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1
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Come on, push.
2
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Give it a good push, Rachel. Good push.
3
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Push down! Push down! Push down!
4
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Well done.
5
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Now look who we have!
Look who we have! A little girl!
6
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Oh, my...
7
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I waited so long for you!
8
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Well done.
9
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Well done, Rachel.
10
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Let's take off this sheet. You okay?
11
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Look at her. She's perfect.
12
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Wow!
13
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Oh, my baby!
14
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- Hey!
- Well done.
15
00:00:48,181 --> 00:00:50,781
- She's perfect.
- She is. She looks like her.
16
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I'm just going to switch
the towel. Thank you.
17
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Hello, pretty.
18
00:00:58,625 --> 00:01:00,660
Where have you been?
19
00:01:00,727 --> 00:01:01,727
Where have you been?
20
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It's over.
21
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- It's Willow.
- Willow.
22
00:01:06,199 --> 00:01:07,199
Willow.
23
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When we look at a baby...
24
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you can't help but wonder...
25
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What is going on inside?
26
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Where does its personality
come from?
27
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How do they become who they are?
28
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As a scientist and a new parent,
29
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I realize that babies are born
totally helpless.
30
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But they're going to grow up to be
masters of the universe.
31
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How does that happen?
32
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What's exciting right now
33
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is we have so many new ways
to answer those questions.
34
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We realize now
that even the very youngest babies
35
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already know more and learn more
36
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than we ever would've thought possible.
37
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I'm gonna forget about that.
38
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15 BABIES
FILMED OVER ONE YEAR
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36 WORLD RENOWNED
SCIENTISTS
40
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REVEALING HOW
WE ALL BEGIN
41
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Isn't it amazing
42
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that the answer
to what it means to be human
43
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lies in the smallest,
44
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youngest creatures?
45
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Cheeky boy!
46
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Our babies.
47
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Da-da...
48
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Da-da!
49
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LONDON
UK
50
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That's for Mummy.
51
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Mummy's gonna be happy to see you.
52
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Let's see.
53
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Let's see Mummy.
54
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Let's see. Which way?
55
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Down there.
56
00:03:27,473 --> 00:03:28,473
Ah!
57
00:03:30,944 --> 00:03:32,245
Hello!
58
00:03:32,645 --> 00:03:33,645
Who's that?
59
00:03:34,447 --> 00:03:36,349
- Hello.
- Go and give your Mummy a hug.
60
00:03:36,416 --> 00:03:37,483
Oh.
61
00:03:37,550 --> 00:03:38,985
Hello, darling.
62
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RACHEL
63
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- Babe.
- Where's the babe?
64
00:03:43,256 --> 00:03:44,256
Don't know.
65
00:03:47,260 --> 00:03:48,260
Who's that?
66
00:03:54,167 --> 00:03:55,468
It's Willow.
67
00:03:56,102 --> 00:03:58,147
Are you gonna show Willow
what you bought her?
68
00:03:58,171 --> 00:03:59,739
What have you bought Willow?
69
00:03:59,973 --> 00:04:02,342
- What's in there?
- You gonna give it to Willow?
70
00:04:02,642 --> 00:04:04,377
Aww!
71
00:04:04,444 --> 00:04:05,511
Good girl.
72
00:04:05,645 --> 00:04:08,681
- Aww, that's very kind.
- Good girl.
73
00:04:14,387 --> 00:04:15,588
Who's this?
74
00:04:16,256 --> 00:04:17,357
Who's this?
75
00:04:18,992 --> 00:04:21,261
Gentle. Gentle. Gentle.
76
00:04:21,327 --> 00:04:23,062
Good girl.
77
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That your sister, give her a kiss.
78
00:04:30,603 --> 00:04:34,040
TEL AVIV
ISRAEL
79
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The Beatles... Sergeant Pepper
80
00:04:41,014 --> 00:04:45,385
The relationship with our parents
is the most meaningful experience.
81
00:04:45,451 --> 00:04:48,521
It has such a huge impact
on how a baby develops
82
00:04:48,588 --> 00:04:50,123
and experiences the world.
83
00:04:51,691 --> 00:04:53,493
Okay. "My Father's Eyes."
84
00:04:54,394 --> 00:04:59,032
I was 22 when Estie,
my oldest daughter, was born.
85
00:05:00,900 --> 00:05:02,869
She was placed on my chest...
86
00:05:05,338 --> 00:05:10,143
and I think at that moment
I felt what it means to love.
87
00:05:13,613 --> 00:05:16,949
Then, being a scientist,
I wanted to understand
88
00:05:17,016 --> 00:05:21,554
what's happening in the brain
when we fall in love with our babies.
89
00:05:24,957 --> 00:05:27,293
What is the biology of bonding?
90
00:05:37,103 --> 00:05:40,340
Back in the early '90s,
we didn't have a full understanding
91
00:05:40,406 --> 00:05:43,810
of how the bonding
between mother and baby develops.
92
00:05:44,444 --> 00:05:48,147
IDC HERZLIYA
93
00:05:49,382 --> 00:05:50,850
In my research,
94
00:05:50,917 --> 00:05:53,319
I came across several scientific papers
95
00:05:53,386 --> 00:05:57,490
that described
the importance of the hormone oxytocin
96
00:05:57,557 --> 00:05:59,726
to bonding in mammals.
97
00:06:02,228 --> 00:06:04,364
And that really opened my eyes.
98
00:06:06,099 --> 00:06:11,771
So I wondered if oxytocin
would be involved in the bonding
99
00:06:12,271 --> 00:06:14,374
I experienced with my own children.
100
00:06:18,344 --> 00:06:19,846
In 2001,
101
00:06:20,246 --> 00:06:22,348
we started the first study
102
00:06:22,415 --> 00:06:24,684
to test the role of oxytocin
103
00:06:24,751 --> 00:06:26,586
in parent/infant bonding.
104
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This was a real adventure.
105
00:06:40,600 --> 00:06:43,236
We recruited about 80 mothers,
106
00:06:43,302 --> 00:06:47,073
and we traveled up and down
the country to collect the samples
107
00:06:47,840 --> 00:06:49,409
throughout pregnancy,
108
00:06:49,475 --> 00:06:52,145
and in the first month after childbirth.
109
00:06:54,247 --> 00:06:55,748
And what we found was
110
00:06:55,815 --> 00:06:59,218
that oxytocin levels in mothers
111
00:06:59,719 --> 00:07:01,921
rise during pregnancy,
112
00:07:01,988 --> 00:07:05,324
and they stay high throughout pregnancy
113
00:07:05,691 --> 00:07:07,627
and right after childbirth.
114
00:07:10,930 --> 00:07:12,432
What we also realized,
115
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that when mother and infant
touch each other a lot...
116
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the oxytocin levels in both go higher,
117
00:07:20,640 --> 00:07:22,675
and this makes you want to engage
118
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with the baby more.
119
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The brain gives the mother
the sense of intense reward.
120
00:07:35,922 --> 00:07:38,991
So the higher the oxytocin
the mother had,
121
00:07:39,392 --> 00:07:41,327
the more she bonded with her infant.
122
00:07:45,731 --> 00:07:49,535
But I always knew
that this is only half of the equation.
123
00:07:51,537 --> 00:07:52,672
Give me a kiss.
