.
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- [Houston] We copy you down Eagle.
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- [Neil] A quality day
here, the Eagle has landed.
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- [Alex] About six and a half hours later,
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Neil and Buzz set foot upon the moon.
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- [Neil] The surface appears
to be very fine-grained
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as you get close to it.
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It's almost like a powder.
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I'm going to step off the lam now.
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(piano music)
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That's one small step for man,
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one giant leap for mankind.
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- [Buzz] Are you going to
get the contingency sample?
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- [Neil] Right.
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- [Alex] Armstrong quickly
grabs a contingency sample.
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- [Neil] I'll try to get a rack in here.
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Just be careful.
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- [Alex] If they should
have to leave quickly,
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they won't go home empty-handed.
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- [Neil] (mumbles) all it's own.
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It's like in the high
desert of the United States.
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It's different but it's
very pretty out here.
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- [Alex] Armstrong and Aldrin now set out
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to gather rocks and lunar soil,
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the first samples plucked by human hands
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from the surface of the moon.
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The astronauts find themselves
on a strange gray world
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filled with optical illusions
and unexpected juxtapositions.
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With no atmosphere to diffuse it,
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the sunlight is harsh with
shadows cast in deep black.
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- [Buzz] I look around here,
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the contrast in general
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is completely by virtue of the shadows.
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- [Alex] Only the lander,
the experimental gear,
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and the Earth offer swatches of color.
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- [Mike] Neil and Buzz,
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00:12:53,670 --> 00:12:56,860
the President of the United
States is in his office now
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00:12:56,860 --> 00:12:59,323
and would like to say a
few words to you, over.
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- [Alex] Aldrin places a seismometer,
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00:13:05,910 --> 00:13:08,793
beginning a long study
of the moon's interior.
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00:13:10,640 --> 00:13:15,000
Recordings of myriad moonquakes
show us that, even today,
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00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:18,570
as heat from the moon's
formation slowly dissipates,
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00:13:18,570 --> 00:13:20,963
Earth's companion is steadily shrinking.
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- [Buzz] Beautiful, beautiful.
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- [Neil] Ain't that something?
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00:13:28,877 --> 00:13:31,697
A magnificent sight out here.
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- [Buzz] (mumbles) ventilation.
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00:13:36,396 --> 00:13:37,660
Hey Neil, didn't I say we might
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00:13:37,660 --> 00:13:39,450
see some purple rocks?
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00:13:39,450 --> 00:13:40,540
- [Neil] Find a purple rock?
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00:13:40,540 --> 00:13:41,623
- [Buzz] Yep.
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00:13:43,980 --> 00:13:45,693
Anything more, before I head on up?
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- [Neil] Head on up the ladder Buzz.
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00:13:48,721 --> 00:13:50,189
- [Buzz] Adios amigo.
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00:13:50,189 --> 00:13:51,356
- [Neil] Okay.
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00:14:08,810 --> 00:14:11,277
- [Alex] The first Apollo
crew lifted off the moon
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00:14:11,277 --> 00:14:12,910
aboard the Eagle lander
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00:14:14,100 --> 00:14:16,770
with two boxes of lunar rocks and dirt
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00:14:16,770 --> 00:14:19,393
weighing 21.55 kilograms.
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00:14:29,860 --> 00:14:32,130
- [Buzz] I'm showing a good
bit out of plane velocity
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00:14:32,130 --> 00:14:34,413
on my cross finders Mike.
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00:14:35,249 --> 00:14:38,832
- [Mike] Roger, I have
no indication of it.
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00:14:43,003 --> 00:14:46,168
- [Buzz] Okay Mike, I'll
get in position here
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00:14:46,168 --> 00:14:47,168
and then you got it.
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00:14:50,980 --> 00:14:53,300
- [Alex] Just under four hours later,
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00:14:53,300 --> 00:14:55,950
they docked with the
command module Columbia
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00:14:55,950 --> 00:14:57,000
for the journey home.
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00:15:03,120 --> 00:15:05,680
Over the next four decades,
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00:15:05,680 --> 00:15:10,300
Apollo samples would take
scientists back in time
249
00:15:10,300 --> 00:15:12,050
helping them to piece together
250
00:15:12,050 --> 00:15:15,053
one of the most dramatic
stories ever told,
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00:15:16,740 --> 00:15:20,290
the birth of the moon and
the rise of planet Earth
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00:15:20,290 --> 00:15:21,793
as we know it today.
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00:15:24,850 --> 00:15:27,870
Among the major findings
of the Apollo missions
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00:15:27,870 --> 00:15:30,190
is that rocks from Earth and the moon
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00:15:30,190 --> 00:15:32,490
share particular forms of oxygen
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00:15:32,490 --> 00:15:34,930
that scientists regard as blood types
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00:15:34,930 --> 00:15:36,183
for solar system bodies.
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00:15:39,760 --> 00:15:43,513
This means the two worlds
must share a common history.
259
00:15:47,560 --> 00:15:51,560
A picture of the moon's
deep past began to emerge,
260
00:15:51,560 --> 00:15:53,473
some of it written right on its face.
261
00:15:57,870 --> 00:16:00,770
Several large old craters are surrounded
262
00:16:00,770 --> 00:16:02,820
by concentric rings.
263
00:16:02,820 --> 00:16:04,220
You can see them in this image
264
00:16:04,220 --> 00:16:07,163
of a feature called the Mare Orientale.
265
00:16:08,910 --> 00:16:12,160
These circles are of the type
that might have been created
266
00:16:12,160 --> 00:16:15,480
had a giant impact just
splashed down long ago
267
00:16:15,480 --> 00:16:18,233
on a roiling red hot liquid surface.
