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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:06,006 --> 00:00:07,683 Come on, push. 2 00:00:07,707 --> 00:00:09,376 Give it a good push, Rachel. Good push. 3 00:00:09,476 --> 00:00:11,978 Push down! Push down! Push down! 4 00:00:14,981 --> 00:00:15,981 Well done. 5 00:00:16,483 --> 00:00:21,388 Now look who we have! Look who we have! A little girl! 6 00:00:21,955 --> 00:00:23,556 Oh, my... 7 00:00:23,623 --> 00:00:26,659 I waited so long for you! 8 00:00:28,461 --> 00:00:29,562 Well done. 9 00:00:29,629 --> 00:00:30,764 Well done, Rachel. 10 00:00:31,698 --> 00:00:33,666 Let's take off this sheet. You okay? 11 00:00:33,733 --> 00:00:36,336 Look at her. She's perfect. 12 00:00:38,805 --> 00:00:39,873 Wow! 13 00:00:41,074 --> 00:00:44,077 Oh, my baby! 14 00:00:46,780 --> 00:00:48,114 - Hey! - Well done. 15 00:00:48,181 --> 00:00:50,781 - She's perfect. - She is. She looks like her. 16 00:00:53,653 --> 00:00:55,889 I'm just going to switch the towel. Thank you. 17 00:00:57,290 --> 00:00:58,558 Hello, pretty. 18 00:00:58,625 --> 00:01:00,660 Where have you been? 19 00:01:00,727 --> 00:01:01,727 Where have you been? 20 00:01:02,295 --> 00:01:03,295 It's over. 21 00:01:04,864 --> 00:01:06,144 - It's Willow. - Willow. 22 00:01:06,199 --> 00:01:07,199 Willow. 23 00:01:10,737 --> 00:01:12,906 When we look at a baby... 24 00:01:14,908 --> 00:01:16,776 you can't help but wonder... 25 00:01:18,211 --> 00:01:20,013 What is going on inside? 26 00:01:21,514 --> 00:01:23,383 Where does its personality come from? 27 00:01:25,952 --> 00:01:28,455 How do they become who they are? 28 00:01:32,559 --> 00:01:35,328 As a scientist and a new parent, 29 00:01:35,728 --> 00:01:39,632 I realize that babies are born totally helpless. 30 00:01:41,301 --> 00:01:45,572 But they're going to grow up to be masters of the universe. 31 00:01:46,973 --> 00:01:48,842 How does that happen? 32 00:01:52,245 --> 00:01:54,013 What's exciting right now 33 00:01:54,080 --> 00:01:56,282 is we have so many new ways to answer those questions. 34 00:02:00,753 --> 00:02:03,590 We realize now that even the very youngest babies 35 00:02:03,656 --> 00:02:06,793 already know more and learn more 36 00:02:07,760 --> 00:02:09,796 than we ever would've thought possible. 37 00:02:11,731 --> 00:02:13,466 I'm gonna forget about that. 38 00:02:13,733 --> 00:02:17,170 15 BABIES FILMED OVER ONE YEAR 39 00:02:17,704 --> 00:02:21,241 36 WORLD RENOWNED SCIENTISTS 40 00:02:21,708 --> 00:02:25,245 REVEALING HOW WE ALL BEGIN 41 00:02:26,246 --> 00:02:28,348 Isn't it amazing 42 00:02:28,414 --> 00:02:31,651 that the answer to what it means to be human 43 00:02:31,718 --> 00:02:33,019 lies in the smallest, 44 00:02:33,086 --> 00:02:34,687 youngest creatures? 45 00:02:34,754 --> 00:02:36,122 Cheeky boy! 46 00:02:36,923 --> 00:02:38,024 Our babies. 47 00:02:40,426 --> 00:02:41,594 Da-da... 48 00:02:43,897 --> 00:02:45,098 Da-da! 49 00:03:06,653 --> 00:03:10,356 LONDON UK 50 00:03:12,458 --> 00:03:13,458 That's for Mummy. 51 00:03:15,261 --> 00:03:17,363 Mummy's gonna be happy to see you. 52 00:03:20,300 --> 00:03:21,300 Let's see. 53 00:03:22,368 --> 00:03:23,670 Let's see Mummy. 54 00:03:24,804 --> 00:03:25,872 Let's see. Which way? 55 00:03:26,573 --> 00:03:27,407 Down there. 56 00:03:27,473 --> 00:03:28,473 Ah! 57 00:03:30,944 --> 00:03:32,245 Hello! 58 00:03:32,645 --> 00:03:33,645 Who's that? 59 00:03:34,447 --> 00:03:36,349 - Hello. - Go and give your Mummy a hug. 60 00:03:36,416 --> 00:03:37,483 Oh. 61 00:03:37,550 --> 00:03:38,985 Hello, darling. 62 00:03:39,052 --> 00:03:40,052 RACHEL 63 00:03:41,621 --> 00:03:43,189 - Babe. - Where's the babe? 64 00:03:43,256 --> 00:03:44,256 Don't know. 65 00:03:47,260 --> 00:03:48,260 Who's that? 66 00:03:54,167 --> 00:03:55,468 It's Willow. 67 00:03:56,102 --> 00:03:58,147 Are you gonna show Willow what you bought her? 68 00:03:58,171 --> 00:03:59,739 What have you bought Willow? 69 00:03:59,973 --> 00:04:02,342 - What's in there? - You gonna give it to Willow? 70 00:04:02,642 --> 00:04:04,377 Aww! 71 00:04:04,444 --> 00:04:05,511 Good girl. 72 00:04:05,645 --> 00:04:08,681 - Aww, that's very kind. - Good girl. 73 00:04:14,387 --> 00:04:15,588 Who's this? 74 00:04:16,256 --> 00:04:17,357 Who's this? 75 00:04:18,992 --> 00:04:21,261 Gentle. Gentle. Gentle. 76 00:04:21,327 --> 00:04:23,062 Good girl. 77 00:04:23,763 --> 00:04:25,698 That your sister, give her a kiss. 78 00:04:30,603 --> 00:04:34,040 TEL AVIV ISRAEL 79 00:04:38,344 --> 00:04:40,146 The Beatles... Sergeant Pepper 80 00:04:41,014 --> 00:04:45,385 The relationship with our parents is the most meaningful experience. 81 00:04:45,451 --> 00:04:48,521 It has such a huge impact on how a baby develops 82 00:04:48,588 --> 00:04:50,123 and experiences the world. 83 00:04:51,691 --> 00:04:53,493 Okay. "My Father's Eyes." 84 00:04:54,394 --> 00:04:59,032 I was 22 when Estie, my oldest daughter, was born. 85 00:05:00,900 --> 00:05:02,869 She was placed on my chest... 86 00:05:05,338 --> 00:05:10,143 and I think at that moment I felt what it means to love. 87 00:05:13,613 --> 00:05:16,949 Then, being a scientist, I wanted to understand 88 00:05:17,016 --> 00:05:21,554 what's happening in the brain when we fall in love with our babies. 89 00:05:24,957 --> 00:05:27,293 What is the biology of bonding? 90 00:05:37,103 --> 00:05:40,340 Back in the early '90s, we didn't have a full understanding 91 00:05:40,406 --> 00:05:43,810 of how the bonding between mother and baby develops. 92 00:05:44,444 --> 00:05:48,147 IDC HERZLIYA 93 00:05:49,382 --> 00:05:50,850 In my research, 94 00:05:50,917 --> 00:05:53,319 I came across several scientific papers 95 00:05:53,386 --> 00:05:57,490 that described the importance of the hormone oxytocin 96 00:05:57,557 --> 00:05:59,726 to bonding in mammals. 97 00:06:02,228 --> 00:06:04,364 And that really opened my eyes. 98 00:06:06,099 --> 00:06:11,771 So I wondered if oxytocin would be involved in the bonding 99 00:06:12,271 --> 00:06:14,374 I experienced with my own children. 