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CARL SAGAN:
The cosmos is all there is,
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or ever was,
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or ever will be.
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Come with me.
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NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON:
A generation ago,
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the astronomer Carl Saganstood here
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and launched hundreds
of millions of us
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on a great adventure--
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the exploration of the universe
revealed by science.
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It's time to get going again.
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We're about to begin a journey
that will take us
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from the infinitesimal
to the infinite,
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from the dawn of time
to the distant future.
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We'll explore galaxiesand suns and worlds,
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surf the gravity wavesof space-time,
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encounter beings that livein fire and ice,
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explore the planets of starsthat never die,
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discover atomsas massive as suns
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and universes smallerthan atoms.
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Cosmos is also a story about us.
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It's the saga of how wanderingbands of hunters and gatherers
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found their way to the stars,
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one adventure with many heroes.
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To make this journey,
we'll need imagination.
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But imagination alone
is not enough
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because the reality of nature
is far more wondrous
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than anything we can imagine.
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This adventure is made possible
by generations of searchers
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strictly adhering
to a simple set of rules...
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test ideas by experiment
and observation,
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build on those ideas
that pass the test,
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reject the ones that fail,
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follow the evidence
wherever it leads
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and question everything.
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Accept these terms,
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and the cosmos is yours.
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Now come with me.
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Sync and corrections by n17t01
www.addic7ed.com
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In this ship of
the Imagination,
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free from the shackles
of space and time,
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we can go anywhere.
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If you want to see
where we are in space,
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just look out the front window.
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In the dimension of time,
the past lies beneath us.
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Here's what Earth looked like
250 million years ago.
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If you want
to see the future, look up.
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And this is how it could appear
250 million years from now.
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If we're going
to be venturing out
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into the farthest reaches
of the cosmos,
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we need to know
our cosmic address,
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and this is the first line
of that address.
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_
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We're leaving the Earth,the only home we've ever known,
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for the farthest reachesof the cosmos.
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Our nearest neighbor,the Moon, has no sky,
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no ocean, no life--
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just the scarsof cosmic impacts.
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Our star powers the windand the waves
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and all the life on the surfaceof our world.
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The Sun holds all the worldsof the solar system
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in its gravitational embrace,starting with Mercury...
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...to cloud-covered Venus,where runaway greenhouse effect
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has turned itinto a kind of hell.
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Mars...
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a world with as much landas Earth itself.
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A belt of rocky asteroidscircles the Sun
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between the orbitsof Mars and Jupiter.
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With its four giant moonsand dozens of smaller ones,
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Jupiter is likeits own little solar system.
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It has more mass than allthe other planets combined.
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Jupiter's Great Red Spot...
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a hurricane three timesthe size of our whole planet
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that's been ragingfor centuries.
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The crown jewelof our solar system, Saturn,
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ringed by freewaysof countless orbiting
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and slowly tumbling snowballs--
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every snowball, a little moon.
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Uranus...
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and Neptune,
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the outermost planets,unknown to the ancients
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and only discovered afterthe invention of the telescope.
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Beyond the outermost planet,
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there's a swarm of tensof thousands of frozen worlds.
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And Pluto is one them.
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(whooshing)
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Of all our spacecraft,
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this is the one that's traveledfarthest from home--
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Voyager 1.
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She bears a messageto a billion years from now,
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something of who we were,
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how we felt
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and the music we made.
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(Blind Willie Johnson's
"Dark Was the Night" playing)
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(Blind Willie Johnson humming)
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DEGRASSE TYSON:
The deeper waters
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of this vast cosmic ocean
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and their numberless worldslie ahead.
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("Dark Was the Night"
continues to play, then fades)
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DEGRASSE TYSON: From out here, the
Sun may look like just another star.
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But it still exerts
its gravitational hold
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on a trillion frozen comets,
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leftovers from the formationof the solar system
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nearly five billion years ago.
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It's called the Oort Cloud.
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No one has ever seen it before,nor could they,
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because each oneof these little worlds
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is as farfrom its nearest neighbor
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as Earth is from Saturn.
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This enormous cloud of comets
encloses the solar system,
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which is the second line
of our cosmic address.
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_
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We've only been able to detectthe planets of other stars
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for a few decades,
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but we already knowthat planets are plentiful--
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they outnumber the stars.
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Almost all of them will bevery different from Earth,
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and hostileto life as we know it.
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But what do we know about life?
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We've met only one kind so far.
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Earthlife.
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See anything?
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Just empty space, right?
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Human eyes see
only a sliver of the light
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that shines in the cosmos.
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But science gives us the power
to see what our senses cannot.
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Infrared is
the kind of light made visible
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by night-vision goggles.
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Throw an infrared sensor
across the darkness...
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Rogue planet.
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World without a sun.
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Our galaxy has billions of them,
adrift in perpetual night.
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They're orphans, cast away
from their mother stars
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during the chaotic birth
of their native star systems.
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Rogue planetsare molten at the core
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but frozen at the surface.
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There may be oceansof liquid water
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in the zonebetween those extremes.
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Who knows whatmight be swimming there?
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This is what the Milky Way
looks like in infrared.
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Every single dot,
not just the bright ones,
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is a star.
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How many stars?
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How many worlds?
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How many ways of being alive?
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Where are we in this picture?
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See that trailing outer arm?
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That's where we live--
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about 30,000 light-yearsfrom the center.
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The Milky Way Galaxy
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is the next lineof our cosmic address.
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We're now a hundred thousandlight-years from home.
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It would take light,the fastest thing there is,
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a hundred thousand yearsto reach us from Earth.
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This is the Great Spiral
in Andromeda,
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the galaxy next door.
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We call our two giant galaxies
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and a smattering
of smaller ones
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the "local group."
