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Europe.
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00:00:38,497 --> 00:00:43,252
Home to 850 million people.
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This is a continent
that has been transformed by humanity.
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00:00:58,559 --> 00:01:00,645
It is a crowded world.
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00:01:07,902 --> 00:01:10,488
But not all of it.
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There are still precious areas
of wilderness
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and, living within them,
some very surprising animals.
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SQUAWKING
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Forest once covered 80% of Europe.
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CHIRPING
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Now only half of it remains.
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GRUNTING
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A brown bear.
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One of only 1,500 that are left
in Finland's forests.
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CUBS SQUEAK
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Her cubs have recently emerged
from their nursery den.
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The long summer days
means there's plenty of time for play.
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With two boisterous cubs...
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...it pays to rest whenever you can.
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But their mother must be on her guard.
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The cubs have spotted something.
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A large male...looking for a mate.
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The cubs aren't his.
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So he might try to kill them.
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Bear cubs are excellent climbers.
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And now they're beyond his reach,
15 metres up.
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MAKES GUTTURAL, PULSING SOUND
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Their mother warns him
to keep his distance.
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But the cubs are coming down too soon.
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MAKES GUTTURAL, PULSING SOUND
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She can't take any chances.
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G ROWLS AGG RESSIVE LY
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That was a close call.
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Finland's forests give us a glimpse
of what Europe was once like.
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A land of endless wilderness,
where large animals roamed far and wide.
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In the north, the continent extends
beyond the Arctic Circle.
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Here, the skies are illuminated
by the aurora borealis,
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the northern lights.
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Trillions of charged particles,
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ejected by electric storms on the sun,
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react with the Earth's atmosphere
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to create
this surreal nocturnal spectacle.
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But by day, this is a barren land.
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The Dovrefjell mountains of Norway.
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One of the last refuges
for an animal that once lived
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all across northern Europe.
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GRUNTS
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The musk ox.
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This bull is in his prime.
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He protects the herd
and fathers all the calves.
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BELLOWS
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His is a greatly sought-after rank...
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BLEATS
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...and that means that,
in the mating season,
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he has to deal with rivals.
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00:08:08,489 --> 00:08:11,200
And here is one.
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Raking the ground is a warning
to other males to keep away.
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But some ignore it.
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He now has no choice
but to defend his crown.
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00:08:55,536 --> 00:08:57,621
GRUNTS
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00:09:03,001 --> 00:09:04,795
The challenger attacks.
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Each male weighs nearly half a tonne.
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These clashes are usually short
and intense,
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but not this time.
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As his family looks on, neither gives in.
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The bull will need to draw
on all his experience.
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00:10:20,370 --> 00:10:23,165
But he's beginning to lose ground.
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Now he's broadsided.
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If he's defeated,
he will lose all his females.
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With one final effort,
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the bull pushes the challenger
back up the hill.
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It's over.
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The old bull successfully defended
his rights as head of the family.
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00:11:30,566 --> 00:11:35,988
And the challenger has to return
to a lonely life for another year.
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00:11:42,828 --> 00:11:48,667
One of Europe's last remaining areas
of wilderness lies at its heart.
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A mountain range spanning
750 miles across eight countries.
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The Alps.
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00:12:09,855 --> 00:12:13,233
Europe's mountain ranges
may be inhospitable,
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00:12:13,358 --> 00:12:18,030
but wildlife has shared this terrain
with people for centuries.
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00:12:20,240 --> 00:12:22,701
BELL CHIMES
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It's dusk in the mountain villages
of Abruzzo, in central Italy.
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And deep in the surrounding woods,
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thermal-imaging cameras reveal
the continent's most elusive predators.
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Wolves.
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Right on the edge of the village.
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00:13:15,754 --> 00:13:17,297
HOWLING
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It's midwinter,
and food is hard to come by.
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00:13:21,551 --> 00:13:23,261
HOWLING
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00:13:23,387 --> 00:13:26,640
This pack may not have fed for a week.
