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1
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My name is Damon Gameau.
2
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This is my weatherboard house.
3
00:01:24,917 --> 00:01:27,957
This is a time-lapse
of my girlfriend's pregnancy.
4
00:01:28,084 --> 00:01:29,754
There's three months to go.
5
00:01:29,834 --> 00:01:33,084
And this is a photo of me
at age 10.
6
00:01:33,167 --> 00:01:36,827
I was a rare boy whose face
grew into his teeth.
7
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Five years ago,
when I met my girlfriend,
8
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I was pretty much
living on cigarettes,
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00:01:42,917 --> 00:01:45,667
sugar and my homemade
Australian pizzas.
10
00:01:47,376 --> 00:01:48,876
But then, as men often do,
11
00:01:48,959 --> 00:01:52,579
they feign interest in things
to impress a girl.
12
00:01:52,667 --> 00:01:54,077
The lovers' bike.
13
00:01:54,167 --> 00:01:56,127
For me, it was healthy eating.
14
00:01:57,209 --> 00:02:00,919
I actually cut out refined sugar
from my diet to seal the deal.
15
00:02:03,292 --> 00:02:06,462
But now sugar is
dominating the headlines
16
00:02:06,542 --> 00:02:08,962
and there's so much debate
and conjecture on the topic
17
00:02:09,084 --> 00:02:11,754
that it's hard to know
what to believe.
18
00:02:11,834 --> 00:02:13,634
But with this little person
on the way,
19
00:02:13,709 --> 00:02:16,419
I feel like I need some
definitive answers.
20
00:02:18,209 --> 00:02:20,959
If the average Australian family
of four
21
00:02:21,084 --> 00:02:24,424
had to buy the sugar
they are consuming in a week,
22
00:02:24,501 --> 00:02:26,581
they would be going to
the supermarket,
23
00:02:26,667 --> 00:02:31,377
taking six 1-kilo bags of sugar
off the shelves - six -
24
00:02:31,459 --> 00:02:35,379
taking it home,
eating it all that week
25
00:02:35,459 --> 00:02:37,789
and then going back next week
and doing it again.
26
00:02:37,876 --> 00:02:43,246
Clearly, the ability
to be on a high-sugar diet
27
00:02:43,334 --> 00:02:45,924
is really new,
28
00:02:46,001 --> 00:02:51,081
especially in terms of
evolutionary time zone.
29
00:02:55,167 --> 00:02:58,747
Sugar has become
so prevalent in today's society
30
00:02:58,834 --> 00:03:01,924
that if you removed
all the items containing it
31
00:03:02,001 --> 00:03:04,081
from a standard
supermarket's shelves...
32
00:03:05,501 --> 00:03:07,671
..just 20% of items
would remain.
33
00:03:28,042 --> 00:03:29,832
Ladies and gentlemen,
boys and girls,
34
00:03:29,917 --> 00:03:33,077
this is the condensed
history of sugar.
35
00:03:41,542 --> 00:03:45,252
The first reports of sugar came
from New Guinea in 8000 BC.
36
00:03:45,334 --> 00:03:48,584
Local mythology says that
the human race came about
37
00:03:48,667 --> 00:03:52,127
after a man made love to
the stalk of a sugar cane.
38
00:03:52,209 --> 00:03:53,749
Ow.
39
00:03:53,834 --> 00:03:56,254
Then,
via trader migration routes,
40
00:03:56,334 --> 00:04:00,424
the cane made its way to India.
41
00:04:03,876 --> 00:04:05,246
Thank you.
42
00:04:06,667 --> 00:04:11,077
In the 12th century,
sugar arrived in Europe.
43
00:04:11,167 --> 00:04:12,127
And, due to its rarity,
44
00:04:12,209 --> 00:04:15,129
it quickly became
a status symbol for royalty.
45
00:04:15,209 --> 00:04:18,079
Queen Elizabeth I had
a real love of sugar.
46
00:04:21,251 --> 00:04:25,581
So much so that her teeth rotted
and went black from it.
47
00:04:26,751 --> 00:04:28,581
- Eugh.
48
00:04:32,292 --> 00:04:34,082
At the start of
the 20th century,
49
00:04:34,167 --> 00:04:36,077
sugar was still seen
as a treat -
50
00:04:36,167 --> 00:04:38,787
something you would add to
a cup of tea or cup of coffee -
51
00:04:38,876 --> 00:04:41,706
but then, in 1955,
an event occurred
52
00:04:41,792 --> 00:04:44,172
that significantly influenced
53
00:04:44,251 --> 00:04:49,711
the amount of sugar
we eat today.
54
00:04:56,042 --> 00:04:58,332
A stunned nation
hears that its president
55
00:04:58,417 --> 00:05:00,077
is stricken with
a heart attack at...
56
00:05:00,167 --> 00:05:03,077
On September 23,
1955,
57
00:05:03,167 --> 00:05:05,207
the US President
Dwight Eisenhower
58
00:05:05,292 --> 00:05:07,172
suffered a heart attack
59
00:05:07,251 --> 00:05:08,581
and the issue of heart disease
60
00:05:08,667 --> 00:05:10,877
was thrust into
the public domain.
61
00:05:10,959 --> 00:05:12,249
Summoned
to the hospital,
62
00:05:12,334 --> 00:05:14,294
a famed Boston
heart specialist...
63
00:05:14,376 --> 00:05:16,576
Two strong
theories emerged.
64
00:05:16,667 --> 00:05:20,077
One, led by an American
scientist named Ancel Keys,
65
00:05:20,167 --> 00:05:21,827
who declared that fat was
the problem...
66
00:05:23,001 --> 00:05:25,791
..while a British doctor
named John Yudkin
67
00:05:25,876 --> 00:05:27,286
believed sugar was to blame.
68
00:05:27,376 --> 00:05:30,876
I'd be very happy if everybody
ate four pounds of sugar a year.
69
00:05:30,959 --> 00:05:32,829
They eat a hundred pounds!
70
00:05:35,959 --> 00:05:37,579
Over
the next two decades,
71
00:05:37,667 --> 00:05:40,417
the discussion brought fierce
arguments from both camps.
72
00:05:42,501 --> 00:05:47,331
But by the end of the 1970s,
Ancel Keys had won out.
73
00:05:47,417 --> 00:05:50,327
Fat became the villain,
sugar was exonerated,
74
00:05:50,417 --> 00:05:53,207
and the low-fat movement
was in full swing.
75
00:05:54,667 --> 00:05:56,577
We institutionalised
this idea
76
00:05:56,667 --> 00:05:58,747
that a low-fat diet
is a healthy diet.
77
00:05:58,834 --> 00:06:01,504
So what you want to do
is remove fats...
78
00:06:01,584 --> 00:06:03,214
This is how industry
perceived this.
79
00:06:03,292 --> 00:06:06,082
We're gonna remove fat
from otherwise healthy foods,
80
00:06:06,167 --> 00:06:09,417
and when we do this
we have to replace the calories,
81
00:06:09,501 --> 00:06:11,791
we have to make sure
we have the right mouth feel.
82
00:06:11,876 --> 00:06:13,956
And it has to taste as good
as it did with fat,
83
00:06:14,084 --> 00:06:15,714
and the best way to
do that is with sugar.
84
00:06:19,167 --> 00:06:21,327
With sugar now
saturating our food supply
85
00:06:21,417 --> 00:06:25,627
and the constant confusion
over its effects on our health,
86
00:06:25,709 --> 00:06:27,879
the only real way to get
some answers
87
00:06:27,959 --> 00:06:30,169
is for me to start
eating sugar again
88
00:06:30,251 --> 00:06:32,081
and see what it does
to my body.
89
00:06:33,667 --> 00:06:36,577
So the first step is to set up
an experiment
90
00:06:36,667 --> 00:06:38,287
with the help of a team
of experts.
91
00:06:39,751 --> 00:06:43,081
My chief sugar adviser is
the author David Gillespie...
92
00:06:44,167 --> 00:06:46,667
..aka The Crusader.
93
00:06:48,084 --> 00:06:49,424
In charge of my blood tests
94
00:06:49,501 --> 00:06:52,921
is one of Australia's
leading clinical pathologists,
95
00:06:53,001 --> 00:06:57,331
Dr Ken Sikaris,
aka Professor Blood.