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_
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Can't even find our home galaxyfrom out here.
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It's just one of thousandsin the Virgo Supercluster.
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On this scale,
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all the objects we see,
including the tiniest dots,
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are galaxies.
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Each galaxy containsbillions of suns
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and countless worlds.
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Yet, the entireVirgo Supercluster itself
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forms but a tiny partof our universe.
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This is the cosmoson the grandest scale we know--
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a networkof a hundred billion galaxies.
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It's the last lineof our cosmic address...
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for now.
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_
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Observable universe?!
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What does that mean?
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Even for us, in our
Ship of the Imagination,
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there's a limit to how far
we can see in space-time.
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It's our cosmic horizon.
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Beyond that horizon
lie parts of the universe
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that are too far away.
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There hasn't been enough time
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in the 13.8 billion year
history of the universe
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for their light
to have reached us.
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Many of us suspectthat all of this--
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all the worlds, stars,galaxies and clusters
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in our observable universe--
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is but one tiny bubblein an infinite ocean
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of other universes...
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...a multiverse.
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Universe upon universe.
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Worlds without end.
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Feeling a little small?
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Well, in the context
of the cosmos, we are small.
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We may just be little guys
living on a speck of dust,
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afloat in
a staggering immensity,
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but we don't think small.
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This cosmic perspective
is relatively new.
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A mere four centuries ago,
our tiny world was oblivious
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to the rest of the cosmos.
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There were no telescopes.
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The universe was only what you
could see with the naked eye.
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Back in 1599,
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everyone knew that the Sun,
planets and stars
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were just lights in the sky
that revolved around the Earth,
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and that we were the centerof a little universe,
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a universe made for us.
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There was only one manon the whole planet
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who envisionedan infinitely grander cosmos.
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And how was he spendingNew Year's Eve
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of the year 1600?
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Why, in prison, of course.
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DEGRASSE TYSON: There comesa time in our lives
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when we first realize we're not
the center of the universe,
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that we belong to something
much greater than ourselves.
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It's part of growing up.
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And as it happens to each of us,
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so it began to happen
to our civilization
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in the 16th century.
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Imagine a worldbefore telescopes,
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when the universewas only what you could see
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with the naked eye.
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It was obvious that Earthwas motionless,
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and that everythingin the heavens--
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the Sun, the Moon,the stars, the planets--
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revolved around us--and then...
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a Polish astronomer and priest
named Copernicus
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made a radical proposal.
The Earth was not the center.
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It was just one of the planets,
and, like them,
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it revolved around the Sun.
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Many, like the Protestant
reformer Martin Luther,
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took this idea as a scandalous
affront to Scripture.
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They were horrified.
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But for one man,
Copernicus didn't go far enough.
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His name was Giordano Bruno,
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and he wasa natural-born rebel.
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He longed to bust out of thatcramped little universe.
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Even as a young Dominican monkin Naples,
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he was a misfit.This was a time
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when there wasno freedom of thought in Italy.
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But Bruno hungered to know
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everythingabout God's creation.
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He dared to read the booksbanned by the Church,
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and that was his undoing.
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In one of them,
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an ancient Roman, a man deadfor more than 1,500 years
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whispered to himof a universe far greater,
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one as boundlessas his idea of God.
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Lucretius asked the reader
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to imagine standingat the edge of the universe
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and shooting an arrow outward.
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If the arrow keeps going,then clearly,
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the universe extends beyondwhat you thought was the edge.
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But if the arrowdoesn't keep going--
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say it hits a wall--then that wall must lie
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beyond what you thoughtwas the edge of the universe.
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Now if you stand on that walland shoot another arrow,
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there are only the sametwo possible outcomes...
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it either flies foreverout into space,
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or it hits some boundary
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where you can stand and shootyet another arrow.
261
00:18:47,852 --> 00:18:50,420
Either way,the universe is unbounded.
262
00:18:50,454 --> 00:18:53,723
The cosmos must be infinite.
263
00:18:53,757 --> 00:18:56,226
This made perfect senseto Bruno.
264
00:18:56,260 --> 00:18:58,595
The God he worshipedwas infinite.
265
00:18:58,629 --> 00:19:02,465
So how, he reasoned, couldCreation be anything less?
266
00:19:02,500 --> 00:19:03,833
(door opens)
267
00:19:12,476 --> 00:19:13,476
(door opens)
268
00:19:18,115 --> 00:19:20,950
It was the last steady jobhe ever had.
269
00:19:24,955 --> 00:19:27,157
(wind whistles softly)
270
00:19:30,361 --> 00:19:32,762
And then, when he was 30,
271
00:19:32,797 --> 00:19:36,433
he had the visionthat sealed his fate.
272
00:19:36,467 --> 00:19:38,935
In this dream,he awakened to a world
273
00:19:38,969 --> 00:19:42,005
enclosed insidea confining bowl of stars.
274
00:19:42,039 --> 00:19:45,041
This was the cosmosof Bruno's time.
275
00:20:03,494 --> 00:20:06,029
He experienceda sickening moment of fear,
276
00:20:06,063 --> 00:20:07,564
as if the bottom of everything
277
00:20:07,598 --> 00:20:10,200
was falling awaybeneath his feet.
278
00:20:10,234 --> 00:20:12,702
But he summoned up his courage.
279
00:20:20,745 --> 00:20:23,546
BRUNO: I spreadconfident wings to space
280
00:20:23,581 --> 00:20:27,150
and soared toward the infinite,leaving far behind me
281
00:20:27,184 --> 00:20:30,520
what others strained to seefrom a distance.
282
00:20:30,554 --> 00:20:33,923
Here, there was no up,no down, no edge,
283
00:20:33,958 --> 00:20:35,492
no center.
