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1942 Nazi Germany's armed forces
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controlled most of Europe the Gestapo
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Hitler's most potent and hated weapon of
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fear was at full stretch rooting out
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opposition and implementing Hitler's
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Final Solution the extermination of the
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Jews what had begun as a domestic secret
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police force had gained the power of
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life and death over millions of people
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later by 1945 as a Third Reich hurtled
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towards its destruction and Hitler raged
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in his bunker the Gestapo was to plumb
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new depths of lawlessness and brutality
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but in the aftermath of war its officers
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would simply melt away largely
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unpunished and the greatest mystery of
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all remains to this day the fate of the
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creator of the Gestapo Heinrich Muller
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Germans had lived in dread of the
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Gestapo since 1933 but what they would
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undergo and the declining years of
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Hitler's Reich would prove worse than
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their most horrific nightmares Munich
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the capital of Bavaria this has been the
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breeding ground of the original Nazi
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movement but in early 1943 leaflets
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began to appear around the University in
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the name of a group called the white
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rose it spoke for the growing number of
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Germans who were disillusioned by the
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war and particularly Hitler's handling
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of it
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Jesus relief Elizabeth but it was
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directed specially at young people the
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German people looks to you we had to do
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it once before when Napoleon ruled now
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let's rise against this leadership
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against this regime the a condesa 13 the
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Gestapo reacted with customary speed and
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venom the white rose group were
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inexperienced dissenters led by a young
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brother and sister Sophie enhance shock
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within days the Gestapo had seized
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almost every member of the group
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on the 22nd of February 1943 after a
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brief show trial the shawls along with
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another white row supporter were
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sentenced to death and executed by
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guillotine the same day the Gestapo had
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made a strong public statement its
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bosses realized they faced something new
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a rumbling groundswell of opposition at
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home some of this was prompted by the
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Third Reich's military performance which
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was deteriorating fast the assault on
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the east had failed the extreme cold of
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the Russian winter had taken a savage
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toll and the verm act had suffered
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immense losses almost a million men had
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died most of them at Stalingrad in the
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largest single battle the world had ever
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witnessed
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[Music]
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the armies retreat was inevitable
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many of the Gestapo officers also found
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themselves returning to their homeland
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but they didn't find the confident
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Germany they had left in 1941
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although the leadership still appeared
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to believe in the Nazi dream propaganda
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minister Joseph Goebbels continued to
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stridently urge the civilian population
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to total war the head of the German
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secret service Volta schellenberg was a
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Nazi insider a man in regular contact
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with the head of security Heinrich
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Himmler
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our leaders had no understanding of
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conditions abroad their actions were
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determined entirely by the own narrow
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political views none of them was willing
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to move from the recognition of the
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facts to the inevitable conclusion that
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the idea of victory was impossible but
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the German people themselves were
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beginning to realize that the wall was
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doomed the upsurge of anger and over
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challenges to the Gestapo mounted
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increasingly it turned his focus back
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onto German society - in the last years
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of the war as all the fears the Nazis
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had concerning the collapse of the
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homefront come back to the surface Nazi
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Party propaganda may have been telling
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the German people one thing but in their
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own homes
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they were hearing another the radio once
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the most effective channel for
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disseminating the government's message
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was first becoming a threat to the
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regime for radio waves know no borders
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[Music]
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shrieked steamer out America to make the
