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1
00:00:02,103 --> 00:00:03,669
NARRATOR: VIEWED FROM SPACE,
2
00:00:03,971 --> 00:00:08,774
IT'S EASY TO SEE THE IMPACT
OF CIVILIZATION.
3
00:00:09,076 --> 00:00:13,379
EVERY CLUSTER OF LIGHT
IS ANOTHER CITY...
4
00:00:14,382 --> 00:00:16,248
MILLIONS OF STRANGERS
5
00:00:16,484 --> 00:00:19,485
COEXISTING, COOPERATING,
6
00:00:19,687 --> 00:00:22,054
SHARING IDEAS.
7
00:00:22,289 --> 00:00:26,025
THE CITY IS CIVILIZATION.
8
00:00:26,360 --> 00:00:31,196
BUT WHY ARE WE COMPELLED TO LIVE
IN SUCH LARGE GROUPS?
9
00:00:31,499 --> 00:00:34,700
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES
OF CITY LIFE?
10
00:00:35,002 --> 00:00:37,603
MAN: CITIES ACT ALMOST
LIKE COLLECTIVE BRAINS,
11
00:00:38,005 --> 00:00:41,707
WHERE YOU HAVE ACCESS TO
THE VIEWPOINTS AND TALENTS
OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE.
12
00:00:42,009 --> 00:00:44,877
WOMAN: IF YOU WANT YOUR CITY
TO BE SUCCESSFUL,
13
00:00:45,112 --> 00:00:46,845
YOU NEED PEOPLE TO BE THERE.
14
00:00:47,114 --> 00:00:49,948
YOU HAVE TO GIVE THEM
A PIECE OF THE PIE.
15
00:00:50,251 --> 00:00:52,551
MAN 2: THESE PEOPLE WERE
BURSTING WITH INGENUITY,
16
00:00:52,853 --> 00:00:55,754
AND THIS REALLY GOES
TO SHOW HOW THE CITY
17
00:00:55,990 --> 00:00:58,657
IS THE ENGINE OF INVENTION.
18
00:01:00,294 --> 00:01:04,596
NARRATOR: WE DIDN'T
ALWAYS LIVE THIS WAY.
19
00:01:06,000 --> 00:01:08,467
FOR 99% OF OUR TIME ON EARTH,
20
00:01:08,769 --> 00:01:11,703
HUMANS STAYED AMONG
FRIENDS AND RELATIVES
21
00:01:11,939 --> 00:01:14,940
IN SMALL, MOBILE BANDS.
22
00:01:15,109 --> 00:01:17,476
BUT THEN...
23
00:01:17,711 --> 00:01:21,814
WE SETTLED DOWN, GREW FOOD,
24
00:01:22,016 --> 00:01:24,883
WORSHIPED GODS...
25
00:01:25,086 --> 00:01:27,886
FOUGHT BATTLES,
26
00:01:28,089 --> 00:01:30,756
WROTE STORIES,
27
00:01:30,991 --> 00:01:34,159
SOLD GOODS, AND BUILT CITIES.
28
00:01:34,361 --> 00:01:37,162
[INDISTINCT CHATTER]
29
00:01:37,498 --> 00:01:41,967
NARRATOR: THIS IS THE STORY
OF THAT TRANSITION,
30
00:01:42,269 --> 00:01:46,071
STEPPING-STONES ON THE ROAD
TO CIVILIZATION.
31
00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:49,541
[SHOUTS]
32
00:01:49,844 --> 00:01:52,711
NARRATOR: IT'S A STORY
SET ACROSS THE GLOBE
33
00:01:52,913 --> 00:01:54,613
IN THE MIDDLE EAST,
34
00:01:54,815 --> 00:01:56,815
CENTRAL AMERICA,
35
00:01:57,017 --> 00:01:59,718
SOUTHERN ASIA...
36
00:02:01,455 --> 00:02:05,257
ALL OF THEM SEEDBEDS
OF CIVILIZATION.
37
00:02:05,526 --> 00:02:08,260
HERE, OUR ANCESTORS
WROTE THE BLUEPRINT
38
00:02:08,529 --> 00:02:12,531
BY WHICH WE STILL
LIVE OUR LIVES.
39
00:02:13,734 --> 00:02:19,004
THIS IS WHERE
THE MODERN WORLD BEGAN.
40
00:02:28,818 --> 00:02:32,252
NARRATOR: THE WORLD'S
EARLIEST CIVILIZATION
41
00:02:32,488 --> 00:02:36,824
EMERGED IN THE MIDDLE EAST.
42
00:02:37,059 --> 00:02:40,561
IT WAS HERE, 12,000 YEARS AGO,
43
00:02:40,863 --> 00:02:43,831
WE STARTED ON A JOURNEY
THAT WOULD LEAD
44
00:02:44,066 --> 00:02:47,668
TO THE CITIES OF TODAY.
45
00:02:49,338 --> 00:02:53,607
THERE HAVE BEEN
NO CIVILIZATIONS WITHOUT CITIES,
46
00:02:53,776 --> 00:02:55,709
NO CITIES
47
00:02:55,945 --> 00:02:58,545
WITHOUT CIVILIZATION.
48
00:03:01,150 --> 00:03:04,051
AND THE SPARK WAS LIT HERE,
49
00:03:04,253 --> 00:03:06,920
IN SOUTHERN TURKEY,
50
00:03:07,189 --> 00:03:11,325
AT A PLACE CALLED GOBEKLI TEPE.
51
00:03:16,065 --> 00:03:18,332
OVER THE LAST 20 YEARS,
52
00:03:18,567 --> 00:03:20,267
ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE DISCOVERED
53
00:03:20,569 --> 00:03:23,837
MORE THAN A HUNDRED
T-SHAPED STONE PILLARS,
54
00:03:24,073 --> 00:03:27,975
ERECTED IN UP TO 20 CIRCLES.
55
00:03:32,047 --> 00:03:34,281
THE SITE IS CURRENTLY CLOSED
56
00:03:34,617 --> 00:03:38,051
WHILE TURKISH AUTHORITIES BUILD
A ROOF TO PROTECT IT.
57
00:03:38,220 --> 00:03:39,920
BUT NEARBY,
58
00:03:40,222 --> 00:03:43,757
RESEARCHERS CAN EXAMINE
A FULL-SIZE REPLICA,
59
00:03:44,026 --> 00:03:47,661
A DUPLICATE OF
THE ANCIENT STRUCTURE.
60
00:03:49,064 --> 00:03:51,131
ARCHAEOLOGIST JENS NOTROFF
61
00:03:51,467 --> 00:03:55,869
BELIEVES HE KNOWS WHY
GOBEKLI TEPE WAS BUILT.
62
00:03:57,806 --> 00:04:01,542
THERE ARE STRONG HINTS THAT IT
WAS USED AS A GATHERING PLACE,
63
00:04:01,810 --> 00:04:04,745
WHERE SEVERAL GROUPS
OF HUNTERS AND GATHERERS
64
00:04:05,047 --> 00:04:07,347
FROM THE SURROUNDING LANDSCAPES
WERE MEETING THERE
65
00:04:07,616 --> 00:04:10,284
FOR OCCASIONAL FEASTS
AND RITUALS.
66
00:04:12,421 --> 00:04:15,689
[OVERLAPPING CHATTER]
67
00:04:15,991 --> 00:04:18,225
NOTROFF: WE'VE FOUND A LOT
OF BONES, ACTUALLY,
68
00:04:18,494 --> 00:04:22,229
ORYX AND GAZELLE BONES,
IN PARTICULAR.
69
00:04:22,531 --> 00:04:24,798
AND YOU COULD IMAGINE
THAT ALCOHOL PLAYED A ROLE,
70
00:04:25,134 --> 00:04:28,702
SO THERE ARE CERTAIN HINTS
THAT EVEN BEER WAS CONSUMED
71
00:04:29,004 --> 00:04:32,206
AND, PERSONALLY, I DON'T SEE
WHY DANCING AND MUSIC
72
00:04:32,474 --> 00:04:34,775
SHOULDN'T PLAY A ROLE
HERE AS WELL.
73
00:04:35,010 --> 00:04:37,511
[ALL CHANTING AND CLAMORING]
74
00:04:39,048 --> 00:04:42,783
NARRATOR: HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE
WOULD MEET HERE,
75
00:04:43,052 --> 00:04:45,819
USUALLY IN LATE SUMMER
OR EARLY FALL,
76
00:04:46,055 --> 00:04:48,822
AND STAY FOR A FEW WEEKS.
77
00:04:49,124 --> 00:04:51,858
NOTROFF: FOR MOBILE GROUPS,
IT'S VERY IMPORTANT
78
00:04:52,061 --> 00:04:53,760
TO REGULARLY MEET
79
00:04:54,063 --> 00:04:56,363
JUST TO EXCHANGE INFORMATION,
MAYBE GOODS,
80
00:04:56,665 --> 00:04:58,365
AND MOST IMPORTANTLY,
MARRIAGE PARTNERS
81
00:04:58,667 --> 00:05:01,902
TO KEEP THE GENE POOL
OF THE GROUP FRESH.
82
00:05:02,271 --> 00:05:05,339
WHAT'S DIFFERENT AT GOBEKLI TEPE
IS THAT THEY SOMEHOW STARTED
83
00:05:05,674 --> 00:05:09,409
TO DECIDE TO MARK THESE
MEETING PLACES WITH MONUMENTS,
84
00:05:09,712 --> 00:05:13,413
LEAVING AN IMPRESSION
IN THE LANDSCAPE,
85
00:05:13,649 --> 00:05:16,617
BASICALLY SAYING, "WE ARE HERE."
86
00:05:22,057 --> 00:05:25,425
NARRATOR: AS WELL AS BUILDING
THESE GIANT PILLARS,
87
00:05:25,694 --> 00:05:28,829
THE PEOPLE AT GOBEKLI TEPE
DECORATED THEM
88
00:05:29,064 --> 00:05:32,299
WITH ELABORATE CARVINGS.
89
00:05:35,771 --> 00:05:38,572
NOTROFF: IF YOU THINK
OF THE CAVE ART OF
THE OLDEST STONE AGE--
90
00:05:38,941 --> 00:05:42,643
THE FAMOUS CAVE PAINTINGS
FROM FRANCE AND SPAIN,
FOR EXAMPLE--
91
00:05:43,045 --> 00:05:46,813
YOU IMMEDIATELY HAVE PICTURES
IN YOUR MIND OF ANIMALS,
A LOT OF ANIMALS.
92
00:05:47,049 --> 00:05:50,550
HUMAN BEINGS ARE
RARELY DEPICTED,
93
00:05:50,819 --> 00:05:54,721
AND IF SO,
THEY ARE RATHER SMALL.
94
00:05:55,057 --> 00:05:58,859
HERE AT GOBEKLI TEPE,
THERE ARE STILL ANIMALS PRESENT,
95
00:05:59,061 --> 00:06:01,228
LIKE THIS FOX HERE,
96
00:06:01,497 --> 00:06:03,997
AND WHILE IT LOOKS
RATHER BIG, IT DWARFS
97
00:06:04,300 --> 00:06:06,266
COMPARED TO THE BACKGROUND
IT IS PROJECTED ONTO,
98
00:06:06,702 --> 00:06:11,171
AND THAT IS THE T-SHAPED PILLARS
WHICH ARE SO CHARACTERISTIC
FOR GOBEKLI TEPE.