284
00:20:35,526 --> 00:20:38,928
I saw that the Sunwas just another star,
285
00:20:38,963 --> 00:20:42,899
and the stars were other Suns,each escorted by other Earths
286
00:20:42,933 --> 00:20:44,534
like our own.
287
00:20:44,568 --> 00:20:47,837
The revelationof this immensity was like
288
00:20:47,872 --> 00:20:49,305
falling in love.
289
00:20:52,777 --> 00:20:54,744
DEGRASSE TYSON:
Bruno became an evangelist,
290
00:20:54,779 --> 00:20:58,181
spreading the gospelof infinity throughout Europe.
291
00:20:58,215 --> 00:21:01,785
He assumed that other loversof God would naturally embrace
292
00:21:01,819 --> 00:21:04,854
this grander and more gloriousview of Creation.
293
00:21:04,889 --> 00:21:07,924
BRUNO:
What a fool I was.
294
00:21:09,960 --> 00:21:11,628
DEGRASSE TYSON:
He was excommunicated
295
00:21:11,662 --> 00:21:13,563
by the Roman Catholic Churchin his homeland,
296
00:21:13,597 --> 00:21:16,032
expelled by the Calvinistsin Switzerland,
297
00:21:16,067 --> 00:21:18,268
and by the Lutheransin Germany.
298
00:21:18,302 --> 00:21:21,304
Bruno jumped at an invitation
299
00:21:21,339 --> 00:21:24,174
to lecture at Oxford,in England.
300
00:21:25,576 --> 00:21:27,410
At last, he thought,
301
00:21:27,445 --> 00:21:31,081
a chance to share his visionwith an audience of his peers.
302
00:21:31,115 --> 00:21:33,249
(laughter)
303
00:21:33,284 --> 00:21:35,151
(laughter continues)
304
00:21:35,186 --> 00:21:38,254
I have come to present
a new vision of the cosmos.
305
00:21:38,289 --> 00:21:41,324
Copernicus was right
to argue that our world
306
00:21:41,359 --> 00:21:43,059
is not the center
of the universe.
307
00:21:43,094 --> 00:21:45,128
The Earth goes around the Sun.
308
00:21:45,162 --> 00:21:47,631
It's a planet,
just like the others.
309
00:21:47,665 --> 00:21:49,733
But Copernicus
was only the dawn.
310
00:21:49,767 --> 00:21:51,935
I bring you the sunrise.
311
00:21:53,337 --> 00:21:55,405
The stars are other fiery suns,
312
00:21:55,439 --> 00:21:57,641
made of the same substance
as the Earth,
313
00:21:57,675 --> 00:22:00,677
and they have
their own watery earths,
314
00:22:00,711 --> 00:22:03,780
with plants and animals
no less noble than our own.
315
00:22:03,814 --> 00:22:06,082
Are you mad or merely ignorant?
316
00:22:06,117 --> 00:22:07,851
Everyone knows
there is only one world.
317
00:22:07,885 --> 00:22:10,353
What everyone knows is wrong.
318
00:22:10,388 --> 00:22:13,356
Our infinite God has created
a boundless universe
319
00:22:13,391 --> 00:22:15,258
with an infinite
number of worlds.
320
00:22:15,293 --> 00:22:17,294
Do they not read Aristotle
where you come from?
321
00:22:17,328 --> 00:22:19,029
Or even the Bible?
322
00:22:19,063 --> 00:22:23,667
I beg you, reject antiquity,
tradition, faith, and authority.
323
00:22:23,701 --> 00:22:24,968
Let us begin anew,
324
00:22:25,002 --> 00:22:27,003
by doubting
everything we assume
325
00:22:27,038 --> 00:22:28,138
- has been proven.
- Heretic!
326
00:22:28,172 --> 00:22:29,205
Infidel!
327
00:22:29,240 --> 00:22:31,107
Your God is too small.
328
00:22:31,142 --> 00:22:33,143
(scholars shouting angrily)
329
00:22:35,680 --> 00:22:39,049
DEGRASSE TYSON: A wiser man
would have learned his lesson.
330
00:22:39,083 --> 00:22:42,385
But Bruno was not such a man.
331
00:22:42,420 --> 00:22:46,656
He couldn't keep his soaring
vision of the cosmos to himself,
332
00:22:46,691 --> 00:22:49,626
despite the fact that
the penalty for doing so
333
00:22:49,660 --> 00:22:52,662
in his world
was the most vicious form
334
00:22:52,697 --> 00:22:54,698
of cruel and unusual punishment.
335
00:22:58,803 --> 00:23:01,471
Giordano Bruno lived at a time
when there was no such thing
336
00:23:01,506 --> 00:23:03,440
as the separation
of church and state,
337
00:23:03,474 --> 00:23:06,009
or the notion that freedom
of speech was a sacred right
338
00:23:06,043 --> 00:23:07,978
of every individual.
339
00:23:08,012 --> 00:23:10,847
Expressing an idea that didn't
conform to traditional belief
340
00:23:10,882 --> 00:23:13,483
could land you in deep trouble.
341
00:23:15,486 --> 00:23:18,155
Recklessly, Bruno
returned to Italy.
342
00:23:18,189 --> 00:23:19,823
Maybe he was homesick.
343
00:23:19,857 --> 00:23:23,093
But still, he must have known
that his homeland
344
00:23:23,127 --> 00:23:25,195
was one of the most dangerous
places in Europe
345
00:23:25,229 --> 00:23:26,963
he could possibly go.
346
00:23:26,998 --> 00:23:30,033
The Roman Catholic Church
maintained a system of courts
347
00:23:30,068 --> 00:23:31,868
known as the Inquisition,
348
00:23:31,903 --> 00:23:35,439
and its sole purpose
was to investigate and torment
349
00:23:35,473 --> 00:23:39,342
anyone who dared voice views
that differed from theirs.
