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♪
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In the first months of 1945,
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Japan was on the run.
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The Americans had fought their
way across the Pacific.
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US submarines and aircraft
had destroyed Japan's
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merchant fleet and
naval airpower.
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The main Japanese home
islands had been cut off
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from vital supplies of
fuel and raw materials.
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The Japanese were facing defeat.
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Yet they refused to surrender,
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convinced that if
they fought back
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with sufficient
brutality, the Americans
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wouldn't have the
stomach for the fight
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and would give in.
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Japan made clear that
every move towards
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the home islands would be
paid for in Allied blood.
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It presented the United
States with a huge problem.
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How could Japan be defeated
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without a terrible
loss of American life?
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The country would
eventually turn to the most
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powerful and dreadful
weapon ever seen.
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A weapon that would change
the course of war forever.
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In early 1945, as US
military planners
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considered the next
move against Japan,
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their gaze fell on the Japanese-
occupied island of Iwo Jima.
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It lay a mere 800 miles
from the Japanese mainland
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and would be a valuable base
for attacking the country.
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The US commander in
the central Pacific,
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Admiral Chester Nimitz,
assembled the largest
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landing fleet ever
brought together
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in the Pacific campaign,
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and prepared to
invade the island.
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Nimitz was taking no risks.
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Wave after wave of
American aircraft
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paved the way with a massive
aerial bombardment.
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Then, on the morning of
February the 19th, 1945,
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the guns of the naval task
force began one of the most
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prolonged bombardments
of the war.
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At the same time, landing
craft set off for the shore.
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The marines hit the
beaches of Iwo Jima
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along the south-western shore
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just after 9 o'clock
in the morning.
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For a few moments, there
was an eerie calm.
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The massive naval and
aerial bombardment
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appeared to have overwhelmed
the Japanese garrison.
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Then a hurricane of Japanese
fire swept over them.
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General Tadamichi Kuribayashi,
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the Japanese commander
on the island,
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had told his men
to hold their fire
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until the Americans were
right under their guns.
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Now, the Japanese opened
up from a network
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of tunnels, caves and bunkers.
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There was carnage.
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But gradually, small
groups of US troops
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inched their way forward.
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Finally, by the evening, the
beachhead had been secured.
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The task now was to
capture the 550 foot high
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Mount Suribachi, the
heavily defended
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volcano that dominates Iwo Jima.
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For three days, marines
clawed their way
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up the steep pitted slopes.
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They were supported
by a constant air
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and naval bombardment
from the invasion fleet.
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Finally, on February
the 23rd, 1945,
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a US platoon, led by First
Lieutenant Harold Schreier,
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began the final assault,
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carrying with them
a small US flag.
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They reached the summit,
and raised their flag
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using a piece of
piping as a pole.
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Marine Corps photographer,
Staff Sergeant
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Louis Lowery, captured the scene
with a few precious photographs.
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The hard-pressed marines
on the beaches below
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cheered and wept.
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Ships sounded their whistles.
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Three hours later, the
event was re-staged
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with a larger US flag.
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The moment was immortalised
by photographer
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Joe Rosenthal, with
one of the most
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iconic photographs of the war.
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00:08:04,280 --> 00:08:07,416
But the battle for Iwo
Jima was far from over.
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The rest of the island was
still in Japanese hands.
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The next day, the marines
captured the first
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of the island's strategically
vital airfields.
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But Kuribayashi had told
his men to take as many
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of the enemy with
them as possible.
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Their duty to the Emperor,
to die on the island.
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It meant each assault became
a bloody frontal affair.
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It took two weeks before
the remaining two
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airfields on the island
were in US hands.
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Even as the fighting
continued, the US air force
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began to make use of
Iwo Jima's airfields.
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00:09:29,120 --> 00:09:32,216
During the late spring
and summer of 1945,
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over 2,500 damaged US bombers
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made emergency landings
on the island,
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often saving the lives
of their crews.
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Finally, at the end of March,
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after some six weeks
of ferocious fighting,
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the last Japanese
resistance was snuffed out.
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00:10:00,200 --> 00:10:04,160
But the capture of Iwo Jima
had come at a terrible price.
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00:10:11,600 --> 00:10:16,600
Only 200 of the 22,000-strong
Japanese garrison survived.
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00:10:21,440 --> 00:10:24,096
The Americans had
also suffered badly.
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Nearly 7,000 marines
had been killed
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and some 18,000 wounded.
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The Americans finally had
the base they needed,
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but it was now clear
that unless the US
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could come up with
an alternative,
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any invasion of Japan
would be paid for
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in tens of thousands
of American lives.
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In the United States, one
group of military planners
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had long believed there was
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an alternative to
invading Japan.
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It was called strategic bombing.
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This involved carefully
targeted bombing raids,
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designed to destroy
Japan's infrastructure,
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industry, and ability
to wage war.
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But in the first years
of the Pacific war,
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there was a problem.
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Japan lay beyond the range
of America's bombers.
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00:11:31,880 --> 00:11:35,296
In April 1942, the US
had managed to launch
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a one off bombing raid on Tokyo,
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but it had pushed the
bombers to their limits,
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and was never a practical
long-term option.