268
00:16:22,720 --> 00:16:24,930
The first people on the moon encountered
269
00:16:24,930 --> 00:16:28,530
relatively light rocks strewn
about the landing site,
270
00:16:28,530 --> 00:16:31,320
probably forced upward by heavier material
271
00:16:31,320 --> 00:16:33,363
sinking toward the moon's core.
272
00:16:37,520 --> 00:16:40,640
These clues suggest that
early in its history,
273
00:16:40,640 --> 00:16:44,653
the moon's surface was a
vast ocean of molten magma.
274
00:16:51,050 --> 00:16:53,630
The second Apollo mission
would bring this idea
275
00:16:53,630 --> 00:16:55,173
into sharp relief.
276
00:16:56,570 --> 00:16:59,473
November the 19th, 1969,
277
00:17:01,810 --> 00:17:05,630
Pete Conrad and Alan Bean
distend toward a region
278
00:17:05,630 --> 00:17:09,853
called Oceanus Procellarum,
or Ocean of Storms.
279
00:17:12,690 --> 00:17:15,980
This vast plain is
covered in a thick layer
280
00:17:15,980 --> 00:17:18,200
of solidified magma,
281
00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:20,943
perhaps unleashed by a
large ancient impact.
282
00:17:25,230 --> 00:17:26,730
- [Pete] Very good, very good.
283
00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:29,890
- [Alan] Looks good Pete.
284
00:17:29,890 --> 00:17:31,846
- [Pete] Hey there it is, there it is.
285
00:17:31,846 --> 00:17:33,767
Son of a gun, right down
the middle of the road.
286
00:17:33,767 --> 00:17:35,833
- [Alan] Outstanding, 42 degrees Pete.
287
00:17:38,220 --> 00:17:40,760
- [Alex] They're homing in on Surveyor 3,
288
00:17:40,760 --> 00:17:44,553
a robotic lander that
touched down in April 1967.
289
00:17:45,485 --> 00:17:48,485
(light piano music)
290
00:17:50,560 --> 00:17:53,580
The idea is to get within walking distance
291
00:17:53,580 --> 00:17:56,603
but not so close that it
covers Surveyor with dust.
292
00:17:57,472 --> 00:17:58,922
- [Alan] You're looking good.
293
00:18:00,177 --> 00:18:03,390
- [Pete] We got that crater
right where it's supposed to be.
294
00:18:03,390 --> 00:18:08,100
You're beautiful, 257
feet, coming down in five.
295
00:18:08,100 --> 00:18:11,820
- [Alex] Conrad decides to
come down 177 meters short
296
00:18:11,820 --> 00:18:15,620
of Pete's parking lot to
avoid rough terrain ahead
297
00:18:15,620 --> 00:18:18,793
but still a safe 360 meters from Surveyor.
298
00:18:19,980 --> 00:18:20,820
- [Alan] Coming down in two, Pete.
299
00:18:20,820 --> 00:18:23,120
You've got plenty of
gas, plenty of gas dude,
300
00:18:23,120 --> 00:18:23,953
hang in there.
301
00:18:23,953 --> 00:18:26,064
- [Houston] 30 seconds.
- [Pete] Coming down in two.
302
00:18:26,064 --> 00:18:27,820
- [Alan] He's got it made.
303
00:18:27,820 --> 00:18:28,723
Come on in there.
304
00:18:29,770 --> 00:18:30,680
- [Pete] Contact lights.
305
00:18:30,680 --> 00:18:32,810
- [Houston] Roger, copy contact.
306
00:18:32,810 --> 00:18:34,629
- [Pete] Okay, (static) off.
307
00:18:34,629 --> 00:18:36,150
(mumbling among static)
308
00:18:36,150 --> 00:18:39,233
- [Alan] Good landing
Pete, outstanding man.
309
00:18:42,370 --> 00:18:45,740
- [Alex] Now on the moon, they
unmount Surveyor's TV camera
310
00:18:45,740 --> 00:18:48,163
and other parts to take back for analysis.
311
00:18:52,520 --> 00:18:55,740
Later, the detection of
streptococcus bacteria
312
00:18:55,740 --> 00:18:58,040
on Surveyor's parts will suggest that
313
00:18:58,040 --> 00:19:00,693
microbes can survive years in space.
314
00:19:05,190 --> 00:19:07,210
This leads NASA to purposely
315
00:19:07,210 --> 00:19:11,170
destroy the Galileo
mission to Jupiter in 2003
316
00:19:11,170 --> 00:19:14,600
and the Cassini mission to Saturn in 2017
317
00:19:14,600 --> 00:19:18,263
to avoid contaminating moons
that may be ripe for life.
318
00:19:26,210 --> 00:19:27,820
On the lunar surface,
319
00:19:27,820 --> 00:19:32,040
Conrad and Bean pick up a rock
eventually nicknamed, KREEP,
320
00:19:32,040 --> 00:19:34,740
for its constituents, potassium,
321
00:19:34,740 --> 00:19:37,103
rare Earth elements, and phosphorus.
322
00:19:40,090 --> 00:19:43,930
These highland specimens are
a rock type called anorthosite
323
00:19:45,150 --> 00:19:47,380
a product of a molten surface,
324
00:19:47,380 --> 00:19:50,573
its presence is another clue
to the origin of the moon.