99
00:06:11,507 --> 00:06:15,042
AND ACTUALLY, WE CAN RECOGNIZE
THESE T-SHAPED PILLARS
100
00:06:15,344 --> 00:06:18,545
AS ANTHROPOMORPHIC,
AS HUMANLIKE BEINGS.
101
00:06:18,781 --> 00:06:21,948
YOU CAN SEE THAT WE HAVE ARMS
102
00:06:22,184 --> 00:06:25,485
AND HANDS DEPICTED IN RELIEF,
103
00:06:25,788 --> 00:06:28,955
AND EVEN PIECES OF CLOTHING,
LIKE A LOINCLOTH
104
00:06:29,191 --> 00:06:32,592
HANGING DOWN FROM A BELT.
105
00:06:35,064 --> 00:06:39,499
WHAT IS IMPRESSING HERE IS
THEIR SHEER MONUMENTALITY,
106
00:06:39,835 --> 00:06:44,538
THE SIZE OF 5.5 METERS
OF THESE CENTRAL PILLARS.
107
00:06:44,907 --> 00:06:49,376
I COULD IMAGINE THAT THEY MAYBE
REPRESENT IMPORTANT ANCESTORS,
108
00:06:49,778 --> 00:06:54,715
SO THEY ARE MEANT TO DEPICT
SOMETHING BIGGER, SOMETHING
MORE SPECIAL, I THINK.
109
00:06:58,754 --> 00:07:02,989
NARRATOR: THE FIRST STONES WERE
PUT IN PLACE AT GOBEKLI TEPE
110
00:07:03,225 --> 00:07:07,461
ALMOST 12,000 YEARS AGO.
111
00:07:07,796 --> 00:07:11,832
THE SITE IS MORE THAN TWICE
AS OLD AS STONEHENGE
112
00:07:12,067 --> 00:07:14,668
OR THE EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS.
113
00:07:14,870 --> 00:07:17,104
[ROPES CREAKING]
114
00:07:17,406 --> 00:07:21,074
BUT WHY GO TO THE EFFORT
OF BUILDING A MONUMENT?
115
00:07:23,145 --> 00:07:26,279
NOTROFF: THE ATTRACTING FACTOR
WAS THE SOCIAL ASPECT,
116
00:07:26,648 --> 00:07:29,683
SO PEOPLE WERE
GATHERING FOR A FEAST,
AND WHILE THEY WERE THERE,
117
00:07:30,052 --> 00:07:33,720
THEY WERE STARTING
TO COOPERATIVELY CONSTRUCT
THESE MONUMENTS,
118
00:07:34,056 --> 00:07:36,857
WHICH WERE ALSO PART OF
THE SOCIAL ASPECT OF THE FEAST.
119
00:07:37,059 --> 00:07:39,126
[WOMEN CHATTERING]
120
00:07:39,461 --> 00:07:42,596
NOTROFF: SO IT'S CONNECTED;
YOU CAN'T SEPARATE IT, ACTUALLY.
121
00:07:42,865 --> 00:07:44,531
IT'S ALL PART OF THE SAME EVENT.
122
00:07:44,867 --> 00:07:48,702
FEASTING AND CONSTRUCTION
ACTIVITY GOES HAND-IN-HAND.
123
00:07:51,073 --> 00:07:53,840
NOTROFF: I THINK IT'S
VERY IMPORTANT TO STRESS
124
00:07:54,076 --> 00:07:56,843
THAT THE COMMUNITY ASPECT
125
00:07:57,045 --> 00:07:58,912
OF THIS COOPERATIVE WORK
126
00:07:59,214 --> 00:08:01,715
IS LIKE THE GLUE PUTTING--
HOLDING TOGETHER
127
00:08:02,017 --> 00:08:05,819
THE WHOLE SOCIETY
OF THESE HUNTER-GATHERERS.
128
00:08:06,155 --> 00:08:09,656
NARRATOR: HERE, BEFORE
THE EMERGENCE OF CIVILIZATION,
129
00:08:09,925 --> 00:08:14,227
PEOPLE WERE EXPRESSING
A BASIC URGE...
130
00:08:14,463 --> 00:08:18,064
TO BE TOGETHER, TO BE SOCIAL.
131
00:08:25,073 --> 00:08:28,508
[WOMAN SINGING IN JAPANESE]
132
00:08:32,514 --> 00:08:37,451
NARRATOR: THAT SAME URGE LEADS
TO THE MEGA-CITIES OF TODAY.
133
00:08:37,753 --> 00:08:42,456
TOKYO IS THE WORLD'S
MOST POPULOUS CITY.
134
00:08:44,026 --> 00:08:45,425
38 MILLION PEOPLE
135
00:08:45,661 --> 00:08:47,861
LIVING NEXT TO EACH OTHER,
136
00:08:48,063 --> 00:08:51,665
ON TOP OF EACH OTHER,
137
00:08:51,867 --> 00:08:55,302
SIDE BY SIDE.
138
00:08:55,537 --> 00:08:57,871
JUST AS AT GOBEKLI TEPE,
139
00:08:58,073 --> 00:09:00,740
WE CRAVE COMPANY.
140
00:09:00,943 --> 00:09:04,444
WE WANT TO BE SOCIAL.
141
00:09:07,015 --> 00:09:10,283
EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGIST
MICHAEL MUTHUKRISHNA
142
00:09:10,619 --> 00:09:15,889
BELIEVES SOCIABILITY IS AT
THE HEART OF CIVILIZATION.
143
00:09:22,064 --> 00:09:23,196
BEING SOCIAL IS FUN.
144
00:09:23,499 --> 00:09:25,565
WE GET TO HANG OUT
TOGETHER, WE TELL JOKES,
145
00:09:25,901 --> 00:09:28,435
WE SWAP GOSSIP, BUT BEING SOCIAL
IS MUCH MORE THAN THAT.
146
00:09:28,804 --> 00:09:34,407
IT'S THE PRIMARY WAY
THAT WE TRANSMIT KNOWLEDGE
AND INFORMATION.
147
00:09:34,776 --> 00:09:37,143
THE MORE PEOPLE
THAT YOU HAVE ACCESS TO,
THE BETTER THE SELECTION
148
00:09:37,579 --> 00:09:41,915
OF IDEAS AT YOUR DISPOSAL,
AND THE MORE YOU CAN RECOMBINE
INTO SOMETHING BRAND-NEW.
149
00:09:42,184 --> 00:09:44,951
THIS IS THE KEY
TO CULTURAL EVOLUTION:
150
00:09:45,187 --> 00:09:47,320
SOMEONE THINKS OF SOMETHING,
151
00:09:47,623 --> 00:09:49,523
SOMEONE ELSE ADAPTS IT TO
A BRAND-NEW ENVIRONMENT,
152
00:09:49,825 --> 00:09:52,826
SOMEONE INCREMENTALLY
IMPROVES ON IT.
153
00:09:53,128 --> 00:09:56,796
COPYING, RECOMBINING,
AND LEARNING FROM EACH OTHER--
154
00:09:57,065 --> 00:09:58,198
THIS IS WHAT HUMANS ARE GOOD AT,
155
00:09:58,500 --> 00:10:01,067
AND THIS IS THE KEY
TO OUR INTELLIGENCE.
156
00:10:14,816 --> 00:10:18,218
NARRATOR: THE MOST IMPORTANT
REQUIREMENT OF ANY CIVILIZATION
157
00:10:18,420 --> 00:10:20,887
IS TO FEED ITS PEOPLE.
158
00:10:21,156 --> 00:10:24,424
IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO CREATE CITIES
159
00:10:24,693 --> 00:10:28,061
WITHOUT A RELIABLE SUPPLY
OF FOOD.
160
00:10:32,134 --> 00:10:35,635
NOTROFF: BACK IN THE PERIOD
WE'RE TALKING ABOUT HERE,
161
00:10:35,938 --> 00:10:38,838
PEOPLE WERE MOSTLY STILL
MOBILE HUNTER-GATHERERS...
162
00:10:39,074 --> 00:10:42,042
[OVERLAPPING CHATTER]
163
00:10:42,411 --> 00:10:46,746
SO WHERE THEY'RE OCCASIONALLY
STAYING SEASONALLY
IN THE SAME PLACE,
164
00:10:47,049 --> 00:10:49,816
BUT USUALLY WHERE THEY'RE
ROAMING THE LANDSCAPE
165
00:10:50,152 --> 00:10:53,653
AND LIVING FROM WHAT NATURE
ACTUALLY DELIVERED TO THEM,
166
00:10:54,022 --> 00:10:58,058
FOLLOWING GAME, GATHERING FOODS
AND PLANTS AND NUTS AND SO ON.
167
00:11:05,734 --> 00:11:07,867
NOTROFF: TO STAY LONGER
AT ONE PLACE,
168
00:11:08,136 --> 00:11:10,303
YOU CERTAINLY HAVE TO GO
A STEP FURTHER,
169
00:11:10,539 --> 00:11:12,238
TO NOT ONLY TAKE FROM NATURE,
170
00:11:12,541 --> 00:11:16,376
BUT CONTROL THE ENVIRONMENT,
CREATE YOUR OWN FOOD.
171
00:11:18,580 --> 00:11:20,847
NARRATOR:
20 MILES FROM GOBEKLI TEPE
172
00:11:21,049 --> 00:11:23,283
GROWS A TYPE OF WILD GRASS
173
00:11:23,485 --> 00:11:25,852
FOUND ONLY IN THIS REGION,
174
00:11:26,054 --> 00:11:29,055
A STRAIN OF WHEAT.
175
00:11:31,059 --> 00:11:32,826
[OVERLAPPING CHATTER]
176
00:11:33,061 --> 00:11:34,728
NARRATOR: 10,000 YEARS AGO,
177
00:11:35,030 --> 00:11:39,432
HUNTER-GATHERERS HERE
TOOK A GIANT LEAP.
178
00:11:44,172 --> 00:11:46,940
THEY STARTED CULTIVATING
THE WHEAT,
179
00:11:47,175 --> 00:11:50,043
SELECTING THE BEST SEEDS,
180
00:11:50,212 --> 00:11:52,612
PLANTING...
181
00:11:54,049 --> 00:11:56,349
NURTURING...
182
00:11:57,352 --> 00:11:59,552
HARVESTING.
183
00:12:00,789 --> 00:12:05,058
THIS IS KNOWN AS DOMESTICATION.
184
00:12:10,899 --> 00:12:13,299
WHAT HAPPENS TO WHEAT ONCE YOU
STARTED DOMESTICATING IT
185
00:12:13,568 --> 00:12:15,502
IS YOU ACTUALLY CHANGED
THE PLANT.
186
00:12:15,904 --> 00:12:20,240
SO YOU ARE ENCOURAGING
SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS
YOU SEE AN ADVANTAGE IN,
187
00:12:20,509 --> 00:12:23,777
LIKE LESS BRITTLENESS
OR BIGGER SEEDS.
188
00:12:24,212 --> 00:12:30,216
SO YOU'RE CREATING A NEW FORM
OF THE PLANT, WHICH IS NOT
ANYMORE WILD, BUT DOMESTICATED.