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00:11:49,400 --> 00:11:53,176
Then, in early 1944, the
Boeing Aircraft Corporation
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produced a revolutionary
new heavy bomber,
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the B-29 Superfortress.
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00:12:02,360 --> 00:12:04,896
It could carry 20,000
pounds of bombs
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over a range of 3,250 miles.
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Suddenly, Japan was
just about in reach
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of America's forward
bases in the Pacific.
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In summer 1944, nine
months before the assault
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on Iwo Jima, US B-29s
stationed at Chengdu
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in southwest China,
began a series
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of strategic bombing
raids on Japan.
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00:12:42,240 --> 00:12:44,376
But range was still an issue.
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00:12:44,400 --> 00:12:46,936
It was too far for
a fighter escort,
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00:12:46,960 --> 00:12:49,896
so the Superfortresses
had to fly alone,
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00:12:49,920 --> 00:12:53,200
staying at high altitude
for their own safety.
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Even then, the range was
only just within limits
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00:12:59,120 --> 00:13:02,560
and there was no room
for navigational error.
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00:13:11,240 --> 00:13:14,040
Many of the bombs
missed their targets.
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00:13:19,280 --> 00:13:22,416
Then, in July 1944,
there was a development
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that gave strategic bombing
a new lease of life.
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The US Navy captured
the Mariana Islands
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in the central Pacific.
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They were only 1,500 miles
from the Japanese homeland.
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This was well within the
B-29s operating range.
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The odds for a successful
bombing campaign
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on Japan had
dramatically improved.
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On November the 24th,
over 100 Superfortresses
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took off from the Marianas.
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00:14:04,160 --> 00:14:09,120
Their target, the Nakajima
aircraft factory in Tokyo.
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00:14:21,040 --> 00:14:25,160
But only 48 bombs struck
anywhere near the target.
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00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:31,536
For three months,
more raids targeted
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other industrial sites.
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00:14:36,320 --> 00:14:39,336
But the B-29s were still flying
without a fighter escort,
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00:14:39,360 --> 00:14:43,320
and still dropping their
bombs from high altitude.
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00:14:45,680 --> 00:14:48,296
The targets were often
obscured by cloud,
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00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:50,536
and jet stream winds
made accurate
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bomb-aiming impossible.
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00:14:57,320 --> 00:14:58,696
To make matters worse,
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the B-29s suffered
from engine problems.
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There were also attacks
from Kamikaze pilots.
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By the winter of
1944, it was clear
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00:15:21,560 --> 00:15:25,160
that strategic bombing
was just not working.
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00:15:25,920 --> 00:15:28,496
If Japan was to be
bombed into submission,
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00:15:28,520 --> 00:15:31,320
the US would have to come
up with something else.
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00:15:35,560 --> 00:15:38,976
So it was that on
December the 18th, 1944,
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America tried a new tactic.
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84 B-29s set off from Chengdu
for Japanese occupied
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Hankow on the Yangtse River.
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00:15:54,480 --> 00:15:56,696
They flew much lower than usual
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and carried mostly incendiary,
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00:15:58,640 --> 00:16:01,600
rather than
high-explosive bombs.
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00:16:12,160 --> 00:16:14,560
Hankow was devastated.
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00:16:19,640 --> 00:16:21,296
The raid was more
effective than almost
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any of the previous
strategic bombing raids.
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The US appeared to have
found a way forward.
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00:16:31,120 --> 00:16:34,320
Fire-bombing at low altitude.
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00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:38,776
The US bomber commander
in the Marianas,
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00:16:38,800 --> 00:16:41,376
General Curtis
LeMay, now ordered
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00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:44,320
the systematic
fire-bombing of Japan.
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00:16:45,920 --> 00:16:47,936
It was the same
tactic that Britain
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had employed in Germany.
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00:16:57,720 --> 00:17:00,416
On the evening of
March the 9th, 1945,
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Pathfinder aircraft
roared over Tokyo
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dropping incendiary
target indicators.
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00:17:09,520 --> 00:17:12,096
The fires they started
marked the aiming points
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00:17:12,120 --> 00:17:15,320
for almost 300 B-29s.
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00:17:19,480 --> 00:17:21,696
Coming in at just 5,000 feet,
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00:17:21,720 --> 00:17:25,720
they dropped over 2,000
tons of incendiary bombs.
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00:17:30,560 --> 00:17:33,760
The flimsy wooden
houses stood no chance.
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00:17:37,520 --> 00:17:41,176
Air was sucked in, creating
towering firestorms,
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00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:44,240
which raced faster
than people could run.
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00:17:52,240 --> 00:17:53,856
The glow for the burning city
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could be seen over
150 miles away.
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00:18:05,320 --> 00:18:08,696
When the all clear finally
sounded the following morning,
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00:18:08,720 --> 00:18:13,200
16 square miles of Tokyo
had been obliterated.
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00:18:15,800 --> 00:18:18,976
Over 100,000 of its
citizens were killed
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00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:21,520
and a million made homeless.
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00:18:28,720 --> 00:18:30,496
Tokyo was not the
only city to face
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this devastating new tactic.
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00:18:36,920 --> 00:18:40,000
Nagoya was set ablaze
two nights later.
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00:18:41,840 --> 00:18:46,840
Then, Osaka and Kobe
during the following week.