350
00:23:42,380 --> 00:23:46,316
It wasn't long before Bruno
fell into the clutches
351
00:23:46,351 --> 00:23:48,218
of the thought police.
352
00:23:54,258 --> 00:23:56,893
This wanderer, who worshipedan infinite universe,
353
00:23:56,928 --> 00:24:00,063
languished in confinementfor eight years.
354
00:24:00,098 --> 00:24:01,898
Through relentlessinterrogations,
355
00:24:01,933 --> 00:24:04,634
he stubbornly refusedto renounce his views.
356
00:24:04,669 --> 00:24:06,203
Why was the Church willing
357
00:24:06,237 --> 00:24:09,906
to go to such lengthsto torment Bruno?
358
00:24:09,941 --> 00:24:11,975
What were they afraid of?
359
00:24:12,009 --> 00:24:15,212
If Bruno was right,then the sacred books
360
00:24:15,246 --> 00:24:17,381
and the authority of the Church
361
00:24:17,415 --> 00:24:20,751
would be open to question.
362
00:24:20,785 --> 00:24:22,486
Finally, the cardinalsof the Inquisition
363
00:24:22,520 --> 00:24:24,421
rendered their verdict.
364
00:24:24,455 --> 00:24:26,023
CARDINAL BELLARMINE:
You are found guilty
365
00:24:26,057 --> 00:24:28,892
of questioning the Holy Trinity
366
00:24:28,926 --> 00:24:31,595
and the divinity
of Jesus Christ.
367
00:24:31,629 --> 00:24:34,898
Of believing that God's
wrath is not eternal,
368
00:24:34,932 --> 00:24:36,400
that everyone will be saved.
369
00:24:36,434 --> 00:24:41,238
Of asserting the existence
of other worlds.
370
00:24:42,373 --> 00:24:45,275
All of the books
you have written
371
00:24:45,309 --> 00:24:48,779
will be gathered up and burned
in St. Peter's Square.
372
00:24:48,813 --> 00:24:52,382
Reverend Father,
these eight years of confinement
373
00:24:52,417 --> 00:24:53,950
have given me
much time to reflect.
374
00:24:53,985 --> 00:24:54,951
CARDINAL BELLARMINE:
So...
375
00:24:54,986 --> 00:24:56,353
you will recant?
376
00:24:56,387 --> 00:24:58,355
My love and reverence
for the Creator
377
00:24:58,389 --> 00:25:02,025
inspires in me the vision
of an infinite Creation.
378
00:25:02,060 --> 00:25:05,629
You shall be turned over
to the Governor of Rome
379
00:25:05,663 --> 00:25:09,032
to administer
the appropriate punishment
380
00:25:09,067 --> 00:25:11,134
for those who will not repent.
381
00:25:11,169 --> 00:25:13,203
(crowd jeers)
382
00:25:13,237 --> 00:25:17,140
It may be that you
are more afraid
383
00:25:17,175 --> 00:25:20,510
to deliver this judgment
than I am to hear it.
384
00:25:52,777 --> 00:25:55,679
(crowd shouting)
385
00:26:28,646 --> 00:26:30,881
Ten years
after Bruno's martyrdom,
386
00:26:30,915 --> 00:26:33,350
Galileo first looked
through a telescope,
387
00:26:33,384 --> 00:26:36,019
realizing that Bruno
had been right all along.
388
00:26:36,054 --> 00:26:38,789
The Milky Way was made
of countless stars
389
00:26:38,823 --> 00:26:40,524
invisible to the naked eye,
390
00:26:40,558 --> 00:26:44,494
and some of those lights in the
sky were actually other worlds.
391
00:26:44,529 --> 00:26:46,797
Bruno was no scientist.
392
00:26:46,831 --> 00:26:49,299
His vision of the cosmos
was a lucky guess,
393
00:26:49,334 --> 00:26:51,802
because he had
no evidence to support it.
394
00:26:51,836 --> 00:26:55,072
Like most guesses, it could
well have turned out wrong.
395
00:26:55,106 --> 00:26:57,674
But once the idea
was in the air,
396
00:26:57,709 --> 00:26:59,743
it gave others
a target to aim at.
397
00:26:59,777 --> 00:27:01,378
If only to disprove it.
398
00:27:03,414 --> 00:27:07,084
Bruno glimpsedthe vastness of space.
399
00:27:07,118 --> 00:27:11,889
But he had no inkling of thestaggering immensity of time.
400
00:27:15,460 --> 00:27:18,529
How can we humans, who rarely
live more than a century,
401
00:27:18,563 --> 00:27:21,331
hope to grasp
the vast expanse of time
402
00:27:21,366 --> 00:27:23,567
that is the history
of the cosmos?
403
00:27:23,601 --> 00:27:28,372
The universe is
13.8 thousand million years old.
404
00:27:28,406 --> 00:27:30,774
In order to imagine
all of cosmic time,
405
00:27:30,808 --> 00:27:34,444
let's compress it
into a single calendar year.
406
00:27:46,570 --> 00:27:51,564
The cosmic calendar begins on January 1st
with the birth of our universe.
407
00:27:51,599 --> 00:27:54,249
It contains everything that's
happened since then,
408
00:27:54,284 --> 00:27:55,338
up to now,
409
00:27:55,373 --> 00:27:59,891
which on this calendar
is midnight December 31st.
410
00:27:59,926 --> 00:28:03,864
On this scale, every month
represents about a billion years.
411
00:28:03,899 --> 00:28:08,423
Every day represents nearly
40 million years.