96
00:06:57,417 --> 00:07:00,127
My nutritionist is
Sharon Johnston...
97
00:07:01,501 --> 00:07:03,711
..the Celtic Food Queen.
98
00:07:03,792 --> 00:07:07,382
And supervising my overall
health is Dr Debbie Herbst,
99
00:07:07,459 --> 00:07:10,129
aka Check Upz.
100
00:07:11,417 --> 00:07:13,207
OK, so, I want to do
this mission,
101
00:07:13,292 --> 00:07:15,462
I want to find out what
sugar does to me.
102
00:07:15,542 --> 00:07:17,292
What kind of things
do I need to do?
103
00:07:17,376 --> 00:07:20,076
If you want to match
Australian averages,
104
00:07:20,167 --> 00:07:22,167
you're gonna have to be
in the range,
105
00:07:22,251 --> 00:07:24,751
40 teaspoons of sugar a day.
106
00:07:26,834 --> 00:07:28,834
- 40 a day?
- Yeah, 40 a day.
107
00:07:28,917 --> 00:07:31,667
That's what's embedded in
most of the processed food
108
00:07:31,751 --> 00:07:32,831
that most people are eating.
109
00:07:32,917 --> 00:07:34,377
So...
110
00:07:34,459 --> 00:07:36,129
Right, so does that mean
I'm gonna eat a lot
111
00:07:36,209 --> 00:07:38,789
of these kind of
sour rainbow blowpipes?
112
00:07:38,876 --> 00:07:41,576
I mean, is that... How am
I gonna get to 40 teaspoons?
113
00:07:41,667 --> 00:07:43,167
You won't need to come near
a place like this
114
00:07:43,251 --> 00:07:45,211
to get to 40 teaspoons.
115
00:07:45,292 --> 00:07:48,082
You just go to a supermarket
and you'll get to 40 teaspoons.
116
00:07:48,167 --> 00:07:49,207
Right.
117
00:07:49,292 --> 00:07:52,752
The point is to test out
a very high sugar diet
118
00:07:52,834 --> 00:07:54,084
and to see what effects we get,
119
00:07:54,167 --> 00:07:56,077
what changes I notice
in the body.
120
00:07:56,167 --> 00:07:59,917
Two months, I wanna eat
40 teaspoons of sugar a day.
121
00:08:00,001 --> 00:08:02,961
- 40 teaspoons?!
- 40 teaspoons.
122
00:08:03,042 --> 00:08:04,712
How are you gonna do that?
123
00:08:04,792 --> 00:08:08,082
Off-the-shelf breakfast cereals,
like Just Right,
124
00:08:08,167 --> 00:08:10,077
low-fat flavoured yoghurt.
125
00:08:10,167 --> 00:08:12,957
Another good one would be
some beans on toast.
126
00:08:13,084 --> 00:08:14,584
Baked beans?!
127
00:08:14,667 --> 00:08:17,457
One serving of an iced tea,
128
00:08:17,542 --> 00:08:20,252
you'll end up with nearly
nine teaspoons of sugar.
129
00:08:20,334 --> 00:08:22,134
If I can achieve
40 teaspoons a day
130
00:08:22,209 --> 00:08:25,459
without touching perceived
candy or junk food...
131
00:08:25,542 --> 00:08:27,712
I mean, I can't quite fathom
that's possible,
132
00:08:27,792 --> 00:08:30,332
but if we can do that
and see some changes,
133
00:08:30,417 --> 00:08:33,077
then that's, yeah, that seems
like a pretty good story.
134
00:08:33,167 --> 00:08:35,077
A lot of your health markers
are going to be going
135
00:08:35,167 --> 00:08:36,747
in very much
the wrong direction,
136
00:08:36,834 --> 00:08:39,464
and I'm very glad to hear
that you're gonna be having
137
00:08:39,542 --> 00:08:40,582
some medical supervision,
138
00:08:40,667 --> 00:08:41,917
'cause I think
you're gonna need it.
139
00:08:42,001 --> 00:08:43,791
Anyone in the family
have diabetes?
140
00:08:43,876 --> 00:08:45,666
- No.
- OK.
141
00:08:45,751 --> 00:08:47,251
- Not that I know of.
- Not that you know of? Good.
142
00:08:47,334 --> 00:08:48,794
And heart disease?
143
00:08:48,876 --> 00:08:52,206
No. All pretty thin
and wiry Irish or French folk.
144
00:09:02,751 --> 00:09:06,791
We're going to look at how the
blood sugar changes, obviously.
145
00:09:06,876 --> 00:09:10,076
We've got blood tests that can
look at the effect of the heart.
146
00:09:10,167 --> 00:09:13,077
But, even more than that,
we're looking for the changes
147
00:09:13,167 --> 00:09:18,077
that might occur in the liver
and its production of fat.
148
00:09:18,167 --> 00:09:19,917
I'd like to go to 1932, please.
149
00:09:20,001 --> 00:09:21,581
Done.
150
00:09:21,667 --> 00:09:22,917
Coming.
151
00:09:31,292 --> 00:09:33,082
Let's just see
how tall you are.
152
00:09:37,209 --> 00:09:39,499
So you've got a really normal,
healthy blood pressure -
153
00:09:39,584 --> 00:09:41,214
121 over 79.
154
00:09:41,292 --> 00:09:43,752
Your heart rate's pretty good
at 75, so that's pretty good.
155
00:09:43,834 --> 00:09:46,174
Alrighty, so, we'll just have
a listen to your heart,
156
00:09:46,251 --> 00:09:47,961
see what it sounds like.
157
00:09:50,001 --> 00:09:51,791
You know what it's saying,
Damon.
158
00:09:51,876 --> 00:09:52,916
Don't do
this crazy thing?
159
00:09:53,001 --> 00:09:54,711
Exactly. That's exactly
what I heard it saying.
160
00:09:54,792 --> 00:09:56,582
There are some tests
that we're doing
161
00:09:56,667 --> 00:09:57,917
just to make sure
162
00:09:58,001 --> 00:09:59,961
that you're not doing
anything too stupid here.
163
00:10:00,042 --> 00:10:03,332
Usually I'm telling people not
to eat all this sort of stuff,
164
00:10:03,417 --> 00:10:04,327
so...
165
00:10:04,417 --> 00:10:07,167
I personally think you're
insane for doing it at all.
166
00:10:07,251 --> 00:10:09,581
But... No, no, no, honestly.
I think it's dangerous.
167
00:10:09,667 --> 00:10:11,957
But I guess on the plus side,
168
00:10:12,042 --> 00:10:13,712
everybody else
is already doing it.
169
00:10:17,376 --> 00:10:19,746
So, this is where my
health stands pre-experiment.
170
00:10:21,376 --> 00:10:26,416
My total calorie intake is
approximately 2,300 a day.
171
00:10:26,501 --> 00:10:30,461
With 50% coming from good
fats like avocado and nuts,
172
00:10:30,542 --> 00:10:34,382
26% from protein such as eggs,
meat or fish,
173
00:10:34,459 --> 00:10:38,329
and 24% from carbohydrates
like fresh vegetables.
174
00:10:38,417 --> 00:10:40,877
And of course there is
no refined sugar.
175
00:10:40,959 --> 00:10:43,329
I currently weigh 76kg
176
00:10:43,417 --> 00:10:46,247
with a waist circumference
of 84cm.
177
00:10:46,334 --> 00:10:48,964
My blood tests showed
a very healthy liver,
178
00:10:49,042 --> 00:10:50,792
a very low level
of triglyceride,
179
00:10:50,876 --> 00:10:52,456
which is fat in the bloodstream,
180
00:10:52,542 --> 00:10:56,632
and, thankfully, no sign of
insulin resistance or diabetes.
181
00:10:56,709 --> 00:10:59,079
Overall, I rated
slightly healthier
182
00:10:59,167 --> 00:11:01,747
than the average
Western male of my age.
183
00:11:05,042 --> 00:11:07,962
The next step in the experiment
was to do a shop.