124
00:07:52,805 --> 00:07:55,575
I began to wonder
what's going on with fathers.
125
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See how red they are?
126
00:08:00,847 --> 00:08:03,049
Did you know
you're four months old today?
127
00:08:03,115 --> 00:08:05,017
Yeah.
128
00:08:05,585 --> 00:08:08,855
That's better.
That looks so much better.
129
00:08:09,322 --> 00:08:10,756
You leave daddy's ear alone!
130
00:08:10,823 --> 00:08:13,493
Ooh! That's a good pinch!
131
00:08:13,793 --> 00:08:15,127
Have you been practicing?
132
00:08:24,370 --> 00:08:26,038
That's what the tiger did.
133
00:08:26,639 --> 00:08:27,639
Dad.
134
00:08:27,807 --> 00:08:29,909
- Dad, Daddy.
- Yeah.
135
00:08:31,444 --> 00:08:32,444
Step.
136
00:08:32,812 --> 00:08:33,646
That's it.
137
00:08:33,713 --> 00:08:35,915
- She's walking on her own!
- That's it.
138
00:08:35,982 --> 00:08:37,250
Good girl!
139
00:08:37,316 --> 00:08:39,185
Ooh!
140
00:08:45,491 --> 00:08:48,794
Dakota, you're getting so big on me
so fast.
141
00:08:49,962 --> 00:08:52,532
Mommy doesn't want you to grow just yet.
142
00:08:52,832 --> 00:08:53,900
Slow down.
143
00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:56,035
Slow down.
144
00:09:00,273 --> 00:09:04,243
As soon as she came out,
it was just like, "Oh, this is my baby."
145
00:09:04,610 --> 00:09:05,610
Look.
146
00:09:05,878 --> 00:09:09,916
She is so precious, and it was
an instant love connection
147
00:09:10,616 --> 00:09:13,719
of love that you've
never experienced before.
148
00:09:16,489 --> 00:09:17,590
Yeah, this is better.
149
00:09:31,504 --> 00:09:33,372
It's actually
when she lays her head sideways,
150
00:09:33,439 --> 00:09:35,074
I know that's when she's going to sleep.
151
00:09:38,644 --> 00:09:41,581
'Cause she's not moving,
she's not trying to climb no more.
152
00:09:41,781 --> 00:09:43,382
She's getting real comfortable.
153
00:09:45,017 --> 00:09:47,787
But this is me and Dakota's thing
right here.
154
00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:50,656
Just on my shoulder,
walking back and forth.
155
00:09:58,965 --> 00:10:00,833
Once she relaxes her arm, then I know,
156
00:10:00,900 --> 00:10:04,670
"Okay. No matter what I do,
I'mma get at least a half an hour."
157
00:10:23,122 --> 00:10:24,657
For the next study,
158
00:10:25,491 --> 00:10:28,661
we wanted to see if there's an impact
159
00:10:28,728 --> 00:10:31,163
on the level of oxytocin in fathers.
160
00:10:32,198 --> 00:10:34,100
So this is our lab.
161
00:10:34,166 --> 00:10:39,639
I'm gonna ask you, um,
to spit into these tubes,
162
00:10:39,705 --> 00:10:41,207
about one milliliter.
163
00:10:42,642 --> 00:10:45,311
So we recruited 80 couples.
164
00:10:46,779 --> 00:10:50,416
And we measured oxytocin in fathers,
165
00:10:50,483 --> 00:10:52,685
in the first months,
right after the child's birth.
166
00:10:52,752 --> 00:10:53,753
Great, thank you.
167
00:11:03,863 --> 00:11:05,698
And when we looked at the results...
168
00:11:08,134 --> 00:11:09,602
it was really shocking.
169
00:11:11,837 --> 00:11:16,242
Mothers' and fathers' level of oxytocin
were identical.
170
00:11:17,910 --> 00:11:19,979
And that was a huge surprise.
171
00:11:21,747 --> 00:11:24,350
We know for over a hundred years
172
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that mothers get a surge of oxytocin
173
00:11:27,620 --> 00:11:30,690
during pregnancy, childbirth,
174
00:11:30,756 --> 00:11:31,590
and nursing.
175
00:11:31,657 --> 00:11:33,793
And here we go!
176
00:11:33,859 --> 00:11:36,328
But how do fathers get so much oxytocin?
177
00:11:39,765 --> 00:11:43,169
We discovered that
the more you do with a baby...
178
00:11:44,704 --> 00:11:49,108
and really lift your sleeves,
and take care of the child, and wash it,
179
00:11:49,175 --> 00:11:52,144
and feed it, engage in a parental role...
180
00:11:53,979 --> 00:11:56,649
the more your oxytocin system
181
00:11:56,716 --> 00:11:57,917
will activate.
182
00:12:00,486 --> 00:12:01,320
Papa!
183
00:12:01,387 --> 00:12:02,922
And this is amazing.
184
00:12:05,791 --> 00:12:07,893
Fatherhood is biological.
185
00:12:11,330 --> 00:12:13,933
It's as deep as motherhood.
186
00:12:24,877 --> 00:12:25,911
Okay.
187
00:12:36,188 --> 00:12:37,656
Don't open it all the way.
188
00:12:37,723 --> 00:12:39,992
- It goes to the back of one of these?
- Yeah.
189
00:12:44,396 --> 00:12:46,098
And this is the pump, this side?
190
00:12:47,600 --> 00:12:49,902
Look, you see that other box
at the other end?
191
00:12:49,969 --> 00:12:52,004
That's the actual pump down there.
192
00:12:56,308 --> 00:12:58,711
I had always been planning
on going back to work.
193
00:13:00,012 --> 00:13:02,848
Her pediatrician yesterday informed us
194
00:13:02,915 --> 00:13:06,852
that to spread out the feedings
every two to three hours,
195
00:13:06,919 --> 00:13:12,091
and, um, just try to find another way
to comfort her and console her,
196
00:13:12,158 --> 00:13:15,694
and also to give her time
to allow her to self-soothe.
197
00:13:15,895 --> 00:13:19,331
- And to wait till she finishes.
- So that way, we're not...
198
00:13:20,432 --> 00:13:21,432
you know,
199
00:13:21,867 --> 00:13:23,469
just using me all the time,
200
00:13:23,836 --> 00:13:25,738
'cause then I'll never be able
to go to work.
201
00:13:26,338 --> 00:13:31,143
I'm not looking forward to pumping,
even though I want you to feed her,
202
00:13:31,210 --> 00:13:36,115
but it's just like a bittersweet...
new chapter.
203
00:13:36,515 --> 00:13:39,952
If you want me to try it
before it goes to your... the real one,
204
00:13:40,586 --> 00:13:41,921
make sure it's good...
205
00:13:42,021 --> 00:13:44,089
Well, go ahead
and take one for the team, then.
206
00:13:44,156 --> 00:13:45,958
Excuse the six pack.
207
00:13:46,959 --> 00:13:48,427
Let me see!
208
00:13:50,462 --> 00:13:52,398
Oh, it is doing something. Wait.
209
00:13:52,464 --> 00:13:54,066
Hold up!
210
00:13:54,133 --> 00:13:55,733
- Let me see!
- Hold up!
211
00:13:56,836 --> 00:13:57,670
Hold up.