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00:18:49,680 --> 00:18:52,216
Firestorms engulfed whole areas,
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00:18:52,240 --> 00:18:55,720
destroying houses and
industrial facilities.
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00:18:58,440 --> 00:19:02,120
But American success
was coming at a price.
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00:19:05,120 --> 00:19:07,696
Without escorts, the
low-flying US bombers
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00:19:07,720 --> 00:19:10,800
were dangerously vulnerable
to Japanese fighters.
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00:19:14,600 --> 00:19:17,080
American losses now mounted.
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00:19:18,400 --> 00:19:21,096
If the bombing campaign
was ever to succeed,
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00:19:21,120 --> 00:19:24,920
the US needed bases
even closer to Japan.
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00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:36,376
Within weeks, Iwo Jima fell.
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00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:40,296
Now, at last, the US air
force not only had a base
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00:19:40,320 --> 00:19:44,256
for its bombers within easy
striking distance of Japan,
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00:19:44,280 --> 00:19:48,560
it could finally use its Mustang
fighters to escort them.
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00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:58,576
During the late spring and
early summer of 1945,
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00:19:58,600 --> 00:20:03,720
strikes of up to 500 bombers
attacked Japan every other day.
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00:20:13,200 --> 00:20:16,416
Once the largest industrial
areas had been crippled,
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00:20:16,440 --> 00:20:19,240
LeMay moved on to
lesser targets.
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00:20:22,680 --> 00:20:25,576
Yet, in the face of
catastrophic damage
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00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:27,936
and an appalling death toll,
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00:20:27,960 --> 00:20:31,040
the Japanese showed
no sign of cracking.
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00:20:32,720 --> 00:20:34,456
It finally dawned
on the Americans
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00:20:34,480 --> 00:20:38,880
that strategic bombing alone was
never going to defeat Japan.
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00:20:41,480 --> 00:20:43,376
It looked like a
full scale invasion
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00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:46,960
of the country was
becoming inevitable.
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00:20:53,320 --> 00:20:56,456
For the US battle planners,
the next logical step
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00:20:56,480 --> 00:21:00,720
in the land campaign was the
Japanese island of Okinawa.
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00:21:02,560 --> 00:21:07,280
It lay a mere 350 miles from
the Japanese homeland islands.
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00:21:12,320 --> 00:21:16,320
The island was defended
by more than 120,000 men.
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00:21:19,040 --> 00:21:22,296
The Japanese commander,
General Mitsuru Ishijima,
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00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:26,240
was determined to turn it
into an American graveyard.
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00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:36,016
Once again, Admiral
Nimitz, the US commander
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00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:39,120
in the region, assembled
a huge fleet.
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00:21:43,520 --> 00:21:48,040
It included 40 aircraft
carriers and 18 battleships.
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00:21:52,240 --> 00:21:54,416
The opening bombardment
of Okinawa
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00:21:54,440 --> 00:21:58,496
began on March the 23rd, 1945.
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00:22:08,480 --> 00:22:11,000
It lasted for a whole week.
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00:22:21,280 --> 00:22:23,736
Finally, on the morning
of April the 1st,
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00:22:23,760 --> 00:22:26,720
the assault boats
headed for the shore.
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00:22:33,320 --> 00:22:36,560
To their surprise, they
met almost no opposition.
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00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:44,176
By nightfall, 60,000
men had landed
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00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:47,560
and the beachhead was
up to two miles deep.
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00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:55,056
For the next two days,
the US forces built up
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00:22:55,080 --> 00:22:58,320
their strength and pushed
across the island.
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00:23:00,920 --> 00:23:03,760
Again, opposition was
unexpectedly light.
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00:23:09,320 --> 00:23:12,016
By April the 4th, the
Japanese defenders
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00:23:12,040 --> 00:23:14,200
had been split in two.
249
00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:25,120
Marine divisions
now headed north,
250
00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:29,320
Army units pushed south.
251
00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:35,216
The marines continued to meet
only sporadic resistance,
252
00:23:35,240 --> 00:23:36,976
and within three
weeks had cleared
253
00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:39,080
the northern part of the island.
254
00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:45,376
But it was a different
story in the south.
255
00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:48,896
There, the army units
ran into savage fire.
256
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:05,920
For ten days, the Japanese
held their defensive line.
257
00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:13,536
Then, when they could
hold out no longer,
258
00:24:13,560 --> 00:24:17,056
they simply withdrew to the
next defensive position,
259
00:24:17,080 --> 00:24:20,360
and continued to
resist all over again.
260
00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:30,016
Meanwhile, the
Japanese also prepared
261
00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:33,720
to launch an air assault
on the invasion fleet.
262
00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:37,696
Early on the morning
of April the 7th,
263
00:24:37,720 --> 00:24:39,976
kamikaze pilots
gathered to drink
264
00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:42,096
their ritual cups of sake
265
00:24:42,120 --> 00:24:45,120
and climb into their
aircraft for the last time.
266
00:24:52,480 --> 00:24:56,216
Over 700 aircraft, half
of them kamikazes,
267
00:24:56,240 --> 00:24:59,960
took off and approached
the US landing fleet.
268
00:25:09,600 --> 00:25:12,096
A line of radar-equipped
destroyers,
269
00:25:12,120 --> 00:25:16,200
operating about 50 miles
out at sea, was hit first.