412
00:28:08,458 --> 00:28:10,312
Let's go back as far as we can,
413
00:28:10,347 --> 00:28:13,494
to the very first moment
of the universe.
414
00:28:14,436 --> 00:28:18,351
January 1st, the Big Bang.
415
00:28:20,724 --> 00:28:22,655
(explosion)
416
00:28:29,169 --> 00:28:32,291
It's as far back as
we can see in time...
417
00:28:32,964 --> 00:28:34,610
for now.
418
00:28:35,791 --> 00:28:40,528
Our entire universe emerged from
a point smaller than a single atom.
419
00:28:40,620 --> 00:28:43,589
Space itself exploded
in a cosmic fire,
420
00:28:43,623 --> 00:28:45,958
launching the expansion
of the universe
421
00:28:45,992 --> 00:28:48,360
and giving birth
to all the energy
422
00:28:48,394 --> 00:28:50,329
and all the matter
we know today.
423
00:28:50,363 --> 00:28:52,664
I know that sounds crazy,
424
00:28:52,699 --> 00:28:54,633
but there's strong
observational evidence
425
00:28:54,667 --> 00:28:56,268
to support the Big Bang theory.
426
00:28:56,302 --> 00:28:58,771
And it includes the amount
of helium in the cosmos
427
00:28:58,805 --> 00:29:02,441
and the glow of radio waves
left over from the explosion.
428
00:29:02,475 --> 00:29:04,943
As it expanded,
the universe cooled,
429
00:29:04,978 --> 00:29:09,848
and there was darkness
for about 200 million years.
430
00:29:09,883 --> 00:29:12,818
Gravity was pulling together
clumps of gas and heating them
431
00:29:12,852 --> 00:29:15,821
until the first stars
burst into light
432
00:29:15,855 --> 00:29:18,057
on January 10th.
433
00:29:22,996 --> 00:29:26,799
On January 13th,
these stars coalesced
434
00:29:26,833 --> 00:29:31,703
into the first small galaxies.
435
00:29:31,738 --> 00:29:34,540
These galaxies mergedto form still larger ones,
436
00:29:34,574 --> 00:29:37,910
including our own Milky Way,
437
00:29:37,944 --> 00:29:42,381
which formed about11 billion years ago,
438
00:29:42,415 --> 00:29:45,250
on March 15th of the cosmic year.
439
00:29:47,120 --> 00:29:49,588
Hundreds of billions of suns.
440
00:29:49,622 --> 00:29:51,423
Which one is ours?
441
00:29:51,458 --> 00:29:53,659
It's not yet born.
442
00:29:53,693 --> 00:29:58,163
It will rise from the ashes
of other stars.
443
00:29:58,198 --> 00:30:01,400
See those lightsflashing like paparazzi?
444
00:30:01,434 --> 00:30:03,869
Each one is a supernova,
445
00:30:03,903 --> 00:30:07,039
the blazing deathof a giant star.
446
00:30:07,073 --> 00:30:10,442
Stars die and are bornin places like this one--
447
00:30:10,477 --> 00:30:12,344
a stellar nursery.
448
00:30:12,379 --> 00:30:14,046
They condense like raindrops
449
00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:16,715
from giant cloudsof gas and dust.
450
00:30:16,750 --> 00:30:19,718
They get so hotthat the nuclei of the atoms
451
00:30:19,753 --> 00:30:22,254
fuse together deep within them
452
00:30:22,288 --> 00:30:25,457
to make the oxygen we breathe,the carbon in our muscles,
453
00:30:25,492 --> 00:30:28,927
the calcium in our bones,the iron in our blood,
454
00:30:28,962 --> 00:30:30,729
all of it was cooked
455
00:30:30,764 --> 00:30:34,233
in the fiery heartsof long-vanished stars.
456
00:30:34,267 --> 00:30:37,970
You, me, everyone--
457
00:30:38,004 --> 00:30:42,441
we are made of star stuff.
458
00:30:44,244 --> 00:30:46,545
This star stuffis recycled and enriched,
459
00:30:46,579 --> 00:30:48,113
again and again,
460
00:30:48,148 --> 00:30:50,816
through succeedinggenerations of stars.
461
00:30:55,088 --> 00:30:57,456
How much longer untilthe birth of our Sun?
462
00:30:57,490 --> 00:30:59,258
A long time.
463
00:30:59,292 --> 00:31:00,559
It won't begin to shine
464
00:31:00,593 --> 00:31:03,429
for another six billion years.
465
00:31:05,131 --> 00:31:08,100
Our Sun's birthday is August 31st
466
00:31:08,134 --> 00:31:09,935
on the Cosmic Calendar...
467
00:31:12,472 --> 00:31:14,740
...four and a halfbillion years ago.
468
00:31:14,774 --> 00:31:17,242
As with the other worlds
of our solar system,
469
00:31:17,277 --> 00:31:20,346
Earth was formed
from a disk of gas and dust
470
00:31:20,380 --> 00:31:22,514
orbiting the newborn Sun.
471
00:31:22,549 --> 00:31:25,985
Repeated collisions produced
a growing ball of debris.
472
00:31:32,392 --> 00:31:33,792
See that asteroid?
473
00:31:33,827 --> 00:31:35,127
No, not that one.
474
00:31:35,161 --> 00:31:36,829
The one over there.
475
00:31:36,863 --> 00:31:40,599
We exist because the gravityof that one next to it
476
00:31:40,634 --> 00:31:43,769
just nudged itan inch to the left.
477
00:31:43,803 --> 00:31:45,804
What differencecould an inch make
478
00:31:45,839 --> 00:31:47,873
on the scale the solar system?
479
00:31:47,907 --> 00:31:50,809
Just wait, you'll see.