212
00:13:57,736 --> 00:13:59,038
Daddy's gonna burp you.
213
00:14:00,339 --> 00:14:02,107
She'll probably be ready for a nap.
214
00:14:02,875 --> 00:14:03,909
Me too.
215
00:14:08,380 --> 00:14:13,185
Dakota, I want you to still want milk
from Mommy too.
216
00:14:14,587 --> 00:14:16,622
Can you do both? Can we make a deal?
217
00:14:17,690 --> 00:14:18,690
Yeah?
218
00:14:24,530 --> 00:14:29,969
So the time is now 12:25 a.m.,
219
00:14:30,970 --> 00:14:32,338
and Dakota...
220
00:14:33,305 --> 00:14:35,207
has decided to...
221
00:14:35,808 --> 00:14:37,376
use me as a pacifier.
222
00:14:37,576 --> 00:14:40,312
And she won't really sleep.
223
00:14:41,647 --> 00:14:45,284
And Shawn is snoring away...
224
00:14:47,052 --> 00:14:48,354
like a little baby.
225
00:14:50,489 --> 00:14:51,924
Sleeping peacefully...
226
00:14:53,092 --> 00:14:54,927
while Dakota and I...
227
00:14:58,063 --> 00:14:59,198
nurse away.
228
00:15:05,638 --> 00:15:08,440
We all know that
when the baby cries at night,
229
00:15:08,774 --> 00:15:11,243
it's usually the mom that hears it.
230
00:15:12,111 --> 00:15:14,546
And maybe the dad will get up,
change the baby,
231
00:15:16,115 --> 00:15:20,119
but it's the mother
who is not able to sleep.
232
00:15:24,123 --> 00:15:26,926
When we looked at mom's brain,
233
00:15:27,426 --> 00:15:34,166
we found that the oxytocin surge at birth
activates a very primitive structure.
234
00:15:35,167 --> 00:15:36,302
The amygdala.
235
00:15:37,636 --> 00:15:38,971
This is the amygdala.
236
00:15:39,471 --> 00:15:41,774
You see it in both sides of the brain.
237
00:15:42,975 --> 00:15:44,710
It makes us vigilant.
238
00:15:44,777 --> 00:15:47,279
It makes us worry about the infant.
239
00:15:49,014 --> 00:15:51,717
And once the mother's amygdala is open,
240
00:15:51,784 --> 00:15:55,788
it stays like this forever,
no matter how old your child is.
241
00:15:58,023 --> 00:16:01,827
When we look at dad's brain,
we saw quite a different story.
242
00:16:03,862 --> 00:16:06,732
It's about a quarter
of what you see in mom's.
243
00:16:13,072 --> 00:16:15,040
But not every family has a mother.
244
00:16:22,448 --> 00:16:24,350
I've been a parent for the past...
245
00:16:25,884 --> 00:16:28,320
eleven hours.
246
00:16:29,254 --> 00:16:31,890
And this is the other parent.
247
00:16:33,392 --> 00:16:34,960
I am so tired.
248
00:16:36,161 --> 00:16:40,632
He's the most beautiful boy in the world,
in the universe.
249
00:16:40,699 --> 00:16:41,699
Oh...
250
00:16:42,901 --> 00:16:45,437
- He's been a good boy tonight.
- Yeah.
251
00:16:46,005 --> 00:16:49,208
Having him in my arms and feed him,
252
00:16:49,274 --> 00:16:50,809
I don't know how to say,
253
00:16:50,876 --> 00:16:53,078
it was like love at first sight, but...
254
00:16:54,713 --> 00:16:59,151
it's this kind of love
that you know that, no matter what,
255
00:16:59,618 --> 00:17:00,819
it will never end.
256
00:17:00,886 --> 00:17:02,154
It's... It's...
257
00:17:02,721 --> 00:17:04,523
It's impossible to describe
258
00:17:04,590 --> 00:17:06,525
with words what you're feeling.
259
00:17:13,966 --> 00:17:15,134
Hi, baby.
260
00:17:15,467 --> 00:17:17,136
Who is changing you?
261
00:17:17,202 --> 00:17:19,538
Who is that? AJ?
262
00:17:20,572 --> 00:17:21,573
Yeah!
263
00:17:21,640 --> 00:17:25,344
- Hi, squishy butt. Hello.
- Look at how happy he is.
264
00:17:26,278 --> 00:17:29,314
We started exploring
surrogacy in the UK,
265
00:17:29,648 --> 00:17:34,153
and we learned about the option
of going for surrogacy in Canada,
266
00:17:34,787 --> 00:17:38,390
because in Canada
you just put your case up
267
00:17:38,457 --> 00:17:41,560
for any woman
that wants to carry your baby,
268
00:17:42,027 --> 00:17:44,029
and they actually are the ones
that choose you.
269
00:17:44,096 --> 00:17:46,665
The whole story changes
from the very beginning.
270
00:17:47,332 --> 00:17:48,167
What is it?
271
00:17:48,267 --> 00:17:51,937
The umbilical cord is out now!
He has a bellybutton!
272
00:17:52,004 --> 00:17:53,872
- He has a bellybutton!
- Aww!
273
00:17:57,109 --> 00:18:00,245
In Canada, it is illegal to get paid
for surrogacy.
274
00:18:01,246 --> 00:18:06,085
But I think that,
because of how intimate surrogacy is,
275
00:18:06,151 --> 00:18:08,720
money cannot be the reason to do this.
276
00:18:09,321 --> 00:18:11,123
And I wanted to help.
277
00:18:11,256 --> 00:18:15,360
I mean, I can't do much,
but this is something that I can do.
278
00:18:18,230 --> 00:18:21,333
Those baby noises when they're eating,
when they're like, "Hm."
279
00:18:21,900 --> 00:18:23,535
Tonight, at five, he was like...
280
00:18:26,972 --> 00:18:33,345
AJ gave us the ultimate gift
of being able to form a family.
281
00:18:33,812 --> 00:18:35,380
Now she's part of our family.
282
00:18:35,514 --> 00:18:38,517
Her family is part of our family as well,
and she will forever be.
283
00:18:39,218 --> 00:18:42,721
Father and son,
both of them sleeping.
284
00:18:44,890 --> 00:18:46,258
So cute.
285
00:18:52,631 --> 00:18:57,803
In 2010,
we recruited a unique group of parents
286
00:18:58,470 --> 00:18:59,805
where there was no mother.
287
00:19:07,412 --> 00:19:10,816
We had 48 gay couples
288
00:19:10,883 --> 00:19:13,852
who were living in a partnered,
committed relationship
289
00:19:13,919 --> 00:19:16,455
and had a child through surrogacy,
290
00:19:17,122 --> 00:19:19,825
and had the baby
from the first day of life.
291
00:19:22,528 --> 00:19:25,797
We videotaped in the home,
the baby interacting
292
00:19:25,864 --> 00:19:27,366
with the parents,
293
00:19:28,333 --> 00:19:30,769
and we took it to the lab to code it.
294
00:19:33,338 --> 00:19:35,541
We also measured oxytocin levels.
295
00:19:36,608 --> 00:19:38,310
And we scanned father's brain.
296
00:19:39,645 --> 00:19:41,980
And when we analyzed the results,
297
00:19:42,314 --> 00:19:44,816
we were in for a big surprise.