270
00:25:24,320 --> 00:25:26,376
By the end of the first
day of the attack,
271
00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:29,320
two US destroyers had been sunk.
272
00:25:35,120 --> 00:25:38,040
24 other vessels
were also damaged.
273
00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:47,840
But the Japanese had
lost over 300 planes.
274
00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:53,376
Over the following days,
275
00:25:53,400 --> 00:25:56,160
the Japanese introduced
a new weapon.
276
00:25:58,360 --> 00:26:02,016
The Okha, or Cherry Blossom,
was a rocket-powered
277
00:26:02,040 --> 00:26:06,200
suicide missile driven
by a kamikaze pilot.
278
00:26:10,920 --> 00:26:12,856
It was launched from a bomber
279
00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:17,600
and carried a massive
2,650 pound warhead.
280
00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:28,520
On April the 12th, another US
destroyer was hit and sunk.
281
00:26:35,120 --> 00:26:37,696
The Okha looked deadly,
282
00:26:37,720 --> 00:26:39,936
but US fighters quickly
learned to intercept
283
00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:42,800
and shoot down the bombers
that carried them.
284
00:26:50,720 --> 00:26:53,976
In desperation, the
Japanese navy now sent
285
00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:56,320
a suicide mission of its own.
286
00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:01,096
The Yamato, Japan's
largest battleship,
287
00:27:01,120 --> 00:27:04,216
was loaded with just enough
fuel to reach Okinawa,
288
00:27:04,240 --> 00:27:06,456
and ordered to fight
to the death,
289
00:27:06,480 --> 00:27:10,000
sinking as many US ships as
possible in the process.
290
00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:15,496
But as the giant ship
approached Okinawa,
291
00:27:15,520 --> 00:27:17,160
it was spotted.
292
00:27:20,480 --> 00:27:24,256
Some 400 US aircraft
descended on it.
293
00:27:29,040 --> 00:27:32,080
Within two hours, it blew up.
294
00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:41,120
The fireball could be
seen for over 100 miles.
295
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:50,376
Back on Okinawa, torrential rain
296
00:27:50,400 --> 00:27:53,840
now turned the battlefield
into a quagmire.
297
00:27:56,680 --> 00:27:58,776
For over a month,
US troops struggled
298
00:27:58,800 --> 00:28:00,640
to push their way south.
299
00:28:06,520 --> 00:28:09,936
Every cave or dugout
entrance had to be blasted
300
00:28:09,960 --> 00:28:13,520
by flamethrowers,
grenades, and explosives.
301
00:28:17,360 --> 00:28:20,376
As before, as one defensive
line was overrun,
302
00:28:20,400 --> 00:28:23,896
the Japanese slipped
back to another,
303
00:28:23,920 --> 00:28:27,256
and the whole grim business
would start again.
304
00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:35,240
US casualties rapidly mounted.
305
00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:49,880
Finally, on June the 1st, the
town of Shuri was captured.
306
00:28:54,160 --> 00:28:57,376
Then, on June the 4th, a
new contingent of marines
307
00:28:57,400 --> 00:29:00,496
landed to the south of Naha,
the island's capital,
308
00:29:00,520 --> 00:29:03,760
and linked up with troops
pushing down from the north.
309
00:29:16,720 --> 00:29:18,776
Savage fighting continued,
310
00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:20,536
but by June the 17th,
311
00:29:20,560 --> 00:29:23,080
the Japanese resistance
was collapsing.
312
00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:32,760
Five days later, the Americans
finally secured Okinawa.
313
00:29:38,520 --> 00:29:41,296
The Japanese commander,
General Ishijima,
314
00:29:41,320 --> 00:29:44,960
committed ritual
suicide, hara kiri.
315
00:29:51,120 --> 00:29:53,856
Over 7,000 prisoners were taken,
316
00:29:53,880 --> 00:29:56,456
the first time ever
that such large numbers
317
00:29:56,480 --> 00:29:58,960
of Japanese troops
had surrendered.
318
00:30:01,680 --> 00:30:05,320
It had been a bloody and
exhausting campaign.
319
00:30:07,800 --> 00:30:10,496
100,000 Japanese soldiers,
320
00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:12,816
and some 40,000 civilians,
321
00:30:12,840 --> 00:30:14,320
had been killed.
322
00:30:18,560 --> 00:30:20,336
The Americans, for their part,
323
00:30:20,360 --> 00:30:23,200
had lost over 15,000 men.
324
00:30:25,680 --> 00:30:28,536
It was a sobering reminder
of what would await
325
00:30:28,560 --> 00:30:30,856
the American forces
if they invaded
326
00:30:30,880 --> 00:30:33,880
the main Japanese home islands.
327
00:30:34,720 --> 00:30:38,056
More than ever, they
needed a solution,
328
00:30:38,080 --> 00:30:41,616
a way to obliterate
Japan's will to fight,
329
00:30:41,640 --> 00:30:44,040
once and for all.
330
00:30:56,560 --> 00:30:58,776
The victory at Okinawa
meant America's
331
00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:02,560
military planners now had
to decide what to do next.
332
00:31:05,720 --> 00:31:08,456
Despite shattering
defeats, the Japanese
333
00:31:08,480 --> 00:31:11,320
still showed no sign
of surrendering.