480
00:31:52,379 --> 00:31:54,179
The Earth tookone hell of a beating
481
00:31:54,214 --> 00:31:56,048
in its first billion years.
482
00:31:59,486 --> 00:32:02,354
Fragments of orbiting debriscollided and coalesced,
483
00:32:02,389 --> 00:32:04,990
until they snowballedto form our Moon.
484
00:32:07,160 --> 00:32:10,696
The Moon is a souvenirof that violent epoch.
485
00:32:10,730 --> 00:32:13,732
If you stood on the surfaceof that long ago Earth,
486
00:32:13,767 --> 00:32:16,468
the Moon would have lookeda hundred times brighter.
487
00:32:16,503 --> 00:32:18,671
It was ten timescloser back then,
488
00:32:18,705 --> 00:32:23,409
locked in a much more intimategravitational embrace.
489
00:32:23,443 --> 00:32:26,378
As the Earth cooled,seas began to form.
490
00:32:26,413 --> 00:32:29,481
The tides werea thousand times higher then.
491
00:32:29,516 --> 00:32:32,718
Over the eons,tidal friction within Earth
492
00:32:32,752 --> 00:32:34,853
pushed the Moon away.
493
00:32:40,727 --> 00:32:43,429
Life began
somewhere around here,
494
00:32:43,463 --> 00:32:45,531
September 21st,
495
00:32:45,565 --> 00:32:48,601
three and a half billion
years ago on our little world.
496
00:32:48,635 --> 00:32:50,402
We still don't know
how life got started.
497
00:32:50,437 --> 00:32:52,071
For all we know,
498
00:32:52,105 --> 00:32:54,106
it may have come from
another part of the Milky Way.
499
00:32:54,140 --> 00:32:55,941
The origin of life
500
00:32:55,976 --> 00:32:59,211
is one of the greatest
unsolved mysteries of science.
501
00:33:02,816 --> 00:33:04,850
That's life cooking,
502
00:33:04,885 --> 00:33:07,419
evolving allthe biochemical recipes
503
00:33:07,454 --> 00:33:11,123
for its incrediblycomplex activities.
504
00:33:11,157 --> 00:33:16,695
By November 9th,life was breathing, moving,
505
00:33:16,730 --> 00:33:20,599
eating, responding toits environment.
506
00:33:20,634 --> 00:33:23,536
We owe a lotto those pioneering microbes.
507
00:33:23,570 --> 00:33:25,604
Oh, yeah-- one other thing.
508
00:33:25,639 --> 00:33:28,974
They also invented sex.
509
00:33:32,412 --> 00:33:34,580
December 17th was quite a day.
510
00:33:34,614 --> 00:33:37,049
Life in the sea really took off,
511
00:33:37,083 --> 00:33:39,218
it was exploding
with a diversity
512
00:33:39,252 --> 00:33:41,220
of larger plants and animals.
513
00:33:41,254 --> 00:33:46,358
Tiktaalik was one of the first
animals to venture onto land.
514
00:33:48,261 --> 00:33:51,630
It must have felt
like visiting another planet.
515
00:33:53,133 --> 00:33:55,501
Forests, dinosaurs,
516
00:33:55,535 --> 00:33:57,837
birds, insects,
517
00:33:57,871 --> 00:34:01,240
they all evolved
in the final week of December.
518
00:34:01,274 --> 00:34:03,108
The first flower...
519
00:34:03,143 --> 00:34:07,446
bloomed on December 28th.
520
00:34:10,851 --> 00:34:13,586
As these ancient forests
grew and died
521
00:34:13,620 --> 00:34:15,588
and sank beneath the surface,
522
00:34:15,622 --> 00:34:18,457
their remains transformed
into coal.
523
00:34:18,492 --> 00:34:21,093
300 million years later,
524
00:34:21,127 --> 00:34:24,430
we humans are burning
most of that coal to power
525
00:34:24,464 --> 00:34:27,533
and imperil our civilization.
526
00:34:27,567 --> 00:34:29,969
(whooshing)
527
00:34:32,506 --> 00:34:33,873
Remember that asteroid
back in the formation
528
00:34:33,907 --> 00:34:35,541
of the solar system--
529
00:34:35,575 --> 00:34:37,710
the one that got nudged
a little to the left?
530
00:34:37,744 --> 00:34:40,045
Well, here it comes.
531
00:34:40,080 --> 00:34:42,515
It's 6:24 AM
532
00:34:42,549 --> 00:34:46,852
on December 30thon the Cosmic Calendar.
533
00:34:46,887 --> 00:34:48,354
(impact thundering)
534
00:34:53,860 --> 00:34:55,795
For more than
a hundred million years,
535
00:34:55,829 --> 00:34:58,030
the dinosaurs were lords
of the Earth,
536
00:34:58,064 --> 00:35:00,800
while our ancestors,
small mammals,
537
00:35:00,834 --> 00:35:02,968
scurried fearfully underfoot.
538
00:35:03,003 --> 00:35:05,371
The asteroid changed all that.
539
00:35:05,405 --> 00:35:07,206
Suppose it hadn't
been nudged at all.
540
00:35:07,240 --> 00:35:09,041
It would have missed
the Earth entirely,
541
00:35:09,075 --> 00:35:11,343
and for all we know, the
dinosaurs might still be here
542
00:35:11,378 --> 00:35:12,978
but we wouldn't.
543
00:35:13,013 --> 00:35:15,981
This is a good example
of the extreme contingency,
544
00:35:16,016 --> 00:35:18,751
the chance nature, of existence.
545
00:35:20,420 --> 00:35:23,689
The universe is alreadymore than 13 and a half
546
00:35:23,723 --> 00:35:25,091
billion years old.