189
00:12:33,221 --> 00:12:35,889
NOTROFF: WE ARE DISCUSSING
GENE-MANIPULATED FOOD THESE DAYS
190
00:12:36,224 --> 00:12:38,725
AS IF IT WAS SOMETHING NEW,
BUT ACTUALLY WE'RE DOING THIS
191
00:12:39,027 --> 00:12:42,062
SINCE THE VERY BEGINNING
OF DOMESTICATION.
192
00:12:44,933 --> 00:12:49,235
THE FEASTING ACTIVITY HERE
AND THE NEED TO SUPPLY
THESE FEASTS WITH FOOD,
193
00:12:49,538 --> 00:12:52,405
IN MY OPINION, TRIGGERED
A NEW DEVELOPMENT
194
00:12:52,741 --> 00:12:56,042
WHICH SUBSEQUENTLY LED
TO THE DOMESTICATION OF WHEAT,
195
00:12:56,244 --> 00:12:58,044
AND FINALLY TO FARMING.
196
00:12:58,246 --> 00:13:00,480
[CHILDREN LAUGHING]
197
00:13:00,849 --> 00:13:05,819
NARRATOR: FARMING WAS
THE GREATEST INVENTION
OF THE ANCIENT WORLD,
198
00:13:06,054 --> 00:13:08,822
A CATALYST FOR CIVILIZATION,
199
00:13:09,057 --> 00:13:12,192
ESSENTIAL FOR CITY LIFE,
200
00:13:12,461 --> 00:13:16,730
AND FARMING SPREAD
AROUND THE GLOBE.
201
00:13:22,003 --> 00:13:23,737
WHEAT IS NOW EATEN
202
00:13:24,072 --> 00:13:28,708
BY 2 1/2 BILLION PEOPLE
ACROSS THE WORLD...
203
00:13:30,812 --> 00:13:35,949
A STAPLE FOOD
OF CIVILIZATION.
204
00:13:48,029 --> 00:13:50,797
[BIRDS SCREECHING]
205
00:13:51,032 --> 00:13:52,832
FOR CITIES TO EMERGE,
206
00:13:53,068 --> 00:13:55,935
PEOPLE HAD TO SETTLE DOWN.
207
00:13:57,672 --> 00:13:59,572
FARMING A PATCH OF LAND,
208
00:13:59,875 --> 00:14:03,843
YOU NEED TO TEND TO IT
ON A YEAR-ROUND BASIS.
209
00:14:05,046 --> 00:14:07,847
IT BECOMES HOME.
210
00:14:14,055 --> 00:14:18,291
375 MILES EAST OF GOBEKLI TEPE
211
00:14:18,627 --> 00:14:23,263
LIES ONE OF THE OLDEST
FARMING VILLAGES IN THE WORLD,
212
00:14:23,465 --> 00:14:25,865
ASIKLI HOYUK.
213
00:14:28,970 --> 00:14:33,973
IT WAS FIRST SETTLED
OVER 10,000 YEARS AGO.
214
00:14:35,210 --> 00:14:37,310
THE EXCAVATIONS HERE ARE RUN
215
00:14:37,612 --> 00:14:42,148
BY TURKISH ARCHAEOLOGIST
MIHRIBAN OZBASARAN.
216
00:14:42,417 --> 00:14:45,084
[OZBASARAN SPEAKING
NATIVE LANGUAGE]
217
00:14:45,420 --> 00:14:48,321
TRANSLATOR: WE DISCOVERED
A TRANSITION FROM A MOBILE,
218
00:14:48,523 --> 00:14:50,490
HUNTER-GATHERER WAY OF LIFE
219
00:14:50,725 --> 00:14:53,059
TO AN AGRICULTURAL WAY OF LIFE,
220
00:14:53,328 --> 00:14:56,129
WHERE PEOPLE WERE NOW
LOOKING AFTER ANIMALS
221
00:14:56,331 --> 00:15:00,300
AND GROWING CROPS.
222
00:15:00,635 --> 00:15:03,369
NARRATOR: THIS EXCAVATED
CROSS-SECTION OF THE VILLAGE
223
00:15:03,605 --> 00:15:06,272
HAS UNCOVERED
1,000 YEARS OF LIFE
224
00:15:06,474 --> 00:15:09,442
AT ASIKLI HOYUK.
225
00:15:10,645 --> 00:15:13,947
AT THE BOTTOM ARE
THE EARLIEST REMAINS.
226
00:15:14,249 --> 00:15:17,750
OVER GENERATIONS,
THE PEOPLE OF ASIKLI HOYUK
227
00:15:18,019 --> 00:15:21,421
BUILT ON TOP OF WHAT
HAD COME BEFORE.
228
00:15:24,025 --> 00:15:26,993
HERE, ARCHAEOLOGISTS
DISCOVER EVIDENCE
229
00:15:27,229 --> 00:15:29,963
OF VERY EARLY FARMING.
230
00:15:30,232 --> 00:15:32,532
[OZBASARAN SPEAKING
NATIVE LANGUAGE]
231
00:15:32,834 --> 00:15:35,335
TRANSLATOR: AT THE HIGHER,
LATER LAYERS,
232
00:15:35,604 --> 00:15:40,073
WE SEE A GREATER VARIETY
IN THEIR DIET.
233
00:15:40,375 --> 00:15:45,144
WE SEE THE BEGINNINGS
OF ANIMAL DOMESTICATION,
234
00:15:45,380 --> 00:15:49,382
ESPECIALLY WITH SHEEP AND GOATS.
235
00:15:50,552 --> 00:15:52,919
FOR INSTANCE,
HERE IN THIS SECTION,
236
00:15:53,154 --> 00:15:55,822
WE FIND ANIMAL FECES
237
00:15:56,057 --> 00:16:00,894
DATING TO AROUND 8200 BC.
238
00:16:03,498 --> 00:16:05,398
THIS IS CRUCIAL PROOF
239
00:16:05,700 --> 00:16:07,967
THAT ANIMALS WERE KEPT
WITHIN THE VILLAGE,
240
00:16:08,203 --> 00:16:13,473
NEXT TO THE HOUSES
AND FED BY HUMANS.
241
00:16:18,146 --> 00:16:19,779
NARRATOR: AT ASIKLI HOYUK,
242
00:16:20,048 --> 00:16:23,683
PEOPLE WERE ALSO GROWING
THEIR OWN PLANTS.
243
00:16:25,053 --> 00:16:26,719
[OZBASARAN SPEAKING
NATIVE LANGUAGE]
244
00:16:27,055 --> 00:16:31,090
TRANSLATOR: IN MY HAND
IS AN ANCIENT GRAIN OF WHEAT.
245
00:16:31,293 --> 00:16:33,426
WE KNOW THEY GREW WHEAT,
246
00:16:33,695 --> 00:16:37,397
AND THROUGH TIME,
IT BECAME MORE COMMON,
247
00:16:37,699 --> 00:16:41,000
AND THEY BEGAN
TO GROW A LOT MORE OF IT.
248
00:16:41,303 --> 00:16:44,837
WE ARE SEEING THE SHIFT
TO A FARMING WAY OF LIFE
249
00:16:45,073 --> 00:16:48,574
THROUGH SEEDS LIKE THIS.
250
00:16:50,912 --> 00:16:53,212
[OVERLAPPING CHATTER]
251
00:16:53,548 --> 00:16:57,951
NARRATOR: THIS WAS
NOTHING SHORT OF A REVOLUTION.
252
00:16:59,354 --> 00:17:01,921
FOR THE FIRST TIME
IN HUMAN HISTORY,
253
00:17:02,123 --> 00:17:04,724
PEOPLE HAD STOPPED MOVING
254
00:17:04,926 --> 00:17:08,094
AND STARTED SETTLING...
255
00:17:08,330 --> 00:17:13,633
HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE IN ONE PLACE.
256
00:17:13,902 --> 00:17:16,836
BEFORE VILLAGES
LIKE ASIKLI HOYUK,
257
00:17:17,072 --> 00:17:20,873
NO ONE HAD LIVED LIKE THIS,
258
00:17:21,076 --> 00:17:22,942
AT THIS DENSITY,
259
00:17:23,178 --> 00:17:26,045
IN SUCH PERMANENT DWELLINGS.
260
00:17:32,187 --> 00:17:35,388
AS THIS REPLICA OF
THE VILLAGE SHOWS,
261
00:17:35,657 --> 00:17:38,391
THE ARCHITECTURE
DEVELOPED OVER TIME
262
00:17:38,660 --> 00:17:41,794
FROM SUBTERRANEAN, ROUND HOUSES
263
00:17:42,063 --> 00:17:46,766
TO SOMETHING MORE RECOGNIZABLE.
264
00:17:47,068 --> 00:17:50,136
TRANSLATOR:
THESE RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS,
265
00:17:50,338 --> 00:17:52,338
MADE FROM MUD BLOCKS,
266
00:17:52,540 --> 00:17:55,408
WERE USED AS HOUSES.
267
00:17:59,414 --> 00:18:02,215
TRANSLATOR: THEY WERE BUILT
VERY CLOSE TO ONE ANOTHER.
268
00:18:02,417 --> 00:18:04,784
AS YOU CAN SEE,
269
00:18:05,020 --> 00:18:06,953
THE GAPS ARE QUITE NARROW,
270
00:18:07,222 --> 00:18:11,624
AND LIFE WAS LIVED
MOSTLY ON THE ROOF.
271
00:18:13,061 --> 00:18:15,428
[OVERLAPPING CHATTER]
272
00:18:20,635 --> 00:18:23,803
NARRATOR:
THE HOUSES HAD NO DOORS.
273
00:18:24,072 --> 00:18:27,407
THEY WERE ENTERED FROM ABOVE.
274
00:18:33,748 --> 00:18:36,115
TRANSLATOR: THE HOUSES HERE
ARE NOT REALLY BIG.
275
00:18:36,351 --> 00:18:38,851
SOME HAVE A SINGLE ROOM,
276
00:18:39,054 --> 00:18:41,287
OTHERS HAVE TWO ROOMS.
277
00:18:41,523 --> 00:18:46,759
6 OR 7 PEOPLE WOULD LIVE HERE.
278
00:18:47,062 --> 00:18:50,797
WHAT'S INTERESTING IS PEOPLE
HERE BURIED THEIR DEAD
279
00:18:51,032 --> 00:18:52,965
IN A FETAL POSITION
280
00:18:53,234 --> 00:18:56,502
IN A PIT DUG UNDER THEIR FLOORS.
281
00:18:56,805 --> 00:19:00,773
HAVING LAID THEM THERE,
THEY'D THROW EARTH ON TOP,
282
00:19:01,076 --> 00:19:06,512
RE-PLASTER, AND LIFE WOULD
CARRY ON AS NORMAL.
283
00:19:10,418 --> 00:19:13,419
[WOMAN CRYING]
284
00:19:16,224 --> 00:19:20,827
TRANSLATOR: I DON'T THINK THEY
WANTED TO BE SEPARATED...
285
00:19:21,029 --> 00:19:22,762
[CRYING CONTINUES]
286
00:19:23,064 --> 00:19:28,067
SO THEY COULD CARRY ON
LIVING WITH THE DEAD.
287
00:19:35,410 --> 00:19:39,378
NARRATOR: THERE WERE ALSO
PUBLIC BUILDINGS HERE,
288
00:19:39,647 --> 00:19:43,049
SET APART FROM
THE RESIDENTIAL AREA.