334
00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:16,536
Some US commanders argued
for a continuation
335
00:31:16,560 --> 00:31:18,760
of the fire bombing campaign,
336
00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:23,976
but by the summer of
1945, it was clear
337
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:27,536
that bombing alone would
never defeat Japan.
338
00:31:27,560 --> 00:31:31,200
An invasion seemed unavoidable,
339
00:31:33,680 --> 00:31:37,440
but the question
was, at what price?
340
00:31:49,600 --> 00:31:52,176
The Japanese had
some one million men
341
00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:54,320
defending the home islands.
342
00:31:57,960 --> 00:32:01,416
They were supported by
about 5,000 aircraft,
343
00:32:01,440 --> 00:32:06,120
and new kamikaze pilots were
being trained all the time.
344
00:32:15,320 --> 00:32:18,376
Mass suicide attacks
by civilian volunteers
345
00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:20,360
could also be expected.
346
00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:26,376
A bloodbath seemed inevitable.
347
00:32:26,400 --> 00:32:28,776
It was estimated that over
a quarter of a million
348
00:32:28,800 --> 00:32:31,360
American lives might be lost.
349
00:32:35,520 --> 00:32:39,536
Then, in July 1945,
the new US President,
350
00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:42,256
Harry S. Truman, heard
about the results
351
00:32:42,280 --> 00:32:46,136
of a top secret Allied
scientific research program.
352
00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:49,680
It was called the
Manhattan Project.
353
00:32:53,600 --> 00:32:56,096
For three years, Allied
scientists had been working
354
00:32:56,120 --> 00:32:58,976
on an atom bomb, a
weapon that draws
355
00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:01,616
on the vast quantities
of energy released
356
00:33:01,640 --> 00:33:03,920
when an atom is split.
357
00:33:06,640 --> 00:33:10,320
It would have an unimaginable
destructive force.
358
00:33:16,320 --> 00:33:19,696
The project was led by US
General Leslie Groves,
359
00:33:19,720 --> 00:33:21,520
an Army engineer.
360
00:33:25,160 --> 00:33:27,656
The scientific director
was Robert Oppenheimer,
361
00:33:27,680 --> 00:33:31,480
a 39-year-old physicist from
the University of California.
362
00:33:33,560 --> 00:33:36,096
Over a three year period,
the program had recruited
363
00:33:36,120 --> 00:33:39,720
many of the Allies'
best scientific brains.
364
00:33:41,520 --> 00:33:44,136
Two radioactive materials
seemed to offer
365
00:33:44,160 --> 00:33:47,720
most promise as fuels
for the new bombs.
366
00:33:50,800 --> 00:33:53,376
One was a naturally
occurring form of uranium
367
00:33:53,400 --> 00:33:55,976
called Uranium 235.
368
00:33:56,000 --> 00:34:00,520
It was processed at a vast
factory at Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
369
00:34:02,120 --> 00:34:05,896
The other was plutonium,
a man-made material
370
00:34:05,920 --> 00:34:08,656
manufactured in primitive
nuclear reactors
371
00:34:08,680 --> 00:34:11,400
at Hanford in Washington State.
372
00:34:14,720 --> 00:34:16,896
The research was
coordinated and conducted
373
00:34:16,920 --> 00:34:19,736
by a team of scientists
at Los Alamos,
374
00:34:19,760 --> 00:34:21,896
a specially built
laboratory complex
375
00:34:21,920 --> 00:34:24,200
in the New Mexico desert.
376
00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:34,976
By early 1945, the
Los Alamo scientists
377
00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:36,976
were pretty confident
that they had
378
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:39,520
a uranium bomb that worked,
379
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:44,576
but it required huge
quantities of Uranium 235,
380
00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:46,216
and the scientists worried
381
00:34:46,240 --> 00:34:48,200
that they didn't
have enough of it,
382
00:34:50,120 --> 00:34:52,696
so they also designed
a second bomb
383
00:34:52,720 --> 00:34:54,400
that used plutonium.
384
00:34:55,440 --> 00:34:57,296
But this, unlike
the uranium bomb,
385
00:34:57,320 --> 00:34:59,256
was much less well understood,
386
00:34:59,280 --> 00:35:01,520
and they weren't
sure it would work.
387
00:35:02,160 --> 00:35:03,736
Before it could be used,
388
00:35:03,760 --> 00:35:06,160
they would need to test it.
389
00:35:07,080 --> 00:35:10,496
By early July 1945,
after an expenditure
390
00:35:10,520 --> 00:35:12,776
of more the $2 billion,
391
00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:15,360
the plutonium bomb was
ready for trials.
392
00:35:19,440 --> 00:35:22,096
The Gadget, as it was
called, was mounted
393
00:35:22,120 --> 00:35:25,720
on a steel tower in the
New Mexico desert.
394
00:35:28,800 --> 00:35:32,016
At 5:30 in the morning
of July the 16th,
395
00:35:32,040 --> 00:35:34,816
the atomic age began.
396
00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:51,456
News that Operation Trinity
had been successful
397
00:35:51,480 --> 00:35:54,120
was swiftly passed
to President Truman.