325
00:20:00,060 --> 00:20:04,320
Before Apollo, scientists
entertained a range of theories
326
00:20:04,320 --> 00:20:05,903
on where the moon came from,
327
00:20:07,940 --> 00:20:11,973
it's a proto-planet snagged
by Earth as it passed by;
328
00:20:14,470 --> 00:20:17,823
or that formed right along side
the Earth at the same time;
329
00:20:21,710 --> 00:20:25,080
it's what remains of debris
scattered by an asteroid
330
00:20:25,080 --> 00:20:27,743
large enough to carve
out the Pacific Ocean;
331
00:20:31,260 --> 00:20:33,810
or from rocks that exploded into space
332
00:20:33,810 --> 00:20:37,553
when radioactive materials sunk
to the center of the Earth.
333
00:20:38,720 --> 00:20:41,137
(thundering)
334
00:20:47,240 --> 00:20:50,140
The 12 people who walked the lunar surface
335
00:20:50,140 --> 00:20:52,120
saw nothing that could, by itself,
336
00:20:52,120 --> 00:20:54,873
solve the mystery of the moon's formation.
337
00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:01,030
Had they left with only
photographs and memories,
338
00:21:01,030 --> 00:21:02,203
we might never know.
339
00:21:05,690 --> 00:21:08,600
Instead, they brought home rocks
340
00:21:08,600 --> 00:21:11,313
and made meticulous
records of their context.
341
00:21:13,110 --> 00:21:17,457
Those rocks take us back to
a time 4.5 billion years ago.
342
00:21:24,210 --> 00:21:27,480
Within the kingdom of the
sun a gravitational battle
343
00:21:27,480 --> 00:21:29,803
rages amongst nascent planets,
344
00:21:30,960 --> 00:21:34,320
a young hot Earth is growing slowly,
345
00:21:34,320 --> 00:21:37,093
drawing asteroids and dust into its body.
346
00:21:42,347 --> 00:21:46,597
A proto-planet, the size
of Mars, crosses its path.
347
00:21:47,970 --> 00:21:50,803
It has an iron core and a silicate mantle.
348
00:21:53,228 --> 00:21:55,963
Theia is on a collision course with Earth.
349
00:22:02,260 --> 00:22:06,513
As this computer simulation
shows it deals a glancing blow,
350
00:22:07,640 --> 00:22:11,040
tearing away about a third of Earth's mass
351
00:22:11,040 --> 00:22:13,543
and leaving the remainder
spinning rapidly.
352
00:22:16,790 --> 00:22:19,970
The impact envelops Earth
in a dense atmosphere
353
00:22:19,970 --> 00:22:22,393
of super hot vaporized rock.
354
00:22:25,100 --> 00:22:27,090
Much of the wreckage falls back
355
00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:30,847
in a rain of fiery impacters.
356
00:22:36,620 --> 00:22:41,000
About a 1/100th of Earth's
former mass now lies in a disc
357
00:22:42,070 --> 00:22:44,793
eventually settling into a lumpy ring.
358
00:22:49,960 --> 00:22:52,260
This debris ring gradually breaks up
359
00:22:58,010 --> 00:23:00,603
and over about a century's time,
360
00:23:01,820 --> 00:23:03,973
coalesces into a single sphere.
361
00:23:08,910 --> 00:23:12,983
The surface of this new
moon is a hot magma ocean.
362
00:23:14,621 --> 00:23:17,273
Anorthosite rock floats to the surface,
363
00:23:19,060 --> 00:23:20,983
slowly hardening into a crust.
364
00:23:33,720 --> 00:23:36,000
For hundreds of millions of years,
365
00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:39,443
that crust will be battered
by impacts large and small.
366
00:23:41,045 --> 00:23:43,545
(piano music)
367
00:23:48,994 --> 00:23:53,827
The craters we see today bear
witness to this violent age.
368
00:24:04,997 --> 00:24:08,497
4.51 billion years after the moon was born
369
00:24:09,430 --> 00:24:11,800
explorers would step onto this surface
370
00:24:12,820 --> 00:24:17,820
on a journey into it's past
and into that of Earth.
371
00:24:22,387 --> 00:24:25,620
Apollo 14's Alan Shepard and Ed Mitchell
372
00:24:25,620 --> 00:24:28,110
step into a confusing realm,
373
00:24:28,110 --> 00:24:30,903
littered with ancient
creek rock specimens.
374
00:24:33,580 --> 00:24:36,123
They head toward the rim of Cone crater,
375
00:24:37,240 --> 00:24:39,765
on the hunt for rocks
from the lunar interior
376
00:24:39,765 --> 00:24:41,283
blasted out by an impact.
377
00:24:44,460 --> 00:24:48,380
Many contain chemical traces
of multiple impact events
378
00:24:48,380 --> 00:24:50,770
in which rocks melt and recombine
379
00:24:50,770 --> 00:24:52,603
to make mashups known as breccias.
380
00:24:57,050 --> 00:25:00,620
Unlike Earth where weather and
erosion have erased evidence
381
00:25:00,620 --> 00:25:02,323
of all but the largest impacts,
382
00:25:03,550 --> 00:25:06,240
the moon retains a detailed
record of bombardment
383
00:25:08,460 --> 00:25:11,470
in myriad craters, boulders, jagged rocks,
384
00:25:11,470 --> 00:25:14,863
and lunar bedrock
smashed into fine powder.
385
00:25:17,889 --> 00:25:21,000
The film from Apollo
missions shows astronauts
386
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,443
bouncing along with seeming
ease in a low lunar gravity.
387
00:25:26,390 --> 00:25:29,693
In reality, exploring
the moon is hard work.
388
00:25:30,940 --> 00:25:33,750
Spacesuits made rigid by the very air
389
00:25:33,750 --> 00:25:35,780
the astronauts need to breathe,
390
00:25:35,780 --> 00:25:39,023
restrict bending at the
waist, knees, and elbows.