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beached Eastern Africa in the next and
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from contact with Montag at the Royal
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Air Force by cross and clipper of Deline
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out of you listening to foreign
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broadcasts was not only illegal but
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treasonous so the Gestapo clamped down
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[Music]
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my grandfather was an enthusiastic radio
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amateur and he always listened to
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English radio
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my grandmother was summoned and my
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grandfather said I'll go with you and he
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was immediately arrested by the Gestapo
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because he admitted that he had listened
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to radio London and the court sentenced
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him to two and a half years jail for
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listening to enemy broadcasts for
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ordered one meanwhile the Gestapo did
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not neglect its other tasks to complete
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the racial purity scheme in the final
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solution this was something the Gestapo
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chief Heinrich Mueller took charge of
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personally it had been his brief to do
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so given to him at the Vance a
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conference a mullah took pride in
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completing and undertaking few pureblood
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Jews remained in Germany but Muller was
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determined to get rid of everyone there
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were complicated regulations about the
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percentage of Jewish blood and
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intermarriage Jews married to Aryans
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had hitherto enjoyed some protection
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from persecution but no longer Clara
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Hellena gradings father was Jewish her
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mother a Protestant in 1919 she herself
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married the Protestant a respectable
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businessman with whom she had three
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children she worked with disabled
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youngsters in the Kronberg Hospital and
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also did volunteer work with the Red
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Cross a model citizen but this did not
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impress the Gestapo her parents had been
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wealthy but their fine house had been
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confiscated and turned him to the local
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Nazi Party offices and their new home
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was also targeted letterbox was then
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smeared with a Jew s lives here or
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something and where there was a stone
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wall the garden wall big letters were
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smeared on it and things like that
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happened
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from 1939 like all Jews in the Reich
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Clara had to add an extra name on all
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documents Sarah for women and Israel for
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men
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Claro was careful to obey the rule but
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one day in 1943 she forgot to write her
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extra name Sarah in her ration book it
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was an absent-minded slip but sufficient
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excuse for the Gestapo to call her in
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just a year later of 25th May 1943 our
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mother had to report to the Gestapo as
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she had got a summons we traveled in
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together we went to Frankfurt West then
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we separated I went into the office and
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my mother went to 27 Linden Strasser
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that was a Gestapo we agreed if we heard
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nothing by midday we'd go there we
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didn't hear anything so we met up and we
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went there 27 Linden Strasser Gestapo
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headquarters Frankfurt
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it was here her Clara and her daughters
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encountered the man known as deaths
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accomplice
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Henryk Bob joined the Prussian police
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force in 1928 nine years later he was
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appointed to the Gestapo and since 1942
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had worked in Frankfurt as Jewish
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affairs officer later witnesses
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testified to his boasting that he had
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annihilated and exterminated 387 women I
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came in there was a big staircase that
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you had to go up to the office
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an elderly man came tumbling down the
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steps with a loaf under his arm and he
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said he'd been kicked down the stairs he
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had only wanted to ask whether he should
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bring some bread to his wife in prison
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oh I would order it's a famous thing
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dementia he wasn't a human being he was
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an animal I don't know how to describe
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someone like that cold you couldn't get
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any colder fat buffed up like in that
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picture that's what he looked like that
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picture in the papers right fat like
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that bald and sneering and contemptuous
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on Mona's instructions the Gestapo
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continued to fill the concentration
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camps with Jews who had been overlooked
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in the first deportations on the 10th of
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January 1944 Klara grading was put on
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the train heading east on 19th February
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1944 we had a small message in the post