184
00:11:09,334 --> 00:11:11,754
To calculate my 40 teaspoons,
185
00:11:11,834 --> 00:11:13,884
I need to keep in mind
that one teaspoon
186
00:11:13,959 --> 00:11:16,209
equals roughly four grams
of sugar.
187
00:11:17,667 --> 00:11:20,417
But I also need a lesson
in the different types of sugar.
188
00:11:23,292 --> 00:11:25,962
Ladies and gentlemen,
boys and girls,
189
00:11:26,084 --> 00:11:28,754
it's time to meet
the sugar family.
190
00:11:30,167 --> 00:11:33,167
When we eat certain foods,
they adhere to a rule.
191
00:11:33,251 --> 00:11:37,381
They break down to glucose
which our body uses for fuel.
192
00:11:37,459 --> 00:11:40,709
Breads, pasta, vegies
and grain
193
00:11:40,792 --> 00:11:44,962
all turn to glucose
to be used by our brain.
194
00:11:45,084 --> 00:11:46,584
Ooh!
195
00:11:46,667 --> 00:11:50,077
But also our cells
and our organs, too.
196
00:11:50,167 --> 00:11:54,457
So without any glucose
there would be no you.
197
00:11:54,542 --> 00:11:57,922
Lactose is next,
and she's as smooth as silk.
198
00:11:58,001 --> 00:11:59,881
She's the first sugar
mammals have -
199
00:11:59,959 --> 00:12:01,169
it's in their mother's milk.
200
00:12:01,251 --> 00:12:05,381
You'll find it in cheese and
milk and tubs of yoghurt, too.
201
00:12:05,459 --> 00:12:07,329
But take care
if you're intolerant,
202
00:12:07,417 --> 00:12:09,377
you'll be rushing to the loo.
203
00:12:09,459 --> 00:12:13,829
Now, sucrose is the sugar
that all the fuss is about.
204
00:12:15,584 --> 00:12:19,254
Some say it's dangerous
while others still have doubt.
205
00:12:19,334 --> 00:12:24,084
Sucrose is the table sugar
we have in coffee or tea.
206
00:12:24,167 --> 00:12:27,577
She's the sugar family's
sweet little daughter.
207
00:12:28,917 --> 00:12:30,747
Or not, apparently.
208
00:12:30,834 --> 00:12:31,924
- Ooh.
209
00:12:33,876 --> 00:12:36,746
Now, this table sugar,
or sucrose,
210
00:12:36,834 --> 00:12:38,964
is made up of two sugars.
211
00:12:39,084 --> 00:12:45,084
It is 50% glucose, the head of
the family, plus 50% fructose.
212
00:12:45,167 --> 00:12:48,077
Now, fructose may well be
213
00:12:48,167 --> 00:12:51,627
the sugar family's
mischievous teenage son,
214
00:12:51,709 --> 00:12:56,959
because in the past this
fructose was very, very rare.
215
00:12:57,042 --> 00:13:01,832
It was found in fruit and vegies
and honey, if you dared.
216
00:13:01,917 --> 00:13:05,957
But now we find it everywhere!
217
00:13:06,042 --> 00:13:09,212
In so many foods we eat.
218
00:13:09,292 --> 00:13:12,792
And you'll always know
if you're eating fructose
219
00:13:12,876 --> 00:13:16,576
'cause it's the thing
that makes food sweet.
220
00:13:16,667 --> 00:13:21,787
You see, people on this planet
are growing sicker every day,
221
00:13:21,876 --> 00:13:24,076
and many scientists now believe
222
00:13:24,167 --> 00:13:27,667
that fructose
has a role to play.
223
00:13:32,042 --> 00:13:34,132
- Hey, hey!
- The first load.
224
00:13:34,209 --> 00:13:38,579
Why don't we make these
middle shelves the sugar zone?
225
00:13:38,667 --> 00:13:42,127
- I love it.
- Here's some juicy juice.
226
00:13:43,501 --> 00:13:45,671
- Juice boxes, babe.
- Yep.
227
00:13:45,751 --> 00:13:47,131
Up&Go.
228
00:13:50,834 --> 00:13:53,424
So, here are the rules
for my next 60 days.
229
00:13:53,501 --> 00:13:56,791
I must consume 40 teaspoons
of sugar a day,
230
00:13:56,876 --> 00:13:58,626
but they must be hidden sugars
231
00:13:58,709 --> 00:14:01,579
found in commonly perceived
healthy foods and drinks.
232
00:14:01,667 --> 00:14:06,167
So no soft drink, chocolate,
confectionary or ice-cream.
233
00:14:06,251 --> 00:14:09,461
These 40 teaspoons of sugar
will consist of sucrose
234
00:14:09,542 --> 00:14:11,582
and fructose specifically.
235
00:14:11,667 --> 00:14:15,077
They can be added, like jam,
or naturally occurring,
236
00:14:15,167 --> 00:14:16,747
like sultanas.
237
00:14:16,834 --> 00:14:19,424
I must always choose
low-fat foods
238
00:14:19,501 --> 00:14:23,711
and maintain the same level
of exercise as I already do.
239
00:14:23,792 --> 00:14:26,082
That's three laps of my garden
twice a week
240
00:14:26,167 --> 00:14:29,247
and a 10-minute workout
on my homemade gym.
241
00:14:29,334 --> 00:14:32,384
And by homemade,
I mean homemade.
242
00:14:39,084 --> 00:14:42,084
Tomorrow morning I start.
What are your feelings?
243
00:14:43,917 --> 00:14:45,287
Uh...
244
00:14:47,959 --> 00:14:49,329
I hope you're OK.
245
00:14:58,834 --> 00:15:02,794
Darling, do we have a metric
cup, like, to measure size?
246
00:15:02,876 --> 00:15:04,246
Yep.
247
00:15:04,334 --> 00:15:06,084
Right,
so, this Just Right tells me
248
00:15:06,167 --> 00:15:10,327
that it's 12 grams of sugar
per serving, right?
249
00:15:10,417 --> 00:15:11,577
So, that's...
250
00:15:11,667 --> 00:15:13,747
Divided by four,
that's roughly three...
251
00:15:13,834 --> 00:15:16,134
..three teaspoons of sugar
per serving.
252
00:15:18,334 --> 00:15:20,214
That's a recommended
serving size
253
00:15:20,292 --> 00:15:21,792
with three teaspoons of sugar.
254
00:15:21,876 --> 00:15:23,876
Now, I don't know about you
but I'm a growing boy.
255
00:15:23,959 --> 00:15:25,629
I'm gonna need
a little bit more of that.
256
00:15:25,709 --> 00:15:28,129
That feels like a shot
of Just Right.
257
00:15:28,209 --> 00:15:29,749
Yeah, maybe 2.5.
258
00:15:31,167 --> 00:15:32,577
OK, so, 2.5...
259
00:15:33,876 --> 00:15:37,826
So, one was just under three
teaspoons, two is six teaspoons,
260
00:15:37,917 --> 00:15:41,827
and the other half
is about 7.5 teaspoons of sugar,
261
00:15:41,917 --> 00:15:43,077
just in that bowl.
262
00:15:43,167 --> 00:15:44,877
And I haven't added
the yoghurt yet.
263
00:15:44,959 --> 00:15:49,459
Per serving there is 27 grams,
264
00:15:49,542 --> 00:15:54,252
but a lot of that's gonna be
lactose, so I reckon 18 grams.
265
00:15:54,334 --> 00:15:57,924
18 divided by 4 is just over 4.
266
00:15:59,667 --> 00:16:02,957
So, four to my seven, so there's
11 teaspoons of sugar,
267
00:16:03,042 --> 00:16:05,082
and then I've gotta
add my juice.
268
00:16:05,167 --> 00:16:09,877
I'm gonna put about 400 mils
of apple juice, that will do me.
269
00:16:09,959 --> 00:16:14,169
There we're looking at nine
teaspoons, so this combined,
270
00:16:14,251 --> 00:16:18,381
I'm looking at nearly
20 teaspoons to start the day.
271
00:16:22,792 --> 00:16:23,882
Hey, David. How are you going?
272
00:16:23,959 --> 00:16:25,129
Good.
How are you?