289
00:19:46,020 --> 00:19:49,722
TRANSLATOR: THIS IS A PLACE
WHERE PEOPLE CAME TOGETHER
290
00:19:50,058 --> 00:19:55,528
FOR CELEBRATIONS AND CEREMONIES
FROM TIME TO TIME.
291
00:19:55,830 --> 00:19:59,165
EVERYTHING WE DISCOVERED
AT ASIKLI HOYUK
292
00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:01,901
SUGGESTS LIFE HERE
WAS COLLECTIVE
293
00:20:02,103 --> 00:20:05,738
AND COMMUNAL.
294
00:20:08,776 --> 00:20:12,078
EVERYONE WAS MORE OR LESS EQUAL.
295
00:20:12,380 --> 00:20:16,149
THERE WERE NO SOCIAL
OR MATERIAL DIFFERENCES;
296
00:20:16,384 --> 00:20:19,385
WHETHER IT WAS FOOD OR JOBS,
297
00:20:19,587 --> 00:20:22,288
EVERYTHING WAS SHARED.
298
00:20:22,590 --> 00:20:27,360
WE KNOW THEY COOKED
OUTSIDE IN ROASTING PITS
299
00:20:27,595 --> 00:20:29,862
AND DIVIDED UP THE FOOD,
300
00:20:30,198 --> 00:20:35,535
SO WE BELIEVE IT WAS
AN EGALITARIAN SOCIETY.
301
00:20:42,010 --> 00:20:43,576
[SHEEP BLEATING]
302
00:20:43,945 --> 00:20:49,382
NARRATOR: TODAY, WE TAKE
THE FARMING WAY OF LIFE
FOR GRANTED.
303
00:20:49,717 --> 00:20:53,920
BUT FOR THE FIRST FARMERS,
THE BENEFITS WERE UNCLEAR.
304
00:20:54,122 --> 00:20:56,355
[CATTLE LOWING]
305
00:20:56,624 --> 00:21:00,393
THE NEW DIET,
DEPENDENT ON WHEAT,
306
00:21:00,628 --> 00:21:02,361
MEANT MORE CARBOHYDRATES,
307
00:21:02,664 --> 00:21:07,333
LESS PROTEIN,
AND FEWER VITAMINS THAN BEFORE.
308
00:21:13,541 --> 00:21:15,675
ARCHAEOLOGIST BRENNA HASSETT
309
00:21:16,010 --> 00:21:21,380
HAS BEEN STUDYING THE SKELETONS
FOUND AT ASIKLI HOYUK
310
00:21:21,616 --> 00:21:25,418
AND HAS UNCOVERED
A CLEAR PATTERN.
311
00:21:27,622 --> 00:21:30,823
HASSETT:
FARMING SEEMS TO COINCIDE
312
00:21:31,025 --> 00:21:32,792
WITH A REVOLUTION
313
00:21:33,027 --> 00:21:36,462
IN VERY BAD DENTAL HYGIENE.
314
00:21:40,401 --> 00:21:42,802
THE COMBINATION
OF CARBOHYDRATES AND SUGAR
315
00:21:43,171 --> 00:21:46,472
IS THE WORST THING THAT YOU
COULD POSSIBLY DO
FOR YOUR TEETH.
316
00:21:46,708 --> 00:21:49,408
WHAT WE'VE GOT HERE IS SOMEONE
317
00:21:49,711 --> 00:21:52,545
WHO'S WORN THEIR TEETH
INCREDIBLY QUICKLY
318
00:21:52,880 --> 00:21:57,817
AND ALSO MANAGED TO GET
JUST ENOUGH BACTERIA IN THERE
319
00:21:58,019 --> 00:21:59,485
TO REALLY START THE ROT.
320
00:21:59,854 --> 00:22:03,956
THAT IS A PAINFUL CAVITY,
PROBABLY; THAT ONE
YOU WOULD FEEL.
321
00:22:05,159 --> 00:22:07,293
NARRATOR: AS A RESULT OF
THE NEW DIET,
322
00:22:07,562 --> 00:22:10,463
THE FIRST FARMERS GOT SHORTER.
323
00:22:10,732 --> 00:22:14,533
AVERAGE HEIGHT DROPPED
BY 5 INCHES,
324
00:22:14,736 --> 00:22:19,038
FROM 5'8" TO 5'3".
325
00:22:20,908 --> 00:22:24,110
HASSETT: THE FEMUR IS THE
SORT OF TOP BONE OF YOUR LEG,
326
00:22:24,345 --> 00:22:27,980
SO IT WOULD FIT HERE ON ME.
327
00:22:28,316 --> 00:22:32,285
AND MY FEMUR, OF COURSE,
GOES FROM HERE TO HERE.
328
00:22:32,520 --> 00:22:33,686
THIS IS MUCH SHORTER.
329
00:22:34,022 --> 00:22:37,823
THE ASIKLI HOYUK PEOPLE WOULD
HAVE BEEN SHORTER THAN ME,
330
00:22:38,026 --> 00:22:39,525
AND I'M NOT THAT TALL.
331
00:22:39,827 --> 00:22:42,161
NARRATOR: BUT IT WASN'T
JUST THE FOOD
332
00:22:42,430 --> 00:22:45,598
THAT PUT A STRAIN
ON THEIR BONES.
333
00:22:46,601 --> 00:22:48,934
FARMING WAS HARD WORK,
334
00:22:49,170 --> 00:22:52,538
A LIFE OF TOIL IN THE FIELDS.
335
00:22:52,774 --> 00:22:55,775
HASSETT: SO WHAT WE HAVE HERE
336
00:22:55,977 --> 00:22:58,077
ARE SEVERAL VERTEBRAE.
337
00:22:58,313 --> 00:23:00,079
THIS IS IN YOUR BACK.
338
00:23:00,315 --> 00:23:03,983
THIS IS SORT OF...ABOUT YEA,
339
00:23:04,319 --> 00:23:06,686
AND IF YOU CAN JUST IMAGINE
THE HORRIBLE FEELING--
340
00:23:07,121 --> 00:23:11,757
THAT TORSION YOU GET
WHEN YOU LIFT SOMETHING HEAVY,
AND YOU SHOULDN'T DO IT--
341
00:23:12,026 --> 00:23:14,860
IMAGINE DOING THAT
REPETITIVELY
342
00:23:15,029 --> 00:23:16,562
TO THE POINT
343
00:23:16,864 --> 00:23:21,233
WHERE YOUR BONES
ACTUALLY GROW TOGETHER.
344
00:23:21,469 --> 00:23:25,638
THAT'S NOT A VERY MOBILE BACK.
345
00:23:25,940 --> 00:23:29,208
THE OTHER THING THAT WE WILL
LOOK AT IS YOUR KNEE.
346
00:23:29,544 --> 00:23:33,346
THIS SHOULD BE THE NICE,
CLEAN SURFACE OF YOUR KNEE.
347
00:23:33,681 --> 00:23:36,682
THERE SHOULD BE SOME CARTILAGE
PROTECTING THE SURFACE.
348
00:23:37,018 --> 00:23:39,885
WHAT YOU GET HERE IS WHERE
THE CARTILAGE HAS FAILED,
349
00:23:40,254 --> 00:23:43,823
STOPPED PROTECTING
THAT JOINT, AND THE BONE
HAS STARTED TO REACT.
350
00:23:44,025 --> 00:23:45,991
SO ALL OF THIS HERE,
351
00:23:46,260 --> 00:23:49,962
EXTRA BONY GROWTH,
THAT'S ARTHRITIS.
352
00:23:50,264 --> 00:23:53,899
THAT IS THE PROBABLY
QUITE PAINFUL CHANGES
353
00:23:54,268 --> 00:23:59,739
THAT ARE HAPPENING TO THE BONE
AS A RESULT OF WEAR AND TEAR.
354
00:24:00,108 --> 00:24:04,009
SO YOU MIGHT THINK, HAVING GONE
FROM HUNTING-GATHERING LIFESTYLE
355
00:24:04,312 --> 00:24:06,679
WITH ITS SORT OF FREEDOM
AND ITS MOBILITY
356
00:24:07,014 --> 00:24:10,116
AND THE CHANCE TO SEEK RESOURCES
WHEREVER, THAT, YOU KNOW,
357
00:24:10,518 --> 00:24:14,754
SORT OF WAKING UP ONE DAY
AND FINDING YOURSELF
AN ASIKLI HOYUK FARMER,
358
00:24:15,022 --> 00:24:17,857
YOU MIGHT LOOK AROUND
AT YOUR SKINNY LEGS,
359
00:24:18,092 --> 00:24:20,726
ROTTING TEETH,
REDUCED LIFESPAN,
360
00:24:21,028 --> 00:24:24,196
AND THINK THAT YOU GOT
A PRETTY POOR DEAL.
361
00:24:24,432 --> 00:24:26,832
[OVERLAPPING CHATTER]
362
00:24:29,036 --> 00:24:33,739
NARRATOR: BUT IF LIVING TOGETHER
AS FARMERS WAS SO DISASTROUS,
363
00:24:33,941 --> 00:24:36,442
WHY DID IT CATCH ON?
364
00:24:36,711 --> 00:24:41,414
WHAT WAS THE UPSIDE
OF BEING A FARMER?
365
00:24:41,783 --> 00:24:45,951
HASSETT: THERE IS ONE
MAJOR BENEFIT TO FARMING,
WHICH IS NUMBERS.
366
00:24:46,187 --> 00:24:49,822
FARMERS HAVE MORE BABIES.
367
00:24:50,191 --> 00:24:53,125
HUNTER-GATHERERS TEND TO SPACE
THEIR BABIES FAIRLY FAR APART,
368
00:24:53,394 --> 00:24:55,661
ABOUT EVERY 4 YEARS,
ON AVERAGE.
369
00:24:55,997 --> 00:24:59,031
IF YOU ARE HIGHLY MOBILE,
TRYING TO CARRY A TODDLER
370
00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:03,068
AND AN INFANT AT THE SAME TIME
IS NOT GOING TO BE
TERRIBLY EASY,
371
00:25:03,471 --> 00:25:07,540
WHEREAS IF YOU'RE SETTLED--
IF YOU DON'T HAVE
TO KEEP A TODDLER
372
00:25:07,875 --> 00:25:11,143
WITHIN A SORT OF METER'S
ARM'S REACH AT ALL TIMES--
373
00:25:11,479 --> 00:25:13,813
YOU ACTUALLY DON'T NEED
TO SPACE YOUR CHILDREN
374
00:25:14,015 --> 00:25:16,081
QUITE SO FAR APART.
375
00:25:16,384 --> 00:25:18,684
COMPARED TO THE 4 YEARS
THAT THE HUNTER-GATHERERS
376
00:25:18,986 --> 00:25:21,287
ARE REALLY SORT OF
SPACING THEIR CHILDREN,
377
00:25:21,589 --> 00:25:24,089
AGRICULTURE'S--THE AVERAGE IS
MORE LIKE TWO YEARS.
378
00:25:24,358 --> 00:25:27,993
[OVERLAPPING CHATTER
AND LAUGHTER]
379
00:25:28,329 --> 00:25:31,630
HASSETT: THAT'S WHY THE WORLD
JUST GETS COVERED IN FARMERS,
380
00:25:31,933 --> 00:25:35,334
AND IT'S NO LONGER COVERED
IN HUNGER-GATHERERS.
381
00:25:44,011 --> 00:25:46,312
NARRATOR: AS FARMING SPREAD,
382
00:25:46,547 --> 00:25:49,915
COMMUNITIES GREW BIGGER.