298
00:19:58,063 --> 00:20:00,699
When fathers are primary caregiver,
299
00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:05,237
they had amygdala activation
just like mothers.
300
00:20:07,773 --> 00:20:11,009
We had no idea
that we would find that.
301
00:20:11,076 --> 00:20:14,446
Looks like a hungry duck. One, two, three.
302
00:20:16,381 --> 00:20:17,381
Ooh!
303
00:20:17,416 --> 00:20:20,419
Pregnancy, childbirth, and nursing
304
00:20:20,485 --> 00:20:21,753
activate the maternal brain.
305
00:20:23,388 --> 00:20:27,359
But also,
it's activated to the same extent
306
00:20:27,426 --> 00:20:28,594
by committed caregiving.
307
00:20:30,028 --> 00:20:34,132
So it doesn't really matter
whether you are the biological parent
308
00:20:34,199 --> 00:20:36,468
or a committed caregiving parent.
309
00:20:37,669 --> 00:20:38,837
It's a choice.
310
00:20:41,039 --> 00:20:44,710
It's a choice to be a parent
to that infant.
311
00:20:56,922 --> 00:20:59,491
So I'm taking Eric
to get his vaccines.
312
00:21:00,959 --> 00:21:04,429
I'm just a little bit worried
because everybody told me they hurt,
313
00:21:04,696 --> 00:21:07,933
but I'm trying to push that down.
314
00:21:08,667 --> 00:21:10,502
Hi.
315
00:21:10,836 --> 00:21:12,676
- Nice to meet you.
- Nice meeting you.
316
00:21:13,238 --> 00:21:14,873
I'll take you through everything now.
317
00:21:14,940 --> 00:21:19,311
You have to know what is going to happen
after we've given the vaccines.
318
00:21:19,378 --> 00:21:22,414
- You are seeing my face already!
- Okay.
319
00:21:22,481 --> 00:21:24,683
I don't know who is going to suffer more.
320
00:21:24,750 --> 00:21:26,351
- Him or me.
- Oh, really?
321
00:21:26,418 --> 00:21:30,722
- I'm already suffering. I hate injections.
- Turn a little bit to the side for me.
322
00:21:30,789 --> 00:21:32,591
I need to get into these muscles here.
323
00:21:32,658 --> 00:21:33,759
- Okay.
- Okay?
324
00:21:36,728 --> 00:21:39,197
- Sorry, sorry.
- I'm really sorry, my love!
325
00:21:40,565 --> 00:21:43,935
- It's okay, my love. It's okay. Well done.
- Sorry, Eric.
326
00:21:44,002 --> 00:21:46,538
All the time,
I'm worried about Eric.
327
00:21:47,572 --> 00:21:49,975
You know, probably more than I should.
328
00:21:50,042 --> 00:21:51,843
It's okay, it's okay.
329
00:21:52,577 --> 00:21:55,180
It's okay, it's okay, my love.
330
00:21:55,480 --> 00:21:58,517
Every sound that he's making,
331
00:21:59,051 --> 00:22:02,754
I was all the time waking him up
to check what's happening.
332
00:22:03,555 --> 00:22:04,555
Okay.
333
00:22:05,023 --> 00:22:06,925
He is my baby, you know?
334
00:22:07,326 --> 00:22:08,827
Well done. We're done.
335
00:22:09,361 --> 00:22:13,165
Having Eric made our lives more stressful,
336
00:22:13,632 --> 00:22:16,268
but it's a good stress.
337
00:22:31,817 --> 00:22:34,786
I came to the psychology department
338
00:22:34,853 --> 00:22:38,890
at Harvard University in 1968.
339
00:22:43,428 --> 00:22:45,931
Back then, everyone was doing
340
00:22:46,331 --> 00:22:48,467
hard science studies.
341
00:22:48,533 --> 00:22:51,636
Visual perception, learning, memory.
342
00:22:56,375 --> 00:22:59,644
But I was really interested
in what's going on
343
00:22:59,711 --> 00:23:02,547
between mothers and their infants.
344
00:23:04,149 --> 00:23:06,351
And that had never really been...
345
00:23:06,752 --> 00:23:08,620
been looked at before.
346
00:23:16,628 --> 00:23:21,266
I actually had one of my professors put
his hand around my shoulder and say,
347
00:23:22,634 --> 00:23:26,972
"This emotion stuff is not
what you want to be doing."
348
00:23:29,107 --> 00:23:33,345
And somehow, I resisted that,
because I wanted to ask,
349
00:23:34,112 --> 00:23:39,818
"Is the baby born
ready to engage in social relationships?"
350
00:23:41,787 --> 00:23:43,588
Or is the baby just...
351
00:23:44,623 --> 00:23:45,757
sort of passive?
352
00:23:47,459 --> 00:23:48,760
This led me to
353
00:23:48,827 --> 00:23:52,330
the development
of the still face experiment.
354
00:23:58,003 --> 00:24:01,840
We had mothers playing
with young babies, three, four,
355
00:24:01,907 --> 00:24:03,375
five months of age.
356
00:24:04,309 --> 00:24:06,711
And if the infant got really excited,
357
00:24:06,778 --> 00:24:08,547
the mother got really excited.
358
00:24:10,715 --> 00:24:12,517
Then we asked mothers
359
00:24:12,584 --> 00:24:16,721
to stop reacting to the baby
for about two minutes,
360
00:24:17,355 --> 00:24:19,991
to see what the baby would do.
361
00:24:22,093 --> 00:24:25,730
The babies immediately picked up
that the mother wasn't
362
00:24:25,797 --> 00:24:27,999
reacting the way she typically did.
363
00:24:31,436 --> 00:24:33,071
They would smile at her.
364
00:24:35,607 --> 00:24:37,909
Eventually, the babies might cry.
365
00:24:39,544 --> 00:24:41,613
But they would keep on trying
366
00:24:42,047 --> 00:24:44,115
to get back into a relationship.
367
00:24:45,684 --> 00:24:47,319
Oop!
368
00:24:53,592 --> 00:24:55,160
Ooh!
369
00:24:55,227 --> 00:24:57,195
It was clear that the baby
370
00:24:57,262 --> 00:24:59,598
is born with the capacity
371
00:24:59,664 --> 00:25:02,167
to engage in social interaction.
372
00:25:04,469 --> 00:25:09,641
It's something that's built in
and critical to us.
373
00:25:13,645 --> 00:25:17,115
- You guys are supposed to be working out.
- And if a relationship gets disrupted
374
00:25:17,182 --> 00:25:22,687
it has a very powerful emotional effect...
375
00:25:24,456 --> 00:25:27,359
...on be it a baby or an adult.
376
00:25:36,801 --> 00:25:39,137
I'm sorry, Willow. We're nearly home.
377
00:25:40,972 --> 00:25:43,542
We've just been out
with the two of them.
378
00:25:45,277 --> 00:25:47,455
And now both are crying
in the back of the car,
379
00:25:47,479 --> 00:25:49,180
and I can't do anything about it.
380
00:25:49,247 --> 00:25:50,649
Not far now.
381
00:25:52,317 --> 00:25:53,652
Oh, God.
382
00:25:58,623 --> 00:26:00,125
Stressful for Mummy.