100 00:06:18,344 --> 00:06:19,846 In 2001, 101 00:06:20,246 --> 00:06:22,348 we started the first study 102 00:06:22,415 --> 00:06:24,684 to test the role of oxytocin 103 00:06:24,751 --> 00:06:26,586 in parent/infant bonding. 104 00:06:38,798 --> 00:06:40,333 This was a real adventure. 105 00:06:40,600 --> 00:06:43,236 We recruited about 80 mothers, 106 00:06:43,302 --> 00:06:47,073 and we traveled up and down the country to collect the samples 107 00:06:47,840 --> 00:06:49,409 throughout pregnancy, 108 00:06:49,475 --> 00:06:52,145 and in the first month after childbirth. 109 00:06:54,247 --> 00:06:55,748 And what we found was 110 00:06:55,815 --> 00:06:59,218 that oxytocin levels in mothers 111 00:06:59,719 --> 00:07:01,921 rise during pregnancy, 112 00:07:01,988 --> 00:07:05,324 and they stay high throughout pregnancy 113 00:07:05,691 --> 00:07:07,627 and right after childbirth. 114 00:07:10,930 --> 00:07:12,432 What we also realized, 115 00:07:12,498 --> 00:07:15,101 that when mother and infant touch each other a lot... 116 00:07:17,003 --> 00:07:20,239 the oxytocin levels in both go higher, 117 00:07:20,640 --> 00:07:22,675 and this makes you want to engage 118 00:07:22,742 --> 00:07:23,943 with the baby more. 119 00:07:25,945 --> 00:07:31,017 The brain gives the mother the sense of intense reward. 120 00:07:35,922 --> 00:07:38,991 So the higher the oxytocin the mother had, 121 00:07:39,392 --> 00:07:41,327 the more she bonded with her infant. 122 00:07:45,731 --> 00:07:49,535 But I always knew that this is only half of the equation. 123 00:07:51,537 --> 00:07:52,672 Give me a kiss. 124 00:07:52,805 --> 00:07:55,575 I began to wonder what's going on with fathers. 125 00:07:56,576 --> 00:07:57,810 See how red they are? 126 00:08:00,847 --> 00:08:03,049 Did you know you're four months old today? 127 00:08:03,115 --> 00:08:05,017 Yeah. 128 00:08:05,585 --> 00:08:08,855 That's better. That looks so much better. 129 00:08:09,322 --> 00:08:10,756 You leave daddy's ear alone! 130 00:08:10,823 --> 00:08:13,493 Ooh! That's a good pinch! 131 00:08:13,793 --> 00:08:15,127 Have you been practicing? 132 00:08:24,370 --> 00:08:26,038 That's what the tiger did. 133 00:08:26,639 --> 00:08:27,639 Dad. 134 00:08:27,807 --> 00:08:29,909 - Dad, Daddy. - Yeah. 135 00:08:31,444 --> 00:08:32,444 Step. 136 00:08:32,812 --> 00:08:33,646 That's it. 137 00:08:33,713 --> 00:08:35,915 - She's walking on her own! - That's it. 138 00:08:35,982 --> 00:08:37,250 Good girl! 139 00:08:37,316 --> 00:08:39,185 Ooh! 140 00:08:45,491 --> 00:08:48,794 Dakota, you're getting so big on me so fast. 141 00:08:49,962 --> 00:08:52,532 Mommy doesn't want you to grow just yet. 142 00:08:52,832 --> 00:08:53,900 Slow down. 143 00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:56,035 Slow down. 144 00:09:00,273 --> 00:09:04,243 As soon as she came out, it was just like, "Oh, this is my baby." 145 00:09:04,610 --> 00:09:05,610 Look. 146 00:09:05,878 --> 00:09:09,916 She is so precious, and it was an instant love connection 147 00:09:10,616 --> 00:09:13,719 of love that you've never experienced before. 148 00:09:16,489 --> 00:09:17,590 Yeah, this is better. 149 00:09:31,504 --> 00:09:33,372 It's actually when she lays her head sideways, 150 00:09:33,439 --> 00:09:35,074 I know that's when she's going to sleep. 151 00:09:38,644 --> 00:09:41,581 'Cause she's not moving, she's not trying to climb no more. 152 00:09:41,781 --> 00:09:43,382 She's getting real comfortable. 153 00:09:45,017 --> 00:09:47,787 But this is me and Dakota's thing right here. 154 00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:50,656 Just on my shoulder, walking back and forth. 155 00:09:58,965 --> 00:10:00,833 Once she relaxes her arm, then I know, 156 00:10:00,900 --> 00:10:04,670 "Okay. No matter what I do, I'mma get at least a half an hour." 157 00:10:23,122 --> 00:10:24,657 For the next study, 158 00:10:25,491 --> 00:10:28,661 we wanted to see if there's an impact 159 00:10:28,728 --> 00:10:31,163 on the level of oxytocin in fathers. 160 00:10:32,198 --> 00:10:34,100 So this is our lab. 161 00:10:34,166 --> 00:10:39,639 I'm gonna ask you, um, to spit into these tubes, 162 00:10:39,705 --> 00:10:41,207 about one milliliter. 163 00:10:42,642 --> 00:10:45,311 So we recruited 80 couples. 164 00:10:46,779 --> 00:10:50,416 And we measured oxytocin in fathers, 165 00:10:50,483 --> 00:10:52,685 in the first months, right after the child's birth. 166 00:10:52,752 --> 00:10:53,753 Great, thank you. 167 00:11:03,863 --> 00:11:05,698 And when we looked at the results... 168 00:11:08,134 --> 00:11:09,602 it was really shocking. 169 00:11:11,837 --> 00:11:16,242 Mothers' and fathers' level of oxytocin were identical. 170 00:11:17,910 --> 00:11:19,979 And that was a huge surprise. 171 00:11:21,747 --> 00:11:24,350 We know for over a hundred years 172 00:11:24,417 --> 00:11:27,553 that mothers get a surge of oxytocin 173 00:11:27,620 --> 00:11:30,690 during pregnancy, childbirth, 174 00:11:30,756 --> 00:11:31,590 and nursing. 175 00:11:31,657 --> 00:11:33,793 And here we go! 176 00:11:33,859 --> 00:11:36,328 But how do fathers get so much oxytocin? 177 00:11:39,765 --> 00:11:43,169 We discovered that the more you do with a baby... 178 00:11:44,704 --> 00:11:49,108 and really lift your sleeves, and take care of the child, and wash it, 179 00:11:49,175 --> 00:11:52,144 and feed it, engage in a parental role... 180 00:11:53,979 --> 00:11:56,649 the more your oxytocin system 181 00:11:56,716 --> 00:11:57,917 will activate. 182 00:12:00,486 --> 00:12:01,320 Papa! 183 00:12:01,387 --> 00:12:02,922 And this is amazing. 184 00:12:05,791 --> 00:12:07,893 Fatherhood is biological. 185 00:12:11,330 --> 00:12:13,933 It's as deep as motherhood. 186 00:12:24,877 --> 00:12:25,911 Okay. 187 00:12:36,188 --> 00:12:37,656 Don't open it all the way. 188 00:12:37,723 --> 00:12:39,992 - It goes to the back of one of these? - Yeah. 189 00:12:44,396 --> 00:12:46,098 And this is the pump, this side? 190 00:12:47,600 --> 00:12:49,902 Look, you see that other box at the other end? 191 00:12:49,969 --> 00:12:52,004 That's the actual pump down there. 