391
00:25:43,260 --> 00:25:45,920
Yet, these soldiers of science were tasked
392
00:25:45,920 --> 00:25:48,253
with maneuvering complex instruments.
393
00:25:51,488 --> 00:25:53,507
- [Alan] Oh, dag-gummit.
394
00:25:55,150 --> 00:25:57,550
- [Alex] With chipping
off and picking up rocks.
395
00:26:00,216 --> 00:26:02,966
- [Alan] Okay base, open the bag.
396
00:26:05,720 --> 00:26:08,070
- [Alex] And with driving core tubes down
397
00:26:08,070 --> 00:26:10,750
into ancient densely compacted soil.
398
00:26:14,009 --> 00:26:15,092
- [Jim] Stop!
399
00:26:16,967 --> 00:26:18,134
- [Dave] Okay.
400
00:26:19,445 --> 00:26:22,776
- [Jim] Well you see that
one went all the way in.
401
00:26:22,776 --> 00:26:24,359
- [Dave] Not quite.
402
00:26:35,086 --> 00:26:36,839
- [Jim] Well I can't get
over those lineations
403
00:26:36,839 --> 00:26:39,326
of layering in Mount Hadley.
404
00:26:39,326 --> 00:26:40,198
- [Dave] Boy I can't either,
405
00:26:40,198 --> 00:26:42,810
that's really spectacular, it's beautiful.
406
00:26:42,810 --> 00:26:45,500
- [Alex] On the next mission, Apollo 15,
407
00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:47,930
the astronauts are given electric drills
408
00:26:47,930 --> 00:26:49,750
to take deeper core samples.
409
00:26:49,750 --> 00:26:52,267
- [Dave] Well it's a great massage.
410
00:26:52,267 --> 00:26:53,740
I'm not putting any force on it at all.
411
00:26:53,740 --> 00:26:54,573
It pulls itself down in.
412
00:26:56,640 --> 00:26:59,510
- [Alex] NASA has ramped
up it's science goals
413
00:26:59,510 --> 00:27:01,783
so the surface daytime is extended.
414
00:27:03,610 --> 00:27:08,197
Dave Scott and Jim Irwin
complete 18 hours of moon walking
415
00:27:09,968 --> 00:27:13,243
and moon driving in the
first powered lunar rover.
416
00:27:15,249 --> 00:27:16,956
- [Dave] Okay Joe I'm going to put
417
00:27:16,956 --> 00:27:21,103
the TV on the rover
now, cable's connected.
418
00:27:21,103 --> 00:27:23,381
- [Alex] Wheeled mobility proves key
419
00:27:23,381 --> 00:27:25,464
to the scientific bounty.
420
00:27:31,497 --> 00:27:34,750
- [Dave] Jim we're heading three-two-zero
421
00:27:34,750 --> 00:27:38,821
bearing three-five-zero and range is 4.3.
422
00:27:38,821 --> 00:27:40,309
- [Jim] Man, that's the
most organized mountain
423
00:27:40,309 --> 00:27:42,349
I've ever seen (laughs).
424
00:27:42,349 --> 00:27:46,599
- [Dave] Yeah they're so
uniform in width you know.
425
00:27:50,979 --> 00:27:53,017
- [Alex] Their landing site lies near
426
00:27:53,017 --> 00:27:57,335
a collapsed lava tube called Hadley Rille.
427
00:27:57,335 --> 00:28:02,170
- [Houston] Five to 3,000 feet, five to...
428
00:28:02,170 --> 00:28:04,910
- [Alex] It's a huge
extrusion of hot magma
429
00:28:04,910 --> 00:28:07,220
that wormed it's way across the surface
430
00:28:07,220 --> 00:28:09,003
then cooled and hardened.
431
00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:16,400
Later on, the roof collapsed
exposing it's hollow interior.
432
00:28:16,490 --> 00:28:18,420
- [Jim] Wow, look at those large blocks
433
00:28:18,420 --> 00:28:19,593
on that west wall.
434
00:28:22,496 --> 00:28:24,870
- [Alex] This long sinuous conduit
435
00:28:24,870 --> 00:28:28,073
is similar to features made
by volcanoes here on Earth.
436
00:28:29,700 --> 00:28:34,700
But Hadley Rille is much
larger, 135 kilometers long,
437
00:28:34,860 --> 00:28:37,243
thanks to the moon's much lower gravity.
438
00:28:43,730 --> 00:28:47,470
Lava tubes like this could make
naturally shielded habitats
439
00:28:47,470 --> 00:28:49,373
for future lunar citizens.
440
00:28:52,300 --> 00:28:55,048
- [Jim] Look at that,
guess what we just found?
441
00:28:55,048 --> 00:28:56,560
Guess what we just found?
442
00:28:56,560 --> 00:28:58,470
I think we found what we came for.
443
00:28:58,470 --> 00:28:59,950
- [Dave] Bag it up.
444
00:28:59,950 --> 00:29:02,050
- [Alex] During their second excursion,
445
00:29:02,050 --> 00:29:05,073
the crew collects sample number 15415,
446
00:29:06,620 --> 00:29:09,993
an object that comes to be
called the Genesis Rock.
447
00:29:12,380 --> 00:29:16,450
It takes scientists back 4 billion years
448
00:29:16,450 --> 00:29:18,180
to a time when the moon's surface
449
00:29:18,180 --> 00:29:21,233
was being pounded by giant
asteroids and comets.
450
00:29:24,060 --> 00:29:27,970
The craters left by these
clashes, still visible today,
451
00:29:27,970 --> 00:29:30,580
are a record of the pummeling
Earth would have endured
452
00:29:30,580 --> 00:29:31,973
in the same period.