273
00:16:25,209 --> 00:16:28,289
Mate, I've just got a quick
question. We just were...
274
00:16:28,376 --> 00:16:30,376
I just sort of had
my first breakfast
275
00:16:30,459 --> 00:16:33,379
and it got to about
20 teaspoons.
276
00:16:33,459 --> 00:16:34,959
20 teaspoons?!
277
00:16:35,084 --> 00:16:36,634
I almost
couldn't believe it.
278
00:16:36,709 --> 00:16:41,249
But I did all the maths
and it just seems ridiculous.
279
00:16:41,334 --> 00:16:43,714
Mate, you're
gonna have to be on a diet
280
00:16:43,792 --> 00:16:45,422
for the rest of the day if
you're only allowed to have
281
00:16:45,501 --> 00:16:47,331
20 teaspoons
for the rest of the day.
282
00:16:47,417 --> 00:16:48,667
That's what I mean!
283
00:16:48,751 --> 00:16:50,881
I'll have to eat celery
for the rest of the day.
284
00:16:52,251 --> 00:16:53,921
Just obscene.
285
00:16:55,834 --> 00:16:58,964
When we were still foraging
and hunting and gathering
286
00:16:59,084 --> 00:17:02,214
and trying to search for fruit
and things in our environment,
287
00:17:02,292 --> 00:17:06,082
we needed to be highly attuned
to what sweetness there was,
288
00:17:06,167 --> 00:17:08,377
because we really need
the calories.
289
00:17:08,459 --> 00:17:10,629
And of course now
we bring with us
290
00:17:10,709 --> 00:17:13,579
that ancient lust for sugar,
291
00:17:13,667 --> 00:17:16,167
that ability to find
even small amounts,
292
00:17:16,251 --> 00:17:18,581
and it's a case where
we were looking for a little
293
00:17:18,667 --> 00:17:20,787
but now we have too much.
294
00:17:20,876 --> 00:17:23,956
And so the system,
in an evolutionary terms,
295
00:17:24,042 --> 00:17:26,212
is not really set up
to deal with
296
00:17:26,292 --> 00:17:29,082
this sudden abundance
of highly refined sugar.
297
00:17:36,876 --> 00:17:38,956
After just two days
of the experiment
298
00:17:39,084 --> 00:17:41,334
I was amazed at
how easy it was
299
00:17:41,417 --> 00:17:44,707
to get to 40 teaspoons
without eating any junk food.
300
00:17:46,251 --> 00:17:48,791
I've just had a breakthrough as
to how we might be consuming
301
00:17:48,876 --> 00:17:50,326
so much fructose.
302
00:17:50,417 --> 00:17:52,247
I just bought these four apples.
303
00:17:52,334 --> 00:17:54,834
Now, I know that if I tried
to eat these apples
304
00:17:54,917 --> 00:17:57,627
I'd probably get through
two of them and I'd feel full.
305
00:17:57,709 --> 00:18:01,919
The fibre in the fruit
would tell my body to stop,
306
00:18:02,001 --> 00:18:04,291
it's had enough to eat.
307
00:18:04,376 --> 00:18:07,166
But I wanna see what happens if
I can juice these four apples.
308
00:18:17,876 --> 00:18:21,076
Right, so that's four apples.
309
00:18:21,167 --> 00:18:24,497
That's the sugar from
four apples in one glass.
310
00:18:24,584 --> 00:18:27,084
Now, one apple is about
four teaspoons of sugar,
311
00:18:27,167 --> 00:18:30,827
so that's 16 teaspoons
of sugar in that glass.
312
00:18:30,917 --> 00:18:33,747
See, nature has given us
this perfect little packet,
313
00:18:33,834 --> 00:18:36,174
and it's got all the nutrients,
the fibre
314
00:18:36,251 --> 00:18:37,751
that tells us when we're full,
315
00:18:37,834 --> 00:18:40,214
and just the right amount
of sugar in this.
316
00:18:40,292 --> 00:18:43,292
But what we do is
we invent a machine like this
317
00:18:43,376 --> 00:18:45,956
which extracts only the sugar
318
00:18:46,042 --> 00:18:48,582
and then we throw
everything else away.
319
00:18:56,501 --> 00:18:59,081
This high amount
of sugar in juice,
320
00:18:59,167 --> 00:19:00,787
and drinks in general,
321
00:19:00,876 --> 00:19:04,076
was certainly the biggest
surprise of the first week.
322
00:19:09,167 --> 00:19:13,127
Beverage tend to
really create a rush,
323
00:19:13,209 --> 00:19:15,829
what I kind of call
a tsunami effect.
324
00:19:15,917 --> 00:19:19,787
So you basically have
this huge wave of sugar
325
00:19:19,876 --> 00:19:21,076
that gets to your liver.
326
00:19:21,167 --> 00:19:23,167
And that has a lot
of consequence.
327
00:19:31,917 --> 00:19:35,877
It was now day 12
and time for my first weigh-in.
328
00:19:35,959 --> 00:19:37,789
Moment of truth.
329
00:19:40,251 --> 00:19:43,081
79.3. Huh?
330
00:19:43,167 --> 00:19:45,077
- I'm about to cry.
- Why?
331
00:19:45,167 --> 00:19:46,417
3.2 kilos.
332
00:19:46,501 --> 00:19:48,331
- In 12 days?
- In 12 days.
333
00:19:48,417 --> 00:19:50,827
And that's without
one fizzy drink,
334
00:19:50,917 --> 00:19:52,417
no ice-cream, no chocolate.
335
00:19:52,501 --> 00:19:54,421
That is eating healthy food.
336
00:19:54,501 --> 00:19:56,331
It's alarming.
Alarming, alarming.
337
00:19:56,417 --> 00:19:57,827
Debbie's alarm
wasn't about
338
00:19:57,917 --> 00:19:59,287
the amount of weight
I had gained...
339
00:20:00,876 --> 00:20:02,746
..it was the fact that it was
all around my belly.
340
00:20:02,834 --> 00:20:06,084
This is what's known
as visceral fat.
341
00:20:06,167 --> 00:20:07,417
I'm having a baby!
342
00:20:09,667 --> 00:20:11,707
Here's a great example of it.
343
00:20:11,792 --> 00:20:15,172
On this person,
the fat comes up as black.
344
00:20:15,251 --> 00:20:17,171
You can see there is
a very small amount of fat
345
00:20:17,251 --> 00:20:21,881
just under the skin, but lots of
visceral fat on the inside,
346
00:20:21,959 --> 00:20:23,329
cramping the organs.
347
00:20:24,542 --> 00:20:25,962
There is a term for this:
348
00:20:36,542 --> 00:20:39,132
We know
that with fructose,
349
00:20:39,209 --> 00:20:42,079
you tend to accumulate
more fat in this area.
350
00:20:42,167 --> 00:20:44,627
We don't know why,
but we know, on the other hand,
351
00:20:44,709 --> 00:20:47,879
that when you do accumulate
that fat in this area
352
00:20:47,959 --> 00:20:49,709
you have a lot
of metabolic disease
353
00:20:49,792 --> 00:20:51,172
that are associated with this.
354
00:21:01,042 --> 00:21:03,582
On day 15,
it occurred to me
355
00:21:03,667 --> 00:21:05,457
what 40 teaspoons of sugar
356
00:21:05,542 --> 00:21:07,172
would actually look like
357
00:21:07,251 --> 00:21:10,131
stripped of its cleverly
marketed packaging.
358
00:21:13,084 --> 00:21:17,384
Today I'm gonna eat 40
actual teaspoons of sugar.
359
00:21:17,459 --> 00:21:21,129
Just Right, low-fat yoghurt -
there's 10 teaspoons of sugar.
360
00:21:21,209 --> 00:21:24,959
Here, just a bowl of plain Vita
Brits. So what I'm gonna do...
361
00:21:36,042 --> 00:21:39,382
This now equals that.
362
00:21:48,792 --> 00:21:51,422
It's time for
my midmorning snack.
363
00:21:51,501 --> 00:21:55,081
Now, I could have this
amount of frozen yoghurt or...
364
00:21:58,542 --> 00:21:59,672
11.