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box how the card got to us we don't know
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and a few days later the next message
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with the death certificate from
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Auschwitz this was typical of Heinrich
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Mueller for him
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the bureaucracy the condemned Clara to
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death was a useful instrument and the
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complete eradication of the Jews a goal
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worth spending Gestapo resources on it
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was a belief fully shared by Hitler ones
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got to remember that to Hitler and to
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the Nazis to Himmler that the Jews were
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another enemy in fact they were the
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enemy of all enemies they were the enemy
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behind the enemy powers Nazi propaganda
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made this quite clear depicted
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everywhere the figure of a stereotyped
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demonized eternal Jew supporting both
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the Soviet Union and the United States
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in the form of international capital he
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carries a whip with which he beats down
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the Germans it is an obscene reversal of
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the truth but this was the basic lie on
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which the Third Reich was built and so
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to them it was at vital that the process
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at the extent the final solution the
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extermination the Jews took precedence
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really over even military operations and
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this happens time and time again where
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trains bringing reinforcements to the
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Eastern Front are diverted kept in
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sidings and that whilst trains run to
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the death camps
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but Mona Zeile was destined to go
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unrewarded for the war was soon to
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require the Gestapo undivided attention
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in 1944 the propaganda machine was
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cranked up a gear without greater home
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support victory would be impossible
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[Music]
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Alvin's Rozelle Dayton is ta'en voice a
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given Z mission in Alberta Eva's Halton
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inés axis bazan Das Boot on outside in
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public their memory after to Thailand
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from Susan's knitting names Mittleman
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and Sri Yantra a star beta so we are
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Lankan a star by a techniques which
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taken in the stream should I cut in our
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homes Mittal Vidal German civilians at
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home were asked to do more to help young
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spanking and DD high markets Alsatian
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Eamon was signatory him fin flesh
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I was a staining kind of I heard a
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student of fun he does all that and the
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front take least to bring in happy but
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it wasn't that easy with the population
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increasingly disenchanted with the Nazi
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regime words were not enough anymore
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the Gestapo began by tackling all those
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who did not
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obviously conform to the Nazi archetype
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and those not fully signed up to the
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Nazi people's community
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anyone who appeared to reject the Jew
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tonic ideal was suspect and anyone who
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imitated the lifestyle of the enemy
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became a Gestapo target for treason
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once fear I'm done M nasties in for
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Beulah and inside we had other models we
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had these pictures in the papers that
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the Nazis themselves put out and we took
278
00:13:03,580 --> 00:13:10,170
them as models and we tried to look like
279
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them with longer jackets and longer hair
280
00:13:10,170 --> 00:13:15,910
that was our attitude and of course it
281
00:13:13,930 --> 00:13:19,120
was really a thorn in the side for the
282
00:13:15,910 --> 00:13:21,310
Nazis it was obvious that we didn't
283
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belong we were trying to distance
284
00:13:21,310 --> 00:13:25,630
ourselves from those really English
285
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that's over and Austrians distancia de
286
00:13:25,630 --> 00:13:31,270
veau we've on him said we were mad about
287
00:13:27,940 --> 00:13:33,910
jazz and we danced swing we were
288
00:13:31,270 --> 00:13:36,910
passionate about dancing later they
289
00:13:33,910 --> 00:13:39,960
called us the swing kids at once reader
290
00:13:36,910 --> 00:13:39,960
under dish dinner
291
00:13:43,009 --> 00:13:47,970
the propaganda machine went into
292
00:13:45,629 --> 00:13:55,319
overdrive viciously denigrating
293
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Americans blacks in particular is given
294
00:13:55,319 --> 00:13:59,569
in conceived define Africa's on on in
295
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New York
296
00:13:59,569 --> 00:14:04,259
these are trans conference the nigga we
297
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are divided in delusion as noise the
298
00:14:04,259 --> 00:14:08,210
Romans african-americans activities are
299
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shown octopus
300
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[Applause]
301
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[Music]
302
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but Raisa mention Lee I'm Shannon
303
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Theatre of the nigga love Silverton
304
00:14:16,940 --> 00:14:27,920
thus years in Panama and a swing power
305
00:14:19,970 --> 00:14:30,610
comes from province the German swing
306
00:14:27,920 --> 00:14:33,860
kids were just lads wanting to rebel
307
00:14:30,610 --> 00:14:35,690
swing was cosmopolitan relax everything
308
00:14:33,860 --> 00:14:37,550
that the Nazis rejected but they were
309
00:14:35,690 --> 00:14:39,680
accused of undermining their country and
310
00:14:37,550 --> 00:14:43,310
of betraying the brave soldiers at the
311
00:14:39,680 --> 00:14:45,889
front it was put down in the
312
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interrogation transcripts what the youth
313
00:14:45,889 --> 00:14:50,120
was doing was a threat to the state
314
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building clicks outside of the Hitler
315
00:14:50,120 --> 00:14:54,680