192 00:12:56,308 --> 00:12:58,711 I had always been planning on going back to work. 193 00:13:00,012 --> 00:13:02,848 Her pediatrician yesterday informed us 194 00:13:02,915 --> 00:13:06,852 that to spread out the feedings every two to three hours, 195 00:13:06,919 --> 00:13:12,091 and, um, just try to find another way to comfort her and console her, 196 00:13:12,158 --> 00:13:15,694 and also to give her time to allow her to self-soothe. 197 00:13:15,895 --> 00:13:19,331 - And to wait till she finishes. - So that way, we're not... 198 00:13:20,432 --> 00:13:21,432 you know, 199 00:13:21,867 --> 00:13:23,469 just using me all the time, 200 00:13:23,836 --> 00:13:25,738 'cause then I'll never be able to go to work. 201 00:13:26,338 --> 00:13:31,143 I'm not looking forward to pumping, even though I want you to feed her, 202 00:13:31,210 --> 00:13:36,115 but it's just like a bittersweet... new chapter. 203 00:13:36,515 --> 00:13:39,952 If you want me to try it before it goes to your... the real one, 204 00:13:40,586 --> 00:13:41,921 make sure it's good... 205 00:13:42,021 --> 00:13:44,089 Well, go ahead and take one for the team, then. 206 00:13:44,156 --> 00:13:45,958 Excuse the six pack. 207 00:13:46,959 --> 00:13:48,427 Let me see! 208 00:13:50,462 --> 00:13:52,398 Oh, it is doing something. Wait. 209 00:13:52,464 --> 00:13:54,066 Hold up! 210 00:13:54,133 --> 00:13:55,733 - Let me see! - Hold up! 211 00:13:56,836 --> 00:13:57,670 Hold up. 212 00:13:57,736 --> 00:13:59,038 Daddy's gonna burp you. 213 00:14:00,339 --> 00:14:02,107 She'll probably be ready for a nap. 214 00:14:02,875 --> 00:14:03,909 Me too. 215 00:14:08,380 --> 00:14:13,185 Dakota, I want you to still want milk from Mommy too. 216 00:14:14,587 --> 00:14:16,622 Can you do both? Can we make a deal? 217 00:14:17,690 --> 00:14:18,690 Yeah? 218 00:14:24,530 --> 00:14:29,969 So the time is now 12:25 a.m., 219 00:14:30,970 --> 00:14:32,338 and Dakota... 220 00:14:33,305 --> 00:14:35,207 has decided to... 221 00:14:35,808 --> 00:14:37,376 use me as a pacifier. 222 00:14:37,576 --> 00:14:40,312 And she won't really sleep. 223 00:14:41,647 --> 00:14:45,284 And Shawn is snoring away... 224 00:14:47,052 --> 00:14:48,354 like a little baby. 225 00:14:50,489 --> 00:14:51,924 Sleeping peacefully... 226 00:14:53,092 --> 00:14:54,927 while Dakota and I... 227 00:14:58,063 --> 00:14:59,198 nurse away. 228 00:15:05,638 --> 00:15:08,440 We all know that when the baby cries at night, 229 00:15:08,774 --> 00:15:11,243 it's usually the mom that hears it. 230 00:15:12,111 --> 00:15:14,546 And maybe the dad will get up, change the baby, 231 00:15:16,115 --> 00:15:20,119 but it's the mother who is not able to sleep. 232 00:15:24,123 --> 00:15:26,926 When we looked at mom's brain, 233 00:15:27,426 --> 00:15:34,166 we found that the oxytocin surge at birth activates a very primitive structure. 234 00:15:35,167 --> 00:15:36,302 The amygdala. 235 00:15:37,636 --> 00:15:38,971 This is the amygdala. 236 00:15:39,471 --> 00:15:41,774 You see it in both sides of the brain. 237 00:15:42,975 --> 00:15:44,710 It makes us vigilant. 238 00:15:44,777 --> 00:15:47,279 It makes us worry about the infant. 239 00:15:49,014 --> 00:15:51,717 And once the mother's amygdala is open, 240 00:15:51,784 --> 00:15:55,788 it stays like this forever, no matter how old your child is. 241 00:15:58,023 --> 00:16:01,827 When we look at dad's brain, we saw quite a different story. 242 00:16:03,862 --> 00:16:06,732 It's about a quarter of what you see in mom's. 243 00:16:13,072 --> 00:16:15,040 But not every family has a mother. 244 00:16:22,448 --> 00:16:24,350 I've been a parent for the past... 245 00:16:25,884 --> 00:16:28,320 eleven hours. 246 00:16:29,254 --> 00:16:31,890 And this is the other parent. 247 00:16:33,392 --> 00:16:34,960 I am so tired. 248 00:16:36,161 --> 00:16:40,632 He's the most beautiful boy in the world, in the universe. 249 00:16:40,699 --> 00:16:41,699 Oh... 250 00:16:42,901 --> 00:16:45,437 - He's been a good boy tonight. - Yeah. 251 00:16:46,005 --> 00:16:49,208 Having him in my arms and feed him, 252 00:16:49,274 --> 00:16:50,809 I don't know how to say, 253 00:16:50,876 --> 00:16:53,078 it was like love at first sight, but... 254 00:16:54,713 --> 00:16:59,151 it's this kind of love that you know that, no matter what, 255 00:16:59,618 --> 00:17:00,819 it will never end. 256 00:17:00,886 --> 00:17:02,154 It's... It's... 257 00:17:02,721 --> 00:17:04,523 It's impossible to describe 258 00:17:04,590 --> 00:17:06,525 with words what you're feeling. 259 00:17:13,966 --> 00:17:15,134 Hi, baby. 260 00:17:15,467 --> 00:17:17,136 Who is changing you? 261 00:17:17,202 --> 00:17:19,538 Who is that? AJ? 262 00:17:20,572 --> 00:17:21,573 Yeah! 263 00:17:21,640 --> 00:17:25,344 - Hi, squishy butt. Hello. - Look at how happy he is. 264 00:17:26,278 --> 00:17:29,314 We started exploring surrogacy in the UK, 265 00:17:29,648 --> 00:17:34,153 and we learned about the option of going for surrogacy in Canada, 266 00:17:34,787 --> 00:17:38,390 because in Canada you just put your case up 267 00:17:38,457 --> 00:17:41,560 for any woman that wants to carry your baby, 268 00:17:42,027 --> 00:17:44,029 and they actually are the ones that choose you. 269 00:17:44,096 --> 00:17:46,665 The whole story changes from the very beginning. 270 00:17:47,332 --> 00:17:48,167 What is it? 271 00:17:48,267 --> 00:17:51,937 The umbilical cord is out now! He has a bellybutton! 272 00:17:52,004 --> 00:17:53,872 - He has a bellybutton! - Aww! 273 00:17:57,109 --> 00:18:00,245 In Canada, it is illegal to get paid for surrogacy. 274 00:18:01,246 --> 00:18:06,085 But I think that, because of how intimate surrogacy is, 275 00:18:06,151 --> 00:18:08,720 money cannot be the reason to do this. 276 00:18:09,321 --> 00:18:11,123 And I wanted to help. 277 00:18:11,256 --> 00:18:15,360 I mean, I can't do much, but this is something that I can do. 278 00:18:18,230 --> 00:18:21,333 Those baby noises when they're eating, when they're like, "Hm." 279 00:18:21,900 --> 00:18:23,535 Tonight, at five, he was like... 280 00:18:26,972 --> 00:18:33,345 AJ gave us the ultimate gift of being able to form a family. 