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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,210 --> 00:00:05,520 - [Alex] The world cheered when the first Apollo crew 2 00:00:05,520 --> 00:00:09,673 set foot upon the moon and returned safely to Earth. 3 00:00:10,718 --> 00:00:14,100 (drum and trumpet music) 4 00:00:14,100 --> 00:00:18,370 Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong, and Mike Collins 5 00:00:18,370 --> 00:00:21,110 had fulfilled one of the most audacious dreams 6 00:00:21,110 --> 00:00:23,593 in the history of human exploration. 7 00:00:27,840 --> 00:00:31,053 The exploits of the Apollo astronauts were well-known. 8 00:00:32,410 --> 00:00:36,390 Few knew at the time that what they saw, 9 00:00:36,390 --> 00:00:37,343 what they found, 10 00:00:38,200 --> 00:00:40,950 would touch off a chain reaction in science 11 00:00:43,890 --> 00:00:47,553 delivering a new understanding of how the planets formed, 12 00:00:49,170 --> 00:00:51,443 how the moon was born, 13 00:00:51,443 --> 00:00:53,070 (orchestral music) 14 00:00:53,070 --> 00:00:56,203 and how Earth and life emerged. 15 00:00:58,570 --> 00:01:02,110 These findings, along with the recent discovery 16 00:01:02,110 --> 00:01:03,423 of water on the moon, 17 00:01:04,430 --> 00:01:07,223 are rebooting Apollo's loftiest vision, 18 00:01:09,790 --> 00:01:13,793 to launch new generations of human exploration. 19 00:01:36,530 --> 00:01:39,490 Six times in four-and-a-half years, 20 00:01:39,490 --> 00:01:43,760 Apollo spacecraft will coast over a pocked lunar surface 21 00:01:45,970 --> 00:01:48,433 and descend onto dusty plains. 22 00:01:56,820 --> 00:01:58,650 12 astronauts will climb out 23 00:01:59,700 --> 00:02:02,163 to experience the moon up close. 24 00:02:08,460 --> 00:02:10,963 On tightly choreographed excursions, 25 00:02:12,260 --> 00:02:16,490 they set up experiments, made measurements, 26 00:02:16,490 --> 00:02:18,550 and collected rocks as they walked 27 00:02:19,560 --> 00:02:22,503 or drove across the alien terrain. 28 00:02:30,290 --> 00:02:34,040 These heroic missions teased a daring new era 29 00:02:34,040 --> 00:02:36,263 of exploration and achievement. 30 00:02:38,200 --> 00:02:40,460 The investment poured into researching 31 00:02:40,460 --> 00:02:42,960 how to get safely to and from the moon 32 00:02:42,960 --> 00:02:45,480 would act as an accelerant for technologies 33 00:02:45,480 --> 00:02:48,580 that increasingly shape modern life, 34 00:02:48,580 --> 00:02:50,310 computation, 35 00:02:50,310 --> 00:02:52,150 communications, 36 00:02:52,150 --> 00:02:53,143 electronics, 37 00:02:53,980 --> 00:02:54,973 robotics. 38 00:02:59,230 --> 00:03:02,360 But it's the science produced in the wake of Apollo, 39 00:03:02,360 --> 00:03:05,013 that will increasingly define its legacy. 40 00:03:12,460 --> 00:03:14,609 The quest to study the moon 41 00:03:14,609 --> 00:03:18,314 was a fundamental goal of the Space Age. 42 00:03:18,314 --> 00:03:20,814 (piano music) 43 00:03:33,370 --> 00:03:36,950 The Soviets developed the giant N1 launcher 44 00:03:36,950 --> 00:03:40,233 intended to send cosmonauts beyond Earth orbit. 45 00:03:47,860 --> 00:03:51,333 The N1 never succeeded in any of its four launches. 46 00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:55,020 It's second attempt crashed back 47 00:03:55,020 --> 00:03:56,330 in one of the largest ever 48 00:03:56,330 --> 00:03:59,083 human-made and non-nuclear explosions. 49 00:04:01,810 --> 00:04:04,780 The American lunar program pinned its hopes 50 00:04:04,780 --> 00:04:07,267 on the mighty Saturn 5 rocket. 51 00:04:09,314 --> 00:04:12,064 (engine roaring) 52 00:04:23,060 --> 00:04:25,470 - We shall send to the moon, 53 00:04:25,470 --> 00:04:28,570 240,000 miles away 54 00:04:28,570 --> 00:04:31,280 from the control station in Houston, 55 00:04:31,280 --> 00:04:35,620 a giant rocket more than 300 feet tall, 56 00:04:35,620 --> 00:04:38,030 made of new metal alloys, 57 00:04:38,030 --> 00:04:40,103 some of which have not yet been invented, 58 00:04:40,940 --> 00:04:43,900 capable of standing heat and stresses 59 00:04:43,900 --> 00:04:47,450 several times more than have ever been experienced, 60 00:04:47,450 --> 00:04:49,250 fitted together with a precision 61 00:04:49,250 --> 00:04:50,933 better than the finest watch, 62 00:04:51,770 --> 00:04:54,750 carrying all the equipment needed for propulsion, 63 00:04:54,750 --> 00:04:59,610 guidance, control, communications, food, and survival 64 00:04:59,610 --> 00:05:04,360 on an untried mission to an unknown celestial body. 65 00:05:04,360 --> 00:05:08,623 And do all this, and do all this, and do it right. 66 00:05:08,623 --> 00:05:11,373 (engine roaring) 67 00:05:12,415 --> 00:05:16,332 (adventurous orchestral music) 68 00:05:18,950 --> 00:05:22,780 - [Alex] In 13 launches, the U.S. heavy lift launch vehicle 69 00:05:22,780 --> 00:05:25,463 never failed to safely deliver its payload. 70 00:05:27,510 --> 00:05:29,640 The first human-rated launch 71 00:05:29,640 --> 00:05:34,074 carried the Apollo 8 command module into lunar orbit. 72 00:05:34,074 --> 00:05:36,438 - [Houston] Roger, safe journey guys. 73 00:05:36,438 --> 00:05:38,643 - [Jim] We'll see you on the other side. 74 00:05:38,643 --> 00:05:42,070 - [Alex] Alone, behind the moon and out of touch with Earth, 75 00:05:42,070 --> 00:05:45,630 Apollo 8 astronauts fired their single engine 76 00:05:45,630 --> 00:05:47,180 proving the critical maneuver 77 00:05:47,180 --> 00:05:49,123 for American missions to return. 78 00:05:50,790 --> 00:05:51,623 - [Frank] Oh my God! 79 00:05:51,623 --> 00:05:52,640 Look at that picture over there! 80 00:05:52,640 --> 00:05:53,570 Here's the Earth coming up. 81 00:05:53,570 --> 00:05:55,237 Wow, is that pretty! 82 00:05:56,190 --> 00:05:59,250 - [Alex] This moon shot gave a war-weary, 83 00:05:59,250 --> 00:06:03,400 conflict-ridden United States something to cheer about. 84 00:06:03,400 --> 00:06:07,123 And set the stage for humankind's greatest adventure. 85 00:06:14,170 --> 00:06:16,476 - [Houston] Ignition sequence started. 86 00:06:16,476 --> 00:06:18,935 Six, five, four, 87 00:06:18,935 --> 00:06:20,768 three, two, one, zero. 88 00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:25,640 All engines running, lift off. 89 00:06:25,640 --> 00:06:26,994 We have a lift off. 90 00:06:26,994 --> 00:06:29,225 32 minutes across the hour. 91 00:06:29,225 --> 00:06:30,058 Lift off on Apollo 11. 