Youth it threatened the state and
316
00:14:52,130 --> 00:14:57,100
national morale put state security in
317
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danger and so on
318
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the Gestapo caught the swing kids in its
319
00:15:00,050 --> 00:15:07,519
net two figures stood there with hats
320
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and long coats and with a car and we
321
00:15:07,519 --> 00:15:16,370
drove to the station they got going
322
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there they started beating me already
323
00:15:16,370 --> 00:15:20,300
and then later at the interrogation in
324
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the basement where we were locked up and
325
00:15:20,300 --> 00:15:24,370
interrogated we were kicked down the
326
00:15:22,069 --> 00:15:24,370
stairs
327
00:15:25,029 --> 00:15:33,800
they got angrier and angrier they wanted
328
00:15:31,579 --> 00:15:37,430
to hear something specific that set out
329
00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:40,160
already probably written it all down
330
00:15:37,430 --> 00:15:42,230
already to report to Berlin their heroic
331
00:15:40,160 --> 00:15:44,209
action what they found out amongst the
332
00:15:42,230 --> 00:15:45,350
youth and how subversive they were and
333
00:15:44,209 --> 00:15:48,260
criminals too
334
00:15:45,350 --> 00:15:50,449
I couldn't give him that pleasure though
335
00:15:48,260 --> 00:15:52,010
and the more they beat me the more
336
00:15:50,449 --> 00:15:54,139
frightened I became because I thought
337
00:15:52,010 --> 00:15:57,199
there must be something terrible behind
338
00:15:54,139 --> 00:15:59,779
this if people behave like this almost
339
00:15:57,199 --> 00:16:01,960
was first Alicia hinden finish mentioned
340
00:15:59,779 --> 00:16:06,120
soul for Holland man
341
00:16:01,960 --> 00:16:08,290
it was the same story all across Germany
342
00:16:06,120 --> 00:16:10,210
just thought I was locked up overnight
343
00:16:08,290 --> 00:16:13,660
in the basement of the Gestapo building
344
00:16:10,210 --> 00:16:16,779
and stayed there 20 days then I was
345
00:16:13,660 --> 00:16:18,610
released there was no official charge or
346
00:16:16,779 --> 00:16:21,100
anything on the part of the Gestapo
347
00:16:18,610 --> 00:16:23,230
I was simply locked out loud or as well
348
00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:27,399
as I'll figure star will phone it will
349
00:16:23,230 --> 00:16:29,589
divert anger spurred the Gestapo could
350
00:16:27,399 --> 00:16:31,740
imprison and torture with complete
351
00:16:29,589 --> 00:16:31,740
impunity
352
00:16:32,360 --> 00:16:37,769
Alouette ants every single one of these
353
00:16:35,009 --> 00:16:40,199
people was a state employee it was
354
00:16:37,769 --> 00:16:42,899
covered by state permission and was
355
00:16:40,199 --> 00:16:45,209
capable of murder without having to
356
00:16:42,899 --> 00:16:48,959
justify themselves afterwards as to why
357
00:16:45,209 --> 00:16:52,139
they'd shot someone there were no limits
358
00:16:48,959 --> 00:16:54,750
at all they were all potentially
359
00:16:52,139 --> 00:16:58,139
cold-hearted murderers curfew rules our
360
00:16:54,750 --> 00:17:00,389
method although support among ordinary
361
00:16:58,139 --> 00:17:02,850
Germans was not what it once was
362
00:17:00,389 --> 00:17:05,880
the Gestapo organizations still relied
363
00:17:02,850 --> 00:17:08,069
heavily on informers the card indexes
364
00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:09,480
the purser religiously kept in each of
365
00:17:08,069 --> 00:17:11,220
its offices contain all the
366
00:17:09,480 --> 00:17:14,040
denunciations and records of what
367
00:17:11,220 --> 00:17:17,130
actions followed any German citizen even
368
00:17:14,040 --> 00:17:20,209
the racially spotless could now fall
369
00:17:17,130 --> 00:17:20,209
victim to the Gestapo
370
00:17:20,839 --> 00:17:25,799
Annamarie s was denounced as a
371
00:17:23,220 --> 00:17:29,370
prostitute she was taken to the Gestapo
372
00:17:25,799 --> 00:17:32,549
HQ in Cologne the elder house on the 7th
373
00:17:29,370 --> 00:17:34,710
of November 1942 held without charge for
374
00:17:32,549 --> 00:17:36,630
two weeks she was then released under a
375
00:17:34,710 --> 00:17:40,140
curfew under which she had to be home
376
00:17:36,630 --> 00:17:42,840
every night before midnight for two
377
00:17:40,140 --> 00:17:45,270
years annamaria obeyed the restriction
378
00:17:42,840 --> 00:17:48,270
then one night she arrived home 15
379
00:17:45,270 --> 00:17:50,070
minutes late denounced by a neighbor the
380
00:17:48,270 --> 00:17:51,720
defenseless woman was arrested and
381
00:17:50,070 --> 00:17:54,679
deported to ravensbrück concentration
382
00:17:51,720 --> 00:17:54,679
camp
383
00:17:55,350 --> 00:17:59,270
two months later she was dead
384
00:18:01,810 --> 00:18:07,430
but these routine persecutions disguise
385
00:18:05,420 --> 00:18:09,470
the fact that the Gestapo was not
386
00:18:07,430 --> 00:18:12,740
reaching the core of real and growing
387
00:18:09,470 --> 00:18:14,540
German descent and soon it would have to
388
00:18:12,740 --> 00:18:19,160
confront the challenge that would prove
389
00:18:14,540 --> 00:18:21,080
all but overwhelming the Nazis bed to
390
00:18:19,160 --> 00:18:23,510
conquer Europe had seen all its
391
00:18:21,080 --> 00:18:26,600
able-bodied men drafted into the German
392
00:18:23,510 --> 00:18:29,210
armed forces on the home front the
393
00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:31,490
shortage of labor was severe vital
394
00:18:29,210 --> 00:18:34,700
industries even the munitions factories
395
00:18:31,490 --> 00:18:36,740
were in disarray the Allies solved this
396
00:18:34,700 --> 00:18:39,980
problem by putting women workers into
397
00:18:36,740 --> 00:18:41,930
farms and factories Nazi ideology that
398
00:18:39,980 --> 00:18:44,500
decreed that a woman's place was in the
399
00:18:41,930 --> 00:18:48,140
home prevented that happening in Germany
400
00:18:44,500 --> 00:18:50,060
by 1944 allied bombing had rendered the
401
00:18:48,140 --> 00:18:51,920
labor shortage even more acute a
402
00:18:50,060 --> 00:18:54,490
solution had to be found
403
00:18:51,920 --> 00:18:54,490
urgently
404
00:18:55,300 --> 00:18:58,520
yunso stones industry in transatlantic
405
00:18:58,010 --> 00:19:00,620
shaft
406
00:18:58,520 --> 00:19:03,080
Gordon Tiana as a subsidy to a VM at
407
00:19:00,620 --> 00:19:04,730
angle men are all spy on - alone and all
408
00:19:03,080 --> 00:19:06,770
cylinders are avid crafter on its own
409
00:19:04,730 --> 00:19:09,260
yet Steven files famines any affair
410
00:19:06,770 --> 00:19:11,660
music initially the workers were
411
00:19:09,260 --> 00:19:13,550
voluntary recruits but there were too
412
00:19:11,660 --> 00:19:15,490
few volunteers to keep the massive
413
00:19:13,550 --> 00:19:18,200
German military machine running for long
414
00:19:15,490 --> 00:19:20,840
so the authorities turned to forced
415
00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:23,270
labor and began to import workers from
416
00:19:20,840 --> 00:19:26,960
the German occupied countries in the end
417
00:19:23,270 --> 00:19:28,370
almost 7 million of them the Gestapo was
418
00:19:26,960 --> 00:19:30,820
entrusted with the task of choosing
419
00:19:28,370 --> 00:19:32,960
candidates for this involuntary journey
420
00:19:30,820 --> 00:19:35,179
it was one of the biggest and forced
421
00:19:32,960 --> 00:19:37,540
migrations that had ever occurred in
422
00:19:35,179 --> 00:19:37,540
world history
423
00:19:40,419 --> 00:19:45,039
alena maskavich was a young Jewish
424
00:19:42,909 --> 00:19:46,989
resistance fighter who had secretly
425
00:19:45,039 --> 00:19:49,350
infiltrated the Gestapo offices in
426
00:19:46,989 --> 00:19:49,350
Brussels
427
00:19:52,890 --> 00:19:56,730
one of my daily chores was the sorting
428
00:19:55,200 --> 00:19:59,130
of various lists of hundreds of names
429
00:19:56,730 --> 00:20:01,860
and addresses and classifying them by
430
00:19:59,130 --> 00:20:03,330
district in alphabetical order the names
431
00:20:01,860 --> 00:20:05,580
were those of men to be impressed for
432
00:20:03,330 --> 00:20:07,290
forced labor in Germany and they were to
433
00:20:05,580 --> 00:20:09,630
receive had already received the dreaded
434
00:20:07,290 --> 00:20:11,820
summons a few of these were hugely
435
00:20:09,630 --> 00:20:15,150
earmarked for arrests for having failed
436
00:20:11,820 --> 00:20:17,220
to respond to the summons and even
437
00:20:15,150 --> 00:20:19,710
though they were absolutely necessary to
438
00:20:17,220 --> 00:20:22,320
the war effort these foreign laborers
439
00:20:19,710 --> 00:20:25,530
were far from well treated the Polish
440
00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:31,070
ultra India Alberta polish and foreign
441
00:20:25,530 --> 00:20:34,050
workers came to Breslin my brother and I
442
00:20:31,070 --> 00:20:37,020
we saw that they were not only second