453
00:29:35,010 --> 00:29:38,870
This barrage of material is
thought to be a main source
454
00:29:38,870 --> 00:29:41,903
for the water that dominates
the surface of our planet.
455
00:29:54,070 --> 00:29:57,653
The next moon shot pushes
deeper into this ancient period.
456
00:30:01,221 --> 00:30:02,450
- [Charlie] Okay fuel is good, 10%,
457
00:30:02,450 --> 00:30:04,063
there comes the shadow.
458
00:30:05,914 --> 00:30:09,384
A perfect place over here
John, a couple of big boulders.
459
00:30:09,384 --> 00:30:10,884
(mumbles) three looking super.
460
00:30:11,904 --> 00:30:12,954
Give me one click up.
461
00:30:14,124 --> 00:30:15,834
Okay, back it up slightly.
462
00:30:15,834 --> 00:30:18,834
Okay, two down, standby for contact.
463
00:30:21,437 --> 00:30:23,800
- [Alex] Apollo 16
touches down in a region
464
00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:25,590
far from previous landings
465
00:30:26,490 --> 00:30:29,560
to get better triangulation
on seismic data
466
00:30:29,560 --> 00:30:32,083
and to explore higher elevation terrain.
467
00:30:34,570 --> 00:30:37,220
Until Apollo, most theorists believed
468
00:30:37,220 --> 00:30:40,473
the lunar highlands were
built by ancient volcanoes.
469
00:30:43,910 --> 00:30:46,760
Astronauts John Young and Charlie Duke
470
00:30:46,760 --> 00:30:49,273
quickly cast doubts on this hypothesis.
471
00:30:51,280 --> 00:30:53,960
In more than 20 hours of prospecting,
472
00:30:53,960 --> 00:30:57,173
the pair finds almost
nothing of volcanic origin.
473
00:31:05,650 --> 00:31:07,720
Instead, the surface of the moon
474
00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:09,823
appears to be all about impacts.
475
00:31:20,840 --> 00:31:23,230
Duke and Young bag two samples
476
00:31:23,230 --> 00:31:26,670
that will turn out to be the
largest and oldest found,
477
00:31:26,670 --> 00:31:31,670
4.44 billion years, almost
as old as the moon itself.
478
00:31:32,331 --> 00:31:34,831
(eerie music)
479
00:31:53,970 --> 00:31:55,781
- [Jim] Endeavor's on time.
480
00:31:55,781 --> 00:31:57,223
- [Houston] Roger, we saw lift off.
481
00:31:58,150 --> 00:31:59,733
- [Jim] What a ride, what a ride.
482
00:32:25,639 --> 00:32:26,807
- [Al] Well that old visor
with the glare shield
483
00:32:26,807 --> 00:32:29,030
really comes in handy.
484
00:32:29,030 --> 00:32:31,500
- [Alex] Beginning on Apollo 15,
485
00:32:31,500 --> 00:32:33,420
every ship has carried lunar mapping
486
00:32:33,420 --> 00:32:35,980
and panoramic cameras mounted outside.
487
00:32:37,618 --> 00:32:39,220
- [Al] Well that's a mapping camera
488
00:32:39,220 --> 00:32:41,873
and the Stellar Cover 4 is open
489
00:32:42,744 --> 00:32:44,394
and it's jamming up the handrail.
490
00:32:46,350 --> 00:32:48,470
- [Alex] It's the command
module pilot's job
491
00:32:48,470 --> 00:32:50,160
to retrieve film cassettes
492
00:32:51,020 --> 00:32:53,200
because the service
module will be jettisoned
493
00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:55,520
before reentering Earth's atmosphere.
494
00:32:56,480 --> 00:32:59,053
- [Al] Okay, here comes
the mapping camera cover.
495
00:33:02,650 --> 00:33:04,183
Man the old moves out there.
496
00:33:07,500 --> 00:33:09,400
- [Alex] In the darkness of space,
497
00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:13,480
more than 315,000 kilometers from Earth,
498
00:33:13,480 --> 00:33:17,480
astronauts Al Worden, Ken
Mattingly, and Ronald Evans
499
00:33:17,480 --> 00:33:20,290
will each see the moon shrink behind them
500
00:33:20,290 --> 00:33:21,634
as they rush toward Earth
501
00:33:21,634 --> 00:33:25,380
at more than 4,800 kilometers per hour.
502
00:33:28,234 --> 00:33:30,413
- [Al] That's her babe,
right off the nose.
503
00:33:47,850 --> 00:33:50,080
- [Alex] The last Apollo targets a region
504
00:33:50,080 --> 00:33:53,243
where ancient and infant
geology intersect,
505
00:33:55,230 --> 00:33:57,633
it is named Taurus-Littrow.
506
00:33:59,539 --> 00:34:02,430
- [Astronaut] Okay
stand by for pitch over.
507
00:34:02,430 --> 00:34:05,830
Oh are we coming in, oh baby.
508
00:34:05,830 --> 00:34:08,100
There it is, proceeded.
509
00:34:08,100 --> 00:34:11,560
And there it is Houston, there's
Camelot, wide ass target.
510
00:34:11,560 --> 00:34:12,717
- [Astronaut] I see it.
511
00:34:12,717 --> 00:34:14,843
- [Houston] Challenger
you're a go for landing.
512
00:34:27,450 --> 00:34:30,330
- [Alex] Onto this mix
of old and new terrain
513
00:34:30,330 --> 00:34:31,970
steps the Apollo Program's
514
00:34:31,970 --> 00:34:35,360
first and only practicing scientist,
515
00:34:35,360 --> 00:34:38,757
geologist Harrison Jack Schmitt.