383
00:26:00,859 --> 00:26:03,962
She was foaming at the mouth,
she was crying so much.
384
00:26:06,097 --> 00:26:08,066
- You forgive me?
- Look at your mummy.
385
00:26:08,133 --> 00:26:09,167
You forgive me?
386
00:26:09,601 --> 00:26:11,636
You looking at your mummy?
387
00:26:12,404 --> 00:26:14,839
What a horrible...
388
00:26:14,906 --> 00:26:18,777
What a rubbish end
to a nice little afternoon, eh?
389
00:26:21,112 --> 00:26:22,314
Are we friends again?
390
00:26:23,381 --> 00:26:25,584
Do you forgive me for letting you cry?
391
00:26:26,117 --> 00:26:27,986
I didn't have a choice, darling.
392
00:26:28,787 --> 00:26:30,455
Oh, I'm sorry.
393
00:26:31,256 --> 00:26:32,524
Silly car.
394
00:26:35,160 --> 00:26:36,828
Who's got a nice little bath?
395
00:26:39,831 --> 00:26:41,299
Having water on your head?
396
00:26:42,567 --> 00:26:45,470
Hair, it gets greasy
really quickly as a baby.
397
00:26:47,606 --> 00:26:48,606
Yeah?
398
00:26:50,108 --> 00:26:51,209
Is that nice?
399
00:26:52,310 --> 00:26:53,310
Hey?
400
00:27:03,855 --> 00:27:04,789
Hi.
401
00:27:04,856 --> 00:27:07,325
Hi. I barely made it.
402
00:27:08,293 --> 00:27:09,761
You made it just fine.
403
00:27:10,362 --> 00:27:12,330
This is nice.
It's like a more...
404
00:27:12,464 --> 00:27:13,298
Yeah.
405
00:27:13,365 --> 00:27:17,836
Stress is inevitable.
You really can't avoid it.
406
00:27:20,238 --> 00:27:27,212
So does a good relationship between
the parent and a baby help the baby
407
00:27:27,278 --> 00:27:29,280
cope with stress?
408
00:27:31,182 --> 00:27:32,182
Hi.
409
00:27:32,517 --> 00:27:35,854
Nice to meet you. Hi. Oh, you're smiling.
410
00:27:36,655 --> 00:27:39,658
- You can see just his little eyes pop out.
- Nice to meet you.
411
00:27:41,526 --> 00:27:42,894
What? What did you say?
412
00:27:42,961 --> 00:27:47,966
We have set up a new way
to use the still face experiment
413
00:27:48,233 --> 00:27:52,504
where we look at the amount of stress
that the infant experiences.
414
00:27:52,570 --> 00:27:54,105
- Can you say hi?
- Hi, sweetie.
415
00:27:54,172 --> 00:27:56,608
There's Ed. Say hi to Ed?
416
00:27:56,675 --> 00:27:58,810
Thank you so much for coming in
and helping us.
417
00:27:59,778 --> 00:28:01,913
So we will take
several measures
418
00:28:01,980 --> 00:28:03,815
of both you and your baby.
419
00:28:05,517 --> 00:28:07,652
The first thing we do is we take
420
00:28:08,119 --> 00:28:10,722
a sample of the baby's saliva
421
00:28:10,822 --> 00:28:15,727
and look at the level of a stress hormone
called cortisol.
422
00:28:16,061 --> 00:28:18,596
The higher the level of cortisol,
423
00:28:18,663 --> 00:28:21,733
the greater the level of stress
for the infant.
424
00:28:22,133 --> 00:28:23,968
Okay, let's go to the other room.
425
00:28:24,502 --> 00:28:25,502
Okay.
426
00:28:26,037 --> 00:28:29,074
I want to get this around you
for a bit, okay.
427
00:28:37,382 --> 00:28:38,702
You can stop playing,
428
00:28:38,750 --> 00:28:40,470
and I'll tell you when to do
the still face.
429
00:28:40,819 --> 00:28:42,120
Let's see how he'll react.
430
00:28:50,995 --> 00:28:52,063
Do you have tootsies?
431
00:28:52,363 --> 00:28:54,365
Uh-oh! I'm stuck. You got me.
432
00:28:54,666 --> 00:28:59,170
The still face experiment
helps us to see
433
00:28:59,237 --> 00:29:04,843
what goes on in regular interactions
between the mother and the baby.
434
00:29:05,877 --> 00:29:08,213
Shall we do "Wheels On the Bus"?
435
00:29:08,279 --> 00:29:11,349
♪ The wheels on the bus
Go round and round... ♪
436
00:29:11,983 --> 00:29:14,452
What we see there is
437
00:29:14,519 --> 00:29:19,057
that they're matching one another,
they're dancing coordinated.
438
00:29:19,958 --> 00:29:22,360
♪ All through the town ♪
439
00:29:33,104 --> 00:29:34,806
Have her do the still face.
440
00:29:35,440 --> 00:29:37,242
Uh, please start the still face.
441
00:29:38,610 --> 00:29:40,387
Remember,
no touching, no talking,
442
00:29:40,411 --> 00:29:42,547
and sit back in the chair.
443
00:29:45,850 --> 00:29:47,285
As soon as we start,
444
00:29:47,685 --> 00:29:50,789
the baby sees something has changed.
445
00:29:50,855 --> 00:29:52,257
They know it right away.
446
00:30:00,098 --> 00:30:03,401
Babies try to elicit her response.
447
00:30:08,506 --> 00:30:11,943
They may start to fuss, even cry,
448
00:30:12,177 --> 00:30:14,045
when she's not responding.
449
00:30:19,717 --> 00:30:22,320
- She's complaining a lot.
- There you go.
450
00:30:24,255 --> 00:30:27,725
But eventually,
they bring their hands up to their mouth
451
00:30:27,792 --> 00:30:29,594
and comfort themselves.
452
00:30:37,268 --> 00:30:38,203
- Okay.
- Okay.
453
00:30:38,269 --> 00:30:40,438
Have her resume.
- Great job, thank you.
454
00:30:40,505 --> 00:30:42,307
Uh, you can start playing again.
455
00:30:42,540 --> 00:30:44,776
Okay, you're going back
to the fingers.
456
00:30:44,843 --> 00:30:47,145
Oh!
457
00:30:48,479 --> 00:30:50,515
You're not supposed to cry now!
458
00:30:51,683 --> 00:30:53,843
She's complaining.
"What did you do to me?"
459
00:30:55,353 --> 00:30:57,422
And it doesn't take long
460
00:30:57,488 --> 00:31:03,194
for the baby and the mother to figure out
ways to reconnect
461
00:31:03,261 --> 00:31:06,798
after the stress
of the still face experiment.
462
00:31:08,032 --> 00:31:09,667
All right, again!
463
00:31:09,734 --> 00:31:11,002
Ah! Oh, you got me.
464
00:31:11,870 --> 00:31:14,806
And that's really important
for the infant.
465
00:31:14,973 --> 00:31:20,044
It means that the infant is able
to trust this person
466
00:31:20,478 --> 00:31:22,914
to fix, to repair,
467
00:31:23,248 --> 00:31:27,518
after something has gone wrong
in the interaction.
468
00:31:28,052 --> 00:31:31,856
When we look at the levels of cortisol
during the experiment...