365
00:22:07,292 --> 00:22:08,962
So it's lunch.
366
00:22:09,042 --> 00:22:11,382
I have this delicious
piece of chicken here.
367
00:22:12,542 --> 00:22:14,792
Now, I could add half a packet
368
00:22:14,876 --> 00:22:17,956
of this teriyaki chicken
sauce...
369
00:22:18,084 --> 00:22:19,084
..or, alternatively...
370
00:22:27,167 --> 00:22:30,577
Now, to wash it down,
I could have one of these
371
00:22:30,667 --> 00:22:32,167
or...
372
00:22:53,334 --> 00:22:55,084
So, it's the midafternoon slump.
373
00:22:55,167 --> 00:22:59,667
Now, as a pick-me-up, I could
have this Go Natural Superfood
374
00:22:59,751 --> 00:23:02,671
Apple Strawberry Cranberry
Ripple bar
375
00:23:02,751 --> 00:23:07,831
or I could have this 7-teaspoon
water cracker sugar sandwich.
376
00:23:21,876 --> 00:23:23,576
It was at this point
377
00:23:23,667 --> 00:23:26,077
that I thought I'd better
check in with Professor Blood.
378
00:23:27,792 --> 00:23:31,632
The big change is that
the liver function tests
379
00:23:31,709 --> 00:23:34,919
have had an amazing rise
in one of the enzyme levels,
380
00:23:35,001 --> 00:23:36,581
the ALT level.
381
00:23:36,667 --> 00:23:39,787
The ALT is an enzyme
in the liver
382
00:23:39,876 --> 00:23:41,786
which helps
the reactions go out.
383
00:23:41,876 --> 00:23:43,126
If it appears in your blood,
384
00:23:43,209 --> 00:23:44,789
'cause that's where
we measured it,
385
00:23:44,876 --> 00:23:48,496
it shows that the liver cells
are releasing their contents -
386
00:23:48,584 --> 00:23:52,964
i.e., they're being damaged
or dying.
387
00:23:53,042 --> 00:23:54,832
And so the...
388
00:23:54,917 --> 00:23:56,707
You know, the... It's really...
389
00:23:56,792 --> 00:23:59,582
- My liver cells are dying.
- They are. They are.
390
00:23:59,667 --> 00:24:02,417
It's obviously
getting full of fat.
391
00:24:02,501 --> 00:24:04,081
You've got the signs
of a fatty liver.
392
00:24:04,167 --> 00:24:06,457
And this is really
the first time
393
00:24:06,542 --> 00:24:09,752
I've actually seen that it
can be actually developed
394
00:24:09,834 --> 00:24:11,214
in two or three weeks.
395
00:24:12,917 --> 00:24:14,667
Given my liver
has turned to fat
396
00:24:14,751 --> 00:24:16,881
after just 18 days,
397
00:24:16,959 --> 00:24:18,749
I think it's time to take
a closer look
398
00:24:18,834 --> 00:24:21,214
at what sugar does
once it enters the body.
399
00:24:24,501 --> 00:24:27,131
This is the actor
Brenton Thwaites.
400
00:24:27,209 --> 00:24:29,079
He's very kindly
volunteered his body
401
00:24:29,167 --> 00:24:30,827
for the following demonstration.
402
00:24:37,417 --> 00:24:41,417
After sugar enters the body,
it splits into two parts -
403
00:24:41,501 --> 00:24:44,461
fructose and glucose.
404
00:24:44,542 --> 00:24:46,962
Both of which
make their way to the liver.
405
00:24:54,084 --> 00:24:55,504
Now, once in the liver,
406
00:24:55,584 --> 00:24:58,084
the glucose is dealt with
efficiently.
407
00:24:58,167 --> 00:25:00,327
It's either used immediately
for energy
408
00:25:00,417 --> 00:25:03,577
or it's stored for later,
like a spare battery.
409
00:25:03,667 --> 00:25:06,077
But the fructose half of sugar
is very different.
410
00:25:06,167 --> 00:25:08,707
The liver doesn't have a system
to regulate the fructose
411
00:25:08,792 --> 00:25:10,672
because it was so rare
in nature,
412
00:25:10,751 --> 00:25:12,251
so it hoovers it out of
the bloodstream
413
00:25:12,334 --> 00:25:13,754
whether it needs it or not.
414
00:25:13,834 --> 00:25:15,504
And if all our spare
batteries are full,
415
00:25:15,584 --> 00:25:18,084
then it rapidly turns
it into fat.
416
00:25:19,542 --> 00:25:23,132
Some of that fat
is gonna stay in the liver
417
00:25:23,209 --> 00:25:26,249
and you're gonna have
increased risk
418
00:25:26,334 --> 00:25:29,794
for insulin resistance
and diabetes.
419
00:25:29,876 --> 00:25:31,076
What also happens
420
00:25:31,167 --> 00:25:32,957
is that this fat in the liver
421
00:25:33,084 --> 00:25:36,294
is then sent out into the
bloodstream as triglycerides,
422
00:25:36,376 --> 00:25:38,076
which can lead to excess weight
423
00:25:38,167 --> 00:25:40,247
plus blocked arteries
and heart disease.
424
00:25:46,459 --> 00:25:48,079
Now, when we're eating
lots of sugar
425
00:25:48,167 --> 00:25:51,207
and other carbohydrates
like bread and pasta,
426
00:25:51,292 --> 00:25:52,712
we're producing lots of glucose.
427
00:25:53,959 --> 00:25:56,459
A hormone called insulin
is released,
428
00:25:56,542 --> 00:25:59,882
which is like a key that helps
to open our cells' doors
429
00:25:59,959 --> 00:26:01,499
so they can absorb
all the glucose,
430
00:26:01,584 --> 00:26:04,254
remove it from the bloodstream
and burn it for energy.
431
00:26:05,459 --> 00:26:09,209
The more glucose in the blood,
the more insulin is released.
432
00:26:09,292 --> 00:26:12,082
But the key point for us
433
00:26:12,167 --> 00:26:13,957
is that while this insulin
is in the blood
434
00:26:14,042 --> 00:26:15,712
dealing with all the glucose,
435
00:26:15,792 --> 00:26:18,882
it tells our fat cells
to hold on to the fat.
436
00:26:18,959 --> 00:26:22,129
It actually turns off
our fat-burning processes.
437
00:26:22,209 --> 00:26:23,959
So when we're eating
lots of sugar,
438
00:26:24,042 --> 00:26:26,712
we're putting fat into our
bodies via the fatty liver.
439
00:26:26,792 --> 00:26:28,382
Plus, because of
all the glucose,
440
00:26:28,459 --> 00:26:30,329
we maintain
the level of insulin,
441
00:26:30,417 --> 00:26:33,127
which tells our fat cells
to hold on to the fat.
442
00:26:33,209 --> 00:26:34,579
We can't burn off fat
443
00:26:34,667 --> 00:26:37,457
when insulin is around
dealing with all the sugar!
444
00:26:39,167 --> 00:26:40,457
This is what may be happening
445
00:26:40,542 --> 00:26:42,212
to a huge number
of the population.'
446
00:26:44,376 --> 00:26:46,126
It's highly unlikely
with Brenton, though.
447
00:26:52,001 --> 00:26:53,631
The issue
that we're talking about
448
00:26:53,709 --> 00:26:55,709
is that there are these
chronic diseases
449
00:26:55,792 --> 00:26:58,582
related to obesity
and diabetes -
450
00:26:58,667 --> 00:27:00,627
heart disease,
451
00:27:00,709 --> 00:27:04,209
many cancers,
gout, hypertension,
452
00:27:04,292 --> 00:27:08,082
high blood pressure,
possibly Alzheimer's disease.
453
00:27:08,167 --> 00:27:11,287
The question is,
would these diseases exist...
454
00:27:13,084 --> 00:27:14,924
..if sugar wasn't in the diet?
455
00:27:23,001 --> 00:27:26,881
So, this morning I've woken up
and I feel pretty drained.
456
00:27:26,959 --> 00:27:29,669
I had a chicken dish last night
that was pretty sweet.