92 00:06:32,960 --> 00:06:36,473 - [Alex] On July the 16th, Apollo 11 blasts off. 93 00:06:40,100 --> 00:06:42,010 - [Houston] Tower clear. 94 00:06:42,010 --> 00:06:44,030 - [Neil] Roger, we got a roll program. 95 00:06:44,030 --> 00:06:45,240 - [Houston PAO] Neil Armstrong reporting 96 00:06:45,240 --> 00:06:46,440 the roll and pitch program, 97 00:06:46,440 --> 00:06:48,490 which puts Apollo 11 on a proper heading. 98 00:06:50,420 --> 00:06:53,373 - [Alex] Neil Armstrong serves as the mission commander. 99 00:06:54,930 --> 00:06:58,230 Buzz Aldrin would pilot the lunar module Eagle 100 00:06:58,230 --> 00:06:59,933 down to the moon's surface. 101 00:07:00,820 --> 00:07:03,573 Michael Collins pilots the command module. 102 00:07:06,700 --> 00:07:09,580 It takes three days for Apollo 11 103 00:07:09,580 --> 00:07:12,470 to cross the nearly 400,000 kilometers 104 00:07:12,470 --> 00:07:14,023 between Earth and moon. 105 00:07:20,080 --> 00:07:24,520 On July the 19th, Collins fires the command module's rockets 106 00:07:25,710 --> 00:07:28,233 and Apollo 11 enters lunar orbit. 107 00:07:32,327 --> 00:07:35,140 - [Neil] Well there is some rough country over there. 108 00:07:35,140 --> 00:07:36,890 Something really separate that was. 109 00:07:38,960 --> 00:07:41,377 (soft music) 110 00:07:51,630 --> 00:07:52,730 - [Alex] The next day, 111 00:07:53,580 --> 00:07:56,250 Armstrong and Aldrin enter the Eagle lander 112 00:07:56,250 --> 00:07:57,700 to begin their descent. 113 00:07:59,911 --> 00:08:02,223 - [Mike] You cats take it easy on the lunar surface. 114 00:08:02,223 --> 00:08:03,423 If I hear you huffing and puffing, 115 00:08:03,423 --> 00:08:05,452 I'm going to start bitching at you. 116 00:08:05,452 --> 00:08:07,035 - [Buzz] Okay Mike. 117 00:08:09,600 --> 00:08:11,260 - [Alex] Spurious radar data 118 00:08:11,260 --> 00:08:13,640 flood the lunar module's computer 119 00:08:13,640 --> 00:08:15,870 triggering five separate alarms. 120 00:08:15,870 --> 00:08:16,703 - [Buzz] Okay good buddy, 121 00:08:16,703 --> 00:08:18,430 let's hang tight and look for landing radar. 122 00:08:18,430 --> 00:08:20,412 - [Neil] We'll need that landing radar by 18,000 123 00:08:20,412 --> 00:08:24,412 with this soundtrack program alarm, 1202, 1202, 124 00:08:24,412 --> 00:08:26,771 give us a reading on the 1202 program alarm. 125 00:08:26,771 --> 00:08:28,090 We're going netfly. 126 00:08:28,090 --> 00:08:29,970 If it doesn't reoccur, we'll be gold. 127 00:08:29,970 --> 00:08:31,616 He's taking it in (mumbles). 128 00:08:31,616 --> 00:08:32,449 - [Houston] Roger, we got you. 129 00:08:32,449 --> 00:08:34,060 We're going at alarm. 130 00:08:34,060 --> 00:08:34,920 - [Alex] Each time, 131 00:08:34,920 --> 00:08:37,760 mission control deems it safe to press on. 132 00:08:37,760 --> 00:08:38,950 - [Houston] Okay, all flight controllers 133 00:08:38,950 --> 00:08:39,783 gonna go for landing. 134 00:08:39,783 --> 00:08:40,688 Retro? - [Retro] Go. 135 00:08:40,688 --> 00:08:41,521 - [Houston] FIDO? - [FIDO] Go. 136 00:08:41,521 --> 00:08:42,354 - [Houston] Guidance? - [Guidance] Go. 137 00:08:42,354 --> 00:08:43,187 - [Houston] Control? - [Control] Go. 138 00:08:43,187 --> 00:08:44,020 - [Houston] Telcomm? - [Telcomm] Go. 139 00:08:44,020 --> 00:08:44,853 - [Houston] GNC? - [GNC] Go. 140 00:08:44,853 --> 00:08:45,686 - [Houston] EECOM? - [EECOM] Go. 141 00:08:45,686 --> 00:08:46,519 - [Houston] Surgeon? - [Surgeon] Go. 142 00:08:46,519 --> 00:08:47,543 - [Houston] Capcomm, we're a go for landing. 143 00:08:47,543 --> 00:08:49,753 - [Mike] Eagle, Houston, you're a go for landing, over. 144 00:08:50,890 --> 00:08:53,203 - [Alex] The moon's gravity is uneven. 145 00:08:54,140 --> 00:08:57,863 That causes the Eagle lander to pick up some extra velocity. 146 00:08:58,819 --> 00:09:00,463 - [Buzz] (static) velocity. 147 00:09:01,910 --> 00:09:04,643 Standard speed down, three-and-a-half, 47 forward. 148 00:09:06,070 --> 00:09:07,910 - [Alex] The astronauts sail past 149 00:09:07,910 --> 00:09:10,180 their ideal landing zone. 150 00:09:10,180 --> 00:09:12,797 - [Buzz] Four-and-a-half down, five-an-a-half down. 151 00:09:12,797 --> 00:09:13,760 (intense music) 152 00:09:13,760 --> 00:09:17,210 - [Alex] Flying above a field of boulders as big as houses 153 00:09:17,210 --> 00:09:18,410 and running low on fuel, 154 00:09:19,690 --> 00:09:22,500 Armstrong takes manual control 155 00:09:22,500 --> 00:09:25,313 searching for a clean spot to touch down. 156 00:09:26,782 --> 00:09:29,992 - [Astronaut] Three-and-a-half down, nine forward, 157 00:09:29,992 --> 00:09:30,909 hypervents, 158 00:09:32,249 --> 00:09:33,082 95, 159 00:09:35,792 --> 00:09:39,967 875 feet, it's looking good, down a half. 160 00:09:39,967 --> 00:09:41,884 - [Houston] 60 seconds. 161 00:09:42,949 --> 00:09:45,532 - [Buzz] 60 seconds, lights on. 162 00:09:48,612 --> 00:09:50,279 Down two-and-a-half. 163 00:09:52,532 --> 00:09:53,949 Forward, forward. 164 00:09:55,848 --> 00:09:56,681 Good. 165 00:09:57,663 --> 00:09:59,463 Bring your feet down, two-and-a-half 166 00:09:59,463 --> 00:10:01,570 picking up some dust. 167 00:10:01,570 --> 00:10:03,586 Three feet, two-and-a-half down, (mumbles). 168 00:10:03,586 --> 00:10:05,623 - [Neil] Now at the 30. 169 00:10:05,623 --> 00:10:07,756 - [Buzz] Pull forward, pull forward, 170 00:10:07,756 --> 00:10:09,400 head to the right a little. 171 00:10:09,400 --> 00:10:10,783 30 seconds, 172 00:10:10,783 --> 00:10:12,228 down a half. 173 00:10:12,228 --> 00:10:14,395 30 seconds, forward, good. 174 00:10:19,730 --> 00:10:20,563 Back light. 175 00:10:23,243 --> 00:10:24,840 - [Neil] Okay, engine stop. 176 00:10:24,840 --> 00:10:25,983 ETA on descent. 177 00:10:25,983 --> 00:10:28,080 Both control, both auto (mumbles) 178 00:10:28,080 --> 00:10:29,993 engine command override off. 179 00:10:29,993 --> 00:10:31,553 Engine is on off. 180 00:10:31,553 --> 00:10:32,386 113 is in. 181 00:10:34,170 --> 00:10:35,920 - [Houston] We copy you down Eagle. 182 00:10:36,913 --> 00:10:39,827 - [Neil] A quality day here, the Eagle has landed. 183 00:10:46,130 --> 00:10:49,200 - [Alex] About six and a half hours later, 184 00:10:49,200 --> 00:10:52,113 Neil and Buzz set foot upon the moon. 185 00:10:52,963 --> 00:10:56,180 - [Neil] The surface appears to be very fine-grained 186 00:10:56,180 --> 00:10:57,290 as you get close to it. 187 00:10:57,290 --> 00:10:58,983 It's almost like a powder. 