469
00:31:33,491 --> 00:31:38,663
we find that where an infant has
positive experience with their parents,
470
00:31:39,264 --> 00:31:42,400
the infant is less stressed
during the still face
471
00:31:42,467 --> 00:31:46,371
and shows lower levels
of the stress hormone cortisol.
472
00:31:47,105 --> 00:31:48,973
Okay, thank you.
We are coming in.
473
00:31:51,476 --> 00:31:54,712
It's really a pretty amazing finding,
474
00:31:54,779 --> 00:31:59,317
and it speaks to the effect of parenting
475
00:31:59,884 --> 00:32:01,920
on how the infant will be in the world.
476
00:32:06,925 --> 00:32:08,860
What's wrong?
477
00:32:08,927 --> 00:32:12,030
Every parent struggles to find out...
478
00:32:13,097 --> 00:32:14,499
"What does my baby need now?"
479
00:32:17,702 --> 00:32:19,671
But if you keep on trying,
480
00:32:20,605 --> 00:32:22,507
you'll find out the answers.
481
00:32:25,677 --> 00:32:29,714
Trust your baby to tell you
482
00:32:29,781 --> 00:32:32,717
what it is that he or she needs
483
00:32:33,284 --> 00:32:35,787
and trust your own instincts
484
00:32:35,853 --> 00:32:37,588
about how to be responding.
485
00:32:39,490 --> 00:32:41,092
That's how the two of you...
486
00:32:42,327 --> 00:32:43,728
fall in love with one another.
487
00:32:48,967 --> 00:32:49,867
Yeah.
488
00:32:49,934 --> 00:32:51,169
Mommy's coming.
489
00:32:53,338 --> 00:32:54,973
It's gonna be a big one.
490
00:32:57,342 --> 00:32:58,409
Oh. Oh.
491
00:32:58,476 --> 00:33:00,812
Probably needs her diaper changed, and...
492
00:33:02,347 --> 00:33:03,548
It's just crazy.
493
00:33:03,948 --> 00:33:06,150
It just doesn't feel good,
especially because
494
00:33:06,217 --> 00:33:07,986
she's fussy over there now.
495
00:33:08,052 --> 00:33:11,356
I want to, like, hold her and,
you know, talk to her,
496
00:33:11,422 --> 00:33:15,393
but at the same time, I have to prepare
for the showings tomorrow.
497
00:33:15,460 --> 00:33:17,762
I know,
and it will always be like that every day,
498
00:33:18,730 --> 00:33:19,764
for like...
499
00:33:24,168 --> 00:33:25,703
Ooh.
500
00:33:25,770 --> 00:33:27,739
This is the last one. One, two,
501
00:33:28,506 --> 00:33:30,575
three, four, five.
502
00:33:30,975 --> 00:33:32,877
Mommy is coming.
503
00:33:33,478 --> 00:33:36,481
- Okay.
- What address was this one?
504
00:33:36,581 --> 00:33:38,116
Liberty.
505
00:33:39,283 --> 00:33:41,185
It's very, very...
506
00:33:42,320 --> 00:33:43,320
very...
507
00:33:44,822 --> 00:33:45,822
difficult.
508
00:33:46,357 --> 00:33:47,357
And it's like...
509
00:33:48,292 --> 00:33:50,728
it's hard for me
just as much as it is for her.
510
00:33:51,195 --> 00:33:54,532
You have feelings that
she just can't experience yet, like guilt.
511
00:33:54,599 --> 00:33:57,135
Your little chunky cheeks.
512
00:33:57,435 --> 00:34:00,138
I'm giving you the strong pat,
that's why, jelly.
513
00:34:00,204 --> 00:34:01,472
You like the strong pats.
514
00:34:07,412 --> 00:34:08,555
- Hi, pumpkin.
- You know what?
515
00:34:08,579 --> 00:34:09,981
I'm gonna let you guys do this.
516
00:34:10,515 --> 00:34:11,549
Come here.
517
00:34:14,152 --> 00:34:15,253
Hi.
518
00:34:20,358 --> 00:34:21,359
Hi!
519
00:34:21,793 --> 00:34:23,194
Here I am.
520
00:34:23,761 --> 00:34:25,930
Hi!
521
00:34:25,997 --> 00:34:28,232
Yeah!
522
00:34:28,499 --> 00:34:30,368
Say, "Hi, Mommy."
523
00:34:30,635 --> 00:34:32,637
Mwah!
524
00:34:33,604 --> 00:34:35,773
Mwah!
525
00:34:36,541 --> 00:34:38,509
Mwah!
526
00:34:39,177 --> 00:34:41,312
What was all the fuss about?
527
00:34:42,313 --> 00:34:43,748
What was it about?
528
00:34:44,415 --> 00:34:46,184
Did you want to tell me a story?
529
00:34:47,185 --> 00:34:48,185
Yeah?
530
00:34:52,023 --> 00:34:53,023
Did it?
531
00:34:53,558 --> 00:34:54,625
And what else?
532
00:34:56,060 --> 00:34:57,095
Really?
533
00:34:57,929 --> 00:34:59,630
Is that what happened?
534
00:35:00,598 --> 00:35:02,366
Were you giving Daddy a hard time?
535
00:35:03,367 --> 00:35:05,069
Hm? Yeah?
536
00:35:05,670 --> 00:35:07,171
That's your job, right?
537
00:35:07,939 --> 00:35:09,707
We gotta give him a run for his money.
538
00:35:09,774 --> 00:35:11,776
Yeah!
539
00:35:24,755 --> 00:35:27,267
Is this the first time
you guys have done it without me?
540
00:35:27,291 --> 00:35:29,627
- 'Cause, have you done it at camp?
- Yeah.
541
00:35:30,628 --> 00:35:31,796
- I think so.
- I forget.
542
00:35:31,863 --> 00:35:33,498
- I'm not sure.
- I think he did.
543
00:35:33,564 --> 00:35:34,465
Okay.
544
00:35:34,532 --> 00:35:37,835
As a parent, I'm faced with
constant dilemmas every day.
545
00:35:40,004 --> 00:35:43,941
I really want my children to be
adventurous and courageous,
546
00:35:44,008 --> 00:35:47,078
but I also really want to keep them safe.
547
00:35:47,478 --> 00:35:49,180
Patricia, yours is on, right?
548
00:35:49,247 --> 00:35:50,982
These are real choices.
549
00:36:02,126 --> 00:36:04,996
So I've wondered, what kind of impact
550
00:36:05,062 --> 00:36:09,000
can these parenting choices
have on the baby's development?
551
00:36:13,104 --> 00:36:17,441
A newborn's brain is developing
quite rapidly in early life.
552
00:36:18,042 --> 00:36:19,143
Whoa!
553
00:36:20,111 --> 00:36:21,946
I wanted to design a study
554
00:36:22,613 --> 00:36:24,615
that would allow us to look at
555
00:36:24,682 --> 00:36:29,453
if parenting would affect
the infant's brain
556
00:36:29,820 --> 00:36:31,622
during this unique period of life.
557
00:36:35,359 --> 00:36:37,929
When we first started
looking at this,
558
00:36:38,396 --> 00:36:42,166
to my knowledge, there wasn't much on just
559
00:36:42,233 --> 00:36:44,168
differences in parenting
560
00:36:44,235 --> 00:36:45,503
and the infant's brain.