398
00:35:54,920 --> 00:35:56,456
He had recently arrived
at a conference
399
00:35:56,480 --> 00:35:58,776
in the Berlin suburb of Potsdam,
400
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:00,816
meeting with Stalin
and Churchill,
401
00:36:00,840 --> 00:36:02,920
discussing the future of Europe.
402
00:36:04,880 --> 00:36:07,000
Truman didn't hesitate.
403
00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:10,856
He ordered his commanders
to prepare to drop
404
00:36:10,880 --> 00:36:13,760
the new bombs on Japan
as soon as possible.
405
00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:23,096
Two bombs, a uranium device
code-named Little Boy
406
00:36:23,120 --> 00:36:26,256
and a plutonium bomb
called Fat Man,
407
00:36:26,280 --> 00:36:29,520
were now transported to
the Mariana Islands.
408
00:36:35,360 --> 00:36:38,856
There, the immensely experienced
Colonel Paul Tibbets,
409
00:36:38,880 --> 00:36:42,456
leader of the specially trained
509th Composite Group,
410
00:36:42,480 --> 00:36:45,000
prepared his B-29.
411
00:36:50,560 --> 00:36:53,536
At 2:45 in the morning
of August the 6th,
412
00:36:53,560 --> 00:36:55,496
Tibbets lifted his plane,
413
00:36:55,520 --> 00:36:57,896
named Enola Gay
after his mother,
414
00:36:57,920 --> 00:36:59,560
off the runway.
415
00:37:01,360 --> 00:37:04,360
On board he was
carrying Little Boy.
416
00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:14,256
The flight to the target,
417
00:37:14,280 --> 00:37:17,656
Japan's fourth largest
city, Hiroshima,
418
00:37:17,680 --> 00:37:19,760
went without a hitch.
419
00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:26,896
At 8am, on a bright,
sunny morning,
420
00:37:26,920 --> 00:37:31,280
Enola Gay approached the
city at 33,000 feet.
421
00:37:35,640 --> 00:37:40,040
Then, at just after 8:15,
Little Boy was released.
422
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:58,296
The uranium bomb had the power
423
00:37:58,320 --> 00:38:01,920
of nearly 13,00 tons of TNT.
424
00:38:03,760 --> 00:38:05,976
The temperature beneath
the mushroom cloud
425
00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:08,880
reached 5,000
degrees centigrade.
426
00:38:12,440 --> 00:38:16,240
Thousands of people were
instantly vaporised.
427
00:38:24,120 --> 00:38:28,080
Shock waves levelled buildings
up to a five mile radius.
428
00:38:35,280 --> 00:38:38,176
Estimates of the death
toll vary hugely.
429
00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:40,696
Some put it at 40,000 people,
430
00:38:40,720 --> 00:38:43,200
others at 100,000.
431
00:38:49,640 --> 00:38:53,040
Many suffered from terrible
burns and blistering.
432
00:38:59,360 --> 00:39:01,416
Over the course of
the following weeks,
433
00:39:01,440 --> 00:39:05,880
thousands more people died
from radiation poisoning.
434
00:39:10,120 --> 00:39:13,336
On August the 7th,
1945, President Truman
435
00:39:13,360 --> 00:39:15,456
told the world about the bomb
436
00:39:15,480 --> 00:39:18,176
and issued Japan with a warning.
437
00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:20,456
Let there be no mistake.
438
00:39:20,480 --> 00:39:24,920
We shall completely destroy
Japan's power to make war.
439
00:39:26,040 --> 00:39:29,096
They may expect a rain
of ruin from the air,
440
00:39:29,120 --> 00:39:32,320
the like of which has never
been seen on this earth.
441
00:39:35,560 --> 00:39:38,480
But no Japanese
surrender was received.
442
00:39:40,680 --> 00:39:43,416
Two days later, on
August the 9th,
443
00:39:43,440 --> 00:39:47,856
Fat Man was dropped on the major
military port of Nagasaki.
444
00:39:52,600 --> 00:39:56,000
The plutonium bomb was
even more powerful.
445
00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:10,096
In fact, the bomb
fell way off target,
446
00:40:10,120 --> 00:40:13,240
but it still caused
massive destruction.
447
00:40:18,720 --> 00:40:21,936
Between 35,000 and 50,000
people are estimated
448
00:40:21,960 --> 00:40:24,160
to have died in the explosion.
449
00:40:32,120 --> 00:40:34,976
The Japanese government
could now have no doubt
450
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:38,776
that they faced a new
and horrific weapon,
451
00:40:38,800 --> 00:40:40,696
but the question remained,
452
00:40:40,720 --> 00:40:44,120
would even this force
them to surrender?
453
00:40:54,760 --> 00:40:57,456
The Nagasaki bomb was
followed by a stark warning
454
00:40:57,480 --> 00:41:00,496
from US Secretary of
State James Byrnes.
455
00:41:00,520 --> 00:41:04,256
There is still time,
but little time,
456
00:41:04,280 --> 00:41:06,936
for the Japanese
to save themselves
457
00:41:06,960 --> 00:41:10,760
from the destruction
which threatens them.
458
00:41:13,360 --> 00:41:15,336
The intention was clear.
459
00:41:15,360 --> 00:41:18,856
The atom bomb would be
used again and again,
460
00:41:18,880 --> 00:41:20,920
until Japan gave in.