188 00:11:04,475 --> 00:11:07,553 I'm going to step off the lam now. 189 00:11:07,553 --> 00:11:10,053 (piano music) 190 00:11:15,485 --> 00:11:17,985 That's one small step for man, 191 00:11:19,251 --> 00:11:21,501 one giant leap for mankind. 192 00:11:27,253 --> 00:11:29,807 - [Buzz] Are you going to get the contingency sample? 193 00:11:29,807 --> 00:11:30,640 - [Neil] Right. 194 00:11:30,640 --> 00:11:32,960 - [Alex] Armstrong quickly grabs a contingency sample. 195 00:11:32,960 --> 00:11:35,487 - [Neil] I'll try to get a rack in here. 196 00:11:37,058 --> 00:11:38,420 Just be careful. 197 00:11:38,420 --> 00:11:40,040 - [Alex] If they should have to leave quickly, 198 00:11:40,040 --> 00:11:42,067 they won't go home empty-handed. 199 00:11:43,940 --> 00:11:46,657 - [Neil] (mumbles) all it's own. 200 00:11:46,657 --> 00:11:50,573 It's like in the high desert of the United States. 201 00:11:50,573 --> 00:11:54,743 It's different but it's very pretty out here. 202 00:11:54,743 --> 00:11:57,370 - [Alex] Armstrong and Aldrin now set out 203 00:11:57,370 --> 00:11:59,450 to gather rocks and lunar soil, 204 00:11:59,450 --> 00:12:02,950 the first samples plucked by human hands 205 00:12:02,950 --> 00:12:04,400 from the surface of the moon. 206 00:12:10,510 --> 00:12:14,540 The astronauts find themselves on a strange gray world 207 00:12:16,640 --> 00:12:20,763 filled with optical illusions and unexpected juxtapositions. 208 00:12:24,250 --> 00:12:26,660 With no atmosphere to diffuse it, 209 00:12:26,660 --> 00:12:30,773 the sunlight is harsh with shadows cast in deep black. 210 00:12:31,680 --> 00:12:32,770 - [Buzz] I look around here, 211 00:12:32,770 --> 00:12:35,140 the contrast in general 212 00:12:35,140 --> 00:12:38,153 is completely by virtue of the shadows. 213 00:12:39,413 --> 00:12:43,035 - [Alex] Only the lander, the experimental gear, 214 00:12:43,035 --> 00:12:45,673 and the Earth offer swatches of color. 215 00:12:51,790 --> 00:12:53,670 - [Mike] Neil and Buzz, 216 00:12:53,670 --> 00:12:56,860 the President of the United States is in his office now 217 00:12:56,860 --> 00:12:59,323 and would like to say a few words to you, over. 218 00:13:03,900 --> 00:13:05,910 - [Alex] Aldrin places a seismometer, 219 00:13:05,910 --> 00:13:08,793 beginning a long study of the moon's interior. 220 00:13:10,640 --> 00:13:15,000 Recordings of myriad moonquakes show us that, even today, 221 00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:18,570 as heat from the moon's formation slowly dissipates, 222 00:13:18,570 --> 00:13:20,963 Earth's companion is steadily shrinking. 223 00:13:25,697 --> 00:13:26,889 - [Buzz] Beautiful, beautiful. 224 00:13:26,889 --> 00:13:28,877 - [Neil] Ain't that something? 225 00:13:28,877 --> 00:13:31,697 A magnificent sight out here. 226 00:13:31,697 --> 00:13:36,396 - [Buzz] (mumbles) ventilation. 227 00:13:36,396 --> 00:13:37,660 Hey Neil, didn't I say we might 228 00:13:37,660 --> 00:13:39,450 see some purple rocks? 229 00:13:39,450 --> 00:13:40,540 - [Neil] Find a purple rock? 230 00:13:40,540 --> 00:13:41,623 - [Buzz] Yep. 231 00:13:43,980 --> 00:13:45,693 Anything more, before I head on up? 232 00:13:45,693 --> 00:13:47,553 - [Neil] Head on up the ladder Buzz. 233 00:13:48,721 --> 00:13:50,189 - [Buzz] Adios amigo. 234 00:13:50,189 --> 00:13:51,356 - [Neil] Okay. 235 00:14:08,810 --> 00:14:11,277 - [Alex] The first Apollo crew lifted off the moon 236 00:14:11,277 --> 00:14:12,910 aboard the Eagle lander 237 00:14:14,100 --> 00:14:16,770 with two boxes of lunar rocks and dirt 238 00:14:16,770 --> 00:14:19,393 weighing 21.55 kilograms. 239 00:14:29,860 --> 00:14:32,130 - [Buzz] I'm showing a good bit out of plane velocity 240 00:14:32,130 --> 00:14:34,413 on my cross finders Mike. 241 00:14:35,249 --> 00:14:38,832 - [Mike] Roger, I have no indication of it. 242 00:14:43,003 --> 00:14:46,168 - [Buzz] Okay Mike, I'll get in position here 243 00:14:46,168 --> 00:14:47,168 and then you got it. 244 00:14:50,980 --> 00:14:53,300 - [Alex] Just under four hours later, 245 00:14:53,300 --> 00:14:55,950 they docked with the command module Columbia 246 00:14:55,950 --> 00:14:57,000 for the journey home. 247 00:15:03,120 --> 00:15:05,680 Over the next four decades, 248 00:15:05,680 --> 00:15:10,300 Apollo samples would take scientists back in time 249 00:15:10,300 --> 00:15:12,050 helping them to piece together 250 00:15:12,050 --> 00:15:15,053 one of the most dramatic stories ever told, 251 00:15:16,740 --> 00:15:20,290 the birth of the moon and the rise of planet Earth 252 00:15:20,290 --> 00:15:21,793 as we know it today. 253 00:15:24,850 --> 00:15:27,870 Among the major findings of the Apollo missions 254 00:15:27,870 --> 00:15:30,190 is that rocks from Earth and the moon 255 00:15:30,190 --> 00:15:32,490 share particular forms of oxygen 256 00:15:32,490 --> 00:15:34,930 that scientists regard as blood types 257 00:15:34,930 --> 00:15:36,183 for solar system bodies. 258 00:15:39,760 --> 00:15:43,513 This means the two worlds must share a common history. 259 00:15:47,560 --> 00:15:51,560 A picture of the moon's deep past began to emerge, 260 00:15:51,560 --> 00:15:53,473 some of it written right on its face. 261 00:15:57,870 --> 00:16:00,770 Several large old craters are surrounded 262 00:16:00,770 --> 00:16:02,820 by concentric rings. 263 00:16:02,820 --> 00:16:04,220 You can see them in this image 264 00:16:04,220 --> 00:16:07,163 of a feature called the Mare Orientale. 265 00:16:08,910 --> 00:16:12,160 These circles are of the type that might have been created 266 00:16:12,160 --> 00:16:15,480 had a giant impact just splashed down long ago 267 00:16:15,480 --> 00:16:18,233 on a roiling red hot liquid surface. 268 00:16:22,720 --> 00:16:24,930 The first people on the moon encountered 269 00:16:24,930 --> 00:16:28,530 relatively light rocks strewn about the landing site, 270 00:16:28,530 --> 00:16:31,320 probably forced upward by heavier material 271 00:16:31,320 --> 00:16:33,363 sinking toward the moon's core. 272 00:16:37,520 --> 00:16:40,640 These clues suggest that early in its history, 273 00:16:40,640 --> 00:16:44,653 the moon's surface was a vast ocean of molten magma. 274 00:16:51,050 --> 00:16:53,630 The second Apollo mission would bring this idea 275 00:16:53,630 --> 00:16:55,173 into sharp relief. 