281 00:18:33,812 --> 00:18:35,380 Now she's part of our family. 282 00:18:35,514 --> 00:18:38,517 Her family is part of our family as well, and she will forever be. 283 00:18:39,218 --> 00:18:42,721 Father and son, both of them sleeping. 284 00:18:44,890 --> 00:18:46,258 So cute. 285 00:18:52,631 --> 00:18:57,803 In 2010, we recruited a unique group of parents 286 00:18:58,470 --> 00:18:59,805 where there was no mother. 287 00:19:07,412 --> 00:19:10,816 We had 48 gay couples 288 00:19:10,883 --> 00:19:13,852 who were living in a partnered, committed relationship 289 00:19:13,919 --> 00:19:16,455 and had a child through surrogacy, 290 00:19:17,122 --> 00:19:19,825 and had the baby from the first day of life. 291 00:19:22,528 --> 00:19:25,797 We videotaped in the home, the baby interacting 292 00:19:25,864 --> 00:19:27,366 with the parents, 293 00:19:28,333 --> 00:19:30,769 and we took it to the lab to code it. 294 00:19:33,338 --> 00:19:35,541 We also measured oxytocin levels. 295 00:19:36,608 --> 00:19:38,310 And we scanned father's brain. 296 00:19:39,645 --> 00:19:41,980 And when we analyzed the results, 297 00:19:42,314 --> 00:19:44,816 we were in for a big surprise. 298 00:19:58,063 --> 00:20:00,699 When fathers are primary caregiver, 299 00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:05,237 they had amygdala activation just like mothers. 300 00:20:07,773 --> 00:20:11,009 We had no idea that we would find that. 301 00:20:11,076 --> 00:20:14,446 Looks like a hungry duck. One, two, three. 302 00:20:16,381 --> 00:20:17,381 Ooh! 303 00:20:17,416 --> 00:20:20,419 Pregnancy, childbirth, and nursing 304 00:20:20,485 --> 00:20:21,753 activate the maternal brain. 305 00:20:23,388 --> 00:20:27,359 But also, it's activated to the same extent 306 00:20:27,426 --> 00:20:28,594 by committed caregiving. 307 00:20:30,028 --> 00:20:34,132 So it doesn't really matter whether you are the biological parent 308 00:20:34,199 --> 00:20:36,468 or a committed caregiving parent. 309 00:20:37,669 --> 00:20:38,837 It's a choice. 310 00:20:41,039 --> 00:20:44,710 It's a choice to be a parent to that infant. 311 00:20:56,922 --> 00:20:59,491 So I'm taking Eric to get his vaccines. 312 00:21:00,959 --> 00:21:04,429 I'm just a little bit worried because everybody told me they hurt, 313 00:21:04,696 --> 00:21:07,933 but I'm trying to push that down. 314 00:21:08,667 --> 00:21:10,502 Hi. 315 00:21:10,836 --> 00:21:12,676 - Nice to meet you. - Nice meeting you. 316 00:21:13,238 --> 00:21:14,873 I'll take you through everything now. 317 00:21:14,940 --> 00:21:19,311 You have to know what is going to happen after we've given the vaccines. 318 00:21:19,378 --> 00:21:22,414 - You are seeing my face already! - Okay. 319 00:21:22,481 --> 00:21:24,683 I don't know who is going to suffer more. 320 00:21:24,750 --> 00:21:26,351 - Him or me. - Oh, really? 321 00:21:26,418 --> 00:21:30,722 - I'm already suffering. I hate injections. - Turn a little bit to the side for me. 322 00:21:30,789 --> 00:21:32,591 I need to get into these muscles here. 323 00:21:32,658 --> 00:21:33,759 - Okay. - Okay? 324 00:21:36,728 --> 00:21:39,197 - Sorry, sorry. - I'm really sorry, my love! 325 00:21:40,565 --> 00:21:43,935 - It's okay, my love. It's okay. Well done. - Sorry, Eric. 326 00:21:44,002 --> 00:21:46,538 All the time, I'm worried about Eric. 327 00:21:47,572 --> 00:21:49,975 You know, probably more than I should. 328 00:21:50,042 --> 00:21:51,843 It's okay, it's okay. 329 00:21:52,577 --> 00:21:55,180 It's okay, it's okay, my love. 330 00:21:55,480 --> 00:21:58,517 Every sound that he's making, 331 00:21:59,051 --> 00:22:02,754 I was all the time waking him up to check what's happening. 332 00:22:03,555 --> 00:22:04,555 Okay. 333 00:22:05,023 --> 00:22:06,925 He is my baby, you know? 334 00:22:07,326 --> 00:22:08,827 Well done. We're done. 335 00:22:09,361 --> 00:22:13,165 Having Eric made our lives more stressful, 336 00:22:13,632 --> 00:22:16,268 but it's a good stress. 337 00:22:31,817 --> 00:22:34,786 I came to the psychology department 338 00:22:34,853 --> 00:22:38,890 at Harvard University in 1968. 339 00:22:43,428 --> 00:22:45,931 Back then, everyone was doing 340 00:22:46,331 --> 00:22:48,467 hard science studies. 341 00:22:48,533 --> 00:22:51,636 Visual perception, learning, memory. 342 00:22:56,375 --> 00:22:59,644 But I was really interested in what's going on 343 00:22:59,711 --> 00:23:02,547 between mothers and their infants. 344 00:23:04,149 --> 00:23:06,351 And that had never really been... 345 00:23:06,752 --> 00:23:08,620 been looked at before. 346 00:23:16,628 --> 00:23:21,266 I actually had one of my professors put his hand around my shoulder and say, 347 00:23:22,634 --> 00:23:26,972 "This emotion stuff is not what you want to be doing." 348 00:23:29,107 --> 00:23:33,345 And somehow, I resisted that, because I wanted to ask, 349 00:23:34,112 --> 00:23:39,818 "Is the baby born ready to engage in social relationships?" 350 00:23:41,787 --> 00:23:43,588 Or is the baby just... 351 00:23:44,623 --> 00:23:45,757 sort of passive? 352 00:23:47,459 --> 00:23:48,760 This led me to 353 00:23:48,827 --> 00:23:52,330 the development of the still face experiment. 354 00:23:58,003 --> 00:24:01,840 We had mothers playing with young babies, three, four, 355 00:24:01,907 --> 00:24:03,375 five months of age. 356 00:24:04,309 --> 00:24:06,711 And if the infant got really excited, 357 00:24:06,778 --> 00:24:08,547 the mother got really excited. 358 00:24:10,715 --> 00:24:12,517 Then we asked mothers 359 00:24:12,584 --> 00:24:16,721 to stop reacting to the baby for about two minutes, 360 00:24:17,355 --> 00:24:19,991 to see what the baby would do. 361 00:24:22,093 --> 00:24:25,730 The babies immediately picked up that the mother wasn't 362 00:24:25,797 --> 00:24:27,999 reacting the way she typically did. 363 00:24:31,436 --> 00:24:33,071 They would smile at her. 364 00:24:35,607 --> 00:24:37,909 Eventually, the babies might cry. 365 00:24:39,544 --> 00:24:41,613 But they would keep on trying 366 00:24:42,047 --> 00:24:44,115 to get back into a relationship. 