457
00:27:31,167 --> 00:27:34,957
And I could just tell
that my body feels lethargic
458
00:27:35,042 --> 00:27:39,082
and it's waiting for
its next sugar injection.
459
00:27:40,751 --> 00:27:46,131
So the perfectly named Up&Go
460
00:27:46,209 --> 00:27:48,079
is gonna start my day today.
461
00:27:48,167 --> 00:27:50,627
Banana flavoured with, uh...
462
00:27:52,167 --> 00:27:54,827
..about four to five
teaspoons of sugar.
463
00:27:56,167 --> 00:27:57,287
It was obvious
464
00:27:57,376 --> 00:27:59,416
that sugar was affecting me
physically,
465
00:27:59,501 --> 00:28:00,751
but the real surprise
466
00:28:00,834 --> 00:28:03,294
was the impact it was having
on my moods.
467
00:28:03,376 --> 00:28:05,376
It's amazing, it's so sweet
468
00:28:05,459 --> 00:28:08,079
and I can feel my brain responds
to it straightaway.
469
00:28:08,167 --> 00:28:10,417
Like, it tastes delicious.
470
00:28:10,501 --> 00:28:14,791
The thing I've noticed the most
is the mood swings.
471
00:28:14,876 --> 00:28:17,746
Big highs when I have the sugar
and I feel super alert
472
00:28:17,834 --> 00:28:20,084
and switched on
for about 45 minutes
473
00:28:20,167 --> 00:28:23,577
and then I'll get this feeling
of real lethargy,
474
00:28:23,667 --> 00:28:28,577
I'll feel vague, a bit aloof
until I get that next hit again
475
00:28:28,667 --> 00:28:30,077
and then I'm right to
concentrate.
476
00:28:30,167 --> 00:28:33,077
I just noticed the attention
is reduced
477
00:28:33,167 --> 00:28:35,577
and he's much more distracted.
478
00:28:35,667 --> 00:28:38,287
- Hm.
- And it's very unlike him.
479
00:28:38,376 --> 00:28:39,576
Very unusual.
480
00:28:39,667 --> 00:28:41,877
What you're describing
is absolutely
481
00:28:41,959 --> 00:28:44,579
what the research has shown,
482
00:28:44,667 --> 00:28:47,957
is a high concentration, energy,
483
00:28:48,042 --> 00:28:50,252
followed by a crash.
484
00:28:50,334 --> 00:28:53,214
The brain and body
runs on glucose.
485
00:28:53,292 --> 00:28:57,582
If the glucose level is going
constantly up and down,
486
00:28:57,667 --> 00:29:00,417
you know, zinging high and low
and high and low
487
00:29:00,501 --> 00:29:01,881
and back and forth,
488
00:29:01,959 --> 00:29:05,669
then your mental function
is just unstable.
489
00:29:05,751 --> 00:29:08,211
If your glucose level is stable
490
00:29:08,292 --> 00:29:12,332
and not fluctuating,
then you have more clarity.
491
00:29:12,417 --> 00:29:14,457
It's almost like the body is
492
00:29:14,542 --> 00:29:16,422
getting used to this new reality
that I've created,
493
00:29:16,501 --> 00:29:19,671
and it gets its burst of energy
from the sugar.
494
00:29:19,751 --> 00:29:21,251
And then
when that's not happening,
495
00:29:21,334 --> 00:29:22,924
it's, like, going,
"OK, we're ready."
496
00:29:23,001 --> 00:29:25,711
Like, I guess, I used to smoke,
it's a similar feeling.
497
00:29:25,792 --> 00:29:27,792
Tell me a little bit
more about what it's like
498
00:29:27,876 --> 00:29:29,826
when you've just had
some sugar
499
00:29:29,917 --> 00:29:31,877
and when you're
on the sugar high.
500
00:29:31,959 --> 00:29:33,919
A quite childish thing
comes out in me.
501
00:29:34,001 --> 00:29:36,291
I go, "Whoo," and then I'm
full of beans for a while.
502
00:29:36,376 --> 00:29:39,206
He can be like that
in day-to-day life, too,
503
00:29:39,292 --> 00:29:41,582
he's really fun and playful,
but the difference is
504
00:29:41,667 --> 00:29:44,577
there's a kind of manic edge
to it that wasn't there before.
505
00:29:44,667 --> 00:29:46,667
It's kind of a bit more
like, "Ah'."
506
00:29:46,751 --> 00:29:50,081
Now, the manic state
is quite interesting
507
00:29:50,167 --> 00:29:54,287
because it's not the same
as happiness, right?
508
00:29:54,376 --> 00:29:57,456
There's a sort of a sense
of being wired.
509
00:29:57,542 --> 00:30:00,172
It's raining sugar!
510
00:30:00,251 --> 00:30:02,421
So, it's interesting
'cause that's what we do see.
511
00:30:02,501 --> 00:30:04,881
And I'm not suggesting
you've got bipolar disorder
512
00:30:04,959 --> 00:30:09,669
but it's a phenomena that we
see in that particular condition
513
00:30:09,751 --> 00:30:11,961
where there's a very high mood
514
00:30:12,042 --> 00:30:14,382
but it's not actually
a very pleasant mood.
515
00:30:16,542 --> 00:30:20,672
So, Damon, the way that blood
sugar affects your mood,
516
00:30:20,751 --> 00:30:23,961
I like to explain to people with
a really simple diagram.
517
00:30:24,084 --> 00:30:27,424
So, this is your
blood sugar levels here.
518
00:30:27,501 --> 00:30:31,711
This is the point where
your brain is really happy
519
00:30:31,792 --> 00:30:33,752
'cause it's got enough sugar
to keep it going.
520
00:30:33,834 --> 00:30:36,634
It is your most important organ
in the body, in that way.
521
00:30:36,709 --> 00:30:38,749
When you eat something
that's really sugary,
522
00:30:38,834 --> 00:30:41,634
like lollies or fruit juices,
that sort of thing,
523
00:30:41,709 --> 00:30:44,499
your blood sugar will spike
really quickly
524
00:30:44,584 --> 00:30:47,334
and then it will crash down
again really quickly.
525
00:30:47,417 --> 00:30:50,327
The reason it crashes
really quickly is because,
526
00:30:50,417 --> 00:30:53,207
in response to that sugar,
the body releases insulin,
527
00:30:53,292 --> 00:30:55,502
the hormone that takes
it into the cells
528
00:30:55,584 --> 00:30:56,924
so it can be used for energy.
529
00:30:57,001 --> 00:30:59,461
So, that big crash though
530
00:30:59,542 --> 00:31:01,582
means that your brain's
no longer happy,
531
00:31:01,667 --> 00:31:03,127
so, in response to that,
532
00:31:03,209 --> 00:31:07,169
we get the release of stress
hormones like adrenaline,
533
00:31:07,251 --> 00:31:09,791
which is then signalling
the brain
534
00:31:09,876 --> 00:31:14,126
to tell you to eat something
sugary again
535
00:31:14,209 --> 00:31:17,249
so that we can get it
back up again.
536
00:31:17,334 --> 00:31:21,294
And so, once again, we get
more insulin and it dips down,
537
00:31:21,376 --> 00:31:25,956
and that's why you get
the fluctuations in your mood,
538
00:31:26,042 --> 00:31:29,632
from that sugar
spiking and falling.
539
00:31:29,709 --> 00:31:32,169
And the problem with
the adrenaline
540
00:31:32,251 --> 00:31:34,751
is that that can lead to anxiety
541
00:31:34,834 --> 00:31:36,964
and even panic attacks
542
00:31:37,042 --> 00:31:38,752
because of those
mood changes.
543
00:31:41,001 --> 00:31:42,211
Given my experience
544
00:31:42,292 --> 00:31:44,792
of fluctuating
blood sugar levels,
545
00:31:44,876 --> 00:31:46,376
I couldn't help
but think of children
546
00:31:46,459 --> 00:31:48,579
struggling to learn at school.
547
00:31:48,667 --> 00:31:50,957
Could a diet
full of hidden sugar
548
00:31:51,084 --> 00:31:53,294
be contributing to the problem?
549
00:31:53,376 --> 00:31:55,376
This has had
a very profound impact
550
00:31:55,459 --> 00:31:58,919
on children's behaviour,
on mental illness.