276 00:16:56,570 --> 00:16:59,473 November the 19th, 1969, 277 00:17:01,810 --> 00:17:05,630 Pete Conrad and Alan Bean distend toward a region 278 00:17:05,630 --> 00:17:09,853 called Oceanus Procellarum, or Ocean of Storms. 279 00:17:12,690 --> 00:17:15,980 This vast plain is covered in a thick layer 280 00:17:15,980 --> 00:17:18,200 of solidified magma, 281 00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:20,943 perhaps unleashed by a large ancient impact. 282 00:17:25,230 --> 00:17:26,730 - [Pete] Very good, very good. 283 00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:29,890 - [Alan] Looks good Pete. 284 00:17:29,890 --> 00:17:31,846 - [Pete] Hey there it is, there it is. 285 00:17:31,846 --> 00:17:33,767 Son of a gun, right down the middle of the road. 286 00:17:33,767 --> 00:17:35,833 - [Alan] Outstanding, 42 degrees Pete. 287 00:17:38,220 --> 00:17:40,760 - [Alex] They're homing in on Surveyor 3, 288 00:17:40,760 --> 00:17:44,553 a robotic lander that touched down in April 1967. 289 00:17:45,485 --> 00:17:48,485 (light piano music) 290 00:17:50,560 --> 00:17:53,580 The idea is to get within walking distance 291 00:17:53,580 --> 00:17:56,603 but not so close that it covers Surveyor with dust. 292 00:17:57,472 --> 00:17:58,922 - [Alan] You're looking good. 293 00:18:00,177 --> 00:18:03,390 - [Pete] We got that crater right where it's supposed to be. 294 00:18:03,390 --> 00:18:08,100 You're beautiful, 257 feet, coming down in five. 295 00:18:08,100 --> 00:18:11,820 - [Alex] Conrad decides to come down 177 meters short 296 00:18:11,820 --> 00:18:15,620 of Pete's parking lot to avoid rough terrain ahead 297 00:18:15,620 --> 00:18:18,793 but still a safe 360 meters from Surveyor. 298 00:18:19,980 --> 00:18:20,820 - [Alan] Coming down in two, Pete. 299 00:18:20,820 --> 00:18:23,120 You've got plenty of gas, plenty of gas dude, 300 00:18:23,120 --> 00:18:23,953 hang in there. 301 00:18:23,953 --> 00:18:26,064 - [Houston] 30 seconds. - [Pete] Coming down in two. 302 00:18:26,064 --> 00:18:27,820 - [Alan] He's got it made. 303 00:18:27,820 --> 00:18:28,723 Come on in there. 304 00:18:29,770 --> 00:18:30,680 - [Pete] Contact lights. 305 00:18:30,680 --> 00:18:32,810 - [Houston] Roger, copy contact. 306 00:18:32,810 --> 00:18:34,629 - [Pete] Okay, (static) off. 307 00:18:34,629 --> 00:18:36,150 (mumbling among static) 308 00:18:36,150 --> 00:18:39,233 - [Alan] Good landing Pete, outstanding man. 309 00:18:42,370 --> 00:18:45,740 - [Alex] Now on the moon, they unmount Surveyor's TV camera 310 00:18:45,740 --> 00:18:48,163 and other parts to take back for analysis. 311 00:18:52,520 --> 00:18:55,740 Later, the detection of streptococcus bacteria 312 00:18:55,740 --> 00:18:58,040 on Surveyor's parts will suggest that 313 00:18:58,040 --> 00:19:00,693 microbes can survive years in space. 314 00:19:05,190 --> 00:19:07,210 This leads NASA to purposely 315 00:19:07,210 --> 00:19:11,170 destroy the Galileo mission to Jupiter in 2003 316 00:19:11,170 --> 00:19:14,600 and the Cassini mission to Saturn in 2017 317 00:19:14,600 --> 00:19:18,263 to avoid contaminating moons that may be ripe for life. 318 00:19:26,210 --> 00:19:27,820 On the lunar surface, 319 00:19:27,820 --> 00:19:32,040 Conrad and Bean pick up a rock eventually nicknamed, KREEP, 320 00:19:32,040 --> 00:19:34,740 for its constituents, potassium, 321 00:19:34,740 --> 00:19:37,103 rare Earth elements, and phosphorus. 322 00:19:40,090 --> 00:19:43,930 These highland specimens are a rock type called anorthosite 323 00:19:45,150 --> 00:19:47,380 a product of a molten surface, 324 00:19:47,380 --> 00:19:50,573 its presence is another clue to the origin of the moon. 325 00:20:00,060 --> 00:20:04,320 Before Apollo, scientists entertained a range of theories 326 00:20:04,320 --> 00:20:05,903 on where the moon came from, 327 00:20:07,940 --> 00:20:11,973 it's a proto-planet snagged by Earth as it passed by; 328 00:20:14,470 --> 00:20:17,823 or that formed right along side the Earth at the same time; 329 00:20:21,710 --> 00:20:25,080 it's what remains of debris scattered by an asteroid 330 00:20:25,080 --> 00:20:27,743 large enough to carve out the Pacific Ocean; 331 00:20:31,260 --> 00:20:33,810 or from rocks that exploded into space 332 00:20:33,810 --> 00:20:37,553 when radioactive materials sunk to the center of the Earth. 333 00:20:38,720 --> 00:20:41,137 (thundering) 334 00:20:47,240 --> 00:20:50,140 The 12 people who walked the lunar surface 335 00:20:50,140 --> 00:20:52,120 saw nothing that could, by itself, 336 00:20:52,120 --> 00:20:54,873 solve the mystery of the moon's formation. 337 00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:01,030 Had they left with only photographs and memories, 338 00:21:01,030 --> 00:21:02,203 we might never know. 339 00:21:05,690 --> 00:21:08,600 Instead, they brought home rocks 340 00:21:08,600 --> 00:21:11,313 and made meticulous records of their context. 341 00:21:13,110 --> 00:21:17,457 Those rocks take us back to a time 4.5 billion years ago. 342 00:21:24,210 --> 00:21:27,480 Within the kingdom of the sun a gravitational battle 343 00:21:27,480 --> 00:21:29,803 rages amongst nascent planets, 344 00:21:30,960 --> 00:21:34,320 a young hot Earth is growing slowly, 345 00:21:34,320 --> 00:21:37,093 drawing asteroids and dust into its body. 346 00:21:42,347 --> 00:21:46,597 A proto-planet, the size of Mars, crosses its path. 347 00:21:47,970 --> 00:21:50,803 It has an iron core and a silicate mantle. 348 00:21:53,228 --> 00:21:55,963 Theia is on a collision course with Earth. 349 00:22:02,260 --> 00:22:06,513 As this computer simulation shows it deals a glancing blow, 350 00:22:07,640 --> 00:22:11,040 tearing away about a third of Earth's mass 351 00:22:11,040 --> 00:22:13,543 and leaving the remainder spinning rapidly. 352 00:22:16,790 --> 00:22:19,970 The impact envelops Earth in a dense atmosphere 353 00:22:19,970 --> 00:22:22,393 of super hot vaporized rock. 354 00:22:25,100 --> 00:22:27,090 Much of the wreckage falls back 355 00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:30,847 in a rain of fiery impacters. 356 00:22:36,620 --> 00:22:41,000 About a 1/100th of Earth's former mass now lies in a disc 357 00:22:42,070 --> 00:22:44,793 eventually settling into a lumpy ring. 358 00:22:49,960 --> 00:22:52,260 This debris ring gradually breaks up 359 00:22:58,010 --> 00:23:00,603 and over about a century's time, 360 00:23:01,820 --> 00:23:03,973 coalesces into a single sphere. 