367 00:24:45,684 --> 00:24:47,319 Oop! 368 00:24:53,592 --> 00:24:55,160 Ooh! 369 00:24:55,227 --> 00:24:57,195 It was clear that the baby 370 00:24:57,262 --> 00:24:59,598 is born with the capacity 371 00:24:59,664 --> 00:25:02,167 to engage in social interaction. 372 00:25:04,469 --> 00:25:09,641 It's something that's built in and critical to us. 373 00:25:13,645 --> 00:25:17,115 - You guys are supposed to be working out. - And if a relationship gets disrupted 374 00:25:17,182 --> 00:25:22,687 it has a very powerful emotional effect... 375 00:25:24,456 --> 00:25:27,359 ...on be it a baby or an adult. 376 00:25:36,801 --> 00:25:39,137 I'm sorry, Willow. We're nearly home. 377 00:25:40,972 --> 00:25:43,542 We've just been out with the two of them. 378 00:25:45,277 --> 00:25:47,455 And now both are crying in the back of the car, 379 00:25:47,479 --> 00:25:49,180 and I can't do anything about it. 380 00:25:49,247 --> 00:25:50,649 Not far now. 381 00:25:52,317 --> 00:25:53,652 Oh, God. 382 00:25:58,623 --> 00:26:00,125 Stressful for Mummy. 383 00:26:00,859 --> 00:26:03,962 She was foaming at the mouth, she was crying so much. 384 00:26:06,097 --> 00:26:08,066 - You forgive me? - Look at your mummy. 385 00:26:08,133 --> 00:26:09,167 You forgive me? 386 00:26:09,601 --> 00:26:11,636 You looking at your mummy? 387 00:26:12,404 --> 00:26:14,839 What a horrible... 388 00:26:14,906 --> 00:26:18,777 What a rubbish end to a nice little afternoon, eh? 389 00:26:21,112 --> 00:26:22,314 Are we friends again? 390 00:26:23,381 --> 00:26:25,584 Do you forgive me for letting you cry? 391 00:26:26,117 --> 00:26:27,986 I didn't have a choice, darling. 392 00:26:28,787 --> 00:26:30,455 Oh, I'm sorry. 393 00:26:31,256 --> 00:26:32,524 Silly car. 394 00:26:35,160 --> 00:26:36,828 Who's got a nice little bath? 395 00:26:39,831 --> 00:26:41,299 Having water on your head? 396 00:26:42,567 --> 00:26:45,470 Hair, it gets greasy really quickly as a baby. 397 00:26:47,606 --> 00:26:48,606 Yeah? 398 00:26:50,108 --> 00:26:51,209 Is that nice? 399 00:26:52,310 --> 00:26:53,310 Hey? 400 00:27:03,855 --> 00:27:04,789 Hi. 401 00:27:04,856 --> 00:27:07,325 Hi. I barely made it. 402 00:27:08,293 --> 00:27:09,761 You made it just fine. 403 00:27:10,362 --> 00:27:12,330 This is nice. It's like a more... 404 00:27:12,464 --> 00:27:13,298 Yeah. 405 00:27:13,365 --> 00:27:17,836 Stress is inevitable. You really can't avoid it. 406 00:27:20,238 --> 00:27:27,212 So does a good relationship between the parent and a baby help the baby 407 00:27:27,278 --> 00:27:29,280 cope with stress? 408 00:27:31,182 --> 00:27:32,182 Hi. 409 00:27:32,517 --> 00:27:35,854 Nice to meet you. Hi. Oh, you're smiling. 410 00:27:36,655 --> 00:27:39,658 - You can see just his little eyes pop out. - Nice to meet you. 411 00:27:41,526 --> 00:27:42,894 What? What did you say? 412 00:27:42,961 --> 00:27:47,966 We have set up a new way to use the still face experiment 413 00:27:48,233 --> 00:27:52,504 where we look at the amount of stress that the infant experiences. 414 00:27:52,570 --> 00:27:54,105 - Can you say hi? - Hi, sweetie. 415 00:27:54,172 --> 00:27:56,608 There's Ed. Say hi to Ed? 416 00:27:56,675 --> 00:27:58,810 Thank you so much for coming in and helping us. 417 00:27:59,778 --> 00:28:01,913 So we will take several measures 418 00:28:01,980 --> 00:28:03,815 of both you and your baby. 419 00:28:05,517 --> 00:28:07,652 The first thing we do is we take 420 00:28:08,119 --> 00:28:10,722 a sample of the baby's saliva 421 00:28:10,822 --> 00:28:15,727 and look at the level of a stress hormone called cortisol. 422 00:28:16,061 --> 00:28:18,596 The higher the level of cortisol, 423 00:28:18,663 --> 00:28:21,733 the greater the level of stress for the infant. 424 00:28:22,133 --> 00:28:23,968 Okay, let's go to the other room. 425 00:28:24,502 --> 00:28:25,502 Okay. 426 00:28:26,037 --> 00:28:29,074 I want to get this around you for a bit, okay. 427 00:28:37,382 --> 00:28:38,702 You can stop playing, 428 00:28:38,750 --> 00:28:40,470 and I'll tell you when to do the still face. 429 00:28:40,819 --> 00:28:42,120 Let's see how he'll react. 430 00:28:50,995 --> 00:28:52,063 Do you have tootsies? 431 00:28:52,363 --> 00:28:54,365 Uh-oh! I'm stuck. You got me. 432 00:28:54,666 --> 00:28:59,170 The still face experiment helps us to see 433 00:28:59,237 --> 00:29:04,843 what goes on in regular interactions between the mother and the baby. 434 00:29:05,877 --> 00:29:08,213 Shall we do "Wheels On the Bus"? 435 00:29:08,279 --> 00:29:11,349 ♪ The wheels on the bus Go round and round... ♪ 436 00:29:11,983 --> 00:29:14,452 What we see there is 437 00:29:14,519 --> 00:29:19,057 that they're matching one another, they're dancing coordinated. 438 00:29:19,958 --> 00:29:22,360 ♪ All through the town ♪ 439 00:29:33,104 --> 00:29:34,806 Have her do the still face. 440 00:29:35,440 --> 00:29:37,242 Uh, please start the still face. 441 00:29:38,610 --> 00:29:40,387 Remember, no touching, no talking, 442 00:29:40,411 --> 00:29:42,547 and sit back in the chair. 443 00:29:45,850 --> 00:29:47,285 As soon as we start, 444 00:29:47,685 --> 00:29:50,789 the baby sees something has changed. 445 00:29:50,855 --> 00:29:52,257 They know it right away. 446 00:30:00,098 --> 00:30:03,401 Babies try to elicit her response. 447 00:30:08,506 --> 00:30:11,943 They may start to fuss, even cry, 448 00:30:12,177 --> 00:30:14,045 when she's not responding. 449 00:30:19,717 --> 00:30:22,320 - She's complaining a lot. - There you go. 450 00:30:24,255 --> 00:30:27,725 But eventually, they bring their hands up to their mouth 451 00:30:27,792 --> 00:30:29,594 and comfort themselves. 452 00:30:37,268 --> 00:30:38,203 - Okay. - Okay. 453 00:30:38,269 --> 00:30:40,438 Have her resume. - Great job, thank you. 454 00:30:40,505 --> 00:30:42,307 Uh, you can start playing again. 455 00:30:42,540 --> 00:30:44,776 Okay, you're going back to the fingers. 