561
00:36:49,840 --> 00:36:52,910
So we really needed scans
of babies' brains
562
00:36:52,977 --> 00:36:54,879
right after they were born,
563
00:36:54,946 --> 00:36:58,249
before they'd experienced really
any parenting styles.
564
00:36:59,650 --> 00:37:04,021
And then fortunately we had
this great opportunity to take advantage
565
00:37:04,088 --> 00:37:06,357
of a much larger study...
566
00:37:07,658 --> 00:37:10,661
the Growing Up In Singapore
Towards Healthy Outcomes study.
567
00:37:12,763 --> 00:37:15,066
In this study, these babies had
568
00:37:15,132 --> 00:37:18,669
already been scanned
within the first few weeks of life.
569
00:37:20,004 --> 00:37:23,407
So we had a sort of baseline
for brain development.
570
00:37:27,511 --> 00:37:30,815
We needed to follow those babies
to six months...
571
00:37:31,983 --> 00:37:34,218
take another scan of their brain...
572
00:37:37,021 --> 00:37:38,489
and also observe
573
00:37:38,556 --> 00:37:40,925
differences in parenting style.
574
00:37:40,992 --> 00:37:42,226
- Hello.
- Hi.
575
00:37:42,293 --> 00:37:44,493
- I'm Anne, one of the GUSTO scientists.
- Hi, I'm Nina.
576
00:37:44,528 --> 00:37:46,139
- Hi, nice to meet you.
- Nice to meet you.
577
00:37:46,163 --> 00:37:47,898
- This is Nathaniel.
- Hi, Nathaniel.
578
00:37:48,666 --> 00:37:52,370
So we brought in the moms and babies
when the babies were six months of age,
579
00:37:52,436 --> 00:37:55,606
and we observed the parenting behavior
in the laboratory.
580
00:37:56,574 --> 00:37:58,109
You go down on the mat?
581
00:38:02,513 --> 00:38:05,216
What I'm really looking at is
582
00:38:05,283 --> 00:38:08,719
how attentive and responsive is a parent
583
00:38:08,786 --> 00:38:10,721
to the infant's signals?
584
00:38:10,788 --> 00:38:12,490
Hello. How are you?
585
00:38:12,556 --> 00:38:15,626
Great? Are you having fun? Stretch.
586
00:38:15,693 --> 00:38:17,528
We had 20 babies...
587
00:38:18,796 --> 00:38:21,532
and we rated the mother's behavior
using a system
588
00:38:21,599 --> 00:38:22,833
of descriptive cards.
589
00:38:25,369 --> 00:38:28,773
Do they respond
to what the infant is doing?
590
00:38:29,240 --> 00:38:31,342
Oops!
591
00:38:31,409 --> 00:38:33,077
Oh, no, no, no.
592
00:38:33,144 --> 00:38:36,547
So for example,
we might see a baby cry.
593
00:38:37,315 --> 00:38:38,315
Does the mother
594
00:38:38,916 --> 00:38:40,651
quickly offer comfort?
595
00:38:43,587 --> 00:38:44,587
Ooh!
596
00:38:44,622 --> 00:38:45,990
Oh, sorry.
597
00:38:47,558 --> 00:38:49,894
If the baby is reaching
for something,
598
00:38:49,960 --> 00:38:52,496
does she let the child choose,
599
00:38:52,563 --> 00:38:53,764
or does she choose?
600
00:38:54,265 --> 00:38:55,499
You like this?
601
00:38:56,400 --> 00:38:59,036
These interactions are really small,
602
00:38:59,537 --> 00:39:01,172
and sometimes they're really quick.
603
00:39:03,507 --> 00:39:04,975
But over time,
604
00:39:05,042 --> 00:39:08,412
they add together to complete a picture
605
00:39:08,879 --> 00:39:10,581
of what the relationship is like.
606
00:39:20,891 --> 00:39:22,593
I'm gonna stop at 55.
607
00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:31,035
This is him.
608
00:39:33,571 --> 00:39:34,571
Hello?
609
00:39:36,941 --> 00:39:38,843
Good morning. So you're up.
610
00:39:40,444 --> 00:39:42,680
No, you're gonna go
straight to the property?
611
00:39:44,915 --> 00:39:47,017
I know, I'm gonna text you the address.
612
00:39:49,720 --> 00:39:50,921
Okay, perfect.
613
00:39:52,156 --> 00:39:53,867
Okay, bye-bye.
614
00:39:53,891 --> 00:39:55,726
Bless you.
615
00:39:58,295 --> 00:40:00,297
Bless you.
616
00:40:02,266 --> 00:40:03,601
Okay, yes.
617
00:40:04,802 --> 00:40:06,504
Destiny is finding it really hard
618
00:40:06,570 --> 00:40:09,240
because she's really motivated
to go back to work.
619
00:40:10,574 --> 00:40:12,676
But I feel like she doesn't want to be
620
00:40:13,010 --> 00:40:14,845
any minute away from Dakota.
621
00:40:16,547 --> 00:40:18,949
I guess it's the motherly instincts
kicking in.
622
00:40:20,050 --> 00:40:24,021
Dakota, I'm going to need you to be
a little bit more still.
623
00:40:25,055 --> 00:40:26,215
I feel I know what I'm doing,
624
00:40:26,257 --> 00:40:28,859
but I'm, like, real confident
with doing this now.
625
00:40:30,361 --> 00:40:32,029
Yeah, it's time for you to eat.
626
00:40:34,031 --> 00:40:35,031
Come on.
627
00:40:36,066 --> 00:40:37,535
But it's time for you to eat.
628
00:40:38,569 --> 00:40:40,471
Dakota definitely knows who I am.
629
00:40:41,572 --> 00:40:44,909
I feel like, you know,
nothing could break our bond.
630
00:40:46,143 --> 00:40:47,244
There you go.
631
00:40:48,012 --> 00:40:50,781
It almost makes me feel real soft inside,
632
00:40:50,848 --> 00:40:52,817
like, real mushy and, I don't know,
633
00:40:52,883 --> 00:40:55,152
like, getting real deep into my emotions,
634
00:40:55,219 --> 00:40:59,156
which I don't like doing,
but she brings that out of me easily.
635
00:41:00,658 --> 00:41:01,759
Can I get one burp?
636
00:41:02,693 --> 00:41:03,693
Hm?
637
00:41:18,742 --> 00:41:21,145
So I just need to ask you
a few questions...
638
00:41:21,212 --> 00:41:23,314
- Yep.
- ...before we proceed with the MRI.
639
00:41:23,380 --> 00:41:26,450
There's no radiation involved,
so that's why we can do it on children.
640
00:41:26,517 --> 00:41:27,518
- Yep.
- All right?
641
00:41:27,585 --> 00:41:28,786
- Ready?
- Ready.
642
00:41:28,853 --> 00:41:32,389
We had looked to see differences
in parenting style.
643
00:41:34,258 --> 00:41:37,795
Now we needed to see
how do these parenting styles
644
00:41:38,696 --> 00:41:40,898
affect areas of the infant's brain?
645
00:41:42,566 --> 00:41:43,434
And to do that,
646
00:41:43,501 --> 00:41:47,471
we needed to take the babies back
into the MRI for their six-month scan.