516
00:34:38,757 --> 00:34:41,674
(soft piano music)
517
00:34:53,748 --> 00:34:57,120
The youngest material here
comes from a huge crater
518
00:34:57,120 --> 00:35:01,500
far away, the bright feature called Tycho,
519
00:35:01,500 --> 00:35:03,393
known as the bellybutton of the moon.
520
00:35:08,260 --> 00:35:11,130
Analysis confirms that
Tycho is the product
521
00:35:11,130 --> 00:35:14,880
of an asteroid strike
108 million years ago,
522
00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:17,743
very recent compared
to the age of the moon.
523
00:35:22,487 --> 00:35:24,542
- [Harrison] Oh hey,
524
00:35:24,542 --> 00:35:26,292
there is orange soil.
525
00:35:27,260 --> 00:35:29,690
- [Gene] Well don't
move it until I see it.
526
00:35:29,690 --> 00:35:32,737
- [Harrison] It's all over, orange.
527
00:35:32,737 --> 00:35:34,130
- [Gene] Crazy.
528
00:35:34,130 --> 00:35:36,510
- [Alex] Schmitt and his fellow moonwalker
529
00:35:36,510 --> 00:35:39,140
and mission commander Eugene Cernan
530
00:35:39,140 --> 00:35:41,380
also find particles of glass
531
00:35:41,380 --> 00:35:44,293
created in an ancient explosive eruption.
532
00:35:45,480 --> 00:35:47,813
- [Harrison] I've gotta
dig a trench Houston.
533
00:35:49,188 --> 00:35:51,021
Fantastic sports fans.
534
00:35:53,267 --> 00:35:54,560
- [Alex] But is the moon still
535
00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:56,073
volcanically active today?
536
00:36:01,590 --> 00:36:03,460
To help find out,
537
00:36:03,460 --> 00:36:05,640
Apollo 17 has brought the first
538
00:36:05,640 --> 00:36:07,510
gravity measuring instrument,
539
00:36:07,510 --> 00:36:09,590
the transverse gravimeter,
540
00:36:09,590 --> 00:36:11,130
to give scientists a picture
541
00:36:11,130 --> 00:36:13,143
of what lies beneath the surface.
542
00:36:15,290 --> 00:36:17,780
The crew drills three meters down
543
00:36:17,780 --> 00:36:22,510
and 3.8 million years
back into the lunar crust.
544
00:36:22,510 --> 00:36:24,820
- [Harrison] What am I doing down in here?
545
00:36:24,820 --> 00:36:26,957
- [Gene] What were you doing
down in there (laughs)?
546
00:36:28,610 --> 00:36:30,091
- [Harrison] She's going in like
547
00:36:30,091 --> 00:36:31,500
she's into pretty good stuff.
548
00:36:31,500 --> 00:36:33,500
I'm not putting too much pressure on it.
549
00:36:34,840 --> 00:36:37,590
- [Gene] Boy the old fingers
really do suffer on these.
550
00:36:41,239 --> 00:36:44,740
- [Alex] The 111 kilograms
of cylindrical core sections
551
00:36:44,740 --> 00:36:48,780
they bring back to Earth will
tell a story of hot rock,
552
00:36:48,780 --> 00:36:52,370
200 kilometers below in
the basement of the moon.
553
00:36:53,311 --> 00:36:55,811
(piano music)
554
00:37:09,718 --> 00:37:13,003
By the time the last Apollo
astronauts splash down,
555
00:37:14,520 --> 00:37:17,523
the glow of Apollo had
already begun to fade.
556
00:37:19,750 --> 00:37:23,200
Fearing the embarrassment
of a catastrophe in space,
557
00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:24,990
the Nixon White House canceled
558
00:37:24,990 --> 00:37:26,803
the last three Apollo missions.
559
00:37:29,360 --> 00:37:32,080
But the Apollo Program left an indelible
560
00:37:32,080 --> 00:37:34,433
scientific and cultural footprint.
561
00:37:43,740 --> 00:37:47,133
Space has come to
symbolize human ambition.
562
00:37:51,780 --> 00:37:54,290
An Apollo Saturn rocket up a stage
563
00:37:54,290 --> 00:37:56,823
was converted and launched as Sky Lab.
564
00:38:04,357 --> 00:38:06,607
(cheering)
565
00:38:07,887 --> 00:38:10,060
(fire roaring)
566
00:38:10,060 --> 00:38:13,140
NASA went on to build a
partially reusable system
567
00:38:13,140 --> 00:38:15,913
to shuttle astronauts
into low Earth orbit.
568
00:38:22,610 --> 00:38:24,450
The space-faring nations built
569
00:38:24,450 --> 00:38:26,460
the International Space Station
570
00:38:26,460 --> 00:38:30,063
to encourage political
stability and prove cooperation.
571
00:38:33,180 --> 00:38:37,733
Work onboard ISS has advanced
life support technologies.
572
00:38:42,180 --> 00:38:45,960
Meanwhile, private entrepreneurs
launched satellites,
573
00:38:45,960 --> 00:38:48,960
building a robust industry
supplying communications
574
00:38:48,960 --> 00:38:50,533
and navigation services.
575
00:38:57,000 --> 00:38:59,100
Still embracing exploration,
576
00:38:59,100 --> 00:39:01,490
public agencies led by NASA
577
00:39:01,490 --> 00:39:05,243
sent waves of robotic probes
deep into the solar system.