456 00:30:44,843 --> 00:30:47,145 Oh! 457 00:30:48,479 --> 00:30:50,515 You're not supposed to cry now! 458 00:30:51,683 --> 00:30:53,843 She's complaining. "What did you do to me?" 459 00:30:55,353 --> 00:30:57,422 And it doesn't take long 460 00:30:57,488 --> 00:31:03,194 for the baby and the mother to figure out ways to reconnect 461 00:31:03,261 --> 00:31:06,798 after the stress of the still face experiment. 462 00:31:08,032 --> 00:31:09,667 All right, again! 463 00:31:09,734 --> 00:31:11,002 Ah! Oh, you got me. 464 00:31:11,870 --> 00:31:14,806 And that's really important for the infant. 465 00:31:14,973 --> 00:31:20,044 It means that the infant is able to trust this person 466 00:31:20,478 --> 00:31:22,914 to fix, to repair, 467 00:31:23,248 --> 00:31:27,518 after something has gone wrong in the interaction. 468 00:31:28,052 --> 00:31:31,856 When we look at the levels of cortisol during the experiment... 469 00:31:33,491 --> 00:31:38,663 we find that where an infant has positive experience with their parents, 470 00:31:39,264 --> 00:31:42,400 the infant is less stressed during the still face 471 00:31:42,467 --> 00:31:46,371 and shows lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol. 472 00:31:47,105 --> 00:31:48,973 Okay, thank you. We are coming in. 473 00:31:51,476 --> 00:31:54,712 It's really a pretty amazing finding, 474 00:31:54,779 --> 00:31:59,317 and it speaks to the effect of parenting 475 00:31:59,884 --> 00:32:01,920 on how the infant will be in the world. 476 00:32:06,925 --> 00:32:08,860 What's wrong? 477 00:32:08,927 --> 00:32:12,030 Every parent struggles to find out... 478 00:32:13,097 --> 00:32:14,499 "What does my baby need now?" 479 00:32:17,702 --> 00:32:19,671 But if you keep on trying, 480 00:32:20,605 --> 00:32:22,507 you'll find out the answers. 481 00:32:25,677 --> 00:32:29,714 Trust your baby to tell you 482 00:32:29,781 --> 00:32:32,717 what it is that he or she needs 483 00:32:33,284 --> 00:32:35,787 and trust your own instincts 484 00:32:35,853 --> 00:32:37,588 about how to be responding. 485 00:32:39,490 --> 00:32:41,092 That's how the two of you... 486 00:32:42,327 --> 00:32:43,728 fall in love with one another. 487 00:32:48,967 --> 00:32:49,867 Yeah. 488 00:32:49,934 --> 00:32:51,169 Mommy's coming. 489 00:32:53,338 --> 00:32:54,973 It's gonna be a big one. 490 00:32:57,342 --> 00:32:58,409 Oh. Oh. 491 00:32:58,476 --> 00:33:00,812 Probably needs her diaper changed, and... 492 00:33:02,347 --> 00:33:03,548 It's just crazy. 493 00:33:03,948 --> 00:33:06,150 It just doesn't feel good, especially because 494 00:33:06,217 --> 00:33:07,986 she's fussy over there now. 495 00:33:08,052 --> 00:33:11,356 I want to, like, hold her and, you know, talk to her, 496 00:33:11,422 --> 00:33:15,393 but at the same time, I have to prepare for the showings tomorrow. 497 00:33:15,460 --> 00:33:17,762 I know, and it will always be like that every day, 498 00:33:18,730 --> 00:33:19,764 for like... 499 00:33:24,168 --> 00:33:25,703 Ooh. 500 00:33:25,770 --> 00:33:27,739 This is the last one. One, two, 501 00:33:28,506 --> 00:33:30,575 three, four, five. 502 00:33:30,975 --> 00:33:32,877 Mommy is coming. 503 00:33:33,478 --> 00:33:36,481 - Okay. - What address was this one? 504 00:33:36,581 --> 00:33:38,116 Liberty. 505 00:33:39,283 --> 00:33:41,185 It's very, very... 506 00:33:42,320 --> 00:33:43,320 very... 507 00:33:44,822 --> 00:33:45,822 difficult. 508 00:33:46,357 --> 00:33:47,357 And it's like... 509 00:33:48,292 --> 00:33:50,728 it's hard for me just as much as it is for her. 510 00:33:51,195 --> 00:33:54,532 You have feelings that she just can't experience yet, like guilt. 511 00:33:54,599 --> 00:33:57,135 Your little chunky cheeks. 512 00:33:57,435 --> 00:34:00,138 I'm giving you the strong pat, that's why, jelly. 513 00:34:00,204 --> 00:34:01,472 You like the strong pats. 514 00:34:07,412 --> 00:34:08,555 - Hi, pumpkin. - You know what? 515 00:34:08,579 --> 00:34:09,981 I'm gonna let you guys do this. 516 00:34:10,515 --> 00:34:11,549 Come here. 517 00:34:14,152 --> 00:34:15,253 Hi. 518 00:34:20,358 --> 00:34:21,359 Hi! 519 00:34:21,793 --> 00:34:23,194 Here I am. 520 00:34:23,761 --> 00:34:25,930 Hi! 521 00:34:25,997 --> 00:34:28,232 Yeah! 522 00:34:28,499 --> 00:34:30,368 Say, "Hi, Mommy." 523 00:34:30,635 --> 00:34:32,637 Mwah! 524 00:34:33,604 --> 00:34:35,773 Mwah! 525 00:34:36,541 --> 00:34:38,509 Mwah! 526 00:34:39,177 --> 00:34:41,312 What was all the fuss about? 527 00:34:42,313 --> 00:34:43,748 What was it about? 528 00:34:44,415 --> 00:34:46,184 Did you want to tell me a story? 529 00:34:47,185 --> 00:34:48,185 Yeah? 530 00:34:52,023 --> 00:34:53,023 Did it? 531 00:34:53,558 --> 00:34:54,625 And what else? 532 00:34:56,060 --> 00:34:57,095 Really? 533 00:34:57,929 --> 00:34:59,630 Is that what happened? 534 00:35:00,598 --> 00:35:02,366 Were you giving Daddy a hard time? 535 00:35:03,367 --> 00:35:05,069 Hm? Yeah? 536 00:35:05,670 --> 00:35:07,171 That's your job, right? 537 00:35:07,939 --> 00:35:09,707 We gotta give him a run for his money. 538 00:35:09,774 --> 00:35:11,776 Yeah! 539 00:35:24,755 --> 00:35:27,267 Is this the first time you guys have done it without me? 540 00:35:27,291 --> 00:35:29,627 - 'Cause, have you done it at camp? - Yeah. 541 00:35:30,628 --> 00:35:31,796 - I think so. - I forget. 542 00:35:31,863 --> 00:35:33,498 - I'm not sure. - I think he did. 543 00:35:33,564 --> 00:35:34,465 Okay. 544 00:35:34,532 --> 00:35:37,835 As a parent, I'm faced with constant dilemmas every day. 545 00:35:40,004 --> 00:35:43,941 I really want my children to be adventurous and courageous, 546 00:35:44,008 --> 00:35:47,078 but I also really want to keep them safe. 547 00:35:47,478 --> 00:35:49,180 Patricia, yours is on, right? 548 00:35:49,247 --> 00:35:50,982 These are real choices. 549 00:36:02,126 --> 00:36:04,996 So I've wondered, what kind of impact 550 00:36:05,062 --> 00:36:09,000 can these parenting choices have on the baby's development? 