647
00:41:48,439 --> 00:41:50,207
♪ If you're happy and you know it... ♪
648
00:41:50,307 --> 00:41:52,910
It's really hard to scan a baby.
649
00:41:53,010 --> 00:41:54,845
♪...and you know it
Clap your hands ♪
650
00:41:54,912 --> 00:41:58,282
Because for a successful scan
you need to stay still.
651
00:41:58,349 --> 00:41:59,349
Wow!
652
00:41:59,884 --> 00:42:02,920
And that's not something
that comes naturally to infants.
653
00:42:05,756 --> 00:42:07,057
So to make it easier,
654
00:42:07,124 --> 00:42:09,527
babies are fed before so they fall asleep.
655
00:42:23,040 --> 00:42:25,175
Okay. Let's start the scan.
656
00:42:25,643 --> 00:42:26,777
Is the baby sleeping?
657
00:42:27,011 --> 00:42:28,011
Yeah.
658
00:42:28,445 --> 00:42:29,445
Okay.
659
00:42:30,314 --> 00:42:32,316
- There it is.
- Yes, coming up...
660
00:42:32,383 --> 00:42:33,751
It's coming right up.
661
00:42:35,419 --> 00:42:37,621
Are you okay
with the image quality of this?
662
00:42:40,925 --> 00:42:41,925
Yes.
663
00:42:42,226 --> 00:42:43,260
Perfect.
664
00:42:46,430 --> 00:42:50,367
I went to my colleague Anqi Qiu,
an expert in neural imaging,
665
00:42:50,434 --> 00:42:52,169
whose team processed the data.
666
00:42:52,770 --> 00:42:56,373
I was really excited to see
what she had found.
667
00:42:57,975 --> 00:42:59,944
Here is actually
the structural image.
668
00:43:00,945 --> 00:43:04,081
And now you can see red dots showing up.
669
00:43:05,015 --> 00:43:06,917
That's where the hippocampus is.
670
00:43:07,952 --> 00:43:09,792
So this is just one baby,
though, right?
671
00:43:09,820 --> 00:43:11,055
Yes, it is.
672
00:43:11,121 --> 00:43:13,924
But if you look at all the scans we have,
673
00:43:13,991 --> 00:43:16,627
you look at individuals,
and they have a very similar pattern.
674
00:43:17,728 --> 00:43:19,830
This was really quite incredible.
675
00:43:20,931 --> 00:43:22,499
The hippocampus,
676
00:43:22,566 --> 00:43:25,002
this area towards the middle of the brain,
677
00:43:25,869 --> 00:43:27,037
that differed
678
00:43:27,104 --> 00:43:29,039
according to parenting styles.
679
00:43:29,573 --> 00:43:35,379
The infants who had received
less responsive caregiving,
680
00:43:35,446 --> 00:43:39,083
their hippocampi were a bit bigger.
681
00:43:42,186 --> 00:43:43,654
This was surprising,
682
00:43:44,588 --> 00:43:47,491
because the hippocampus
is really important to learning
683
00:43:47,558 --> 00:43:49,193
and to managing distress.
684
00:43:49,693 --> 00:43:54,732
So what it suggests is that the babies
were having to manage their own stress,
685
00:43:54,798 --> 00:43:58,302
because they're not getting
quite as much support from their parents.
686
00:44:00,671 --> 00:44:04,742
Even at six months,
these everyday differences in parenting
687
00:44:04,808 --> 00:44:06,577
were actually linked
688
00:44:06,644 --> 00:44:10,514
to observable differences
in the structure of the infant brain.
689
00:44:10,581 --> 00:44:12,182
Hey! Good job.
690
00:44:12,249 --> 00:44:16,453
To my knowledge, that was the first time
a group had seen this.
691
00:44:31,435 --> 00:44:34,371
When a parent is attentive
and responsive,
692
00:44:34,438 --> 00:44:37,708
the baby is learning
that the world is a safe place,
693
00:44:38,375 --> 00:44:42,680
and that frees up time for them
to explore their environment.
694
00:44:44,815 --> 00:44:49,386
When a baby doesn't get
those same signals from the parent...
695
00:44:51,388 --> 00:44:57,795
...the baby may need to prioritize
thinking about safety and comfort
696
00:44:57,861 --> 00:44:59,329
rather than exploration.
697
00:45:02,366 --> 00:45:04,835
I'm the last person to say
that parenting is easy.
698
00:45:05,803 --> 00:45:07,805
None of us do this perfectly.
699
00:45:11,775 --> 00:45:16,313
What is important
is that the overall experience
700
00:45:16,380 --> 00:45:20,984
that the child is receiving
is one of attentive and responsive care.
701
00:45:22,386 --> 00:45:25,823
And I think, for parents,
that's reassuring.
702
00:45:27,157 --> 00:45:31,261
Itsy-bitsy spider
Climbed up the water spout
703
00:45:32,196 --> 00:45:36,700
Down came the rain
And washed the spider out
704
00:45:37,568 --> 00:45:42,005
♪ Up came the sun
And dried up all the rain ♪
705
00:45:42,706 --> 00:45:45,442
♪ The itsy-bitsy spider ♪
706
00:45:46,310 --> 00:45:49,213
Climbed up the spout again
707
00:45:50,514 --> 00:45:51,548
Yay!
708
00:45:54,084 --> 00:45:56,386
Mommy missed you, Dakota.
709
00:45:56,453 --> 00:45:59,323
I'm comfortable leaving,
710
00:45:59,790 --> 00:46:02,359
and so, um, it just gives me a lotta hope.
711
00:46:02,426 --> 00:46:03,861
It gives me a lotta, lotta hope.
712
00:46:03,927 --> 00:46:05,763
Come on, Dakota. Come get Mommy.
713
00:46:08,232 --> 00:46:10,367
I think we're gonna
make good parents.
714
00:46:10,434 --> 00:46:14,538
But there's a lot of stuff
that you learn on the way.
715
00:46:16,673 --> 00:46:17,941
Hi!
716
00:46:18,842 --> 00:46:20,811
Woo!
717
00:46:23,147 --> 00:46:25,349
It's not just her
being a baby now.
718
00:46:25,415 --> 00:46:27,618
She's a real part of our family,
719
00:46:27,684 --> 00:46:30,087
and she's growing into her own person.
720
00:46:39,296 --> 00:46:40,998
Babies are the ultimate mystery.
721
00:46:41,064 --> 00:46:43,667
They're much more complex
than we ever thought.
722
00:46:43,734 --> 00:46:44,835
Ba-ba!
723
00:46:44,902 --> 00:46:45,936
Ba-tha.
724
00:46:46,003 --> 00:46:47,171
Good boy!
725
00:46:47,237 --> 00:46:49,807
How do they learn language?
726
00:46:52,276 --> 00:46:53,911
Why are they sleeping so much?
727
00:46:55,412 --> 00:47:00,117
How is it that babies learn to crawl,
and what do they learn
728
00:47:00,184 --> 00:47:02,052
when they're crawling around in the world?
729
00:47:05,622 --> 00:47:07,591
One of the great puzzles is,
730
00:47:07,658 --> 00:47:09,326
what's it like to be a baby?
53353
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