461
00:41:25,480 --> 00:41:29,920
That same day, Japan's position
became even more precarious.
462
00:41:33,160 --> 00:41:35,496
Early in the morning
of August the 9th,
463
00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:37,856
a million and a
half Soviet troops
464
00:41:37,880 --> 00:41:40,800
stormed into Manchuria
and northern China.
465
00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:48,016
The Soviet leader, Josef Stalin,
466
00:41:48,040 --> 00:41:50,856
was not only after territory.
He wanted a say
467
00:41:50,880 --> 00:41:54,320
in any final peace
settlement in the far east.
468
00:41:59,400 --> 00:42:02,776
There were still over a million
Japanese troops in the area,
469
00:42:02,800 --> 00:42:06,616
but the Red Army blitzkrieg
was unstoppable.
470
00:42:06,640 --> 00:42:11,040
The Japanese position in the
war had become untenable.
471
00:42:17,360 --> 00:42:19,536
That evening, Emperor
Hirohito met
472
00:42:19,560 --> 00:42:23,160
with his six top military
and political leaders.
473
00:42:25,760 --> 00:42:27,736
The war cabinet was divided.
474
00:42:27,760 --> 00:42:29,896
Three, led by the
Prime Minister,
475
00:42:29,920 --> 00:42:33,720
Baron Kantaro Suzuki,
argued for peace.
476
00:42:36,280 --> 00:42:39,440
The other three wanted
to continue fighting.
477
00:42:42,520 --> 00:42:44,176
It was deadlock.
478
00:42:44,200 --> 00:42:46,576
Then the Japanese Prime
Minister broke with all
479
00:42:46,600 --> 00:42:50,680
precedent, and asked the
Emperor for his opinion.
480
00:42:52,840 --> 00:42:55,736
Emperor Hirohito
voted for peace,
481
00:42:55,760 --> 00:43:00,000
on condition that his position
as head of state was maintained.
482
00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:03,496
The next morning, a
proposal was sent
483
00:43:03,520 --> 00:43:06,640
to the US Secretary of
State James Byrnes.
484
00:43:08,840 --> 00:43:10,456
Byrnes rejected it.
485
00:43:10,480 --> 00:43:14,496
Only unconditional
surrender would do.
486
00:43:18,280 --> 00:43:21,496
As the Japanese war cabinet
argued amongst itself,
487
00:43:21,520 --> 00:43:25,240
Soviet troops continued
to tear into Mongolia.
488
00:43:27,120 --> 00:43:28,816
At the same time,
American fighters
489
00:43:28,840 --> 00:43:31,296
now roamed freely over Japan,
490
00:43:31,320 --> 00:43:34,856
shooting up military targets
and transport links at will.
491
00:43:44,520 --> 00:43:48,640
Massive air raids continued
to devastate Japan.
492
00:44:00,480 --> 00:44:02,656
Then, on August the 14th,
493
00:44:02,680 --> 00:44:04,896
the Truman
administration sent word
494
00:44:04,920 --> 00:44:08,216
that the Emperor's position
would be safeguarded,
495
00:44:08,240 --> 00:44:10,456
provided he agreed
to accept the orders
496
00:44:10,480 --> 00:44:13,280
of the Supreme Commander
of Allied Forces.
497
00:44:16,680 --> 00:44:21,576
Hirohito used his huge prestige
to instruct the war cabinet
498
00:44:21,600 --> 00:44:26,000
to endure the unendurable,
and accept the terms.
499
00:44:28,280 --> 00:44:31,096
That day in Washington,
President Truman announced
500
00:44:31,120 --> 00:44:34,120
that Japan had surrendered
unconditionally.
501
00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:37,216
I deem this reply
a full acceptance
502
00:44:37,240 --> 00:44:40,896
of the Potsdam Declaration,
which specifies
503
00:44:40,920 --> 00:44:43,840
the unconditional
surrender of Japan.
504
00:44:46,400 --> 00:44:48,536
Cheering, singing crowds erupted
505
00:44:48,560 --> 00:44:51,000
onto the streets of
every American city.
506
00:45:10,520 --> 00:45:12,816
In Britain, it was
midnight when the new
507
00:45:12,840 --> 00:45:16,920
Prime Minister, Clement
Atlee, broadcast the news.
508
00:45:17,720 --> 00:45:21,016
Japan has today surrendered.
509
00:45:21,040 --> 00:45:23,936
The last of our
enemies is laid low.
510
00:45:23,960 --> 00:45:27,160
Peace has once again
come to the world.
511
00:45:28,120 --> 00:45:30,936
Let us thank God for
this great deliverance
512
00:45:30,960 --> 00:45:32,896
and His mercies.
513
00:45:32,920 --> 00:45:34,416
Long live the King.
514
00:45:37,920 --> 00:45:40,096
Within minutes, crowds appeared
515
00:45:40,120 --> 00:45:41,880
on the streets of London.
516
00:45:45,080 --> 00:45:47,920
Many gathered outside
Buckingham Palace.
517
00:45:51,280 --> 00:45:55,320
A giant street party lasted
well into the following day.
