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[Music]
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as far as we know medieval England was
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never invaded by ice zombies or
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terrorized by dragons but it was shaken
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by a power struggle between two noble
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families spanning generations and
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involving a massive cast of characters
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with complex motives and shifting
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loyalties if that sounds familiar it's
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because the historical conflicts known
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as the Wars of the Roses served as the
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basis for much of the drama in Game of
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Thrones the real-life seeds of war were
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sown by the death of King Edward the
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third in 1377 Edwards oldest son had
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died before his father but his
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ten-year-old son Richard the second
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succeeded to the throne ahead of Edwards
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three surviving sons this skipping of an
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entire generation left lingering claims
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to the throne among their various
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offspring particularly the Lancaster's
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descended from Edwards third son and the
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York's descended from his fourth son the
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name of the ensuing wars comes from the
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symbols associated with the two families
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the White Rose of York and the red rose
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of Lancaster
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the Lancaster's first gained the throne
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when Richard the second was deposed by
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his cousin Henry the fourth in 1399
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despite sporadic unrest there rain
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remains secure until 1422 when henry v
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death in a millet
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campaign left an infant Henry the sixth
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as teeny weak willed and dominated by
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advisers Henry was eventually convinced
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to marry Margaret of Anjou to gain
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French support Margaret was beautiful
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ambitious and ruthless in persecuting
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any threat to her power and she
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distrusted Richard of York most of all
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York had been the King's close advisor
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and loyal general but was increasingly
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sidelined by the Queen who promoted her
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favorite supporters like the Earl's of
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Suffolk and Somerset York's criticism of
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their inept handling of the war against
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France led to his exclusion from court
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and transferring to Ireland meanwhile
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mounting military failures and corrupt
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rule by Margaret and her allies caused
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widespread discontent and in the midst
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of this chaos Richard of York returned
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with an army to arrest Somerset and
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reform the court initially unsuccessful
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he soon got his chance when he was
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appointed protector of the realm
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after Henry suffered a mental breakdown
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however less than a year later Henry
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suddenly recovered and the Queen
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convinced him to reverse York's reforms
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York fled and raised an army once more
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though he was unable to directly seize
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the throne he managed to be reinstated
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as protector and have himself and his
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heirs designated to succeed
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but instead of a crown York's head
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acquired a pipe after he was killed in
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battle with the Queen's loyalists his
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young son took up the claim and was
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crowned Edward the fourth Edward enjoyed
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great military success against the
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Lancaster's Henry was captured while
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Margaret fled into exile with their
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reportedly cruel son Edward of
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Westminster but the newly crowned King
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made a tragic political mistake by
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backing out of his arranged marriage
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with a French princess to secretly marry
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the widow of a minor noble this
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alienated his most powerful ally the
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Earl of Warwick Warwick allied with the
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Lancaster's turned Edwards jealous
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younger brother George against him and
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even briefly managed to restore Henry as
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king but it didn't last
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Edward recaptured the throne the
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Lancaster Prince was killed in bow and
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Henry himself died in captivity not long
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after the rest of Edward the fourth
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sreyas peaceful but upon his death in
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1483 the bloodshed resumed though his
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12-year old son was due to succeed him
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Edward's younger brother Richard the
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third declared his nephews illegitimate
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due to their father's secret marriage
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he assumed the Regency himself and threw
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the boys in prison though no one knows
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what ultimately became of them after a
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while the princes disappeared and
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Richards powers seemed secure but his
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downfall would come only two years later
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from across the Narrow Sea of the
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English Channel Henry Tudor was a direct
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descendant of the first Duke of
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Lancaster raised in exile after his
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father's death in a previous rebellion
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with Richard the thirds power grabbed
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causing a split in New York faction
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Henry won support for his royal claim
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raising an army in France he crossed the
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channel in 1485 and quickly defeated
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Richard's forces and by marrying
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Elizabeth of York elder sister of that
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disappeared princes the newly crowned
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Henry the seventh joins the two roses
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finally ended nearly a century of war we
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often think of historical wars as
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decisive conflicts with clearly defined
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winners and losers but the Wars of the
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Roses like a fiction they inspired show
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us that victories can be uncertain
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alliances unstable and even the power of
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Kings as fleeting as
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[Music]
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