551
00:31:59,001 --> 00:32:01,251
It has exacerbated
many different types
552
00:32:01,334 --> 00:32:02,794
of neurological disorders,
553
00:32:02,876 --> 00:32:05,746
but we don't actually name
what the cause is,
554
00:32:05,834 --> 00:32:07,884
which is the sugar
that's in the diet.
555
00:32:07,959 --> 00:32:09,579
Sugar Crisp
is candy-coated
556
00:32:09,667 --> 00:32:11,827
right down to the last
wheat puff in the box.
557
00:32:11,917 --> 00:32:14,287
- As a cereal it's dandy.
- For snacks it's so handy.
558
00:32:14,376 --> 00:32:15,666
Or eat it like candy.
559
00:32:15,751 --> 00:32:17,331
♪ Post's Sugar Crisp. ♪
560
00:32:28,209 --> 00:32:30,129
Don't laugh. It's for the...
You know why I'm doing it.
561
00:32:43,667 --> 00:32:45,707
The speed
at which my high-sugar diet
562
00:32:45,792 --> 00:32:49,712
was affecting me
took us all by surprise.
563
00:32:49,792 --> 00:32:52,502
I was going to have to expand
the scope of the experiment,
564
00:32:52,584 --> 00:32:55,174
and this would take me
out of town for a few days.
565
00:33:01,876 --> 00:33:05,876
In 2002 I spent some time with
an Aboriginal community
566
00:33:05,959 --> 00:33:08,289
and was stunned by the amount
of sugar they consumed.
567
00:33:10,292 --> 00:33:11,832
Like so many
indigenous cultures
568
00:33:11,917 --> 00:33:13,917
introduced to a Western diet,
569
00:33:14,001 --> 00:33:18,081
their relationship with sugar
seemed particularly destructive.
570
00:33:18,167 --> 00:33:20,457
The Aborigines
have remarkably little sugar
571
00:33:20,542 --> 00:33:22,382
in their diet.
572
00:33:22,459 --> 00:33:25,209
Two or three
small pieces of candy
573
00:33:25,292 --> 00:33:28,672
would be equal to the sum total
of the amount of sweetness
574
00:33:28,751 --> 00:33:31,671
that an Aborigine would get
in one year.
575
00:33:33,417 --> 00:33:34,627
In 2008,
576
00:33:34,709 --> 00:33:37,829
Coca-Cola claimed that
Australia's Northern Territory
577
00:33:37,917 --> 00:33:41,577
was their highest-selling region
per capita in the world.
578
00:33:41,667 --> 00:33:43,207
This was, in large part,
579
00:33:43,292 --> 00:33:46,332
due to the local stores
in the Aboriginal communities.
580
00:33:49,459 --> 00:33:53,919
Just 100km from Uluru
is the small town of Amata.
581
00:33:55,959 --> 00:33:58,129
It has always been alcohol-free,
582
00:33:58,209 --> 00:34:02,829
but in 2007 its population
of just under 400 people
583
00:34:02,917 --> 00:34:05,667
consumed 40,000 litres
of soft drink.
584
00:34:07,959 --> 00:34:11,079
So one Aboriginal man decided
to do something about it.
585
00:34:12,667 --> 00:34:14,077
His name is John Tregenza.
586
00:34:15,459 --> 00:34:18,209
This is his case,
this is his putaru
587
00:34:18,292 --> 00:34:20,422
and this is his nickname.
588
00:34:20,501 --> 00:34:21,421
Why?
589
00:34:21,501 --> 00:34:23,751
'Cause I cut through
the bullshit.
590
00:34:25,501 --> 00:34:28,081
When I first come up here,
in 1973,
591
00:34:28,167 --> 00:34:30,077
I would estimate that,
592
00:34:30,167 --> 00:34:34,327
say, 10% of the people's diet
came from the store,
593
00:34:34,417 --> 00:34:37,877
and now it's almost 100%.
594
00:34:37,959 --> 00:34:40,079
So it was obviously critical
that people's health
595
00:34:40,167 --> 00:34:42,127
depended on what they were
carrying out the store door.
596
00:34:43,459 --> 00:34:45,379
This reliance
on the store
597
00:34:45,459 --> 00:34:48,579
has been caused by a variety
of environmental changes.
598
00:34:48,667 --> 00:34:51,707
The main one being the
introduction of a foreign grass
599
00:34:51,792 --> 00:34:53,422
that took over the plains
600
00:34:53,501 --> 00:34:55,961
and drove away the native plants
and animals
601
00:34:56,042 --> 00:34:58,172
that had provided bush tucker
for centuries.
602
00:35:00,709 --> 00:35:04,579
Being in Amata, it was hard to
believe that only 40 years ago
603
00:35:04,667 --> 00:35:07,747
these people were living
predominantly off the land.
604
00:35:07,834 --> 00:35:11,174
All our families
and old people,
605
00:35:11,251 --> 00:35:15,291
all our grandfathers
and great-great-grandparents,
606
00:35:15,376 --> 00:35:18,786
they only eating bush tucker,
607
00:35:18,876 --> 00:35:22,376
like emus, kangaroos, turkey,
608
00:35:22,459 --> 00:35:25,079
wild tomatoes, wild beets.
609
00:35:25,167 --> 00:35:28,207
And they were healthy,
610
00:35:28,292 --> 00:35:30,582
no sickness.
611
00:35:30,667 --> 00:35:32,877
And then the whitefella
came into Australia,
612
00:35:32,959 --> 00:35:35,129
he bring all the sweet things
613
00:35:35,209 --> 00:35:39,579
like lollies...biscuits,
everything.
614
00:35:41,334 --> 00:35:42,254
With stores filling up
615
00:35:42,334 --> 00:35:44,674
with highly profitable
sugary items
616
00:35:44,751 --> 00:35:48,081
and the community's health
rapidly declining,
617
00:35:48,167 --> 00:35:51,787
John, his colleagues
and a local health council
618
00:35:51,876 --> 00:35:52,916
established a program
619
00:35:53,001 --> 00:35:56,631
to ensure people had access
to fresh, healthy produce.
620
00:35:57,709 --> 00:35:59,709
They called it Mai Wiru
621
00:36:05,876 --> 00:36:08,076
The Mai Wiru quickly
went to work.
622
00:36:08,167 --> 00:36:12,707
They removed deep-fryers,
added free cold water fountains
623
00:36:12,792 --> 00:36:15,672
and hired a nutritionist to
educate the community.
624
00:36:16,959 --> 00:36:18,959
For the children,
they made music videos
625
00:36:19,084 --> 00:36:20,884
with psychedelic vegetables
626
00:36:20,959 --> 00:36:23,249
and put up these signs
on the store's fridges.
627
00:36:24,792 --> 00:36:26,292
I put this one to the test
628
00:36:26,376 --> 00:36:28,126
and I think they might be
onto something.
629
00:36:34,501 --> 00:36:37,751
But, most importantly, the local
people were empowered
630
00:36:37,834 --> 00:36:41,924
and began making their own
decisions about their health.
631
00:36:42,001 --> 00:36:44,081
The community
at Amata decided
632
00:36:44,167 --> 00:36:46,667
that they were wanting to reduce
the amount of sugar intake
633
00:36:46,751 --> 00:36:48,631
that they were having
throughout the community.
634
00:37:04,709 --> 00:37:06,579
The first
high-sugar item to go
635
00:37:06,667 --> 00:37:09,077
was the black fizzy stuff.
636
00:37:09,167 --> 00:37:10,787
Then they've said,
"We don't want Coke,"
637
00:37:10,876 --> 00:37:12,206
so they don't have Coke.
638
00:37:12,292 --> 00:37:15,752
So no-one is upset about it,
it is a decision by the elders.
639
00:37:15,834 --> 00:37:18,134
And so we don't have Coke.
640
00:37:19,792 --> 00:37:22,082
Mai Wiru was working
641
00:37:22,167 --> 00:37:24,167
and in a very short time
Amata had
642
00:37:24,251 --> 00:37:27,251
the lowest rate of sugar
consumption in the region.