361 00:23:08,910 --> 00:23:12,983 The surface of this new moon is a hot magma ocean. 362 00:23:14,621 --> 00:23:17,273 Anorthosite rock floats to the surface, 363 00:23:19,060 --> 00:23:20,983 slowly hardening into a crust. 364 00:23:33,720 --> 00:23:36,000 For hundreds of millions of years, 365 00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:39,443 that crust will be battered by impacts large and small. 366 00:23:41,045 --> 00:23:43,545 (piano music) 367 00:23:48,994 --> 00:23:53,827 The craters we see today bear witness to this violent age. 368 00:24:04,997 --> 00:24:08,497 4.51 billion years after the moon was born 369 00:24:09,430 --> 00:24:11,800 explorers would step onto this surface 370 00:24:12,820 --> 00:24:17,820 on a journey into it's past and into that of Earth. 371 00:24:22,387 --> 00:24:25,620 Apollo 14's Alan Shepard and Ed Mitchell 372 00:24:25,620 --> 00:24:28,110 step into a confusing realm, 373 00:24:28,110 --> 00:24:30,903 littered with ancient creek rock specimens. 374 00:24:33,580 --> 00:24:36,123 They head toward the rim of Cone crater, 375 00:24:37,240 --> 00:24:39,765 on the hunt for rocks from the lunar interior 376 00:24:39,765 --> 00:24:41,283 blasted out by an impact. 377 00:24:44,460 --> 00:24:48,380 Many contain chemical traces of multiple impact events 378 00:24:48,380 --> 00:24:50,770 in which rocks melt and recombine 379 00:24:50,770 --> 00:24:52,603 to make mashups known as breccias. 380 00:24:57,050 --> 00:25:00,620 Unlike Earth where weather and erosion have erased evidence 381 00:25:00,620 --> 00:25:02,323 of all but the largest impacts, 382 00:25:03,550 --> 00:25:06,240 the moon retains a detailed record of bombardment 383 00:25:08,460 --> 00:25:11,470 in myriad craters, boulders, jagged rocks, 384 00:25:11,470 --> 00:25:14,863 and lunar bedrock smashed into fine powder. 385 00:25:17,889 --> 00:25:21,000 The film from Apollo missions shows astronauts 386 00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,443 bouncing along with seeming ease in a low lunar gravity. 387 00:25:26,390 --> 00:25:29,693 In reality, exploring the moon is hard work. 388 00:25:30,940 --> 00:25:33,750 Spacesuits made rigid by the very air 389 00:25:33,750 --> 00:25:35,780 the astronauts need to breathe, 390 00:25:35,780 --> 00:25:39,023 restrict bending at the waist, knees, and elbows. 391 00:25:43,260 --> 00:25:45,920 Yet, these soldiers of science were tasked 392 00:25:45,920 --> 00:25:48,253 with maneuvering complex instruments. 393 00:25:51,488 --> 00:25:53,507 - [Alan] Oh, dag-gummit. 394 00:25:55,150 --> 00:25:57,550 - [Alex] With chipping off and picking up rocks. 395 00:26:00,216 --> 00:26:02,966 - [Alan] Okay base, open the bag. 396 00:26:05,720 --> 00:26:08,070 - [Alex] And with driving core tubes down 397 00:26:08,070 --> 00:26:10,750 into ancient densely compacted soil. 398 00:26:14,009 --> 00:26:15,092 - [Jim] Stop! 399 00:26:16,967 --> 00:26:18,134 - [Dave] Okay. 400 00:26:19,445 --> 00:26:22,776 - [Jim] Well you see that one went all the way in. 401 00:26:22,776 --> 00:26:24,359 - [Dave] Not quite. 402 00:26:35,086 --> 00:26:36,839 - [Jim] Well I can't get over those lineations 403 00:26:36,839 --> 00:26:39,326 of layering in Mount Hadley. 404 00:26:39,326 --> 00:26:40,198 - [Dave] Boy I can't either, 405 00:26:40,198 --> 00:26:42,810 that's really spectacular, it's beautiful. 406 00:26:42,810 --> 00:26:45,500 - [Alex] On the next mission, Apollo 15, 407 00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:47,930 the astronauts are given electric drills 408 00:26:47,930 --> 00:26:49,750 to take deeper core samples. 409 00:26:49,750 --> 00:26:52,267 - [Dave] Well it's a great massage. 410 00:26:52,267 --> 00:26:53,740 I'm not putting any force on it at all. 411 00:26:53,740 --> 00:26:54,573 It pulls itself down in. 412 00:26:56,640 --> 00:26:59,510 - [Alex] NASA has ramped up it's science goals 413 00:26:59,510 --> 00:27:01,783 so the surface daytime is extended. 414 00:27:03,610 --> 00:27:08,197 Dave Scott and Jim Irwin complete 18 hours of moon walking 415 00:27:09,968 --> 00:27:13,243 and moon driving in the first powered lunar rover. 416 00:27:15,249 --> 00:27:16,956 - [Dave] Okay Joe I'm going to put 417 00:27:16,956 --> 00:27:21,103 the TV on the rover now, cable's connected. 418 00:27:21,103 --> 00:27:23,381 - [Alex] Wheeled mobility proves key 419 00:27:23,381 --> 00:27:25,464 to the scientific bounty. 420 00:27:31,497 --> 00:27:34,750 - [Dave] Jim we're heading three-two-zero 421 00:27:34,750 --> 00:27:38,821 bearing three-five-zero and range is 4.3. 422 00:27:38,821 --> 00:27:40,309 - [Jim] Man, that's the most organized mountain 423 00:27:40,309 --> 00:27:42,349 I've ever seen (laughs). 424 00:27:42,349 --> 00:27:46,599 - [Dave] Yeah they're so uniform in width you know. 425 00:27:50,979 --> 00:27:53,017 - [Alex] Their landing site lies near 426 00:27:53,017 --> 00:27:57,335 a collapsed lava tube called Hadley Rille. 427 00:27:57,335 --> 00:28:02,170 - [Houston] Five to 3,000 feet, five to... 428 00:28:02,170 --> 00:28:04,910 - [Alex] It's a huge extrusion of hot magma 429 00:28:04,910 --> 00:28:07,220 that wormed it's way across the surface 430 00:28:07,220 --> 00:28:09,003 then cooled and hardened. 431 00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:16,400 Later on, the roof collapsed exposing it's hollow interior. 432 00:28:16,490 --> 00:28:18,420 - [Jim] Wow, look at those large blocks 433 00:28:18,420 --> 00:28:19,593 on that west wall. 434 00:28:22,496 --> 00:28:24,870 - [Alex] This long sinuous conduit 435 00:28:24,870 --> 00:28:28,073 is similar to features made by volcanoes here on Earth. 436 00:28:29,700 --> 00:28:34,700 But Hadley Rille is much larger, 135 kilometers long, 437 00:28:34,860 --> 00:28:37,243 thanks to the moon's much lower gravity. 438 00:28:43,730 --> 00:28:47,470 Lava tubes like this could make naturally shielded habitats 439 00:28:47,470 --> 00:28:49,373 for future lunar citizens. 440 00:28:52,300 --> 00:28:55,048 - [Jim] Look at that, guess what we just found? 441 00:28:55,048 --> 00:28:56,560 Guess what we just found? 442 00:28:56,560 --> 00:28:58,470 I think we found what we came for. 443 00:28:58,470 --> 00:28:59,950 - [Dave] Bag it up. 444 00:28:59,950 --> 00:29:02,050 - [Alex] During their second excursion, 445 00:29:02,050 --> 00:29:05,073 the crew collects sample number 15415, 446 00:29:06,620 --> 00:29:09,993 an object that comes to be called the Genesis Rock. 447 00:29:12,380 --> 00:29:16,450 It takes scientists back 4 billion years 448 00:29:16,450 --> 00:29:18,180 to a time when the moon's surface 449 00:29:18,180 --> 00:29:21,233 was being pounded by giant asteroids and comets. 