443
00:20:34,050 --> 00:20:40,920
class human beings but third class human
444
00:20:37,020 --> 00:20:45,740
beings they were labeled with a big
445
00:20:40,920 --> 00:20:45,740
letter P sewn onto their shabby clothes
446
00:20:46,820 --> 00:20:55,050
we had to see how hungry they were and
447
00:20:50,520 --> 00:21:02,630
how lots of people spat on them won't I
448
00:20:55,050 --> 00:21:05,760
see Fran feeling Royden under tourism
449
00:21:02,630 --> 00:21:10,070
but not all Germans were hostile some
450
00:21:05,760 --> 00:21:10,070
smuggled food and drink to the workers
451
00:21:10,390 --> 00:21:15,670
for the Gestapo offices this alienated
452
00:21:13,240 --> 00:21:18,490
workforce represented a huge security
453
00:21:15,670 --> 00:21:20,830
problem their solution was predictable
454
00:21:18,490 --> 00:21:23,620
in the absence of accurate intelligence
455
00:21:20,830 --> 00:21:25,260
they randomly made examples of anyone
456
00:21:23,620 --> 00:21:28,540
who attracted their attention
457
00:21:25,260 --> 00:21:31,210
an Italian call Salvatori butter le was
458
00:21:28,540 --> 00:21:34,600
falsely accused of sabotage there was a
459
00:21:31,210 --> 00:21:37,300
shed like this room here is he and I was
460
00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:40,450
cutting the timber and the foreman come
461
00:21:37,300 --> 00:21:42,850
in and said to me go out see so
462
00:21:40,450 --> 00:21:45,730
immediately I went out when I went out
463
00:21:42,850 --> 00:21:50,250
you see behind the door there were two
464
00:21:45,730 --> 00:21:53,710
big burly Gestapo men you understand and
465
00:21:50,250 --> 00:21:57,430
I went out in the innocent you see and
466
00:21:53,710 --> 00:22:00,310
of course they dragged me back when I
467
00:21:57,430 --> 00:22:04,600
saw the Gestapo I said probably a big
468
00:22:00,310 --> 00:22:06,070
trouble you see and i PP myself he was
469
00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:08,500
sent to a special Gestapo run
470
00:22:06,070 --> 00:22:11,500
concentration camp for so-called work
471
00:22:08,500 --> 00:22:14,530
education for most trainees this
472
00:22:11,500 --> 00:22:16,630
represented a death sentence so I was
473
00:22:14,530 --> 00:22:21,130
looking out a guard you see and there
474
00:22:16,630 --> 00:22:24,490
was an Italian prisoner kneeling down on
475
00:22:21,130 --> 00:22:26,380
the outside the ballot you know making
476
00:22:24,490 --> 00:22:29,040
that like a footpath or a carriageway
477
00:22:26,380 --> 00:22:31,390
and he was putting bricks down headways
478
00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:34,809
see
479
00:22:31,390 --> 00:22:36,640
and and he was kneeling down and playing
480
00:22:34,809 --> 00:22:38,530
this breaks down you see and two
481
00:22:36,640 --> 00:22:41,740
officers went by I was looking through
482
00:22:38,530 --> 00:22:45,750
the keyhole they and he just took two
483
00:22:41,740 --> 00:22:49,990
pistol out shot him dead
484
00:22:45,750 --> 00:22:52,990
just like that burr Torelli was
485
00:22:49,990 --> 00:22:54,640
fortunate he managed to survive until
486
00:22:52,990 --> 00:22:59,410
the camp was liberated by the British
487
00:22:54,640 --> 00:23:01,570
Army the 20 of April 1944 it was
488
00:22:59,410 --> 00:23:03,520
Hitler's birthday a day of national
489
00:23:01,570 --> 00:23:05,890
celebration when the leaders of the
490
00:23:03,520 --> 00:23:08,650
Reich strove to outdo each other in
491
00:23:05,890 --> 00:23:11,140
gifts to please the Fuhrer in the past
492
00:23:08,650 --> 00:23:13,870
these have been reports of new successes
493
00:23:11,140 --> 00:23:17,490
against the enemy this year though there
494
00:23:13,870 --> 00:23:17,490
was less success to offer
495
00:23:19,890 --> 00:23:25,120
master think this thought from focus
496
00:23:22,090 --> 00:23:27,280
remember both start out of Hitler 90s
497
00:23:25,120 --> 00:23:29,380
became finish their prior computer as
498
00:23:27,280 --> 00:23:32,230
piston villains come come from invoice
499
00:23:29,380 --> 00:23:35,230
demand he does conflict on G in a high
500
00:23:32,230 --> 00:23:41,260
club start with embodiment in live Alina
501
00:23:35,230 --> 00:23:44,320
defroster winter in Linden and run the
502
00:23:41,260 --> 00:23:46,780
flimsy paper flags and thin cheers were
503
00:23:44,320 --> 00:23:51,160
a faint and puny echo the giant rallies
504
00:23:46,780 --> 00:23:54,040
of it was glorious the Gustavo's
505
00:23:51,160 --> 00:23:56,080
technique of indiscriminate terror was
506
00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:57,940
successful in keeping disaffection under
507
00:23:56,080 --> 00:24:01,390
control at least on the surface of
508
00:23:57,940 --> 00:24:03,490
society but its inability to gather hard
509
00:24:01,390 --> 00:24:05,920
and accurate intelligence was a weakness
510
00:24:03,490 --> 00:24:09,160
that had cost it dear in the past and
511
00:24:05,920 --> 00:24:10,900
would do so again the army had its own
512
00:24:09,160 --> 00:24:13,570
code of honor that had never been
513
00:24:10,900 --> 00:24:15,520
penetrated by gestapo spies and there
514
00:24:13,570 --> 00:24:18,310
were senior military traditionalists who
515
00:24:15,520 --> 00:24:20,920
increasingly despised the upstart Nazis
516
00:24:18,310 --> 00:24:23,590
these high-ranking dissidents were quite
517
00:24:20,920 --> 00:24:26,650
capable of outmaneuvering of the Gestapo
518
00:24:23,590 --> 00:24:28,920
and planting a bomb right next to Hitler
519
00:24:26,650 --> 00:24:28,920
himself
520
00:24:30,450 --> 00:24:36,880
1944 and it was clear that Germany was
521
00:24:33,910 --> 00:24:38,800
heading for defeat the Gestapo became
522
00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:41,230
increasingly arbitrary in its
523
00:24:38,800 --> 00:24:42,970
denunciations failing to grasp the
524
00:24:41,230 --> 00:24:45,280
rising level of anger within the
525
00:24:42,970 --> 00:24:47,980
military upper echelon there was no
526
00:24:45,280 --> 00:24:49,900
inkling within its ranks that a group of
527
00:24:47,980 --> 00:24:51,580
conservative officers under the
528
00:24:49,900 --> 00:24:54,160
leadership of the charismatic Count
529
00:24:51,580 --> 00:24:57,850
Klaus von Stauffenberg was planning to
530
00:24:54,160 --> 00:25:00,790
depose Hitler Stauffenberg was typical
531
00:24:57,850 --> 00:25:02,860
of the military leaders of this plot he
532
00:25:00,790 --> 00:25:05,650
was without doubt too deeply committed
533
00:25:02,860 --> 00:25:07,690
Christian but it was not these Christian
534
00:25:05,650 --> 00:25:10,330
elements in his makeup that motivated
535
00:25:07,690 --> 00:25:13,440
him to assassination if that had been so
536
00:25:10,330 --> 00:25:17,080
he would not have waited until July 1944
537
00:25:13,440 --> 00:25:19,390
he was above all a passionate soldier
538
00:25:17,080 --> 00:25:21,640
and he saw everything from the
539
00:25:19,390 --> 00:25:24,400
standpoint of his profession and it took
540
00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:28,950
military disaster to shock him into the
541
00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:31,270
opposition on the 20th of July 1944
542
00:25:28,950 --> 00:25:33,880
Stauffenberg attended a meeting of the
543
00:25:31,270 --> 00:25:36,429
Chiefs of Staff called by Hitler he had
544
00:25:33,880 --> 00:25:39,790
his briefcase with him as usual but this
545
00:25:36,429 --> 00:25:41,920
time it contained a bomb once again fate
546
00:25:39,790 --> 00:25:44,530
intervened at the last minute
547
00:25:41,920 --> 00:25:47,110
Hitler moved the meeting from a concrete
548
00:25:44,530 --> 00:25:49,570
bunker to a wooden barracks above-ground
549
00:25:47,110 --> 00:25:52,390
Stauffenberg planted the bomb and left
550
00:25:49,570 --> 00:25:54,820
and it exploded but the flimsy wooden
551
00:25:52,390 --> 00:25:57,160
structure dispersed the blast and
552
00:25:54,820 --> 00:25:58,640
although four officers died Hitler
553
00:25:57,160 --> 00:26:03,390
survived without a scratch
554
00:25:58,640 --> 00:26:03,390
[Music]
555
00:26:05,070 --> 00:26:08,710
dusk is their foul plots this
556
00:26:07,360 --> 00:26:11,110
fabrication i'm sloggers
557
00:26:08,710 --> 00:26:13,960
in ein kleiner cries division loss of
558
00:26:11,110 --> 00:26:16,210
its Eva and Montes newly of the Fuhrer
559
00:26:13,960 --> 00:26:16,590
conducting stopped avium a few home for
560
00:26:16,210 --> 00:26:20,070
Eva
561
00:26:16,590 --> 00:26:22,030
it was chaos in the immediate aftermath
562
00:26:20,070 --> 00:26:24,430
Stauffenberg and the conspirators
563
00:26:22,030 --> 00:26:26,920
believe that Hitler was dead they moved
564
00:26:24,430 --> 00:26:29,170
into action making arrests occupying
565
00:26:26,920 --> 00:26:32,050
important buildings and mobilizing
566
00:26:29,170 --> 00:26:34,300
troops but something was wrong according
567
00:26:32,050 --> 00:26:36,400
to Stefan Berg everything was proceeding
568
00:26:34,300 --> 00:26:38,680
splendidly the tanks were on their way
569
00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:41,460