547
00:35:25,125 --> 00:35:26,926
Still no sign of us.
548
00:35:26,960 --> 00:35:31,097
In the vast ocean of time
that this calendar represents,
549
00:35:31,131 --> 00:35:34,200
we humans only evolved
within the last hour
550
00:35:34,234 --> 00:35:39,238
of the last day
of the cosmic year.
551
00:35:44,611 --> 00:35:48,347
11:59 and 46 seconds.
552
00:35:48,382 --> 00:35:52,585
All of recorded history occupies
only the last 14 seconds,
553
00:35:52,619 --> 00:35:55,354
and every person
you've ever heard of
554
00:35:55,389 --> 00:35:57,390
lived somewhere in there.
555
00:35:59,259 --> 00:36:03,195
All those kings and battles,
migrations and inventions,
556
00:36:03,230 --> 00:36:07,700
wars and loves,
everything in the history books
557
00:36:07,734 --> 00:36:09,769
happened here,
in the last seconds
558
00:36:09,803 --> 00:36:11,871
of the Cosmic Calendar.
559
00:36:11,905 --> 00:36:14,073
But if we want to explore
560
00:36:14,107 --> 00:36:16,642
such a brief moment
of cosmic time...
561
00:36:19,279 --> 00:36:21,347
...we'll have to change scale.
562
00:36:38,211 --> 00:36:40,579
We are newcomers to the cosmos.
563
00:36:40,613 --> 00:36:45,017
Our own story only begins on the
last night of the cosmic year.
564
00:36:45,051 --> 00:36:48,420
It's 9:45 on New Year's Eve.
565
00:36:48,454 --> 00:36:50,856
Three and a half
million years ago,
566
00:36:50,890 --> 00:36:54,793
our ancestors, yours and mine,
left these traces.
567
00:36:56,162 --> 00:36:59,798
We stood up,
and parted ways from them.
568
00:36:59,832 --> 00:37:01,733
Once we were standing
on two feet,
569
00:37:01,768 --> 00:37:04,903
our eyes were no longer
fixated on the ground.
570
00:37:04,937 --> 00:37:08,573
Now we were free
to look up in wonder.
571
00:37:11,177 --> 00:37:13,645
For the longest part
of human existence,
572
00:37:13,680 --> 00:37:17,416
say the last 40,000 generations,
573
00:37:17,450 --> 00:37:19,251
we were wanderers,
574
00:37:19,285 --> 00:37:22,454
living in small bands
of hunters and gatherers,
575
00:37:22,488 --> 00:37:25,123
making tools, controlling fire,
576
00:37:25,158 --> 00:37:27,125
naming things,
577
00:37:27,160 --> 00:37:31,496
all within the last hour
of the Cosmic Calendar.
578
00:37:39,639 --> 00:37:43,108
To find out what happens next,
we'll have to change scale
579
00:37:43,142 --> 00:37:46,311
to see the last minute
of the last night
580
00:37:46,346 --> 00:37:49,348
of the cosmic year.
581
00:37:49,382 --> 00:37:51,350
11:59.
582
00:37:51,384 --> 00:37:54,019
We're so very young on
the time scale of the universe
583
00:37:54,053 --> 00:37:56,655
that we didn't start painting
our first pictures
584
00:37:56,689 --> 00:38:00,259
until the last 60 seconds
of the cosmic year,
585
00:38:00,293 --> 00:38:03,795
a mere 30,000 years ago.
586
00:38:12,038 --> 00:38:14,606
This is whenwe invented astronomy.
587
00:38:14,641 --> 00:38:17,809
In fact, we're all descendedfrom astronomers.
588
00:38:17,844 --> 00:38:21,213
Our survival depended onknowing how to read the stars
589
00:38:21,247 --> 00:38:23,549
in order to predictthe coming of the winter
590
00:38:23,583 --> 00:38:26,184
and the migrationof the wild herds.
591
00:38:26,219 --> 00:38:29,187
And then,around 10,000 years ago,
592
00:38:29,222 --> 00:38:32,190
there began a revolutionin the way we lived.
593
00:38:32,225 --> 00:38:35,460
Our ancestors learnedhow to shape their environment,
594
00:38:35,495 --> 00:38:37,863
taming wild plants and animals,
595
00:38:37,897 --> 00:38:40,866
cultivating landand settling down.
596
00:38:40,900 --> 00:38:43,468
This changed everything.
597
00:38:43,503 --> 00:38:45,470
For the first timein our history,
598
00:38:45,505 --> 00:38:48,874
we had more stuffthan we could carry.
599
00:38:48,908 --> 00:38:51,310
We needed a wayto keep track of it.
600
00:38:51,344 --> 00:38:53,512
At 14 seconds to midnight,
601
00:38:53,546 --> 00:38:57,015
or about 6,000 years ago,we invented writing.
602
00:38:57,050 --> 00:38:59,518
And it wasn't longbefore we started recording
603
00:38:59,552 --> 00:39:01,253
more than bushels of grain.
604
00:39:01,287 --> 00:39:03,255
Writing allowed usto save our thoughts
605
00:39:03,289 --> 00:39:06,525
and send them much furtherin space and time.
606
00:39:06,559 --> 00:39:08,927
Tiny markings on a clay tablet
607
00:39:08,962 --> 00:39:12,197
became a means for usto vanquish mortality.
608
00:39:12,232 --> 00:39:15,334
It shook the world.
609
00:39:15,368 --> 00:39:18,437
Moses was bornseven seconds ago.
610
00:39:18,471 --> 00:39:21,373
Buddha, six seconds ago.
611
00:39:21,407 --> 00:39:24,276
Jesus, five seconds ago.
612
00:39:24,310 --> 00:39:27,713
Mohammed, three seconds ago.