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00:13:34,022 --> 00:13:36,900
They can travel many miles in a night,
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searching for prey.
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Red deer.
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It's pitch-black.
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00:14:12,269 --> 00:14:15,605
Perfect conditions for an ambush.
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00:14:18,984 --> 00:14:20,360
But even so...
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00:14:21,611 --> 00:14:24,990
...the odds are stacked
against the wolves.
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00:14:33,290 --> 00:14:34,875
TWIG SNAPS
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One wrong footstep,
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and they have lost
the advantage of surprise.
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The deer scatter
right across the mountainside.
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00:15:15,082 --> 00:15:16,917
And to make matters worse,
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the hunt is interrupted.
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00:15:20,670 --> 00:15:22,506
VEHICLE ZOOMS PAST
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The deer are now high up the mountain.
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00:15:35,685 --> 00:15:42,442
But the wolves use the road
to travel faster and in silence.
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00:15:59,126 --> 00:16:02,212
They manage to get above the herd.
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00:16:14,099 --> 00:16:17,644
Now they make their move.
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RUSTLING
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The pack needs to single out one animal.
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A wolf is more nimble in thick woodland,
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00:16:56,099 --> 00:16:59,603
but a deer can run faster on open ground.
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00:17:06,401 --> 00:17:09,905
Once they're close,
the pack drive the deer
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00:17:10,030 --> 00:17:11,531
straight down the mountain.
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00:17:15,285 --> 00:17:17,954
And now it's more likely to stumble.
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GROWLING
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In this case, the icy road proves fatal.
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BARKING
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But the commotion has attracted Sheepdogs
from the nearby village.
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They have been bred to protect livestock
by chasing away wolves.
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BARKING CONTIN UES
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With the kill lost to the Sheepdogs,
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the wolves will go hungry
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for yet another night.
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00:18:37,158 --> 00:18:43,081
Today, much of Europe's wildlife
has to live alongside people.
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DISTANT SIRENS
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The most adaptable can be found
in our towns and cities.
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00:18:58,722 --> 00:19:04,394
Gibraltar, right on the southern tip
of the continent.
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Home to Europe's only monkeys.
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00:19:15,447 --> 00:19:17,240
Barbary macaques.
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00:19:30,962 --> 00:19:34,549
Four family troops live here.
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00:19:51,816 --> 00:19:53,693
SCREECHES
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00:19:53,818 --> 00:19:55,403
In macaque society,
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there is a strict hierarchy,
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00:19:58,615 --> 00:20:02,494
and status within it is inherited.
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00:20:04,954 --> 00:20:09,542
This female has just given birth
to her first baby.
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00:20:11,336 --> 00:20:15,256
She is at the bottom of the pecking order.
137
00:20:16,758 --> 00:20:19,386
So her son is, too.
138
00:20:25,642 --> 00:20:28,103
SHIP HORN BLARES
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00:20:35,443 --> 00:20:38,113
They're bullied constantly...
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00:20:45,078 --> 00:20:48,873
...and forced to live
on the fringes of the troop.
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00:20:55,004 --> 00:21:00,009
As outcasts,
their only comfort is each other.
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00:21:07,976 --> 00:21:10,103
SCREECHES
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He's been snatched,
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stolen by a higher-ranking female.
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00:21:22,198 --> 00:21:26,995
She is childless,
and she wants a baby of her own.
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00:21:29,164 --> 00:21:31,040
SCREECHES
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00:21:31,166 --> 00:21:33,751
He's only a few metres away...
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00:21:33,877 --> 00:21:36,671
...but if his mother approaches,
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00:21:36,796 --> 00:21:39,924
the rest of the troop
could well attack her.
150
00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:52,228
The kidnapper
has never raised a baby before,
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so this one is in danger.
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00:22:04,115 --> 00:22:08,244
They're headed
towards a cable car tower.
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00:22:09,871 --> 00:22:13,666
The young mother can't let them
out of her sight.