383
00:25:50,151 --> 00:25:53,519
MORE FOOD MEANT MORE PEOPLE.
384
00:25:53,754 --> 00:25:57,089
VILLAGES TURNED INTO TOWNS,
385
00:25:57,358 --> 00:26:01,093
WHICH WOULD TURN INTO CITIES--
386
00:26:01,362 --> 00:26:04,797
THE BUILDING BLOCKS
OF CIVILIZATION,
387
00:26:05,032 --> 00:26:08,334
UNDERPINNED BY FARMING.
388
00:26:10,037 --> 00:26:12,238
MAN: ♪ BOOM! ♪
389
00:26:12,440 --> 00:26:14,740
♪ BOOM! ♪
390
00:26:17,011 --> 00:26:18,143
♪ BOOM! ♪
391
00:26:18,412 --> 00:26:20,112
NARRATOR:
ANOTHER BENEFIT OF FARMING
392
00:26:20,381 --> 00:26:25,017
WAS TO CREATE
A SURPLUS OF FOOD...
393
00:26:25,319 --> 00:26:28,020
WHICH ALLOWED US
TO REORGANIZE OUR LIVES.
394
00:26:28,222 --> 00:26:29,522
MAN: ♪ YEAH ♪
395
00:26:29,824 --> 00:26:32,691
NARRATOR: WHILE OTHERS PRODUCED
OUR DAILY BREAD,
396
00:26:32,894 --> 00:26:35,761
WE COULD DO OTHER JOBS,
397
00:26:36,030 --> 00:26:41,734
BEING BUILDERS OR ARTISANS
OR CHEFS.
398
00:26:43,671 --> 00:26:45,804
RATHER THAN JACKS OF ALL TRADES,
399
00:26:46,040 --> 00:26:49,808
WE BECAME MASTERS OF ONE.
400
00:26:50,011 --> 00:26:53,546
WE BECAME SPECIALISTS.
401
00:26:53,881 --> 00:26:56,615
[WOMAN SPEAKS JAPANESE,
BICYCLE BELL RINGS]
402
00:26:57,018 --> 00:27:00,486
IN MODERN CIVILIZATION,
EVERYONE IS A SPECIALIST
OF ONE KIND OR ANOTHER.
403
00:27:00,821 --> 00:27:03,522
I SPECIALIZE IN THE EVOLUTIONARY
SCIENCES, BUT I KNOW FAR LESS
404
00:27:03,824 --> 00:27:07,026
ABOUT NURSING, PLUMBING,
OR PRACTICING THE LAW.
405
00:27:09,030 --> 00:27:12,565
MUTHUKRISHNA: IF I WANT TO DO
SOMETHING, EVEN SOMETHING
RELATIVELY SIMPLE,
406
00:27:12,867 --> 00:27:15,801
I RELY ON A WHOLE NETWORK
OF SPECIALISTS.
407
00:27:16,037 --> 00:27:17,736
TAKE FOOD, FOR EXAMPLE.
408
00:27:18,039 --> 00:27:20,339
FOOD USED TO BE
A RELATIVELY SIMPLE THING.
409
00:27:20,708 --> 00:27:23,676
WHEN WE WERE HUNTER-GATHERERS,
I WOULD FORAGE FOR MY OWN FOOD,
410
00:27:24,011 --> 00:27:26,679
PROCESS IT IN SOME WAY, COOK IT,
AND THEN FINALLY EAT IT.
411
00:27:27,014 --> 00:27:30,716
BUT TODAY, FOOD IS
A HIGHLY SPECIALIZED
PART OF OUR CULTURE.
412
00:27:30,952 --> 00:27:34,253
[OVERLAPPING CHATTER]
413
00:27:34,655 --> 00:27:38,424
MUTHUKRISHNA: LET'S SAY
I WANTED TO MAKE SOME PRAWN
AND VEGETABLE NOODLES.
414
00:27:38,759 --> 00:27:41,427
THE FIRST THING I WANT TO DO
IS TO FIND A RECIPE...
415
00:27:41,729 --> 00:27:46,732
IDEALLY FROM SOMEONE WHO
SPECIALIZES IN JAPANESE CUISINE.
416
00:27:51,172 --> 00:27:55,207
FIRST, LET'S GO
TO THE FISHMONGER
AND GET SOME PRAWNS.
417
00:27:57,211 --> 00:27:58,811
EBI, KUDASAI?
EBI.
418
00:27:59,013 --> 00:28:01,313
[MAN SHOUTS IN JAPANESE]
419
00:28:01,549 --> 00:28:02,915
ARIGATO.
HAI, DOMO ARIGATO.
420
00:28:03,184 --> 00:28:05,250
MUTHUKRISHNA:
I NEED SOME MUSHROOMS,
421
00:28:05,453 --> 00:28:07,319
BUT WHICH ONES?
422
00:28:07,555 --> 00:28:09,722
I DON'T KNOW,
BUT SHE DOES.
423
00:28:10,024 --> 00:28:12,458
WHICH MUSHROOMS DO YOU
RECOMMEND FOR NOODLES?
424
00:28:12,693 --> 00:28:14,960
THIS IS
THE SHIITAKE MUSHROOM.
425
00:28:15,229 --> 00:28:18,030
THIS IS A GOOD AROMA,
A DEEP FLAVOR.
426
00:28:18,232 --> 00:28:20,332
MMM, THAT'S LOVELY.
427
00:28:20,635 --> 00:28:23,636
MUTHUKRISHNA: FINALLY,
WE NEED SOME NOODLES.
428
00:28:23,838 --> 00:28:27,573
ARIGATO GOZAIMASU.
429
00:28:28,042 --> 00:28:31,644
MUTHUKRISHNA: EACH OF THESE
SPECIALISTS RELIES ON A WHOLE
NETWORK OF OTHER SPECIALISTS.
430
00:28:31,912 --> 00:28:33,579
TAKE OUR FISHMONGER,
FOR INSTANCE.
431
00:28:33,914 --> 00:28:35,981
HE RELIES ON SOMEONE
WHO KNOWS HOW TO CATCH THE FISH,
432
00:28:36,384 --> 00:28:39,585
HOW TO KEEP IT FRESH,
HOW TO GET IT TO MARKET
IN THAT FRESH STATE,
433
00:28:40,021 --> 00:28:45,691
HOW TO NAVIGATE THE LEGAL
WATERS, HOW TO GET THE BEST
PRICE, AND SO ON AND SO ON.
434
00:28:46,027 --> 00:28:49,762
NARRATOR: ONLY NOW CAN MICHAEL
GET ANOTHER SPECIALIST,
435
00:28:50,031 --> 00:28:52,898
A CHEF, TO COOK
HIS MEAL FOR HIM.
436
00:28:55,036 --> 00:28:57,936
MUTHUKRISHNA: NOW, THIS SORT
OF SPECIALIZATION IS ABOUT
EACH PERSON
437
00:28:58,239 --> 00:29:00,472
GETTING VERY GOOD
AT SOMETHING VERY SPECIFIC
438
00:29:00,841 --> 00:29:03,442
SO THAT WHEN THEY POOL
THEIR EXPERTISE, THEY
BECOME A PART
439
00:29:03,811 --> 00:29:06,311
OF SOMETHING MUCH BIGGER
AND BETTER THAN THEY
COULD HAVE EVER ACHIEVED
440
00:29:06,614 --> 00:29:08,781
IF THEY HAD TO DO EVERYTHING
ALL ON THEIR OWN.
441
00:29:09,116 --> 00:29:13,686
AND THIS IS WHAT CITY LIFE
AND CIVILIZATION IS ALL ABOUT--
442
00:29:14,021 --> 00:29:16,555
HAVING ENOUGH PEOPLE
SO THAT EACH OF US CAN FOCUS IN
443
00:29:16,857 --> 00:29:19,658
ON ONE VERY SPECIFIC THING
AND GET VERY GOOD AT IT.
444
00:29:20,027 --> 00:29:23,696
THE MORE PEOPLE WE HAVE,
THE MORE NARROWLY
AND DEEPLY WE CAN FOCUS,
445
00:29:23,998 --> 00:29:26,665
AND THE HIGHER WE CAN
ALL CLIMB TOGETHER.
446
00:29:31,739 --> 00:29:34,973
BUT SPECIALIZATION,
BY DEFINITION, CREATES DIVISION:
447
00:29:35,276 --> 00:29:36,775
DIFFERENT JOBS,
DIFFERENT PLACES TO LIVE,
448
00:29:37,144 --> 00:29:41,714
DIFFERENT SOCIAL CLASSES,
DIFFERENT SOCIAL STATUS,
DIFFERENT WEALTH.
449
00:29:41,982 --> 00:29:43,982
LAND, FOOD, AND GOODS
ARE NO LONGER OWNED
450
00:29:44,185 --> 00:29:45,684
BY THE COMMUNITY.
451
00:29:45,953 --> 00:29:47,486
THEY BECOME
THE PROPERTY OF A FEW
452
00:29:47,855 --> 00:29:52,024
AND OFTEN PASS DOWN
THROUGH THE GENERATIONS
WITHOUT BEING EARNED.
453
00:29:53,294 --> 00:29:55,594
THIS IS INEQUALITY;
SOME PEOPLE INEVITABLY
454
00:29:55,896 --> 00:29:58,797
BECOME RICHER AND MORE
POWERFUL THAN OTHERS.
455
00:30:09,810 --> 00:30:13,212
NARRATOR: ACROSS THE WORLD,
THE ROAD TO CIVILIZATION
456
00:30:13,414 --> 00:30:16,548
ALWAYS LED TO INEQUALITY.
457
00:30:18,352 --> 00:30:21,653
POLITICAL POWER,
PROPERTY, AND WEALTH
458
00:30:21,956 --> 00:30:26,358
WERE NOW IN THE HANDS
OF A RULING ELITE.
459
00:30:29,029 --> 00:30:31,697
300 MILES FROM ASIKLI HOYUK
460
00:30:31,932 --> 00:30:34,633
ARE THE REMAINS OF
THE ANCIENT TOWN
461
00:30:34,835 --> 00:30:37,636
OF ARSLANTEPE.
462
00:30:40,941 --> 00:30:44,176
ARCHAEOLOGIST
MARCELLA FRANGIPANE
463
00:30:44,478 --> 00:30:48,213
HAS SPENT 3 DECADES
EXCAVATING THIS SITE.
464
00:30:49,950 --> 00:30:53,786
SHE'S DISCOVERED
THAT 5,500 YEARS AGO,
465
00:30:54,021 --> 00:30:58,190
AN ELITE ROSE TO POWER HERE.
466
00:30:58,559 --> 00:31:02,261
BY ASSERTING THEIR STATUS
OVER THE REST OF THE POPULATION,
467
00:31:02,530 --> 00:31:06,532
THEY BUILT UP
GREAT PERSONAL WEALTH.
468
00:31:30,024 --> 00:31:32,724
NARRATOR: THE COMMONERS COULD
ONLY VISIT THE PUBLIC AREAS
469
00:31:32,893 --> 00:31:34,026
OF THE PALACE.
470
00:31:34,295 --> 00:31:36,695
THEY ENTERED AND THEN
TURNED A CORNER
471
00:31:36,897 --> 00:31:39,598
TO VISIT THE STOREROOMS.