578
00:39:10,940 --> 00:39:14,440
Two of them, the twin Voyager
probes have now ventured
579
00:39:14,440 --> 00:39:16,103
into interstellar space.
580
00:39:21,910 --> 00:39:26,140
Space-based observatories like
the Hubble Space Telescope
581
00:39:26,140 --> 00:39:30,363
projected our eyes and minds
out into the universe at large.
582
00:39:35,040 --> 00:39:38,100
As this golden age of astronomy unfolded,
583
00:39:38,100 --> 00:39:41,270
it sparked a host of new
questions for scientists
584
00:39:41,270 --> 00:39:43,630
laboring over bags of rocks and dirt
585
00:39:43,630 --> 00:39:44,980
brought back from the moon.
586
00:39:48,700 --> 00:39:51,740
The giant impact theory
became the starting point
587
00:39:51,740 --> 00:39:54,303
for a rethinking of the
Earth-moon relationship.
588
00:39:59,350 --> 00:40:04,090
In 2017, researchers
applied new radio isotope
589
00:40:04,090 --> 00:40:09,090
dating techniques to samples
from 1971's Apollo 14 mission.
590
00:40:12,744 --> 00:40:14,290
- [Harrison] Basically
most of these boulders
591
00:40:14,290 --> 00:40:17,290
are the same brownish gray,
592
00:40:17,290 --> 00:40:19,613
at least we've seen one
593
00:40:19,613 --> 00:40:22,480
that was definitely almost white in color,
594
00:40:22,480 --> 00:40:24,090
a very definite difference in color
595
00:40:24,090 --> 00:40:25,143
which we'll document.
596
00:40:26,580 --> 00:40:29,938
We know beneath this dark brown regular
597
00:40:29,938 --> 00:40:32,863
there is a very light brown layer.
598
00:40:34,880 --> 00:40:37,090
- [Alex] This work placed the moon's birth
599
00:40:37,090 --> 00:40:39,723
at 4.51 billion years ago,
600
00:40:40,660 --> 00:40:43,750
fixing a date for an age
of colliding proto-planets
601
00:40:43,750 --> 00:40:46,283
that built the solar system we see today.
602
00:40:49,050 --> 00:40:51,660
If the moon had been born much later,
603
00:40:51,660 --> 00:40:54,790
there would not have been enough
time for the planet to cool
604
00:40:54,790 --> 00:40:58,443
and for life to arrive some
400 million years later.
605
00:41:11,348 --> 00:41:13,030
According to theory,
606
00:41:13,030 --> 00:41:15,220
Theia struck at an off angle
607
00:41:16,180 --> 00:41:18,750
that would have given Earth its tilt
608
00:41:18,750 --> 00:41:22,043
and set it spinning at a rate
of once every five hours.
609
00:41:25,600 --> 00:41:29,440
Over the eons, as the
moon's orbit widened,
610
00:41:29,440 --> 00:41:31,600
it gradually slowed Earth's spin
611
00:41:31,600 --> 00:41:34,423
to the 24 hours we experience today.
612
00:41:46,979 --> 00:41:49,670
(waves roaring)
613
00:41:49,670 --> 00:41:53,170
In the early days, ocean
tides on our young planet
614
00:41:53,170 --> 00:41:56,087
were much larger and more frequent.
615
00:42:05,380 --> 00:42:10,380
As the Earth cooled, water
sloshing onto volcanic islands
616
00:42:10,390 --> 00:42:12,653
would have encouraged chemicals to mix,
617
00:42:13,620 --> 00:42:17,300
forming more complex prebiotic compounds.
618
00:42:17,300 --> 00:42:19,800
(piano music)
619
00:42:27,268 --> 00:42:30,730
Moontides in turn, helped
moderate and regulate
620
00:42:30,730 --> 00:42:33,300
the global climate by causing heat
621
00:42:33,300 --> 00:42:35,060
to flow from equator to pole.
622
00:42:42,530 --> 00:42:45,260
Without the pull of the moon's gravity,
623
00:42:45,260 --> 00:42:48,323
Earth would likely wobble
by as much as 80 degrees.
624
00:42:51,790 --> 00:42:54,320
Imagine if every few thousand years
625
00:42:54,320 --> 00:42:56,133
as Earth changes its tilt,
626
00:42:57,740 --> 00:43:00,480
icebergs appeared in Ecuador and Senegal
627
00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:05,503
and tropical beaches
in Iceland and Siberia.
628
00:43:16,310 --> 00:43:20,000
From the record of impacts
held in the Apollo rocks,
629
00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:22,800
scientists began to imagine that water ice
630
00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:26,053
may be trapped in the deep
shadows of polar craters.
631
00:43:29,600 --> 00:43:32,400
With no atmosphere to transport heat,
632
00:43:32,400 --> 00:43:34,560
these shadow lands would stay cold
633
00:43:34,560 --> 00:43:37,363
for millions if not billions of years.
634
00:43:43,340 --> 00:43:46,273
The first hints came in 1994.
635
00:43:48,160 --> 00:43:51,350
A probe named Clementine
bounced radio signals
636
00:43:51,350 --> 00:43:52,713
off polar regions.
637
00:43:54,750 --> 00:43:57,763
The data were consistent
with water molecules.
638
00:44:02,890 --> 00:44:05,570
Four years later, the lunar prospector
639
00:44:05,570 --> 00:44:07,360
picked up signatures of hydrogen
640
00:44:07,360 --> 00:44:10,683
associated with water at both lunar poles.
641
00:44:15,580 --> 00:44:20,580
In 2009, NASA's Lunar Crater
Observation Sensing Satellite,
642
00:44:20,970 --> 00:44:24,430
LCOSS, aimed an impacter at Cabeas crater
643
00:44:24,430 --> 00:44:25,490
near the South Pole
644
00:44:28,420 --> 00:44:30,820
and then watched what was
kicked up when it hit.