551 00:36:13,104 --> 00:36:17,441 A newborn's brain is developing quite rapidly in early life. 552 00:36:18,042 --> 00:36:19,143 Whoa! 553 00:36:20,111 --> 00:36:21,946 I wanted to design a study 554 00:36:22,613 --> 00:36:24,615 that would allow us to look at 555 00:36:24,682 --> 00:36:29,453 if parenting would affect the infant's brain 556 00:36:29,820 --> 00:36:31,622 during this unique period of life. 557 00:36:35,359 --> 00:36:37,929 When we first started looking at this, 558 00:36:38,396 --> 00:36:42,166 to my knowledge, there wasn't much on just 559 00:36:42,233 --> 00:36:44,168 differences in parenting 560 00:36:44,235 --> 00:36:45,503 and the infant's brain. 561 00:36:49,840 --> 00:36:52,910 So we really needed scans of babies' brains 562 00:36:52,977 --> 00:36:54,879 right after they were born, 563 00:36:54,946 --> 00:36:58,249 before they'd experienced really any parenting styles. 564 00:36:59,650 --> 00:37:04,021 And then fortunately we had this great opportunity to take advantage 565 00:37:04,088 --> 00:37:06,357 of a much larger study... 566 00:37:07,658 --> 00:37:10,661 the Growing Up In Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes study. 567 00:37:12,763 --> 00:37:15,066 In this study, these babies had 568 00:37:15,132 --> 00:37:18,669 already been scanned within the first few weeks of life. 569 00:37:20,004 --> 00:37:23,407 So we had a sort of baseline for brain development. 570 00:37:27,511 --> 00:37:30,815 We needed to follow those babies to six months... 571 00:37:31,983 --> 00:37:34,218 take another scan of their brain... 572 00:37:37,021 --> 00:37:38,489 and also observe 573 00:37:38,556 --> 00:37:40,925 differences in parenting style. 574 00:37:40,992 --> 00:37:42,226 - Hello. - Hi. 575 00:37:42,293 --> 00:37:44,493 - I'm Anne, one of the GUSTO scientists. - Hi, I'm Nina. 576 00:37:44,528 --> 00:37:46,139 - Hi, nice to meet you. - Nice to meet you. 577 00:37:46,163 --> 00:37:47,898 - This is Nathaniel. - Hi, Nathaniel. 578 00:37:48,666 --> 00:37:52,370 So we brought in the moms and babies when the babies were six months of age, 579 00:37:52,436 --> 00:37:55,606 and we observed the parenting behavior in the laboratory. 580 00:37:56,574 --> 00:37:58,109 You go down on the mat? 581 00:38:02,513 --> 00:38:05,216 What I'm really looking at is 582 00:38:05,283 --> 00:38:08,719 how attentive and responsive is a parent 583 00:38:08,786 --> 00:38:10,721 to the infant's signals? 584 00:38:10,788 --> 00:38:12,490 Hello. How are you? 585 00:38:12,556 --> 00:38:15,626 Great? Are you having fun? Stretch. 586 00:38:15,693 --> 00:38:17,528 We had 20 babies... 587 00:38:18,796 --> 00:38:21,532 and we rated the mother's behavior using a system 588 00:38:21,599 --> 00:38:22,833 of descriptive cards. 589 00:38:25,369 --> 00:38:28,773 Do they respond to what the infant is doing? 590 00:38:29,240 --> 00:38:31,342 Oops! 591 00:38:31,409 --> 00:38:33,077 Oh, no, no, no. 592 00:38:33,144 --> 00:38:36,547 So for example, we might see a baby cry. 593 00:38:37,315 --> 00:38:38,315 Does the mother 594 00:38:38,916 --> 00:38:40,651 quickly offer comfort? 595 00:38:43,587 --> 00:38:44,587 Ooh! 596 00:38:44,622 --> 00:38:45,990 Oh, sorry. 597 00:38:47,558 --> 00:38:49,894 If the baby is reaching for something, 598 00:38:49,960 --> 00:38:52,496 does she let the child choose, 599 00:38:52,563 --> 00:38:53,764 or does she choose? 600 00:38:54,265 --> 00:38:55,499 You like this? 601 00:38:56,400 --> 00:38:59,036 These interactions are really small, 602 00:38:59,537 --> 00:39:01,172 and sometimes they're really quick. 603 00:39:03,507 --> 00:39:04,975 But over time, 604 00:39:05,042 --> 00:39:08,412 they add together to complete a picture 605 00:39:08,879 --> 00:39:10,581 of what the relationship is like. 606 00:39:20,891 --> 00:39:22,593 I'm gonna stop at 55. 607 00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:31,035 This is him. 608 00:39:33,571 --> 00:39:34,571 Hello? 609 00:39:36,941 --> 00:39:38,843 Good morning. So you're up. 610 00:39:40,444 --> 00:39:42,680 No, you're gonna go straight to the property? 611 00:39:44,915 --> 00:39:47,017 I know, I'm gonna text you the address. 612 00:39:49,720 --> 00:39:50,921 Okay, perfect. 613 00:39:52,156 --> 00:39:53,867 Okay, bye-bye. 614 00:39:53,891 --> 00:39:55,726 Bless you. 615 00:39:58,295 --> 00:40:00,297 Bless you. 616 00:40:02,266 --> 00:40:03,601 Okay, yes. 617 00:40:04,802 --> 00:40:06,504 Destiny is finding it really hard 618 00:40:06,570 --> 00:40:09,240 because she's really motivated to go back to work. 619 00:40:10,574 --> 00:40:12,676 But I feel like she doesn't want to be 620 00:40:13,010 --> 00:40:14,845 any minute away from Dakota. 621 00:40:16,547 --> 00:40:18,949 I guess it's the motherly instincts kicking in. 622 00:40:20,050 --> 00:40:24,021 Dakota, I'm going to need you to be a little bit more still. 623 00:40:25,055 --> 00:40:26,215 I feel I know what I'm doing, 624 00:40:26,257 --> 00:40:28,859 but I'm, like, real confident with doing this now. 625 00:40:30,361 --> 00:40:32,029 Yeah, it's time for you to eat. 626 00:40:34,031 --> 00:40:35,031 Come on. 627 00:40:36,066 --> 00:40:37,535 But it's time for you to eat. 628 00:40:38,569 --> 00:40:40,471 Dakota definitely knows who I am. 629 00:40:41,572 --> 00:40:44,909 I feel like, you know, nothing could break our bond. 630 00:40:46,143 --> 00:40:47,244 There you go. 631 00:40:48,012 --> 00:40:50,781 It almost makes me feel real soft inside, 632 00:40:50,848 --> 00:40:52,817 like, real mushy and, I don't know, 633 00:40:52,883 --> 00:40:55,152 like, getting real deep into my emotions, 634 00:40:55,219 --> 00:40:59,156 which I don't like doing, but she brings that out of me easily. 635 00:41:00,658 --> 00:41:01,759 Can I get one burp? 636 00:41:02,693 --> 00:41:03,693 Hm? 637 00:41:18,742 --> 00:41:21,145 So I just need to ask you a few questions... 638 00:41:21,212 --> 00:41:23,314 - Yep. - ...before we proceed with the MRI. 639 00:41:23,380 --> 00:41:26,450 There's no radiation involved, so that's why we can do it on children. 640 00:41:26,517 --> 00:41:27,518 - Yep. - All right? 641 00:41:27,585 --> 00:41:28,786 - Ready? - Ready. 642 00:41:28,853 --> 00:41:32,389 We had looked to see differences in parenting style. 643 00:41:34,258 --> 00:41:37,795 Now we needed to see how do these parenting styles 644 00:41:38,696 --> 00:41:40,898 affect areas of the infant's brain? 