472
00:31:41,202 --> 00:31:43,702
[OVERLAPPING CHATTER]
473
00:31:50,811 --> 00:31:52,544
NARRATOR:
HERE, THEY HANDED OVER
474
00:31:52,813 --> 00:31:55,814
WHAT THEY'D PRODUCED
IN THE FIELDS...
475
00:31:58,938 --> 00:32:03,307
AND TOOK PAYMENT BY WAY
OF FOOD IN RETURN.
476
00:32:03,576 --> 00:32:07,044
[ALL SPEAKING NATIVE LANGUAGE]
477
00:32:38,211 --> 00:32:42,813
NARRATOR: JUST BEYOND
THE STOREROOMS WAS
A SMALL TEMPLE.
478
00:33:38,237 --> 00:33:42,740
NARRATOR:
INSTEAD, THEY WERE GREETED
BY FORBIDDING WALL PAINTINGS,
479
00:33:43,042 --> 00:33:49,046
SOME OF WHICH HAVE SURVIVED
FOR 5,000 YEARS.
480
00:34:47,807 --> 00:34:52,643
NARRATOR: JUST BEYOND
THE WATCHING EYES WAS
THE CORE OF THE PALACE--
481
00:34:52,912 --> 00:34:55,846
A COURTYARD WHERE PEOPLE
PRESENTED THEMSELVES
482
00:34:56,048 --> 00:34:58,449
TO THE RULING ELITE.
483
00:35:00,052 --> 00:35:01,819
AT ONE END OF THE COURTYARD,
484
00:35:02,054 --> 00:35:18,836
THERE WAS A RAISED PLATFORM.
485
00:35:19,038 --> 00:35:21,405
[OVERLAPPING CHATTER]
486
00:35:50,202 --> 00:35:53,203
[MAN SPEAKING NATIVE LANGUAGE]
487
00:36:07,053 --> 00:36:09,954
NARRATOR: BUT THERE'S
A TWIST IN THIS TALE,
488
00:36:10,256 --> 00:36:14,291
A WARNING FOR ANY
WOULD-BE DICTATOR.
489
00:36:15,895 --> 00:36:20,030
THE WALLS ARE STAINED
BY BURN MARKS.
490
00:36:20,199 --> 00:36:22,466
[MEN SHOUTING]
491
00:36:34,246 --> 00:36:39,149
NARRATOR: ARCHAEOLOGISTS BELIEVE
THIS IS EVIDENCE OF A REVOLT,
492
00:36:39,452 --> 00:36:43,320
THE COMMONERS TURNING
AGAINST THEIR RULERS
493
00:36:43,556 --> 00:36:47,958
AND DESTROYING THEIR POWER BASE.
494
00:37:19,158 --> 00:37:21,825
NARRATOR: WHAT WAS TRUE
FOR ARSLANTEPE
495
00:37:22,028 --> 00:37:25,362
HAS BEEN TRUE EVER SINCE.
496
00:37:32,038 --> 00:37:35,372
NARRATOR: INEQUALITY IS ONE
OF THE GREAT PROBLEMS
497
00:37:35,608 --> 00:37:39,610
FACING ANY CIVILIZATION.
498
00:37:40,012 --> 00:37:43,080
MUTHUKRISHNA: ELITES,
AND EVEN INEQUALITY, ARE NOT
NECESSARILY A BAD THING.
499
00:37:43,482 --> 00:37:47,351
WEALTH GENERATORS
AND SOCIAL ORGANIZERS ARE
AN ESSENTIAL PART OF ANY SYSTEM.
500
00:37:47,687 --> 00:37:50,721
RULES NEED TO BE ENFORCED,
ARMIES NEED TO BE ORGANIZED,
501
00:37:50,990 --> 00:37:55,859
RESOURCES NEED TO BE
EFFICIENTLY ALLOCATED.
502
00:37:56,195 --> 00:37:58,495
THE TROUBLE IS WHEN THERE IS
A MISMATCH BETWEEN THE LEVEL
503
00:37:58,798 --> 00:38:02,232
OF INEQUALITY AND YOUR
CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY.
504
00:38:04,336 --> 00:38:06,537
IF THE MISMATCH GROWS,
505
00:38:06,939 --> 00:38:11,275
THEN THE GLUE THAT BINDS
CIVILIZATION TOGETHER
STARTS TO COME APART.
506
00:38:12,878 --> 00:38:14,845
HOW DO WE ENSURE THAT
THERE'S A MATCH BETWEEN
507
00:38:15,147 --> 00:38:18,615
YOUR CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY
AND THE LEVEL OF INEQUALITY?
508
00:38:19,051 --> 00:38:24,621
HOW DO WE KEEP CORRUPTION
IN CHECK? HOW DO WE ENSURE
THE WELL-BEING OF ALL PEOPLE?
509
00:38:24,924 --> 00:38:27,791
THE FOCUS OF THESE QUESTIONS
IS ALWAYS THE CITY.
510
00:38:28,060 --> 00:38:29,593
THIS IS WHERE
THE WEALTH IS.
511
00:38:29,929 --> 00:38:34,698
THIS IS WHERE THE POWER IS.
THIS IS WHERE THE PEOPLE ARE.
512
00:38:35,034 --> 00:38:37,568
THERE'S A COMPETITION GOING ON
BETWEEN DIFFERENT SOCIETIES,
513
00:38:37,937 --> 00:38:40,537
DIFFERENT CITIES,
AND DIFFERENT WAYS
OF DOING THINGS.
514
00:38:40,873 --> 00:38:43,140
THE WINNERS OF THAT COMPETITION
ARE GOING TO BE THOSE
515
00:38:43,476 --> 00:38:47,177
THAT FIND A WAY TO HAVE PEOPLE
GET ALONG AND TO FIND A WAY
516
00:38:47,480 --> 00:38:50,914
TO MAXIMIZE THE POTENTIAL
OF MORE PEOPLE.
517
00:38:52,952 --> 00:38:55,285
PERHAPS THIS IS THE SECRET
TO TOKYO'S SUCCESS.
518
00:38:55,554 --> 00:38:57,654
IT'S CLEARLY A RICH
AND POWERFUL CITY,
519
00:38:57,957 --> 00:38:59,957
BUT IT FEELS LIKE WE'RE
ALL ON THE SAME PAGE.
520
00:39:00,259 --> 00:39:03,627
IT FEELS LIKE THERE'S
A COMMON PURPOSE.
521
00:39:05,831 --> 00:39:08,065
NARRATOR:
CIVILIZATION WORKS BEST
522
00:39:08,267 --> 00:39:10,434
WHEN PEOPLE BELIEVE
523
00:39:10,669 --> 00:39:13,437
THEY'RE ALL IN IT TOGETHER.
524
00:39:32,158 --> 00:39:35,159
NARRATOR: THE FIRST TIME A CITY
GOT THIS FORMULA RIGHT
525
00:39:35,361 --> 00:39:38,762
WAS 4,000 YEARS AGO...
526
00:39:44,036 --> 00:39:45,803
NOT IN TURKEY,
527
00:39:46,038 --> 00:39:48,272
BUT 900 MILES FURTHER SOUTH,
528
00:39:48,474 --> 00:39:51,875
IN MODERN-DAY IRAQ.
529
00:39:53,045 --> 00:39:55,712
[RADIO CHATTER]
530
00:39:56,048 --> 00:40:00,350
NARRATOR: ARCHAEOLOGIST
JEFF ROSE IS PAYING A VISIT.
531
00:40:04,590 --> 00:40:07,958
ROSE: TODAY, IRAQ IS ONE OF
THE MOST HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS
IN THE WORLD.
532
00:40:08,327 --> 00:40:11,295
I MEAN, JUST TO GET AROUND, I'VE
GOT THIS CONVOY OF 4 VEHICLES
533
00:40:11,730 --> 00:40:16,633
WITH ARMOR PLATING, WHICH IS
IRONIC BECAUSE THIS IS
THE CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION.
534
00:40:16,936 --> 00:40:20,337
THIS IS WHERE THE EARLIEST
CIVILIZATION AROSE.
535
00:40:22,808 --> 00:40:24,842
ROSE: ALL CIVILIZATIONS
RISE AND FALL,
536
00:40:25,211 --> 00:40:29,746
BUT THIS ONE IN PARTICULAR,
IN ITS HEYDAY, WAS MAGNIFICENT.
537
00:40:39,058 --> 00:40:41,692
NARRATOR:
THIS WAS ONCE A LUSH PLAIN
538
00:40:41,894 --> 00:40:44,061
BETWEEN TWO RIVERS,
539
00:40:44,296 --> 00:40:48,298
A LAND KNOWN AS MESOPOTAMIA,
540
00:40:48,567 --> 00:40:52,870
AND HERE WAS
THE GREAT CITY OF UR.
541
00:40:54,039 --> 00:40:55,806
4,000 YEARS AGO,
542
00:40:56,041 --> 00:40:58,075
IT WAS A SPRAWLING METROPOLIS
543
00:40:58,277 --> 00:41:01,044
OF 65,000 PEOPLE...
544
00:41:02,314 --> 00:41:04,848
CENTERED ON
A HUGE TEMPLE COMPLEX
545
00:41:05,050 --> 00:41:07,284
CALLED THE ZIGGURAT,
546
00:41:07,519 --> 00:41:09,920
RECONSTRUCTED IN THE 1980s
547
00:41:10,122 --> 00:41:13,056
BY SADDAM HUSSEIN.
548
00:41:14,693 --> 00:41:18,362
ROSE: I CAN'T OVERSTATE
THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS PLACE.
549
00:41:18,697 --> 00:41:21,098
SO ELSEWHERE AT THIS TIME,
PEOPLE WERE LIVING IN TOWNS,
550
00:41:21,467 --> 00:41:25,736
THEY WERE PAINTING WALLS,
THEY WERE BUILDING PALACES
FOR THE ELITES.
551
00:41:26,038 --> 00:41:28,805
BUT DOWN HERE AT UR
AND OTHER CITIES LIKE THIS,
552
00:41:29,241 --> 00:41:34,044
THEY WERE BUILDING THE BLUEPRINT
FOR WHAT ALL CITIES
TO COME AFTER WOULD LOOK LIKE.
553
00:41:34,380 --> 00:41:38,282
THEY HAD CROSSED THE THRESHOLD
INTO CIVILIZATION.
554
00:41:45,791 --> 00:41:50,127
NARRATOR: WHAT WAS THE SECRET
OF UR'S SUCCESS?
555
00:41:50,396 --> 00:41:52,863
WHY DID CIVILIZATION WORK
IN THIS CITY,
556
00:41:53,198 --> 00:41:58,602
WHEN OTHER LARGE SETTLEMENTS
LIKE ARSLANTEPE HAD FAILED?
557
00:42:03,208 --> 00:42:08,145
ROSE: I'M STANDING IN WHAT WAS
ONE OF THE MOST FERTILE RIVER
VALLEYS IN THE ENTIRE WORLD.
558
00:42:08,414 --> 00:42:10,714
BUT TO MAKE THIS
RIVER VALLEY WORK,
559
00:42:11,016 --> 00:42:13,717
YOU NEEDED TO ACTUALLY
TRANSFORM THE LAND.