they would reach the city centre very
570
00:26:38,680 --> 00:26:44,860
soon then the real action could begin as
571
00:26:41,460 --> 00:26:48,580
yet we'd received no disturbing reports
572
00:26:44,860 --> 00:26:51,550
of gestapo of of an SS activity I said
573
00:26:48,580 --> 00:26:52,930
urgently too little is happening let's
574
00:26:51,550 --> 00:26:55,420
drive over to the prince Albrecht
575
00:26:52,930 --> 00:26:58,780
Strasse we must eliminate Muller and
576
00:26:55,420 --> 00:27:00,900
Goebbels but Iorek Muller had already
577
00:26:58,780 --> 00:27:03,970
recovered from the shock of the attack
578
00:27:00,900 --> 00:27:05,800
the conspirators were easy to identify
579
00:27:03,970 --> 00:27:08,200
and the Gestapo quickly set about
580
00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:10,540
rounding them up once it was known that
581
00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:12,480
Hitler was alive and well the rebels
582
00:27:10,540 --> 00:27:15,580
knew they had no hope
583
00:27:12,480 --> 00:27:18,010
most of the ring leaders including von
584
00:27:15,580 --> 00:27:20,650
Stauffenberg were executed that very
585
00:27:18,010 --> 00:27:22,990
night the Gestapo was smarting from the
586
00:27:20,650 --> 00:27:24,550
humiliation of yet another failure to
587
00:27:22,990 --> 00:27:27,430
protect the Fuehrer from potential
588
00:27:24,550 --> 00:27:29,530
assassination so its officers arrested
589
00:27:27,430 --> 00:27:31,510
and interrogated every contact and
590
00:27:29,530 --> 00:27:34,060
relative of those they believed to be
591
00:27:31,510 --> 00:27:37,140
involved hundreds were sent to the camps
592
00:27:34,060 --> 00:27:37,140
[Music]
593
00:27:37,280 --> 00:27:44,300
Jakub lenhardt a swiss double agent was
594
00:27:40,490 --> 00:27:46,250
in a Gestapo prison at the time we heard
595
00:27:44,300 --> 00:27:49,700
about the attack on Hitler on the 20th
596
00:27:46,250 --> 00:27:51,260
of July 1944 but even without this would
597
00:27:49,700 --> 00:27:52,570
assume realizes something bad has
598
00:27:51,260 --> 00:27:55,820
happened to the Nazis
599
00:27:52,570 --> 00:27:58,100
there was a clampdown in the prison any
600
00:27:55,820 --> 00:28:01,580
relaxation of the regime or special
601
00:27:58,100 --> 00:28:03,580
treatment was immediately cancelled then
602
00:28:01,580 --> 00:28:07,640
something strange started to happen
603
00:28:03,580 --> 00:28:08,900
women old men even children started to
604
00:28:07,640 --> 00:28:12,170
be brought into the prison under the
605
00:28:08,900 --> 00:28:14,150
so-called protective custody for days
606
00:28:12,170 --> 00:28:16,160
the prison echoed with the cries of pain
607
00:28:14,150 --> 00:28:19,700
of the women been tortured half to death
608
00:28:16,160 --> 00:28:22,400
who called out just to go home once
609
00:28:19,700 --> 00:28:24,440
again we thought our Arab calm at any
610
00:28:22,400 --> 00:28:27,560
moment we expected to be liquidated on
611
00:28:24,440 --> 00:28:30,740
mass just to make place for more German
612
00:28:27,560 --> 00:28:33,170
racial comrades some of these Stefan
613
00:28:30,740 --> 00:28:35,180
Berg conspiracy cases reached cooled but
614
00:28:33,170 --> 00:28:38,360
only as show trials for propaganda
615
00:28:35,180 --> 00:28:41,630
purposes the Gestapo had been above the
616
00:28:38,360 --> 00:28:43,580
law for 11 years as Jakob lenhardt
617
00:28:41,630 --> 00:28:46,220
had already discovered the Gestapo his
618
00:28:43,580 --> 00:28:48,010
word was judge jury and executioner the
619
00:28:46,220 --> 00:28:50,660
courts were there simply to rubber-stamp
620
00:28:48,010 --> 00:28:53,510
whatever the Gestapo had said and at the
621
00:28:50,660 --> 00:28:56,630
same time to humiliate its victims and
622
00:28:53,510 --> 00:28:58,400
to issue ever harsher sentences the
623
00:28:56,630 --> 00:29:01,520
members of the court came back into the
624
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:04,640
courtroom bareheaded in silence accused
625
00:29:01,520 --> 00:29:07,940
stand up accept our judgement and the
626
00:29:04,640 --> 00:29:09,500
reasoning behind it there is no direct
627
00:29:07,940 --> 00:29:10,220
proof of anything of which you've been
628
00:29:09,500 --> 00:29:12,860
accused
629
00:29:10,220 --> 00:29:15,770
however it can certainly be assumed that
630
00:29:12,860 --> 00:29:17,930
you are guilty the People's Court
631
00:29:15,770 --> 00:29:20,900
therefore sentences you to death on the
632
00:29:17,930 --> 00:29:23,390
guillotine the sentence will be carried
633
00:29:20,900 --> 00:29:26,150
out immediately the property of the
634
00:29:23,390 --> 00:29:28,250
accused will be seized there was no
635
00:29:26,150 --> 00:29:30,080
chance at all that any of the
636
00:29:28,250 --> 00:29:32,600
conspirators would receive anything
637
00:29:30,080 --> 00:29:35,960
resembling a fair trial their only hope
638
00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:38,570
was to run or to go underground anyone
639
00:29:35,960 --> 00:29:41,180
not already executed would fall into the
640
00:29:38,570 --> 00:29:43,700
Gustavo's hands within hours
641
00:29:41,180 --> 00:29:45,830
do you stop over than Abba their
642
00:29:43,700 --> 00:29:50,590
Schneider Gestapo was there very quickly
643
00:29:45,830 --> 00:29:54,440
the same day and then all the time
644
00:29:50,590 --> 00:29:56,660
Quentin really SH Franz von
645
00:29:54,440 --> 00:29:59,150
Hammerstein's father Kurt had already
646
00:29:56,660 --> 00:30:01,670
died a loyal army officer who despised
647
00:29:59,150 --> 00:30:03,230
Hitler and his thugs two of his sons
648
00:30:01,670 --> 00:30:05,510
goon rotten Ludwig
649
00:30:03,230 --> 00:30:08,030
were part of the Stauffenberg plot and
650
00:30:05,510 --> 00:30:10,730
the Gestapo soon discovered this went at
651
00:30:08,030 --> 00:30:17,030
first what they tried to find out from
652
00:30:10,730 --> 00:30:19,790
us where my brothers were we pretended
653
00:30:17,030 --> 00:30:26,840
we didn't know anything and it actually
654
00:30:19,790 --> 00:30:30,860
worked one does this is a song about a
655
00:30:26,840 --> 00:30:34,520
man yes but then at the beginning of
656
00:30:30,860 --> 00:30:38,120
August I was arrested and then my mother
657
00:30:34,520 --> 00:30:39,920
and two sisters in October and I was
658
00:30:38,120 --> 00:30:42,170
brought to the Gestapo prison in the
659
00:30:39,920 --> 00:30:45,290
letter Strasser and Gestapo Griffin is
660
00:30:42,170 --> 00:30:47,540
no theatre Arthur Levon Hammerstein
661
00:30:45,290 --> 00:30:51,410
family somehow kept their secret and
662
00:30:47,540 --> 00:30:54,290
that brothers were never caught very few
663
00:30:51,410 --> 00:30:56,390
others escaped the net hans bernd gu
664
00:30:54,290 --> 00:30:58,730
Servius escaped over the border into
665
00:30:56,390 --> 00:31:00,910
switzerland painfully aware of the
666
00:30:58,730 --> 00:31:04,190
horrific fate of his fellow conspirators
667
00:31:00,910 --> 00:31:06,230
for day and night even when they ate
668
00:31:04,190 --> 00:31:10,040
even when they walked to the scaffold
669
00:31:06,230 --> 00:31:12,320
they were fettered hand and foot they
670
00:31:10,040 --> 00:31:14,060
were not fed so well or treated so
671
00:31:12,320 --> 00:31:18,370
comfortably as the Nuremberg war
672
00:31:14,060 --> 00:31:20,900
criminals but it is not possible to
673
00:31:18,370 --> 00:31:24,290
describe the kind of interrogation that
674
00:31:20,900 --> 00:31:27,080
took place in the Prince Albert rasa we
675
00:31:24,290 --> 00:31:31,280
do know however those martyred men
676
00:31:27,080 --> 00:31:33,170
heroically kept their silence but it
677
00:31:31,280 --> 00:31:36,530
could not have been easy to die amid the
678
00:31:33,170 --> 00:31:39,540
mocking laughter of the Gestapo men
679
00:31:36,530 --> 00:31:41,610
mullahs sadistic bloodbath was his
680
00:31:39,540 --> 00:31:42,630
revenge for the Gestapo failure to
681
00:31:41,610 --> 00:31:45,420
prevent the attack
682
00:31:42,630 --> 00:31:49,920
however the days of his lethal rule were
683
00:31:45,420 --> 00:31:51,690
already numbered in late 1944 Allied
684
00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:53,160
bombing destroyed the Gestapo head
685
00:31:51,690 --> 00:31:56,250
office in Prince Albert Strasser
686
00:31:53,160 --> 00:31:58,440
although he did not hold its work groups
687
00:31:56,250 --> 00:32:02,190
of officers reformed around him from two
688
00:31:58,440 --> 00:32:05,100
bases carrying on much as before but the
689
00:32:02,190 --> 00:32:07,410
Allies were closing in as the day of
690
00:32:05,100 --> 00:32:09,059
reckoning approached the Gestapo
691
00:32:07,410 --> 00:32:11,970
officers began to feel something
692
00:32:09,059 --> 00:32:15,050
familiar to their victims the shiver of
693
00:32:11,970 --> 00:32:15,050
cold fear
694
00:32:16,700 --> 00:32:24,930
19:45 and time for the Gestapo had
695
00:32:20,130 --> 00:32:27,420
almost run out the concentration camps
696
00:32:24,930 --> 00:32:29,370
were still full some of the prisoners
697
00:32:27,420 --> 00:32:31,680