645 00:41:42,566 --> 00:41:43,434 And to do that, 646 00:41:43,501 --> 00:41:47,471 we needed to take the babies back into the MRI for their six-month scan. 647 00:41:48,439 --> 00:41:50,207 ♪ If you're happy and you know it... ♪ 648 00:41:50,307 --> 00:41:52,910 It's really hard to scan a baby. 649 00:41:53,010 --> 00:41:54,845 ♪...and you know it Clap your hands ♪ 650 00:41:54,912 --> 00:41:58,282 Because for a successful scan you need to stay still. 651 00:41:58,349 --> 00:41:59,349 Wow! 652 00:41:59,884 --> 00:42:02,920 And that's not something that comes naturally to infants. 653 00:42:05,756 --> 00:42:07,057 So to make it easier, 654 00:42:07,124 --> 00:42:09,527 babies are fed before so they fall asleep. 655 00:42:23,040 --> 00:42:25,175 Okay. Let's start the scan. 656 00:42:25,643 --> 00:42:26,777 Is the baby sleeping? 657 00:42:27,011 --> 00:42:28,011 Yeah. 658 00:42:28,445 --> 00:42:29,445 Okay. 659 00:42:30,314 --> 00:42:32,316 - There it is. - Yes, coming up... 660 00:42:32,383 --> 00:42:33,751 It's coming right up. 661 00:42:35,419 --> 00:42:37,621 Are you okay with the image quality of this? 662 00:42:40,925 --> 00:42:41,925 Yes. 663 00:42:42,226 --> 00:42:43,260 Perfect. 664 00:42:46,430 --> 00:42:50,367 I went to my colleague Anqi Qiu, an expert in neural imaging, 665 00:42:50,434 --> 00:42:52,169 whose team processed the data. 666 00:42:52,770 --> 00:42:56,373 I was really excited to see what she had found. 667 00:42:57,975 --> 00:42:59,944 Here is actually the structural image. 668 00:43:00,945 --> 00:43:04,081 And now you can see red dots showing up. 669 00:43:05,015 --> 00:43:06,917 That's where the hippocampus is. 670 00:43:07,952 --> 00:43:09,792 So this is just one baby, though, right? 671 00:43:09,820 --> 00:43:11,055 Yes, it is. 672 00:43:11,121 --> 00:43:13,924 But if you look at all the scans we have, 673 00:43:13,991 --> 00:43:16,627 you look at individuals, and they have a very similar pattern. 674 00:43:17,728 --> 00:43:19,830 This was really quite incredible. 675 00:43:20,931 --> 00:43:22,499 The hippocampus, 676 00:43:22,566 --> 00:43:25,002 this area towards the middle of the brain, 677 00:43:25,869 --> 00:43:27,037 that differed 678 00:43:27,104 --> 00:43:29,039 according to parenting styles. 679 00:43:29,573 --> 00:43:35,379 The infants who had received less responsive caregiving, 680 00:43:35,446 --> 00:43:39,083 their hippocampi were a bit bigger. 681 00:43:42,186 --> 00:43:43,654 This was surprising, 682 00:43:44,588 --> 00:43:47,491 because the hippocampus is really important to learning 683 00:43:47,558 --> 00:43:49,193 and to managing distress. 684 00:43:49,693 --> 00:43:54,732 So what it suggests is that the babies were having to manage their own stress, 685 00:43:54,798 --> 00:43:58,302 because they're not getting quite as much support from their parents. 686 00:44:00,671 --> 00:44:04,742 Even at six months, these everyday differences in parenting 687 00:44:04,808 --> 00:44:06,577 were actually linked 688 00:44:06,644 --> 00:44:10,514 to observable differences in the structure of the infant brain. 689 00:44:10,581 --> 00:44:12,182 Hey! Good job. 690 00:44:12,249 --> 00:44:16,453 To my knowledge, that was the first time a group had seen this. 691 00:44:31,435 --> 00:44:34,371 When a parent is attentive and responsive, 692 00:44:34,438 --> 00:44:37,708 the baby is learning that the world is a safe place, 693 00:44:38,375 --> 00:44:42,680 and that frees up time for them to explore their environment. 694 00:44:44,815 --> 00:44:49,386 When a baby doesn't get those same signals from the parent... 695 00:44:51,388 --> 00:44:57,795 ...the baby may need to prioritize thinking about safety and comfort 696 00:44:57,861 --> 00:44:59,329 rather than exploration. 697 00:45:02,366 --> 00:45:04,835 I'm the last person to say that parenting is easy. 698 00:45:05,803 --> 00:45:07,805 None of us do this perfectly. 699 00:45:11,775 --> 00:45:16,313 What is important is that the overall experience 700 00:45:16,380 --> 00:45:20,984 that the child is receiving is one of attentive and responsive care. 701 00:45:22,386 --> 00:45:25,823 And I think, for parents, that's reassuring. 702 00:45:27,157 --> 00:45:31,261 Itsy-bitsy spider Climbed up the water spout 703 00:45:32,196 --> 00:45:36,700 Down came the rain And washed the spider out 704 00:45:37,568 --> 00:45:42,005 ♪ Up came the sun And dried up all the rain ♪ 705 00:45:42,706 --> 00:45:45,442 ♪ The itsy-bitsy spider ♪ 706 00:45:46,310 --> 00:45:49,213 Climbed up the spout again 707 00:45:50,514 --> 00:45:51,548 Yay! 708 00:45:54,084 --> 00:45:56,386 Mommy missed you, Dakota. 709 00:45:56,453 --> 00:45:59,323 I'm comfortable leaving, 710 00:45:59,790 --> 00:46:02,359 and so, um, it just gives me a lotta hope. 711 00:46:02,426 --> 00:46:03,861 It gives me a lotta, lotta hope. 712 00:46:03,927 --> 00:46:05,763 Come on, Dakota. Come get Mommy. 713 00:46:08,232 --> 00:46:10,367 I think we're gonna make good parents. 714 00:46:10,434 --> 00:46:14,538 But there's a lot of stuff that you learn on the way. 715 00:46:16,673 --> 00:46:17,941 Hi! 716 00:46:18,842 --> 00:46:20,811 Woo! 717 00:46:23,147 --> 00:46:25,349 It's not just her being a baby now. 718 00:46:25,415 --> 00:46:27,618 She's a real part of our family, 719 00:46:27,684 --> 00:46:30,087 and she's growing into her own person. 720 00:46:39,296 --> 00:46:40,998 Babies are the ultimate mystery. 721 00:46:41,064 --> 00:46:43,667 They're much more complex than we ever thought. 722 00:46:43,734 --> 00:46:44,835 Ba-ba! 723 00:46:44,902 --> 00:46:45,936 Ba-tha. 724 00:46:46,003 --> 00:46:47,171 Good boy! 725 00:46:47,237 --> 00:46:49,807 How do they learn language? 726 00:46:52,276 --> 00:46:53,911 Why are they sleeping so much? 727 00:46:55,412 --> 00:47:00,117 How is it that babies learn to crawl, and what do they learn 728 00:47:00,184 --> 00:47:02,052 when they're crawling around in the world? 729 00:47:05,622 --> 00:47:07,591 One of the great puzzles is, 730 00:47:07,658 --> 00:47:09,326 what's it like to be a baby? 53353

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