645
00:44:32,630 --> 00:44:37,083
The spectacular, unmistakable
evidence of abundant water.
646
00:44:38,428 --> 00:44:41,011
(water rushes)
647
00:44:42,340 --> 00:44:46,070
Ancient lunar ice could
be key to extending life
648
00:44:46,070 --> 00:44:47,603
beyond our home planet.
649
00:44:49,070 --> 00:44:53,010
Water is the enabler of
space-based civilization,
650
00:44:53,010 --> 00:44:56,853
the far-reaching dream
behind the Apollo Program.
651
00:45:01,350 --> 00:45:03,780
NASA has announced an ambitious plan
652
00:45:03,780 --> 00:45:05,723
to return people to the moon.
653
00:45:07,300 --> 00:45:09,440
However, the agency receives less than
654
00:45:09,440 --> 00:45:13,130
1/8 the annual funding
it got during Apollo
655
00:45:13,130 --> 00:45:16,933
which cost more than $110
billion in today's dollars.
656
00:45:18,960 --> 00:45:22,370
At the same time, private
companies have begun to assume
657
00:45:22,370 --> 00:45:24,273
the mantle of space development.
658
00:45:26,130 --> 00:45:28,640
The techniques proven by Project Apollo
659
00:45:28,640 --> 00:45:29,943
are showing them the way.
660
00:45:32,560 --> 00:45:34,650
Entrepreneurs are investing now
661
00:45:34,650 --> 00:45:38,373
because they foresee a vibrant
space industrial economy.
662
00:45:41,520 --> 00:45:43,580
And the businesses that will drive it
663
00:45:43,580 --> 00:45:45,670
are rooted in the enormous resources
664
00:45:45,670 --> 00:45:47,763
available on the lunar surface.
665
00:45:50,930 --> 00:45:54,840
At just 69 hours away by chemical rocket,
666
00:45:54,840 --> 00:45:58,193
the moon is our most likely
extraterrestrial base.
667
00:46:00,060 --> 00:46:03,533
It has a natural power source, the sun.
668
00:46:08,900 --> 00:46:11,840
The sunlit lunar day length is equivalent
669
00:46:11,840 --> 00:46:13,623
to two weeks on Earth.
670
00:46:18,540 --> 00:46:20,720
A system of solar energy farms
671
00:46:20,720 --> 00:46:22,770
arranged around the moon's equator
672
00:46:22,770 --> 00:46:24,803
could supply constant power.
673
00:46:30,766 --> 00:46:31,607
- [Harrison] And I'm
picking up several pieces
674
00:46:31,607 --> 00:46:34,693
of really breccicular rock out here now.
675
00:46:35,740 --> 00:46:38,600
- [Alex] Silicon and oxygen
extracted from the soil
676
00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:41,463
could be fashioned into
photovoltaic cells.
677
00:46:45,570 --> 00:46:48,930
Solar energy plants
built of lunar materials
678
00:46:48,930 --> 00:46:52,973
could be ferried to Earth orbit
or interplanetary locations.
679
00:46:58,060 --> 00:47:01,513
Solar-powered rovers could
crawl non-stop around the moon.
680
00:47:06,350 --> 00:47:08,910
Apollo samples show the lunar surface
681
00:47:08,910 --> 00:47:11,510
is rich in metals for building,
682
00:47:11,510 --> 00:47:13,863
iron, titanium, and aluminum,
683
00:47:15,740 --> 00:47:18,933
and fine silicon-laden
dirt to make cement.
684
00:47:23,760 --> 00:47:26,770
Lunar prospectors will likely find gold,
685
00:47:26,770 --> 00:47:29,403
platinum group, and rare Earth metals.
686
00:47:31,220 --> 00:47:35,330
The 1967 United Nations Outer Space Treaty
687
00:47:35,330 --> 00:47:37,030
precludes any Earth nation
688
00:47:37,030 --> 00:47:39,510
from claiming the moon
as sovereign territory
689
00:47:40,400 --> 00:47:42,630
but it does not prevent private companies
690
00:47:42,630 --> 00:47:44,503
from staking mining claims.
691
00:47:47,520 --> 00:47:50,320
The body of law governing
how the moon will develop
692
00:47:50,320 --> 00:47:51,573
is in its infancy.
693
00:47:53,920 --> 00:47:57,980
Government space agencies may
at first lead the lunar reboot
694
00:47:59,500 --> 00:48:01,883
but they probably won't
manage it over time.
695
00:48:05,570 --> 00:48:07,410
A politically neutral body,
696
00:48:07,410 --> 00:48:09,880
a lunar authority may be needed
697
00:48:09,880 --> 00:48:12,250
to guide the long-term vision and planning
698
00:48:13,330 --> 00:48:16,443
and to keep the peace should
a lunar land rush begin.
699
00:48:26,190 --> 00:48:28,993
It's dusty surface is a new frontier.
700
00:48:32,840 --> 00:48:34,893
The old moon made us what we are.
701
00:48:40,970 --> 00:48:43,423
Even as the memory of Apollo fades,
702
00:48:45,300 --> 00:48:47,840
the bright light of this new moon
703
00:48:47,840 --> 00:48:50,864
calls us to venture again to its shores
704
00:48:50,864 --> 00:48:54,507
(adventurous orchestral music)
705
00:48:54,507 --> 00:48:55,424
and beyond.
706
00:49:06,851 --> 00:49:09,768
(soft piano music)
51778
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