had been kept alive for show trials
698
00:32:29,370 --> 00:32:32,250
planned to celebrate the final Nazi
699
00:32:31,680 --> 00:32:34,830
victory
700
00:32:32,250 --> 00:32:37,140
they included prominent anti-fascist
701
00:32:34,830 --> 00:32:40,500
activists among them military men
702
00:32:37,140 --> 00:32:42,510
Christians and georg elser
703
00:32:40,500 --> 00:32:45,960
the carpenter who had tried to
704
00:32:42,510 --> 00:32:48,270
assassinate hitler in 1939 with victory
705
00:32:45,960 --> 00:32:50,820
of forlorn hope the ever efficient
706
00:32:48,270 --> 00:32:52,830
Gestapo chief Heinrich Mueller took the
707
00:32:50,820 --> 00:32:55,530
time to issue an order to the camp
708
00:32:52,830 --> 00:32:58,230
commandant Elsa and the others were shot
709
00:32:55,530 --> 00:33:02,190
on the 9th of April just days before the
710
00:32:58,230 --> 00:33:04,890
camp was liberated as the Red Army tanks
711
00:33:02,190 --> 00:33:07,830
approached Berlin Hitler emerged from
712
00:33:04,890 --> 00:33:10,020
his bunker one final time to survey the
713
00:33:07,830 --> 00:33:11,580
wreckage of his dreams he was
714
00:33:10,020 --> 00:33:14,340
accompanied by Heinrich Mueller
715
00:33:11,580 --> 00:33:16,860
but Muller did not intend to see it
716
00:33:14,340 --> 00:33:19,800
through to the end with his Fuhrer he is
717
00:33:16,860 --> 00:33:22,320
recorded as saying I know Russian
718
00:33:19,800 --> 00:33:24,210
methods I haven't the slightest
719
00:33:22,320 --> 00:33:27,300
intention of being taken prisoner by the
720
00:33:24,210 --> 00:33:29,340
Soviet troops Muller then disappeared
721
00:33:27,300 --> 00:33:32,610
into the smoke and chaos of the
722
00:33:29,340 --> 00:33:33,360
blistering Russian attack his immediate
723
00:33:32,610 --> 00:33:35,460
superior
724
00:33:33,360 --> 00:33:38,220
Heinrich Himmler head of the SS and
725
00:33:35,460 --> 00:33:40,710
joint founder of the Gestapo also
726
00:33:38,220 --> 00:33:43,320
attempted to escape but he was caught by
727
00:33:40,710 --> 00:33:45,210
British soldiers in lüneburg lies the
728
00:33:43,320 --> 00:33:47,340
body of the most hated man in Europe
729
00:33:45,210 --> 00:33:49,190
Heinrich Himmler chief of the Nazi
730
00:33:47,340 --> 00:33:51,860
secret police and the SAP
731
00:33:49,190 --> 00:33:54,470
proof captured while posing as a
732
00:33:51,860 --> 00:33:57,560
civilian killer was carrying tiny vials
733
00:33:54,470 --> 00:34:00,230
of poison under examination he fit into
734
00:33:57,560 --> 00:34:02,960
one concealed under his tongue propped
735
00:34:00,230 --> 00:34:05,240
up for official photograph this Nazi who
736
00:34:02,960 --> 00:34:10,190
terrorized the continent has met in
737
00:34:05,240 --> 00:34:12,530
violent death his proper hand Hermann
738
00:34:10,190 --> 00:34:15,050
Goering the first leader of the Gestapo
739
00:34:12,530 --> 00:34:17,240
was also captured facing an almost
740
00:34:15,050 --> 00:34:19,970
certain death sentence in Nuremberg
741
00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:22,820
trials in 1946 he too swallowed a
742
00:34:19,970 --> 00:34:25,400
smuggled cyanide capsule it killed him
743
00:34:22,820 --> 00:34:29,330
instantly and turned his corpse bright
744
00:34:25,400 --> 00:34:32,030
green so ended the Gestapo Hitler's
745
00:34:29,330 --> 00:34:34,730
deadliest weapon the sword had been
746
00:34:32,030 --> 00:34:37,280
shattered but what of the Gestapo
747
00:34:34,730 --> 00:34:40,210
officers who for so long have presided
748
00:34:37,280 --> 00:34:42,650
over a reign of terror above the law
749
00:34:40,210 --> 00:34:44,150
what happened to the man who had
750
00:34:42,650 --> 00:34:46,940
tortured and killed with neither
751
00:34:44,150 --> 00:34:48,820
reticence nor restraint some were
752
00:34:46,940 --> 00:34:52,160
brought to justice
753
00:34:48,820 --> 00:34:54,740
Heinrich barb the Jewish affairs officer
754
00:34:52,160 --> 00:34:57,230
at the Frankfurt Gestapo who deported
755
00:34:54,740 --> 00:34:58,670
Klara grading was brought to trial in
756
00:34:57,230 --> 00:35:01,790
his hometown Frankfurt
757
00:34:58,670 --> 00:35:03,680
he stood accused of deporting gypsies as
758
00:35:01,790 --> 00:35:06,380
well as Jews to the death camps in the
759
00:35:03,680 --> 00:35:08,540
east witnesses were called who testified
760
00:35:06,380 --> 00:35:13,010
to the brutality with which he treated
761
00:35:08,540 --> 00:35:14,660
the victims he denied everything the
762
00:35:13,010 --> 00:35:16,520
whole police force including female
763
00:35:14,660 --> 00:35:19,430
officers was involved in these mass
764
00:35:16,520 --> 00:35:21,500
evacuations there were about 40 to 50
765
00:35:19,430 --> 00:35:23,720
regular police finance officers and
766
00:35:21,500 --> 00:35:25,460
rationing officers we followed the
767
00:35:23,720 --> 00:35:27,380
guidelines of the Reich security office
768
00:35:25,460 --> 00:35:30,830
to the letter
769
00:35:27,380 --> 00:35:34,460
obeying orders was not accepted as a
770
00:35:30,830 --> 00:35:36,680
valid defense bob was involved in the
771
00:35:34,460 --> 00:35:40,100
deportation of some 20,000 people
772
00:35:36,680 --> 00:35:42,980
between 1941 and 1942 he was convicted
773
00:35:40,100 --> 00:35:46,640
and sentenced remaining in prison until
774
00:35:42,980 --> 00:35:48,460
1972 long after most other Nazis have
775
00:35:46,640 --> 00:35:51,350
been released
776
00:35:48,460 --> 00:35:53,960
Oswald Ganga Locke who delivered
777
00:35:51,350 --> 00:35:56,330
deportees from votes Berg by train to
778
00:35:53,960 --> 00:35:59,630
the death camps in eastern Poland went
779
00:35:56,330 --> 00:36:02,570
undetected until 1947 when he was
780
00:35:59,630 --> 00:36:05,270
arrested by the Americans he was accused
781
00:36:02,570 --> 00:36:07,670
of hunting and killing u.s. bomber crews
782
00:36:05,270 --> 00:36:11,120
that had been shot down a favorite
783
00:36:07,670 --> 00:36:12,650
Gestapo exercise at his trial there was
784
00:36:11,120 --> 00:36:15,410
no mention of his role in the
785
00:36:12,650 --> 00:36:19,130
deportations nonetheless he was
786
00:36:15,410 --> 00:36:22,610
sentenced to death but this sentence was
787
00:36:19,130 --> 00:36:25,010
commuted to life imprisonment in 1953 he
788
00:36:22,610 --> 00:36:28,370
was released having served just six
789
00:36:25,010 --> 00:36:32,360
years the following year
790
00:36:28,370 --> 00:36:34,850
Oswald gondola was back in uniform he
791
00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:36,860
joined the regular police force his war
792
00:36:34,850 --> 00:36:39,380
record and conviction deemed no
793
00:36:36,860 --> 00:36:42,920
impediment he was promoted to
794
00:36:39,380 --> 00:36:45,380
superintendent and retired in 1963 his
795
00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:48,610
retirement certificate thanks em for his
796
00:36:45,380 --> 00:36:51,440
40 years of service those 40 years
797
00:36:48,610 --> 00:36:53,120
include his time as a Gestapo officer
798
00:36:51,440 --> 00:36:55,970
deporting men women and children to
799
00:36:53,120 --> 00:37:00,170
death camps and murdering allied bomber
800
00:36:55,970 --> 00:37:02,180
crews Kurt lishka and meme bureau chief
801
00:37:00,170 --> 00:37:04,610
of the Gestapo first in Cologne then
802
00:37:02,180 --> 00:37:07,010
Paris where he had been responsible for
803
00:37:04,610 --> 00:37:09,590
the deportations of Jews and the arrest
804
00:37:07,010 --> 00:37:12,050
and torture of resistance fighters after
805
00:37:09,590 --> 00:37:14,960
the war he returned to Cologne where he
806
00:37:12,050 --> 00:37:18,080
lived quietly in the suburbs then in
807
00:37:14,960 --> 00:37:21,080
1971 he was tracked down by the French
808
00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:23,870
Nazi Honda's surge and BRT class failed
809
00:37:21,080 --> 00:37:26,360
although he had been convicted in
810
00:37:23,870 --> 00:37:29,240
absentia by an allied military tribunal
811
00:37:26,360 --> 00:37:32,860
in France a legal anomaly meant that
812
00:37:29,240 --> 00:37:32,860
lishka could not be tried in
813
00:37:36,830 --> 00:37:42,000
we hadn't done phase or we tried to
814
00:37:39,780 --> 00:37:44,040
bring lishka to France to the French
815
00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:46,770
military tribunal that would be able to
816
00:37:44,040 --> 00:37:49,500
convict him we wanted to bring him to
817
00:37:46,770 --> 00:37:52,980
Paris to his former office in the Rue de
818
00:37:49,500 --> 00:37:54,810
cersei even and tell journalists lishka
819
00:37:52,980 --> 00:37:57,090
is back in France and the French
820
00:37:54,810 --> 00:38:03,480
authorities should arrest him and try
821
00:37:57,090 --> 00:38:05,910
him the attempt to transfer him to
822
00:38:03,480 --> 00:38:08,160
France failed but the pressure brought
823
00:38:05,910 --> 00:38:11,490
by the class Feld's led to a change in
824
00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:13,890
German law and in 1978 he was finally
825
00:38:11,490 --> 00:38:17,130
put on trial in Germany in a blaze of
826
00:38:13,890 --> 00:38:19,770