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00:22:52,789 --> 00:22:54,499
They're 30 metres up.
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00:22:55,625 --> 00:23:00,088
If she tries to grab her baby and fails,
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he could fall to his death.
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00:23:04,050 --> 00:23:05,927
CLICKS TONG U E
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The kidnapper refuses
to surrender him.
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00:23:22,819 --> 00:23:25,238
There's one last thing a mother can try,
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00:23:25,363 --> 00:23:26,864
and to do it
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she needs to recruit another macaque.
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00:23:47,635 --> 00:23:51,431
Now the mother begins to groom
her companion
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in full view of the kidnapper.
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00:23:57,604 --> 00:24:00,523
All monkeys love to be groomed,
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even by a low-ranking female.
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00:24:04,861 --> 00:24:08,489
It's the basis for peace
in macaque society.
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CLICKS TONG U E
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00:24:24,547 --> 00:24:29,469
Eventually, the urge to join in
is just too strong.
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TONG U ES CLICK
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The kidnap is over.
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And the youngster can climb back into
his mother's arms.
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00:25:05,338 --> 00:25:10,009
There are pockets of wilderness
even in Europe's cities.
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BELLS CHIME
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Green oases among the urban sprawl.
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00:25:20,603 --> 00:25:26,734
Vienna, in Austria, has over 2,000 parks,
gardens and cemeteries.
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And down in the undergrowth,
a rather unusual resident.
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A European hamster.
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00:26:05,231 --> 00:26:10,194
Wild hamsters are found in grasslands
throughout central Europe.
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Here, in the city,
they're doing extremely well.
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00:26:17,785 --> 00:26:21,956
This male is on a mission to find food,
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00:26:22,081 --> 00:26:26,419
and he's set his sights
on one thing in particular.
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Fresh flowers.
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00:26:36,179 --> 00:26:41,684
To survive the winter,
hamsters must fatten up.
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00:26:41,809 --> 00:26:44,437
So there's no time to waste.
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00:27:00,161 --> 00:27:06,125
The only problem - these flowers
are in someone else's patch.
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SQUEAKING
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00:27:38,950 --> 00:27:42,537
Graveside bouquets are worth fighting for.
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00:27:47,834 --> 00:27:53,297
The winner gets to keep the territory
and all the food within it.
189
00:28:04,934 --> 00:28:09,063
The loser has to beat a hasty retreat.
190
00:28:18,447 --> 00:28:22,910
But the lure of fresh petals
is just too much.
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00:28:25,663 --> 00:28:26,706
Plan B.
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00:28:26,831 --> 00:28:29,000
Stealth mode.
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00:28:41,596 --> 00:28:43,514
The coast looks clear.
194
00:28:47,768 --> 00:28:51,188
But best not take any chances.
195
00:29:06,162 --> 00:29:10,875
The trick is to get in and out
before you're caught.
196
00:29:16,797 --> 00:29:21,385
And now...dessert.
197
00:29:24,347 --> 00:29:29,769
Candle wax -
it's full of oil and high in calories.
198
00:29:49,789 --> 00:29:54,502
A hamster's cheeks can hold
a quarter of its body weight.
199
00:30:03,302 --> 00:30:05,930
Just one more mouthful.
200
00:30:10,977 --> 00:30:13,479
SQUEAKS
201
00:30:15,856 --> 00:30:17,066
Oh, dear.
202
00:30:24,991 --> 00:30:28,494
Big cheeks and narrow bottlenecks -
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00:30:28,619 --> 00:30:31,497
how very embarrassing.
204
00:30:42,758 --> 00:30:44,969
Mission accomplished.
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00:30:52,893 --> 00:30:56,689
Europe's landscape
has changed dramatically...
206
00:30:58,357 --> 00:31:02,361
...but its temperate climate
is still good for wildlife.
207
00:31:04,572 --> 00:31:06,907
The continent has warm summers...
208
00:31:09,952 --> 00:31:11,954
...and mild winters.