560
00:42:14,053 --> 00:42:16,219
YOU NEEDED A WORKFORCE,
AN ORGANIZED WORKFORCE
561
00:42:16,522 --> 00:42:19,256
OF ENOUGH PEOPLE TO DIG
THE IRRIGATION CANALS
562
00:42:19,525 --> 00:42:20,958
TO BRING THE WATER
INTO THE FIELDS,
563
00:42:21,327 --> 00:42:25,028
AND THEY HAD LOTS OF PEOPLE
LIVING IN MESOPOTAMIA
AT THE TIME.
564
00:42:25,397 --> 00:42:28,765
THEY ALSO HAD
THE RIGHT KIND OF FOOD;
THEY HAD CEREAL GRAINS.
565
00:42:29,034 --> 00:42:31,835
TO FUEL A CITY, YOU NEED
CEREAL GRAINS.
566
00:42:32,037 --> 00:42:34,371
[OVERLAPPING CHATTER]
567
00:42:37,776 --> 00:42:40,377
NARRATOR: MIX TOGETHER
A CRITICAL MASS OF PEOPLE
568
00:42:40,612 --> 00:42:43,213
WITH ENOUGH FOOD TO FEED THEM
569
00:42:43,482 --> 00:42:46,750
AND A LOCATION WHERE
THEY WANT TO LIVE,
570
00:42:47,052 --> 00:42:50,854
AND YOU GET
A SELF-SUSTAINING CITY,
571
00:42:51,056 --> 00:42:53,323
A CIVILIZATION.
572
00:43:02,234 --> 00:43:04,701
ARCHAEOLOGIST ELIZABETH STONE
573
00:43:05,037 --> 00:43:09,506
BELIEVES THERE'S ANOTHER REASON
THIS CITY WORKED SO WELL.
574
00:43:12,578 --> 00:43:16,346
SHE'S EXCAVATING
THE RESIDENTIAL AREA OF UR,
575
00:43:16,615 --> 00:43:19,783
WHERE MOST OF
THE POPULATION LIVED.
576
00:43:20,119 --> 00:43:23,420
EARLY CIVILIZATIONS ALL HAVE
KINGS, THEY ALL HAVE PRIESTS,
577
00:43:23,689 --> 00:43:25,122
THEY ALL HAVE PEOPLE AT THE TOP.
578
00:43:25,324 --> 00:43:27,057
BUT WHERE THEY DIFFER
579
00:43:27,359 --> 00:43:29,760
IS WHAT HAPPENS
TO THE LARGER POPULATION.
580
00:43:29,962 --> 00:43:31,728
AND IN PLACES LIKE UR,
581
00:43:32,164 --> 00:43:35,665
I THINK THERE WAS QUITE A LOT
OF EQUALITY AND QUITE A LOT
OF SOCIAL MOBILITY.
582
00:43:36,001 --> 00:43:38,769
WHEREVER WE DIG, EVERYBODY SEEMS
TO BE DOING PRETTY WELL.
583
00:43:39,138 --> 00:43:41,671
THERE'S A SENSE THAT, YOU KNOW,
YOU'RE POOR WHEN YOU'RE YOUNG,
584
00:43:41,907 --> 00:43:43,974
YOU GET WEALTHIER
AS YOU GET OLDER,
585
00:43:44,309 --> 00:43:48,111
AND YOU'VE GOT MORE KIDS WHO CAN
WORK FOR YOU AND HELP YOU.
586
00:43:48,347 --> 00:43:50,814
IT'S NO DIFFERENT FROM TODAY.
587
00:43:51,050 --> 00:43:53,283
[OVERLAPPING CHATTER]
588
00:43:54,486 --> 00:43:56,186
STONE: THEY OWN
THEIR OWN HOUSES,
589
00:43:56,488 --> 00:43:58,822
SO THEY INHERIT PROPERTY
FROM THEIR FAMILIES.
590
00:43:59,058 --> 00:44:01,024
THEY'RE ENGAGED IN BUSINESS.
591
00:44:01,293 --> 00:44:03,693
THEY HAVE
PRIVATE DOCUMENTS.
592
00:44:04,129 --> 00:44:07,664
THEY WROTE ON CLAY,
WHICH, IN THIS ENVIRONMENT,
IS PRETTY MUCH INDESTRUCTIBLE,
593
00:44:07,933 --> 00:44:11,735
AND THEY WROTE ABOUT
ALMOST EVERYTHING.
594
00:44:12,037 --> 00:44:14,237
WE OFTEN GET CONTRACTS;
THESE ARE GOING TO BE WHERE
595
00:44:14,673 --> 00:44:19,176
PEOPLE ARE SELLING A HOUSE,
THEY'RE SELLING A FIELD OR
AN ORCHARD OR THINGS LIKE THAT.
596
00:44:19,445 --> 00:44:22,512
EVERYBODY WAS KIND OF
MIDDLE-CLASS.
597
00:44:22,815 --> 00:44:25,082
NARRATOR:
DESPITE BEING RULED BY A KING,
598
00:44:25,417 --> 00:44:29,052
THE PUBLIC HAD A SAY
IN THE RUNNING OF HIS CITY...
599
00:44:30,656 --> 00:44:34,224
AND SO UR AVOIDED
THE DICTATORSHIP
600
00:44:34,460 --> 00:44:36,860
THAT BLIGHTED ARSLANTEPE.
601
00:44:37,029 --> 00:44:39,096
[MAN COUGHS]
602
00:44:39,398 --> 00:44:42,199
STONE: I THINK IT'S
VERY DIFFICULT TO HAVE REAL,
603
00:44:42,401 --> 00:44:44,568
LARGE-SCALE URBAN LIFE
604
00:44:44,803 --> 00:44:47,304
WITH HIGH LEVELS OF INEQUALITY
605
00:44:47,673 --> 00:44:50,407
BECAUSE PEOPLE ARE GOING TO BE
LIVING CHEEK BY JOWL
WITH SOMEBODY
606
00:44:50,676 --> 00:44:55,112
WHO HAS REALLY
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACCESS.
607
00:44:55,414 --> 00:44:57,681
THE QUESTION IS,
WHY SHOULD THEY STAY HERE?
608
00:44:58,050 --> 00:45:01,618
IF YOU WEREN'T HAPPY, YOU COULD
SAY, "WELL, TO HELL WITH IT.
609
00:45:01,854 --> 00:45:04,855
I'M GOING TO GET OUT OF HERE."
610
00:45:06,458 --> 00:45:08,692
SO IF YOU WANT YOUR CITY
TO BE SUCCESSFUL,
611
00:45:09,027 --> 00:45:12,963
YOU NEED PEOPLE TO BE THERE,
AND UNDER THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES,
612
00:45:13,232 --> 00:45:17,267
YOU HAVE TO GIVE THEM
A PIECE OF THE PIE.
613
00:45:17,603 --> 00:45:19,903
IF THEY FEEL THAT THEY'RE NOW
PART OF SOMETHING LARGER,
614
00:45:20,205 --> 00:45:22,706
IF THEY HAVE A VOICE
IN THE DECISION-MAKING,
615
00:45:23,041 --> 00:45:25,475
IF THEY HAVE ACCESS TO MORE
GOODS BY BEING IN THE CITY,
616
00:45:25,811 --> 00:45:29,679
THEN IT'S WORTH THEIR WHILE
TO LIVE IN THE CITY.
617
00:45:30,048 --> 00:45:33,750
NARRATOR: BY CREATING A SOCIETY
IN WHICH EVERYONE FELT INVESTED,
618
00:45:34,052 --> 00:45:38,522
THE RULERS OF UR BUILT
A CITY THAT WORKED.
619
00:45:42,294 --> 00:45:46,296
LITTLE WONDER
THOUSANDS CAME TO LIVE HERE.
620
00:45:47,299 --> 00:45:49,666
UR WAS A MELTING POT
OF PEOPLE,
621
00:45:49,868 --> 00:45:52,969
IDEAS, AND INVENTION.
622
00:45:55,574 --> 00:45:59,943
CREATIVITY SKYROCKETED.
623
00:46:00,279 --> 00:46:04,481
TAKE THIS ARCHITECTURAL MARVEL,
THIS THING CALLED A ZIGGURAT.
624
00:46:04,750 --> 00:46:06,416
THIS WAS THE SYMBOLIC CENTER
OF THE CITY.
625
00:46:06,752 --> 00:46:10,720
THIS IS WHERE THE PRIESTESSES
WOULD PERFORM THEIR RITUALS.
626
00:46:11,056 --> 00:46:13,957
THIS IS WHERE THE PEOPLE
WOULD CONGREGATE AROUND...
627
00:46:14,159 --> 00:46:16,426
[OVERLAPPING CHATTER]
628
00:46:16,795 --> 00:46:19,129
BUT THEY DIDN'T HAVE ANY STONE,
THEY HAD NOTHING TO BUILD WITH,
629
00:46:19,398 --> 00:46:22,799
SO THE WHOLE THING
IS MADE OUT OF MUD.
630
00:46:31,443 --> 00:46:34,544
ROSE: THE ZIGGURAT'S JUST
THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG.
631
00:46:34,846 --> 00:46:36,746
IF YOU HAD CEREAL
FOR BREAKFAST THIS MORNING,
632
00:46:37,049 --> 00:46:39,549
THAT'S BROUGHT TO YOU
BY SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA.
633
00:46:39,851 --> 00:46:43,286
THEY INVENTED LARGE-SCALE
WHEAT PRODUCTION.
634
00:46:43,522 --> 00:46:45,088
THE BOWL YOU HAD IT IN,
635
00:46:45,357 --> 00:46:47,023
WELL, THEY INVENTED
THE POTTER'S WHEEL.
636
00:46:47,326 --> 00:46:49,392
SO WHILE THERE ARE OTHER
CIVILIZATIONS THAT EMERGE
637
00:46:49,695 --> 00:46:52,829
IN CHINA AND EGYPT
AND INDIA AND MESOAMERICA,
638
00:46:53,232 --> 00:46:58,935
IT'S HERE IN SOUTHERN
MESOPOTAMIA THAT'S THE ROOT
OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION.
639
00:47:00,038 --> 00:47:02,305
[OVERLAPPING CHATTER]
640
00:47:06,511 --> 00:47:09,279
ROSE: THESE PEOPLE WERE
BURSTING WITH INGENUITY,
641
00:47:09,648 --> 00:47:12,716
BUT THEY DIDN'T HAVE MUCH TO
WORK WITH IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT,
642
00:47:13,051 --> 00:47:15,619
SO THEY--FOR INSTANCE,
THEY'D TAKE A BUNDLE OF REEDS,
643
00:47:15,887 --> 00:47:17,320
WHICH GROW JUST ALONG
THE RIVERBANKS.
644
00:47:17,723 --> 00:47:21,925
THEY COULD TURN THESE
INTO BOATS, WHICH SAIL
ALL THE WAY TO INDIA.
645
00:47:22,127 --> 00:47:24,394
THEY WOULD ALSO...
646
00:47:24,730 --> 00:47:28,732
THEY COULD JUST CUT THE BOTTOM
OF THEM LIKE SO...
647
00:47:31,870 --> 00:47:34,704
AND YOU'D HAVE A STYLUS, WHICH
IS ESSENTIALLY A KIND OF PEN.
648
00:47:35,040 --> 00:47:38,975
FROM THIS, THEY INVENTED THE
WORLD'S FIRST WRITING SYSTEM.