media publicity thirty five years after
827
00:38:17,130 --> 00:38:23,390
he committed his heinous crimes he was
828
00:38:19,770 --> 00:38:23,390
sentenced to 10 years in prison
829
00:38:24,320 --> 00:38:30,270
did she come under shelter Harper when I
830
00:38:27,930 --> 00:38:33,240
saw leshka I just thought what a
831
00:38:30,270 --> 00:38:35,640
cowardly wretched figure he was and I
832
00:38:33,240 --> 00:38:39,360
had to think this man had made decisions
833
00:38:35,640 --> 00:38:44,550
about life and death he taught the
834
00:38:39,360 --> 00:38:46,590
cheating in 1960 Adolphe Eichmann chief
835
00:38:44,550 --> 00:38:48,810
bureaucrat of the final solution and
836
00:38:46,590 --> 00:38:51,510
officer of the Gestapo was snatched from
837
00:38:48,810 --> 00:38:54,270
hiding in Argentina and brought before
838
00:38:51,510 --> 00:38:56,250
an Israeli Court the man who had lounged
839
00:38:54,270 --> 00:38:58,220
beside the fire with Heydrich a mullah
840
00:38:56,250 --> 00:39:02,040
after planning the genocide of millions
841
00:38:58,220 --> 00:39:04,050
found himself on trial he also claimed
842
00:39:02,040 --> 00:39:08,900
to be following orders and that as a
843
00:39:04,050 --> 00:39:08,900
mere pen pusher he didn't kill anyone
844
00:39:26,780 --> 00:39:29,849
[Music]
845
00:39:31,920 --> 00:39:37,840
not his method they are appreciative
846
00:39:34,960 --> 00:39:40,250
giving commitment family Nanaki reason
847
00:39:37,840 --> 00:39:41,830
that the human is not finished a burden
848
00:39:40,250 --> 00:39:44,650
[Music]
849
00:39:41,830 --> 00:39:47,410
but there was sufficient evidence to
850
00:39:44,650 --> 00:39:50,580
prove that icon did indeed have the
851
00:39:47,410 --> 00:39:54,130
blood of millions of Jews on his hands
852
00:39:50,580 --> 00:39:56,250
Ivan's assistant dieter visla Chaney
853
00:39:54,130 --> 00:39:58,960
gave evidence of this at his trial
854
00:39:56,250 --> 00:40:00,850
Eichmann told me that the words final
855
00:39:58,960 --> 00:40:03,540
solution meant the biological
856
00:40:00,850 --> 00:40:05,680
extermination of the Jewish race I
857
00:40:03,540 --> 00:40:08,170
realized that the order was a death
858
00:40:05,680 --> 00:40:09,850
warrant for millions of people and that
859
00:40:08,170 --> 00:40:11,860
the power to execute this order was in
860
00:40:09,850 --> 00:40:12,910
Eichmann's hands subject to the approval
861
00:40:11,860 --> 00:40:16,270
of Heydrich
862
00:40:12,910 --> 00:40:19,260
and yet Eichmann denied all
863
00:40:16,270 --> 00:40:19,260
responsibility
864
00:40:21,310 --> 00:40:29,530
- world is my diversion man on telephone
865
00:40:26,730 --> 00:40:32,760
of the interest from Christine's
866
00:40:29,530 --> 00:40:36,609
Forrestal on the Fahrenheit contained at
867
00:40:32,760 --> 00:40:40,300
the finished see I finished character
868
00:40:36,609 --> 00:40:43,470
had to be fairly given Z half - a
869
00:40:40,300 --> 00:40:47,790
artists meter extravagant physical
870
00:40:43,470 --> 00:40:51,400
geography and it often the gang warning
871
00:40:47,790 --> 00:40:57,310
about people equipment in get offer
872
00:40:51,400 --> 00:41:00,849
he's been introduced Oprah Eichmann was
873
00:40:57,310 --> 00:41:02,890
sentenced to death but he is the
874
00:41:00,849 --> 00:41:05,320
exception rather than the rule
875
00:41:02,890 --> 00:41:07,210
perhaps the most astonishing thing in
876
00:41:05,320 --> 00:41:09,220
the whole story of the Gestapo is how
877
00:41:07,210 --> 00:41:10,680
few of its officers were punished for
878
00:41:09,220 --> 00:41:13,900
their crimes
879
00:41:10,680 --> 00:41:16,480
even high-profile officers known to be
880
00:41:13,900 --> 00:41:19,060
guilty of gratuitous cruelty survived
881
00:41:16,480 --> 00:41:22,560
denotes a vacation and re-entered the
882
00:41:19,060 --> 00:41:22,560
post-war police force
883
00:41:23,570 --> 00:41:28,890
the majority of Gestapo officers whose
884
00:41:26,580 --> 00:41:31,290
actions had brought terror suffering and
885
00:41:28,890 --> 00:41:34,710
death to millions of human beings merely
886
00:41:31,290 --> 00:41:37,440
removed their swastika insignia and got
887
00:41:34,710 --> 00:41:40,200
on with their careers for the fact is
888
00:41:37,440 --> 00:41:42,840
they had convinced themselves that they
889
00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:45,240
were just ordinary policemen caught up
890
00:41:42,840 --> 00:41:48,450
in a cycle of madness devised by Adolf
891
00:41:45,240 --> 00:41:50,940
Hitler the deeds of those years simply
892
00:41:48,450 --> 00:41:51,660
dissolved in their memories as for
893
00:41:50,940 --> 00:41:54,030
Heinrich Muller
894
00:41:51,660 --> 00:41:56,460
whose cold-blooded efficiency had shaped
895
00:41:54,030 --> 00:41:59,580
the Gestapo and forged its reputation
896
00:41:56,460 --> 00:42:01,530
his fate remains a mystery his was not
897
00:41:59,580 --> 00:42:04,440
among the bodies found in the bunker
898
00:42:01,530 --> 00:42:06,990
with Hitler the mores of rumor that he'd
899
00:42:04,440 --> 00:42:10,350
gone over to the Russians in Berlin in
900
00:42:06,990 --> 00:42:12,000
May 1945 and surfaced in Moscow where he
901
00:42:10,350 --> 00:42:15,030
carried on his trade as a secret
902
00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:18,630
policeman another story is that he was
903
00:42:15,030 --> 00:42:22,470
scooped up by the Americans and this
904
00:42:18,630 --> 00:42:24,930
story gained some credibility when one
905
00:42:22,470 --> 00:42:28,170
remembers what happened to Klaus Barbie
906
00:42:24,930 --> 00:42:30,330
the Gestapo chief of Leon who was in
907
00:42:28,170 --> 00:42:35,840
fact recruited by the Americans after
908
00:42:30,330 --> 00:42:37,650
the war as an expert on subversion and
909
00:42:35,840 --> 00:42:40,140
communist activities
910
00:42:37,650 --> 00:42:42,570
none of these rumors have ever really
911
00:42:40,140 --> 00:42:44,850
been substantiated and all the best
912
00:42:42,570 --> 00:42:46,740
evidence we have circumstantial as it is
913
00:42:44,850 --> 00:42:48,630
really suggests that Miller was killed
914
00:42:46,740 --> 00:42:51,840
in the last couple of days of the war
915
00:42:48,630 --> 00:42:54,330
there were many people who had been part
916
00:42:51,840 --> 00:42:56,430
of that circle around Hitler in the
917
00:42:54,330 --> 00:42:58,470
bunker in the last few days who claimed
918
00:42:56,430 --> 00:43:01,690
to have seen his body
919
00:42:58,470 --> 00:43:03,970
unlike Himmler and Heydrich Mueller had
920
00:43:01,690 --> 00:43:05,710
remained anonymous and he alone of the
921
00:43:03,970 --> 00:43:07,359
Nazi bosses could have walked the
922
00:43:05,710 --> 00:43:10,539
streets of Berlin completely
923
00:43:07,359 --> 00:43:13,539
unrecognized there is a grave with his
924
00:43:10,539 --> 00:43:15,849
name on it but when it was investigated
925
00:43:13,539 --> 00:43:16,420
it proved to hold the corpses of three
926
00:43:15,849 --> 00:43:21,670
people
927
00:43:16,420 --> 00:43:23,769
none of them Heinrich Mueller ultimately
928
00:43:21,670 --> 00:43:25,269
the Gestapo could not have been as
929
00:43:23,769 --> 00:43:27,910
effective as it was without the
930
00:43:25,269 --> 00:43:30,819
complicity of the people its inability
931
00:43:27,910 --> 00:43:33,609
to prevent assassinations shows its
932
00:43:30,819 --> 00:43:36,579
inadequacy as a police force but it
933
00:43:33,609 --> 00:43:39,309
excelled at encouraging people's basest
934
00:43:36,579 --> 00:43:41,349
instincts it brought about a climate of
935
00:43:39,309 --> 00:43:44,500
fear in which pettiness and disloyalty
936
00:43:41,349 --> 00:43:46,750
could flourish where denunciation became
937
00:43:44,500 --> 00:43:50,740
a way of life and where opposition
938
00:43:46,750 --> 00:43:52,390
became treason out of my experience with
939
00:43:50,740 --> 00:43:54,700
12 years of Nazism
940
00:43:52,390 --> 00:43:58,000
I cannot help maintaining the German
941
00:43:54,700 --> 00:44:01,750
guilt does exist it is a reality all of
942
00:43:58,000 --> 00:44:04,569
us fell into dangerous evil ways we were
943
00:44:01,750 --> 00:44:07,180
guilty of failure to understand of
944
00:44:04,569 --> 00:44:11,140
willful blindness and misguided
945
00:44:07,180 --> 00:44:12,940
obedience in the final analysis there
946
00:44:11,140 --> 00:44:14,740
were millions of unteachable persons
947
00:44:12,940 --> 00:44:16,960
across the world who made a pact with
948
00:44:14,740 --> 00:44:18,759
the forces of nazi revolution they only
949
00:44:16,960 --> 00:44:22,900
came to their senses when the revolution
950
00:44:18,759 --> 00:44:25,539
swallowed them alive I have no intention
951
00:44:22,900 --> 00:44:27,279
of clapping myself or my friends on the
952
00:44:25,539 --> 00:44:31,450
shoulder saying at least we did what we
953
00:44:27,279 --> 00:44:36,029
could the success of our oppositional
954
00:44:31,450 --> 00:44:36,029
efforts proves we should have done much
955
00:44:38,750 --> 00:44:42,019
[Music]
956
00:44:52,740 --> 00:44:54,800
you
71691
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