450 00:29:24,060 --> 00:29:27,970 The craters left by these clashes, still visible today, 451 00:29:27,970 --> 00:29:30,580 are a record of the pummeling Earth would have endured 452 00:29:30,580 --> 00:29:31,973 in the same period. 453 00:29:35,010 --> 00:29:38,870 This barrage of material is thought to be a main source 454 00:29:38,870 --> 00:29:41,903 for the water that dominates the surface of our planet. 455 00:29:54,070 --> 00:29:57,653 The next moon shot pushes deeper into this ancient period. 456 00:30:01,221 --> 00:30:02,450 - [Charlie] Okay fuel is good, 10%, 457 00:30:02,450 --> 00:30:04,063 there comes the shadow. 458 00:30:05,914 --> 00:30:09,384 A perfect place over here John, a couple of big boulders. 459 00:30:09,384 --> 00:30:10,884 (mumbles) three looking super. 460 00:30:11,904 --> 00:30:12,954 Give me one click up. 461 00:30:14,124 --> 00:30:15,834 Okay, back it up slightly. 462 00:30:15,834 --> 00:30:18,834 Okay, two down, standby for contact. 463 00:30:21,437 --> 00:30:23,800 - [Alex] Apollo 16 touches down in a region 464 00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:25,590 far from previous landings 465 00:30:26,490 --> 00:30:29,560 to get better triangulation on seismic data 466 00:30:29,560 --> 00:30:32,083 and to explore higher elevation terrain. 467 00:30:34,570 --> 00:30:37,220 Until Apollo, most theorists believed 468 00:30:37,220 --> 00:30:40,473 the lunar highlands were built by ancient volcanoes. 469 00:30:43,910 --> 00:30:46,760 Astronauts John Young and Charlie Duke 470 00:30:46,760 --> 00:30:49,273 quickly cast doubts on this hypothesis. 471 00:30:51,280 --> 00:30:53,960 In more than 20 hours of prospecting, 472 00:30:53,960 --> 00:30:57,173 the pair finds almost nothing of volcanic origin. 473 00:31:05,650 --> 00:31:07,720 Instead, the surface of the moon 474 00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:09,823 appears to be all about impacts. 475 00:31:20,840 --> 00:31:23,230 Duke and Young bag two samples 476 00:31:23,230 --> 00:31:26,670 that will turn out to be the largest and oldest found, 477 00:31:26,670 --> 00:31:31,670 4.44 billion years, almost as old as the moon itself. 478 00:31:32,331 --> 00:31:34,831 (eerie music) 479 00:31:53,970 --> 00:31:55,781 - [Jim] Endeavor's on time. 480 00:31:55,781 --> 00:31:57,223 - [Houston] Roger, we saw lift off. 481 00:31:58,150 --> 00:31:59,733 - [Jim] What a ride, what a ride. 482 00:32:25,639 --> 00:32:26,807 - [Al] Well that old visor with the glare shield 483 00:32:26,807 --> 00:32:29,030 really comes in handy. 484 00:32:29,030 --> 00:32:31,500 - [Alex] Beginning on Apollo 15, 485 00:32:31,500 --> 00:32:33,420 every ship has carried lunar mapping 486 00:32:33,420 --> 00:32:35,980 and panoramic cameras mounted outside. 487 00:32:37,618 --> 00:32:39,220 - [Al] Well that's a mapping camera 488 00:32:39,220 --> 00:32:41,873 and the Stellar Cover 4 is open 489 00:32:42,744 --> 00:32:44,394 and it's jamming up the handrail. 490 00:32:46,350 --> 00:32:48,470 - [Alex] It's the command module pilot's job 491 00:32:48,470 --> 00:32:50,160 to retrieve film cassettes 492 00:32:51,020 --> 00:32:53,200 because the service module will be jettisoned 493 00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:55,520 before reentering Earth's atmosphere. 494 00:32:56,480 --> 00:32:59,053 - [Al] Okay, here comes the mapping camera cover. 495 00:33:02,650 --> 00:33:04,183 Man the old moves out there. 496 00:33:07,500 --> 00:33:09,400 - [Alex] In the darkness of space, 497 00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:13,480 more than 315,000 kilometers from Earth, 498 00:33:13,480 --> 00:33:17,480 astronauts Al Worden, Ken Mattingly, and Ronald Evans 499 00:33:17,480 --> 00:33:20,290 will each see the moon shrink behind them 500 00:33:20,290 --> 00:33:21,634 as they rush toward Earth 501 00:33:21,634 --> 00:33:25,380 at more than 4,800 kilometers per hour. 502 00:33:28,234 --> 00:33:30,413 - [Al] That's her babe, right off the nose. 503 00:33:47,850 --> 00:33:50,080 - [Alex] The last Apollo targets a region 504 00:33:50,080 --> 00:33:53,243 where ancient and infant geology intersect, 505 00:33:55,230 --> 00:33:57,633 it is named Taurus-Littrow. 506 00:33:59,539 --> 00:34:02,430 - [Astronaut] Okay stand by for pitch over. 507 00:34:02,430 --> 00:34:05,830 Oh are we coming in, oh baby. 508 00:34:05,830 --> 00:34:08,100 There it is, proceeded. 509 00:34:08,100 --> 00:34:11,560 And there it is Houston, there's Camelot, wide ass target. 510 00:34:11,560 --> 00:34:12,717 - [Astronaut] I see it. 511 00:34:12,717 --> 00:34:14,843 - [Houston] Challenger you're a go for landing. 512 00:34:27,450 --> 00:34:30,330 - [Alex] Onto this mix of old and new terrain 513 00:34:30,330 --> 00:34:31,970 steps the Apollo Program's 514 00:34:31,970 --> 00:34:35,360 first and only practicing scientist, 515 00:34:35,360 --> 00:34:38,757 geologist Harrison Jack Schmitt. 516 00:34:38,757 --> 00:34:41,674 (soft piano music) 517 00:34:53,748 --> 00:34:57,120 The youngest material here comes from a huge crater 518 00:34:57,120 --> 00:35:01,500 far away, the bright feature called Tycho, 519 00:35:01,500 --> 00:35:03,393 known as the bellybutton of the moon. 520 00:35:08,260 --> 00:35:11,130 Analysis confirms that Tycho is the product 521 00:35:11,130 --> 00:35:14,880 of an asteroid strike 108 million years ago, 522 00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:17,743 very recent compared to the age of the moon. 523 00:35:22,487 --> 00:35:24,542 - [Harrison] Oh hey, 524 00:35:24,542 --> 00:35:26,292 there is orange soil. 525 00:35:27,260 --> 00:35:29,690 - [Gene] Well don't move it until I see it. 526 00:35:29,690 --> 00:35:32,737 - [Harrison] It's all over, orange. 527 00:35:32,737 --> 00:35:34,130 - [Gene] Crazy. 528 00:35:34,130 --> 00:35:36,510 - [Alex] Schmitt and his fellow moonwalker 529 00:35:36,510 --> 00:35:39,140 and mission commander Eugene Cernan 530 00:35:39,140 --> 00:35:41,380 also find particles of glass 531 00:35:41,380 --> 00:35:44,293 created in an ancient explosive eruption. 532 00:35:45,480 --> 00:35:47,813 - [Harrison] I've gotta dig a trench Houston. 