209
00:31:16,333 --> 00:31:21,213
These conditions are a consequence
of its position on the globe...
210
00:31:23,466 --> 00:31:29,930
...and the influence of the Gulf Stream.
211
00:31:30,056 --> 00:31:34,477
This current of warm water
in the Atlantic Ocean heats the air
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00:31:34,602 --> 00:31:37,813
that then flows over the land.
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00:31:48,824 --> 00:31:52,078
And every year, Europe's unique climate
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00:31:52,203 --> 00:31:56,415
helps trigger an extraordinary
natural event.
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00:32:02,713 --> 00:32:05,132
The Tisza River, in Hungary.
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00:32:08,427 --> 00:32:10,846
For a few days in June,
217
00:32:10,971 --> 00:32:14,183
when day length
and water temperature are just right...
218
00:32:16,018 --> 00:32:18,813
...the largest of all mayflies emerge.
219
00:32:23,776 --> 00:32:27,696
After three years of feeding
and growing on the riverbed,
220
00:32:27,822 --> 00:32:31,117
the males appear first.
221
00:32:39,792 --> 00:32:42,837
With new wings,
they can fly to the riverbank
222
00:32:42,962 --> 00:32:46,298
and there undergo a final moult.
223
00:32:54,181 --> 00:32:56,058
BIRDSONG
224
00:33:11,323 --> 00:33:14,076
Now sexually mature,
225
00:33:14,201 --> 00:33:16,787
they havejust one purpose in life -
226
00:33:16,912 --> 00:33:19,623
to find a female.
227
00:33:28,549 --> 00:33:31,719
Each male has only three hours to live.
228
00:33:35,806 --> 00:33:40,269
And now the females begin to emerge
on the surface of the river.
229
00:33:43,564 --> 00:33:47,610
The males scour the water surface,
searching for them...
230
00:33:53,949 --> 00:33:57,786
...each desperate to be the one
that fertilises her eggs.
231
00:34:00,915 --> 00:34:04,501
Every female is pounced on
as soon as she appears.
232
00:34:16,805 --> 00:34:19,683
With only minutes left
for each male to live,
233
00:34:19,808 --> 00:34:23,437
the competition becomes
increasingly urgent.
234
00:34:30,945 --> 00:34:34,198
And all too soon, the males' time is up.
235
00:34:42,206 --> 00:34:44,583
All of them die.
236
00:34:56,762 --> 00:35:00,975
But the females' journey
has onlyjust begun.
237
00:35:14,780 --> 00:35:16,490
Now that they've mated,
238
00:35:16,615 --> 00:35:18,617
they start to fly upstream
239
00:35:18,742 --> 00:35:22,746
and continue for as much as three miles.
240
00:35:45,561 --> 00:35:47,438
At the height of the hatch,
241
00:35:47,563 --> 00:35:51,567
there may be as many
as ten million insects on the wing.
242
00:36:06,582 --> 00:36:08,334
Exhausted,
243
00:36:08,459 --> 00:36:13,922
the females now collapse
and rain down onto the water's surface.
244
00:36:17,343 --> 00:36:21,221
And as they hit it,
each releases thousands of eggs.
245
00:36:36,487 --> 00:36:39,156
As the eggs slowly sink,
246
00:36:39,281 --> 00:36:41,116
they drift downstream,
247
00:36:41,241 --> 00:36:44,286
so that by the time
each reaches the riverbed,
248
00:36:44,411 --> 00:36:49,666
it will be in exactly the same spot
that its parents emerged.
249
00:36:55,422 --> 00:36:58,926
Just hours
after the first mayflies appeared,
250
00:36:59,051 --> 00:37:03,931
this great eruption of life is over.
251
00:37:10,020 --> 00:37:14,691
Europe's extensive waterways
are a haven for wildlife.
252
00:37:16,485 --> 00:37:19,196
One of the richest of its wetlands
253
00:37:19,321 --> 00:37:24,243
lies on the edge of the Black Sea,
in Romania.