613
00:39:27,747 --> 00:39:31,116
It was not even two seconds agothat, for better or worse,
614
00:39:31,150 --> 00:39:34,453
the two halves of the Earthdiscovered each other.
615
00:39:34,487 --> 00:39:36,722
And it was onlyin the very last second
616
00:39:36,756 --> 00:39:39,725
of the Cosmic Calendarthat we began to use science
617
00:39:39,759 --> 00:39:42,895
to reveal nature's secretsand her laws.
618
00:39:42,929 --> 00:39:45,631
The scientific methodis so powerful
619
00:39:45,665 --> 00:39:47,633
that in a mere four centuries,
620
00:39:47,667 --> 00:39:50,969
it has taken us from Galileo'sfirst look through a telescope
621
00:39:51,004 --> 00:39:54,473
at another world to leavingour footprints on the Moon.
622
00:39:54,507 --> 00:39:58,977
It allowed us to look outacross space and time
623
00:39:59,012 --> 00:40:04,750
to discover whereand when we are in the cosmos.
624
00:40:04,784 --> 00:40:09,321
CARL SAGAN: We are a way for
the cosmos to know itself.
625
00:40:09,355 --> 00:40:11,657
Carl Sagan guided
the maiden voyage of Cosmos
626
00:40:11,691 --> 00:40:13,425
a generation ago.
627
00:40:13,459 --> 00:40:15,627
He was the most successful
science communicator
628
00:40:15,662 --> 00:40:17,129
of the 20th century,
629
00:40:17,163 --> 00:40:19,898
but he was first and foremost
a scientist.
630
00:40:19,933 --> 00:40:23,435
Carl contributed enormously
631
00:40:23,470 --> 00:40:25,637
to our knowledgeof the planets.
632
00:40:25,672 --> 00:40:28,640
He correctly predictedthe existence of methane lakes
633
00:40:28,675 --> 00:40:30,642
on Saturn's giant moon Titan.
634
00:40:30,677 --> 00:40:33,946
He showed that the atmosphereof the early Earth
635
00:40:33,980 --> 00:40:36,915
must have containedpowerful greenhouse gases.
636
00:40:36,950 --> 00:40:40,919
He was the first to understandthat seasonal changes on Mars
637
00:40:40,954 --> 00:40:43,422
were due to windblown dust.
638
00:40:43,456 --> 00:40:44,990
Carl was a pioneer
639
00:40:45,024 --> 00:40:46,425
in the searchfor extraterrestrial life
640
00:40:46,459 --> 00:40:49,328
and intelligence.
641
00:40:49,362 --> 00:40:52,631
He played a leading role inevery major spacecraft mission
642
00:40:52,665 --> 00:40:55,134
to explore the solar systemduring the first 40 years
643
00:40:55,168 --> 00:40:57,536
of the Space Age.
644
00:40:59,305 --> 00:41:02,174
But that's not all he did.
645
00:41:04,410 --> 00:41:08,514
This is Carl Sagan's
own calendar from 1975.
646
00:41:10,483 --> 00:41:13,485
Who was I back then?
647
00:41:13,520 --> 00:41:16,321
I was just a 17-year-old kid
from the Bronx
648
00:41:16,356 --> 00:41:18,724
with dreams
of becoming a scientist,
649
00:41:18,758 --> 00:41:22,060
and somehow the world's most
famous astronomer found time
650
00:41:22,095 --> 00:41:24,897
to invite me to Ithaca,
in upstate New York,
651
00:41:24,931 --> 00:41:26,698
and spend a Saturday with him.
652
00:41:26,733 --> 00:41:30,135
I remember that snowy day
like it was yesterday.
653
00:41:30,170 --> 00:41:31,970
He met me at the bus stop
654
00:41:32,005 --> 00:41:34,873
and showed me his laboratory
at Cornell University.
655
00:41:34,908 --> 00:41:39,344
Carl reached behind his desk
and inscribed this book for me.
656
00:41:43,082 --> 00:41:45,751
"For Neil, a future astronomer.
657
00:41:45,785 --> 00:41:47,586
Carl."
658
00:41:47,620 --> 00:41:51,023
At the end of the day, he drove
me back to the bus station.
659
00:41:51,057 --> 00:41:53,025
The snow was falling harder.
660
00:41:53,059 --> 00:41:55,027
He wrote his phone number--
his home phone number--
661
00:41:55,061 --> 00:41:58,530
on a scrap of paper and he said,
"If the bus can't get through,
662
00:41:58,565 --> 00:42:02,367
call me and spend the night
at my home with my family."
663
00:42:02,402 --> 00:42:05,204
I already knew I wanted
to become a scientist,
664
00:42:05,238 --> 00:42:07,606
but that afternoon,
I learned from Carl
665
00:42:07,640 --> 00:42:09,875
the kind of person
I wanted to become.
666
00:42:09,909 --> 00:42:13,545
He reached out to me
and to countless others,
667
00:42:13,580 --> 00:42:18,050
inspiring so many of us
to study, teach and do science.
668
00:42:18,084 --> 00:42:20,452
Science is
a cooperative enterprise,
669
00:42:20,487 --> 00:42:22,855
spanning the generations.
670
00:42:22,889 --> 00:42:27,192
It's the passing of a torch from
teacher to student to teacher,
671
00:42:27,227 --> 00:42:30,696
a community of minds
reaching back to antiquity
672
00:42:30,730 --> 00:42:32,698
and forward to the stars.
673
00:42:32,732 --> 00:42:35,534
Now, come with me.
674
00:42:35,568 --> 00:42:38,971
Our journey is just beginning.
675
00:43:11,059 --> 00:43:14,443
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9999
00:00:0,500 --> 00:00:2,00
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