533 00:35:49,188 --> 00:35:51,021 Fantastic sports fans. 534 00:35:53,267 --> 00:35:54,560 - [Alex] But is the moon still 535 00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:56,073 volcanically active today? 536 00:36:01,590 --> 00:36:03,460 To help find out, 537 00:36:03,460 --> 00:36:05,640 Apollo 17 has brought the first 538 00:36:05,640 --> 00:36:07,510 gravity measuring instrument, 539 00:36:07,510 --> 00:36:09,590 the transverse gravimeter, 540 00:36:09,590 --> 00:36:11,130 to give scientists a picture 541 00:36:11,130 --> 00:36:13,143 of what lies beneath the surface. 542 00:36:15,290 --> 00:36:17,780 The crew drills three meters down 543 00:36:17,780 --> 00:36:22,510 and 3.8 million years back into the lunar crust. 544 00:36:22,510 --> 00:36:24,820 - [Harrison] What am I doing down in here? 545 00:36:24,820 --> 00:36:26,957 - [Gene] What were you doing down in there (laughs)? 546 00:36:28,610 --> 00:36:30,091 - [Harrison] She's going in like 547 00:36:30,091 --> 00:36:31,500 she's into pretty good stuff. 548 00:36:31,500 --> 00:36:33,500 I'm not putting too much pressure on it. 549 00:36:34,840 --> 00:36:37,590 - [Gene] Boy the old fingers really do suffer on these. 550 00:36:41,239 --> 00:36:44,740 - [Alex] The 111 kilograms of cylindrical core sections 551 00:36:44,740 --> 00:36:48,780 they bring back to Earth will tell a story of hot rock, 552 00:36:48,780 --> 00:36:52,370 200 kilometers below in the basement of the moon. 553 00:36:53,311 --> 00:36:55,811 (piano music) 554 00:37:09,718 --> 00:37:13,003 By the time the last Apollo astronauts splash down, 555 00:37:14,520 --> 00:37:17,523 the glow of Apollo had already begun to fade. 556 00:37:19,750 --> 00:37:23,200 Fearing the embarrassment of a catastrophe in space, 557 00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:24,990 the Nixon White House canceled 558 00:37:24,990 --> 00:37:26,803 the last three Apollo missions. 559 00:37:29,360 --> 00:37:32,080 But the Apollo Program left an indelible 560 00:37:32,080 --> 00:37:34,433 scientific and cultural footprint. 561 00:37:43,740 --> 00:37:47,133 Space has come to symbolize human ambition. 562 00:37:51,780 --> 00:37:54,290 An Apollo Saturn rocket up a stage 563 00:37:54,290 --> 00:37:56,823 was converted and launched as Sky Lab. 564 00:38:04,357 --> 00:38:06,607 (cheering) 565 00:38:07,887 --> 00:38:10,060 (fire roaring) 566 00:38:10,060 --> 00:38:13,140 NASA went on to build a partially reusable system 567 00:38:13,140 --> 00:38:15,913 to shuttle astronauts into low Earth orbit. 568 00:38:22,610 --> 00:38:24,450 The space-faring nations built 569 00:38:24,450 --> 00:38:26,460 the International Space Station 570 00:38:26,460 --> 00:38:30,063 to encourage political stability and prove cooperation. 571 00:38:33,180 --> 00:38:37,733 Work onboard ISS has advanced life support technologies. 572 00:38:42,180 --> 00:38:45,960 Meanwhile, private entrepreneurs launched satellites, 573 00:38:45,960 --> 00:38:48,960 building a robust industry supplying communications 574 00:38:48,960 --> 00:38:50,533 and navigation services. 575 00:38:57,000 --> 00:38:59,100 Still embracing exploration, 576 00:38:59,100 --> 00:39:01,490 public agencies led by NASA 577 00:39:01,490 --> 00:39:05,243 sent waves of robotic probes deep into the solar system. 578 00:39:10,940 --> 00:39:14,440 Two of them, the twin Voyager probes have now ventured 579 00:39:14,440 --> 00:39:16,103 into interstellar space. 580 00:39:21,910 --> 00:39:26,140 Space-based observatories like the Hubble Space Telescope 581 00:39:26,140 --> 00:39:30,363 projected our eyes and minds out into the universe at large. 582 00:39:35,040 --> 00:39:38,100 As this golden age of astronomy unfolded, 583 00:39:38,100 --> 00:39:41,270 it sparked a host of new questions for scientists 584 00:39:41,270 --> 00:39:43,630 laboring over bags of rocks and dirt 585 00:39:43,630 --> 00:39:44,980 brought back from the moon. 586 00:39:48,700 --> 00:39:51,740 The giant impact theory became the starting point 587 00:39:51,740 --> 00:39:54,303 for a rethinking of the Earth-moon relationship. 588 00:39:59,350 --> 00:40:04,090 In 2017, researchers applied new radio isotope 589 00:40:04,090 --> 00:40:09,090 dating techniques to samples from 1971's Apollo 14 mission. 590 00:40:12,744 --> 00:40:14,290 - [Harrison] Basically most of these boulders 591 00:40:14,290 --> 00:40:17,290 are the same brownish gray, 592 00:40:17,290 --> 00:40:19,613 at least we've seen one 593 00:40:19,613 --> 00:40:22,480 that was definitely almost white in color, 594 00:40:22,480 --> 00:40:24,090 a very definite difference in color 595 00:40:24,090 --> 00:40:25,143 which we'll document. 596 00:40:26,580 --> 00:40:29,938 We know beneath this dark brown regular 597 00:40:29,938 --> 00:40:32,863 there is a very light brown layer. 598 00:40:34,880 --> 00:40:37,090 - [Alex] This work placed the moon's birth 599 00:40:37,090 --> 00:40:39,723 at 4.51 billion years ago, 600 00:40:40,660 --> 00:40:43,750 fixing a date for an age of colliding proto-planets 601 00:40:43,750 --> 00:40:46,283 that built the solar system we see today. 602 00:40:49,050 --> 00:40:51,660 If the moon had been born much later, 603 00:40:51,660 --> 00:40:54,790 there would not have been enough time for the planet to cool 604 00:40:54,790 --> 00:40:58,443 and for life to arrive some 400 million years later. 605 00:41:11,348 --> 00:41:13,030 According to theory, 606 00:41:13,030 --> 00:41:15,220 Theia struck at an off angle 607 00:41:16,180 --> 00:41:18,750 that would have given Earth its tilt 608 00:41:18,750 --> 00:41:22,043 and set it spinning at a rate of once every five hours. 609 00:41:25,600 --> 00:41:29,440 Over the eons, as the moon's orbit widened, 610 00:41:29,440 --> 00:41:31,600 it gradually slowed Earth's spin 611 00:41:31,600 --> 00:41:34,423 to the 24 hours we experience today. 612 00:41:46,979 --> 00:41:49,670 (waves roaring) 613 00:41:49,670 --> 00:41:53,170 In the early days, ocean tides on our young planet 614 00:41:53,170 --> 00:41:56,087 were much larger and more frequent. 615 00:42:05,380 --> 00:42:10,380 As the Earth cooled, water sloshing onto volcanic islands 616 00:42:10,390 --> 00:42:12,653 would have encouraged chemicals to mix, 617 00:42:13,620 --> 00:42:17,300 forming more complex prebiotic compounds. 618 00:42:17,300 --> 00:42:19,800 (piano music) 619 00:42:27,268 --> 00:42:30,730 Moontides in turn, helped moderate and regulate 620 00:42:30,730 --> 00:42:33,300 the global climate by causing heat 621 00:42:33,300 --> 00:42:35,060 to flow from equator to pole. 622 00:42:42,530 --> 00:42:45,260 Without the pull of the moon's gravity, 623 00:42:45,260 --> 00:42:48,323 Earth would likely wobble by as much as 80 degrees. 