254
00:37:25,285 --> 00:37:28,455
The delta of the Danube River.
255
00:37:31,834 --> 00:37:36,046
Migrating birds are drawn here
from as far away as central Africa
256
00:37:36,171 --> 00:37:37,965
and Asia.
257
00:37:49,768 --> 00:37:52,020
Great white pelicans.
258
00:37:58,026 --> 00:38:02,072
Every summer, three-quarters
of the world's population
259
00:38:02,197 --> 00:38:03,949
flock to the delta.
260
00:38:10,372 --> 00:38:14,418
They've flown thousands of miles
to get here,
261
00:38:14,543 --> 00:38:19,631
and they will spend the summer
feasting on the delta's riches.
262
00:38:46,492 --> 00:38:49,203
To find the best fishing,
263
00:38:49,286 --> 00:38:51,413
they take to the air.
264
00:39:11,642 --> 00:39:13,435
From half a mile up,
265
00:39:13,560 --> 00:39:15,646
they search the entire delta,
266
00:39:15,771 --> 00:39:17,648
200 miles across.
267
00:39:32,371 --> 00:39:35,415
They can't see individual fish
from this height,
268
00:39:35,541 --> 00:39:40,671
so instead they look for others below
that have already done so.
269
00:39:44,633 --> 00:39:46,552
Cormorants.
270
00:39:49,096 --> 00:39:52,933
They are diving deep
to reach the biggest shoals,
271
00:39:53,058 --> 00:39:56,228
flushing them to the surface.
272
00:40:04,778 --> 00:40:07,030
A couple of pelicans land...
273
00:40:10,033 --> 00:40:14,079
...and others soon home in on them.
274
00:40:32,014 --> 00:40:35,767
The pelicans don'tjoin the feast
directly.
275
00:40:40,439 --> 00:40:42,816
They mug the diners.
276
00:41:02,836 --> 00:41:08,717
This brutal tactic enables each pelican
to catch many more fish
277
00:41:08,842 --> 00:41:12,387
more quickly than it would do
if it worked by itself.
278
00:41:37,746 --> 00:41:41,416
Once the shoals of fish
have been plundered and dispersed,
279
00:41:41,541 --> 00:41:44,294
the cormorants make their escape.
280
00:41:47,756 --> 00:41:53,011
And the pelican pirates fly off
in search of their next meal.
281
00:42:01,144 --> 00:42:05,691
Water has shaped Europe's landscape
in another way.
282
00:42:12,030 --> 00:42:16,702
There is a vast wilderness lying
within the rocks of the continent.
283
00:42:24,418 --> 00:42:26,002
Caves.
284
00:42:32,676 --> 00:42:39,349
Over 12,000 have been discovered
in Slovenia's Karst region alone.
285
00:42:41,101 --> 00:42:45,188
Each has been eroded by water
over millions of years...
286
00:42:46,815 --> 00:42:50,986
...and shaped drip...by drip.
287
00:42:58,535 --> 00:43:01,872
The largest cavern is over 15 miles long,
288
00:43:01,997 --> 00:43:06,334
and there are certainly many more
still to be discovered.
289
00:43:19,806 --> 00:43:25,604
Down here live some of the most
specialised animals on the planet.
290
00:43:30,192 --> 00:43:35,614
New species of them are discovered
in Europe's caves every year.
291
00:43:44,122 --> 00:43:48,335
This is a world
that still holds many secrets.
292
00:43:56,676 --> 00:43:59,012
In the deepest pools
293
00:43:59,137 --> 00:44:03,892
lurk animals that were once believed
to be baby dragons.
294
00:44:25,664 --> 00:44:29,626
They have feathery gills
which enable them to breathe underwater,
295
00:44:29,751 --> 00:44:31,628
as well as on land.
296
00:44:36,091 --> 00:44:38,468
They are olms.