649
00:47:41,546 --> 00:47:45,215
NARRATOR: EVERY WRITTEN WORD IN
THE WESTERN WORLD
650
00:47:45,517 --> 00:47:48,852
CAN TRACE ITS ORIGIN BACK
TO THE CUNEIFORM MARKINGS
651
00:47:49,054 --> 00:47:51,988
OF MESOPOTAMIA.
652
00:47:56,395 --> 00:48:00,830
AND NOT JUST WRITING.
653
00:48:01,199 --> 00:48:06,803
MATHEMATICS ALSO COMES DIRECTLY
FROM MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION.
654
00:48:09,775 --> 00:48:14,911
THEY USED REEDS
FOR MEASURING DISTANCES.
655
00:48:15,213 --> 00:48:16,913
SO THEY HAD TWO
STANDARDIZED MEASUREMENTS.
656
00:48:17,215 --> 00:48:18,715
IT WAS ALL BASED
ON THE ANATOMY OF THE KING.
657
00:48:19,051 --> 00:48:21,017
SO THEY WOULD TAKE THE LENGTH
FROM HIS ELBOW CREASE
658
00:48:21,420 --> 00:48:24,521
TO THE TIP OF HIS FINGER,
AND THAT WAS ONE
STANDARDIZED MEASUREMENT.
659
00:48:24,790 --> 00:48:27,457
AND THEN THE OTHER WAS
THE FULL ARM SPAN,
660
00:48:27,793 --> 00:48:30,493
WHICH REALLY MEANS THAT THIS IS
THE WORLD'S FIRST RULER,
661
00:48:30,796 --> 00:48:33,830
AND THIS LEADS TO
THE BIRTH OF MATHEMATICS.
662
00:48:34,032 --> 00:48:36,399
[OVERLAPPING CHATTER]
663
00:48:39,037 --> 00:48:41,137
ROSE: THE WAY THEY DID THAT
664
00:48:41,440 --> 00:48:43,873
WAS THEY USED THE DIVISIONS
ON THEIR FINGERS--
665
00:48:44,042 --> 00:48:45,275
1, 2, 3;
666
00:48:45,477 --> 00:48:47,610
4, 5, 6;
7, 8, 9
667
00:48:47,879 --> 00:48:50,513
10, 11, 12--
AND THEN THEY HAD 5 FINGERS,
668
00:48:50,882 --> 00:48:56,286
SO MULTIPLY THAT, AND THEY GET
A BASE-60 SYSTEM OF MATHEMATICS.
669
00:48:58,490 --> 00:49:01,891
ROSE: NOW, THEY USED
THIS SYSTEM TO TELL TIME.
670
00:49:02,227 --> 00:49:06,062
HERE'S THE MIND-BOGGLING PART--
60 SECONDS IN A MINUTE,
671
00:49:06,298 --> 00:49:07,731
60 MINUTES IN AN HOUR.
672
00:49:08,033 --> 00:49:11,634
THEY DIVIDED THEIR DAY UP
INTO TWO 12-HOUR PERIODS.
673
00:49:11,870 --> 00:49:14,571
SO WE STILL TELL TIME
THE SAME WAY
674
00:49:14,873 --> 00:49:17,607
THE PEOPLE OF SOUTHERN
MESOPOTAMIA DEVELOPED IT,
675
00:49:17,876 --> 00:49:20,810
AND THIS REALLY GOES
TO SHOW HOW THE CITY
676
00:49:21,046 --> 00:49:24,047
IS THE ENGINE OF INVENTION.
677
00:49:25,684 --> 00:49:28,718
NARRATOR: THE URBAN WAY
OF LIFE PIONEERED AT UR
678
00:49:28,954 --> 00:49:31,921
WAS EXPORTED EASTWARD
THROUGH ASIA
679
00:49:32,157 --> 00:49:35,558
AND WESTWARD THROUGH EUROPE.
680
00:49:38,163 --> 00:49:41,865
THE CIVILIZATIONS OF GREECE,
681
00:49:42,033 --> 00:49:44,067
ROME,
682
00:49:44,336 --> 00:49:47,137
AND BYZANTIUM WERE ALL INHERITED
683
00:49:47,339 --> 00:49:49,172
FROM MESOPOTAMIA.
684
00:49:49,474 --> 00:49:52,842
AND EVENTUALLY,
THE SAME MODEL WAS TRANSPORTED
685
00:49:53,044 --> 00:49:54,844
ACROSS THE ATLANTIC
686
00:49:55,046 --> 00:49:57,714
TO THE NEW WORLD.
687
00:49:57,916 --> 00:50:00,483
WE LIVE AS WE DO TODAY
688
00:50:00,719 --> 00:50:04,287
BECAUSE THEY DID IT FIRST.
689
00:50:12,531 --> 00:50:17,801
THE CITY IS THE QUINTESSENTIAL
EXPRESSION OF CIVILIZATION,
690
00:50:18,003 --> 00:50:20,837
A HOTHOUSE FOR IDEAS,
691
00:50:21,039 --> 00:50:25,175
AN ENGINE OF PROGRESS.
692
00:50:25,510 --> 00:50:27,343
MUTHUKRISHNA: IF YOU LOOK AT
THE TALLY SHEET OF HISTORY,
693
00:50:27,646 --> 00:50:30,747
IN THE FIRST 200,000 YEARS
BEFORE THE FIRST CITIES,
694
00:50:31,049 --> 00:50:33,817
WE INVENTED STONE TOOLS,
BOWS AND ARROWS,
695
00:50:34,052 --> 00:50:35,718
CANOES, SEWING, AND POTTERY.
696
00:50:36,054 --> 00:50:37,954
NOW, THAT'S QUITE IMPRESSIVE,
AND CERTAINLY MUCH MORE THAN
697
00:50:38,256 --> 00:50:39,722
OUR CHIMP COUSINS HAVE
MANAGED TO PULL OFF.
698
00:50:40,058 --> 00:50:43,726
BUT IN THE FIRST 2,000 YEARS
SINCE THE ADVENT OF CITIES
699
00:50:44,029 --> 00:50:46,629
CAME THE ALPHABET, MATHEMATICS,
WRITING, CEMENT,
700
00:50:46,932 --> 00:50:49,232
RESERVOIRS, SEWERS,
AQUEDUCTS, SOAP, CANDLES,
701
00:50:49,534 --> 00:50:51,901
CURRENCY, SILK,
PAVING, CANALS, FURNACES,
702
00:50:52,137 --> 00:50:55,038
AND SO ON AND SO ON.
703
00:50:58,043 --> 00:51:00,743
MUTHUKRISHNA: THE MORE
VIEWPOINTS, AND THE MORE
DIVERSE THE VIEWPOINTS
704
00:51:01,046 --> 00:51:03,813
THAT YOU HAVE ACCESS TO,
THE BETTER OFF YOU ARE.
705
00:51:04,049 --> 00:51:06,416
THAT'S THE APPEAL OF THE CITY.
706
00:51:06,685 --> 00:51:08,952
CITIES ACT ALMOST LIKE
COLLECTIVE BRAINS,
707
00:51:09,354 --> 00:51:13,223
WHERE YOU HAVE ACCESS TO
THE VIEWPOINTS AND TALENTS
OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE--
708
00:51:13,692 --> 00:51:18,228
THIS FIZZING, BUZZING
CONNECTIVITY OF MINDS TRYING TO
LEARN AND SHARE WITH EACH OTHER.
709
00:51:18,430 --> 00:51:20,363
THE MORE MINDS,
710
00:51:20,632 --> 00:51:24,534
THE MORE CONNECTIONS,
THE MORE INNOVATION.
711
00:51:29,040 --> 00:51:31,207
MUTHUKRISHNA:
SCIENCE FICTION WRITERS
SOMETIMES LIKE TO IMAGINE
712
00:51:31,576 --> 00:51:34,711
SOME KIND OF ALIEN SPECIES
CONNECTED BY A SINGLE HIVE MIND.
713
00:51:35,046 --> 00:51:37,180
BUT IN SOME SENSE, THAT'S WHAT
HUMANITY IS LIKE TODAY,
714
00:51:37,449 --> 00:51:39,849
LIVING TOGETHER IN
THESE MEGA-CITIES.
715
00:51:41,419 --> 00:51:43,887
THE HUMAN BRAIN CONTAINS
BILLIONS OF NEURONS,
716
00:51:44,256 --> 00:51:47,490
BUT ITS POWER COMES NOT SIMPLY
FROM THE NUMBER OF NEURONS,
717
00:51:47,859 --> 00:51:50,593
BUT BY THE INTERCONNECTEDNESS
IN THESE ELABORATE NETWORKS
718
00:51:50,829 --> 00:51:53,229
SPANNING TRILLIONS
OF CONNECTIONS.
719
00:51:53,431 --> 00:51:55,131
IN JUST THE SAME WAY,
720
00:51:55,433 --> 00:51:57,500
OUR CITIES CONTAIN BILLIONS
OF HUMAN BEINGS,
721
00:51:57,836 --> 00:52:00,837
BUT THEIR POWER COMES NOT SIMPLY
FROM THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE,
722
00:52:01,239 --> 00:52:05,308
BUT THE INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF
PEOPLE, AND THESE ELABORATE
SOCIAL NETWORKS
723
00:52:05,644 --> 00:52:09,846
SPANNING TRILLIONS
OF CONNECTIONS
AND CONVERSATIONS.
724
00:52:11,850 --> 00:52:15,184
IN MANY WAYS, THE CITY
AND CIVILIZATION ITSELF
725
00:52:15,453 --> 00:52:17,320
IS A PROJECTION OF
OUR OWN BRAINS.
726
00:52:17,656 --> 00:52:21,691
THE CITY IS MUCH MORE
THAN THE SUM OF ITS CITIZENS.
727
00:52:22,027 --> 00:52:24,627
I THINK IT CAN BE A LITTLE
THREATENING TO THINK OF YOURSELF
728
00:52:24,930 --> 00:52:27,030
AS A SINGLE NEURON
IN THIS GIANT, CONNECTED,
729
00:52:27,332 --> 00:52:30,733
COLLECTIVE BRAIN THAT WE
CALL HUMANITY.
730
00:52:32,637 --> 00:52:35,405
BUT I THINK THAT'S BOTH
FASCINATING AND HUMBLING.
731
00:52:35,674 --> 00:52:38,808
NARRATOR: IT'S ESTIMATED
THAT EVERY WEEK
732
00:52:39,044 --> 00:52:40,743
FOR THE NEXT 3 DECADES,
733
00:52:41,046 --> 00:52:44,681
ANOTHER MILLION AND A HALF
PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD
734
00:52:44,883 --> 00:52:48,051
WILL MOVE TO THE CITY.
735
00:52:51,056 --> 00:52:53,022
JUST LIKE OUR ANCESTORS,
736
00:52:53,325 --> 00:52:57,193
WE'RE SEDUCED BY THE LURE
OF BEING TOGETHER
737
00:52:57,395 --> 00:53:00,797
AND SHARING IDEAS.
738
00:53:04,703 --> 00:53:10,106
THE CITY--A CORNERSTONE
OF CIVILIZATION.
739
00:53:26,052 --> 00:53:28,987
First Civilizations
is available on
DVD.
740
00:53:29,089 --> 00:53:31,222
To order, visit
shop.pbs.org
741
00:53:31,324 --> 00:53:33,525
or call
1-800-PLAY-PBS.
742
00:53:33,627 --> 00:53:35,960
Also available for
download on iTunes.
59490
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