624 00:42:51,790 --> 00:42:54,320 Imagine if every few thousand years 625 00:42:54,320 --> 00:42:56,133 as Earth changes its tilt, 626 00:42:57,740 --> 00:43:00,480 icebergs appeared in Ecuador and Senegal 627 00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:05,503 and tropical beaches in Iceland and Siberia. 628 00:43:16,310 --> 00:43:20,000 From the record of impacts held in the Apollo rocks, 629 00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:22,800 scientists began to imagine that water ice 630 00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:26,053 may be trapped in the deep shadows of polar craters. 631 00:43:29,600 --> 00:43:32,400 With no atmosphere to transport heat, 632 00:43:32,400 --> 00:43:34,560 these shadow lands would stay cold 633 00:43:34,560 --> 00:43:37,363 for millions if not billions of years. 634 00:43:43,340 --> 00:43:46,273 The first hints came in 1994. 635 00:43:48,160 --> 00:43:51,350 A probe named Clementine bounced radio signals 636 00:43:51,350 --> 00:43:52,713 off polar regions. 637 00:43:54,750 --> 00:43:57,763 The data were consistent with water molecules. 638 00:44:02,890 --> 00:44:05,570 Four years later, the lunar prospector 639 00:44:05,570 --> 00:44:07,360 picked up signatures of hydrogen 640 00:44:07,360 --> 00:44:10,683 associated with water at both lunar poles. 641 00:44:15,580 --> 00:44:20,580 In 2009, NASA's Lunar Crater Observation Sensing Satellite, 642 00:44:20,970 --> 00:44:24,430 LCOSS, aimed an impacter at Cabeas crater 643 00:44:24,430 --> 00:44:25,490 near the South Pole 644 00:44:28,420 --> 00:44:30,820 and then watched what was kicked up when it hit. 645 00:44:32,630 --> 00:44:37,083 The spectacular, unmistakable evidence of abundant water. 646 00:44:38,428 --> 00:44:41,011 (water rushes) 647 00:44:42,340 --> 00:44:46,070 Ancient lunar ice could be key to extending life 648 00:44:46,070 --> 00:44:47,603 beyond our home planet. 649 00:44:49,070 --> 00:44:53,010 Water is the enabler of space-based civilization, 650 00:44:53,010 --> 00:44:56,853 the far-reaching dream behind the Apollo Program. 651 00:45:01,350 --> 00:45:03,780 NASA has announced an ambitious plan 652 00:45:03,780 --> 00:45:05,723 to return people to the moon. 653 00:45:07,300 --> 00:45:09,440 However, the agency receives less than 654 00:45:09,440 --> 00:45:13,130 1/8 the annual funding it got during Apollo 655 00:45:13,130 --> 00:45:16,933 which cost more than $110 billion in today's dollars. 656 00:45:18,960 --> 00:45:22,370 At the same time, private companies have begun to assume 657 00:45:22,370 --> 00:45:24,273 the mantle of space development. 658 00:45:26,130 --> 00:45:28,640 The techniques proven by Project Apollo 659 00:45:28,640 --> 00:45:29,943 are showing them the way. 660 00:45:32,560 --> 00:45:34,650 Entrepreneurs are investing now 661 00:45:34,650 --> 00:45:38,373 because they foresee a vibrant space industrial economy. 662 00:45:41,520 --> 00:45:43,580 And the businesses that will drive it 663 00:45:43,580 --> 00:45:45,670 are rooted in the enormous resources 664 00:45:45,670 --> 00:45:47,763 available on the lunar surface. 665 00:45:50,930 --> 00:45:54,840 At just 69 hours away by chemical rocket, 666 00:45:54,840 --> 00:45:58,193 the moon is our most likely extraterrestrial base. 667 00:46:00,060 --> 00:46:03,533 It has a natural power source, the sun. 668 00:46:08,900 --> 00:46:11,840 The sunlit lunar day length is equivalent 669 00:46:11,840 --> 00:46:13,623 to two weeks on Earth. 670 00:46:18,540 --> 00:46:20,720 A system of solar energy farms 671 00:46:20,720 --> 00:46:22,770 arranged around the moon's equator 672 00:46:22,770 --> 00:46:24,803 could supply constant power. 673 00:46:30,766 --> 00:46:31,607 - [Harrison] And I'm picking up several pieces 674 00:46:31,607 --> 00:46:34,693 of really breccicular rock out here now. 675 00:46:35,740 --> 00:46:38,600 - [Alex] Silicon and oxygen extracted from the soil 676 00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:41,463 could be fashioned into photovoltaic cells. 677 00:46:45,570 --> 00:46:48,930 Solar energy plants built of lunar materials 678 00:46:48,930 --> 00:46:52,973 could be ferried to Earth orbit or interplanetary locations. 679 00:46:58,060 --> 00:47:01,513 Solar-powered rovers could crawl non-stop around the moon. 680 00:47:06,350 --> 00:47:08,910 Apollo samples show the lunar surface 681 00:47:08,910 --> 00:47:11,510 is rich in metals for building, 682 00:47:11,510 --> 00:47:13,863 iron, titanium, and aluminum, 683 00:47:15,740 --> 00:47:18,933 and fine silicon-laden dirt to make cement. 684 00:47:23,760 --> 00:47:26,770 Lunar prospectors will likely find gold, 685 00:47:26,770 --> 00:47:29,403 platinum group, and rare Earth metals. 686 00:47:31,220 --> 00:47:35,330 The 1967 United Nations Outer Space Treaty 687 00:47:35,330 --> 00:47:37,030 precludes any Earth nation 688 00:47:37,030 --> 00:47:39,510 from claiming the moon as sovereign territory 689 00:47:40,400 --> 00:47:42,630 but it does not prevent private companies 690 00:47:42,630 --> 00:47:44,503 from staking mining claims. 691 00:47:47,520 --> 00:47:50,320 The body of law governing how the moon will develop 692 00:47:50,320 --> 00:47:51,573 is in its infancy. 693 00:47:53,920 --> 00:47:57,980 Government space agencies may at first lead the lunar reboot 694 00:47:59,500 --> 00:48:01,883 but they probably won't manage it over time. 695 00:48:05,570 --> 00:48:07,410 A politically neutral body, 696 00:48:07,410 --> 00:48:09,880 a lunar authority may be needed 697 00:48:09,880 --> 00:48:12,250 to guide the long-term vision and planning 698 00:48:13,330 --> 00:48:16,443 and to keep the peace should a lunar land rush begin. 699 00:48:26,190 --> 00:48:28,993 It's dusty surface is a new frontier. 700 00:48:32,840 --> 00:48:34,893 The old moon made us what we are. 701 00:48:40,970 --> 00:48:43,423 Even as the memory of Apollo fades, 702 00:48:45,300 --> 00:48:47,840 the bright light of this new moon 703 00:48:47,840 --> 00:48:50,864 calls us to venture again to its shores 704 00:48:50,864 --> 00:48:54,507 (adventurous orchestral music) 705 00:48:54,507 --> 00:48:55,424 and beyond. 706 00:49:06,851 --> 00:49:09,768 (soft piano music) 51778

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