297
00:44:44,599 --> 00:44:47,644
They're completely blind,
298
00:44:47,769 --> 00:44:51,690
but sensory pits around the mouth
enable them to detect
299
00:44:51,815 --> 00:44:55,861
the faint electrical currents
emitted by their prey.
300
00:44:58,280 --> 00:45:02,534
Food of any kind down here
is hard to come by.
301
00:45:04,202 --> 00:45:08,331
But an olm can go without a meal
for a decade...
302
00:45:08,456 --> 00:45:11,293
...and live for a century.
303
00:45:21,261 --> 00:45:26,391
The olms' world has remained
virtually unchanged for millennia.
304
00:45:28,268 --> 00:45:34,232
Above, however,
Europe has altered beyond recognition.
305
00:45:40,280 --> 00:45:45,619
Its landscape has been transformed
by humans.
306
00:45:47,787 --> 00:45:53,710
Protected wilderness now covers
less than 4% of its surface.
307
00:45:56,212 --> 00:46:00,634
The disappearance of wilderness
has had catastrophic consequences
308
00:46:00,717 --> 00:46:03,219
for wildlife.
309
00:46:08,475 --> 00:46:13,313
One-fifth of Europe's animals
are now under threat.
310
00:46:21,571 --> 00:46:24,950
Some teeter right on the brink
of extinction.
311
00:46:29,871 --> 00:46:32,290
The Iberian lynx.
312
00:46:35,251 --> 00:46:39,297
One of the world's most endangered cats.
313
00:46:43,301 --> 00:46:45,345
In less than two decades,
314
00:46:45,470 --> 00:46:49,599
the lynx population decreased
by nearly 90%.
315
00:46:54,062 --> 00:46:59,109
At one point,
there were fewer than 100 individuals.
316
00:47:15,834 --> 00:47:17,877
Today, their last stronghold
317
00:47:18,003 --> 00:47:23,675
is in the mountains of
the Sierra de Andujar, in southern Spain.
318
00:47:26,052 --> 00:47:31,516
Here, a natural park was created
to help protect the lynx.
319
00:47:37,647 --> 00:47:42,318
Only 25 miles across, it is small.
320
00:47:45,405 --> 00:47:49,451
But for this male, it's just enough.
321
00:48:03,882 --> 00:48:06,509
He's lived here all his life.
322
00:48:08,762 --> 00:48:15,769
At ten years old, he's reached
a remarkable age for a wild lynx.
323
00:48:25,320 --> 00:48:29,407
Once persecuted, he's now protected.
324
00:48:42,170 --> 00:48:47,383
For this old male,
and Europe's entire lynx population,
325
00:48:47,509 --> 00:48:51,638
this could be the beginning
of a new chapter.
326
00:49:01,189 --> 00:49:03,066
In this year alone,
327
00:49:03,191 --> 00:49:05,735
nearly 200 kittens have been born,
328
00:49:05,860 --> 00:49:10,907
and the population has risen to over 700.
329
00:49:17,789 --> 00:49:20,333
But the fate of the Iberian lynx,
330
00:49:20,458 --> 00:49:23,878
and indeed of all Europe's wildlife,
331
00:49:24,003 --> 00:49:26,548
is far from certain.
332
00:49:29,175 --> 00:49:32,846
The continent has now been so changed
by humanity
333
00:49:32,929 --> 00:49:37,350
that many of its animal species
are under threat.
334
00:49:41,354 --> 00:49:45,859
Only by protecting
the few wildernesses that remain
335
00:49:45,942 --> 00:49:49,737
and creating new wild spaces
336
00:49:49,863 --> 00:49:55,827
can we ensure a future
for Europe's precious wildlife.
337
00:50:06,588 --> 00:50:09,090
Next time...
338
00:50:09,215 --> 00:50:11,593
...a and of constant change...
339
00:50:13,511 --> 00:50:18,558
where pioneering animals
make the most of every opportunity.
340
00:50:23,813 --> 00:50:26,149
North America.
25885
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