518
00:46:09,280 --> 00:46:11,896
The next morning,
August the 15th,
519
00:46:11,920 --> 00:46:13,896
an astounded Japanese people
520
00:46:13,920 --> 00:46:16,256
listened to the voice
of their god Emperor
521
00:46:16,280 --> 00:46:18,296
for the very first time.
522
00:46:25,440 --> 00:46:27,056
He told them that
Japan's position
523
00:46:27,080 --> 00:46:28,976
had become impossible,
524
00:46:29,000 --> 00:46:32,016
and the country was
obliged to surrender.
525
00:46:32,040 --> 00:46:36,240
All military forces must
lay down their arms.
526
00:46:40,040 --> 00:46:41,856
Such was the Emperor's prestige
527
00:46:41,880 --> 00:46:44,720
that almost every unit obeyed.
528
00:46:50,880 --> 00:46:54,256
But in Manchuria, despite
the Japanese ceasefire,
529
00:46:54,280 --> 00:46:56,576
the Soviet forces fought on.
530
00:47:11,320 --> 00:47:12,976
For the first time,
large numbers
531
00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:15,680
of Japanese troops
now surrendered.
532
00:47:24,280 --> 00:47:27,096
Nevertheless, the Soviets,
determined to seize
533
00:47:27,120 --> 00:47:29,136
as much territory as possible,
534
00:47:29,160 --> 00:47:31,120
continued to advance.
535
00:47:33,080 --> 00:47:36,440
Stalin wouldn't stop the
fighting for another week.
536
00:47:39,640 --> 00:47:43,296
By then, the whole of
Manchuria, half of Korea,
537
00:47:43,320 --> 00:47:46,960
and part of northern China
were under his control.
538
00:47:51,640 --> 00:47:54,776
Elsewhere in Southeast
Asia, in the Philippines,
539
00:47:54,800 --> 00:47:57,096
and on many of the
Pacific islands bypassed
540
00:47:57,120 --> 00:47:59,856
by the Americans, it
took weeks for news
541
00:47:59,880 --> 00:48:03,480
of the surrender to reach
isolated Japanese garrisons.
542
00:48:08,920 --> 00:48:10,896
Some Japanese soldiers
would remain hidden
543
00:48:10,920 --> 00:48:13,520
in the jungle for
more than 30 years.
544
00:48:18,640 --> 00:48:20,976
Finally, on August the 28th,
545
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:23,416
two weeks after the surrender,
546
00:48:23,440 --> 00:48:26,600
the first US troops
arrived in Japan.
547
00:48:31,640 --> 00:48:34,816
A huge US fleet
gathered in Tokyo Bay,
548
00:48:34,840 --> 00:48:36,896
sailing past the shattered hulks
549
00:48:36,920 --> 00:48:39,296
of the once proud Japanese navy
550
00:48:39,320 --> 00:48:42,200
that they had so
comprehensively defeated.
551
00:48:53,600 --> 00:48:57,456
Several days later, on
September the 2nd, 1945,
552
00:48:57,480 --> 00:48:59,816
a Japanese delegation
came aboard
553
00:48:59,840 --> 00:49:02,920
the USS battleship Missouri.
554
00:49:08,480 --> 00:49:11,776
On its quarterdeck, the new
Japanese Foreign Minister,
555
00:49:11,800 --> 00:49:14,896
Mamoru Shigemitsu,
signed the document
556
00:49:14,920 --> 00:49:17,720
of unconditional surrender.
557
00:49:20,120 --> 00:49:23,376
It was countersigned by US
General Douglas MacArthur,
558
00:49:23,400 --> 00:49:26,016
the man who would
effectively run Japan
559
00:49:26,040 --> 00:49:27,920
for the next six years.
560
00:49:29,200 --> 00:49:32,400
As Supreme Commander
for the Allied powers,
561
00:49:33,320 --> 00:49:36,256
I announce it my firm purpose
562
00:49:36,280 --> 00:49:39,536
in the tradition of the
countries I represent,
563
00:49:39,560 --> 00:49:43,296
to proceed in the discharge
of my responsibilities
564
00:49:43,320 --> 00:49:45,576
with justice and tolerance.
565
00:49:45,600 --> 00:49:47,576
Then a force of more than 2,000
566
00:49:47,600 --> 00:49:50,600
Allied aircraft roared overhead.
567
00:49:52,360 --> 00:49:54,976
It was a fitting tribute
to the overwhelming power
568
00:49:55,000 --> 00:49:57,736
which had finally brought
Germany and Japan
569
00:49:57,760 --> 00:49:59,896
to utter defeat.
570
00:50:09,840 --> 00:50:12,400
World War II was at an end.
571
00:50:13,640 --> 00:50:16,376
Japan's ruthless
desire to wage war
572
00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:20,840
had been crushed by a weapon
of awesome destructive power.
573
00:50:23,120 --> 00:50:25,376
Now in the East as in the West,
574
00:50:25,400 --> 00:50:29,440
the world would be divided
and shared along new lines.
575
00:50:31,320 --> 00:50:33,696
New allegiances would be formed,
576
00:50:33,720 --> 00:50:36,896
and new enemies would vie
for global influence
577
00:50:36,920 --> 00:50:40,120
under the spectre
of nuclear war.
578
00:50:41,600 --> 00:50:45,200
A new era in world
history had begun.
45921
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