643
00:37:28,542 --> 00:37:30,382
With the level
of sugar consumption
644
00:37:30,459 --> 00:37:34,079
in other communities I've been
in, it's astronomical.
645
00:37:34,167 --> 00:37:35,327
It is over the top.
646
00:37:35,417 --> 00:37:37,877
I think the Mai Wiru group,
647
00:37:37,959 --> 00:37:41,879
in itself, could teach a lot of
the other communities a lot.
648
00:37:45,167 --> 00:37:46,577
But just when
everything seemed to be
649
00:37:46,667 --> 00:37:48,787
headed in the right direction,
650
00:37:48,876 --> 00:37:51,076
the government slashed
Mai Wiru's funding.
651
00:37:54,959 --> 00:37:58,249
The organisation is now left
with a skeleton of staff,
652
00:37:58,334 --> 00:37:59,964
the nutritionist was
the first to go.
653
00:38:00,084 --> 00:38:01,754
The Pitjantjatjara
Yankunytjatjara people
654
00:38:01,834 --> 00:38:04,424
really feel it
because it was their idea.
655
00:38:04,501 --> 00:38:09,331
Like, they're the ones
who saw the problem,
656
00:38:09,417 --> 00:38:11,327
they're the ones who bury
their own people,
657
00:38:11,417 --> 00:38:13,287
they're the ones who wanted
to make a change
658
00:38:13,376 --> 00:38:17,076
and they've been
totally ignored,
659
00:38:17,167 --> 00:38:20,287
overridden and having
funding taken off by
660
00:38:20,376 --> 00:38:22,376
the Federal and
State governments
661
00:38:22,459 --> 00:38:24,959
and given to
a non-Aboriginal organisation.
662
00:38:25,042 --> 00:38:26,252
It's really quite outrageous.
663
00:38:29,876 --> 00:38:32,076
The thing that
struck me about Amata
664
00:38:32,167 --> 00:38:34,497
is that although Coke is gone,
665
00:38:34,584 --> 00:38:37,464
without a nutritionist to
continue the education
666
00:38:37,542 --> 00:38:40,422
people are still consuming
vast amounts of sugar
667
00:38:40,501 --> 00:38:41,581
in other products.
668
00:38:44,667 --> 00:38:46,957
And their health is suffering
as a consequence.
669
00:39:04,167 --> 00:39:05,457
There's
a perception abroad
670
00:39:05,542 --> 00:39:08,462
that the problems with
obesity and diabetes
671
00:39:08,542 --> 00:39:10,792
may be related to alcohol,
672
00:39:10,876 --> 00:39:12,826
but here at Amata it's been
a dry community
673
00:39:12,917 --> 00:39:16,417
ever since it was established,
so all of the health problems,
674
00:39:16,501 --> 00:39:18,881
including diabetes
and kidney failure,
675
00:39:18,959 --> 00:39:21,249
is all related to the diet.
676
00:39:25,834 --> 00:39:28,924
John offered to
take me to a special place
677
00:39:29,001 --> 00:39:32,211
where the full effects of a
disabled Mai Wiru can be felt.
678
00:39:39,709 --> 00:39:43,169
I've known
almost everyone buried here.
679
00:39:43,251 --> 00:39:45,461
I've got family members
buried here.
680
00:39:49,292 --> 00:39:53,422
These five graves here
are all people under 40.
681
00:39:55,042 --> 00:39:58,962
That's another young
person in there.
682
00:40:02,001 --> 00:40:04,791
A whole group up here
of two sisters and a brother
683
00:40:04,876 --> 00:40:08,166
who all passed away
from kidney failure.
684
00:40:09,501 --> 00:40:13,211
Most of these deaths
here are premature
685
00:40:13,292 --> 00:40:16,082
and could have been avoided
with correct diet
686
00:40:16,167 --> 00:40:18,377
and access to affordable
healthy food.
687
00:40:18,459 --> 00:40:20,329
It's a complete tragedy.
688
00:40:34,292 --> 00:40:37,082
After four days
in Amata,
689
00:40:37,167 --> 00:40:40,207
it occurred to me that
what is happening to my body
690
00:40:40,292 --> 00:40:42,132
is perhaps a concentrated
version
691
00:40:42,209 --> 00:40:43,709
of what has happened here
692
00:40:43,792 --> 00:40:45,792
and in many other
Indigenous communities.
693
00:40:47,667 --> 00:40:50,207
I'd been sugar-free
for a long time
694
00:40:50,292 --> 00:40:54,082
and now, by suddenly subjecting
myself to a high-sugar diet,
695
00:40:54,167 --> 00:40:56,577
the effects have been both rapid
and acute.
696
00:40:59,792 --> 00:41:01,582
If immediate action isn't taken
697
00:41:01,667 --> 00:41:03,167
to restore the positive
direction
698
00:41:03,251 --> 00:41:05,631
that Mai Wiru was heading in,
699
00:41:05,709 --> 00:41:08,169
then the oldest living culture
on earth
700
00:41:08,251 --> 00:41:10,961
is in great danger
of disappearing.
701
00:41:23,334 --> 00:41:24,584
Oh, look at that.'
702
00:41:24,667 --> 00:41:26,577
81.2.
703
00:41:27,917 --> 00:41:29,417
81.2
704
00:41:29,501 --> 00:41:32,251
- OK, so what's that in...
- 1.6 kilos.
705
00:41:32,334 --> 00:41:35,334
So in a month I've put on five.
706
00:41:35,417 --> 00:41:36,827
Something like that.
707
00:41:36,917 --> 00:41:39,747
- 76.
- You started out at 76, yeah.
708
00:41:39,834 --> 00:41:41,214
Over five kilos.
709
00:41:42,667 --> 00:41:45,247
- Oh, my God.
- What?
710
00:41:45,334 --> 00:41:47,794
Hang on, is that a...
Hang on, don't tell me.
711
00:41:47,876 --> 00:41:48,916
91.
712
00:41:50,001 --> 00:41:51,671
- 91?!
- 91.
713
00:41:51,751 --> 00:41:54,131
So, OK, 7cm.
714
00:41:54,209 --> 00:41:55,129
7cm.
715
00:41:55,209 --> 00:41:57,749
If I keep going for
the next three or four months
716
00:41:57,834 --> 00:42:00,754
at these levels, would I be
knocking on the door of obesity?
717
00:42:00,834 --> 00:42:03,174
Definitely.
You haven't got far to go.
718
00:42:03,251 --> 00:42:05,581
I'm eating a lot more
than I would.
719
00:42:05,667 --> 00:42:08,827
Um...I'm snacking a lot more
than I would have before.
720
00:42:08,917 --> 00:42:11,577
I find it very hard
to feel full.
721
00:42:11,667 --> 00:42:15,957
Not surprising because you're
not eating very much good fats
722
00:42:16,084 --> 00:42:17,254
or proteins.
723
00:42:17,334 --> 00:42:18,674
It's the fat and the protein
724
00:42:18,751 --> 00:42:20,961
that actually helps us
feel fuller.
725
00:42:21,084 --> 00:42:24,174
All the low-fat foods that we've
been told are good for us
726
00:42:24,251 --> 00:42:25,961
and that we should be eating
727
00:42:26,042 --> 00:42:29,252
actually tend to be
higher in sugar anyway,
728
00:42:29,334 --> 00:42:30,464
as you know,
729
00:42:30,542 --> 00:42:33,212
and they're not helping us
to feel full.
730
00:42:35,542 --> 00:42:36,712
With the effects
of sugar
731
00:42:36,792 --> 00:42:38,922
now clearly taking a toll on me,
732
00:42:39,001 --> 00:42:41,751
and having witnessed
its devastation in Amata...
733
00:42:41,834 --> 00:42:42,754
I'm packing.
734
00:42:42,834 --> 00:42:44,214
..I needed to talk
to some people
735
00:42:44,292 --> 00:42:46,502
that knew a lot more about
the subject than I did.
736
00:42:46,584 --> 00:42:48,134
Have a look behind
you.
737
00:42:48,209 --> 00:42:49,709
It's hanging off
my cupboard door.
738
00:42:50,876 --> 00:42:51,876
It was time to head to
739
00:42:51,959 --> 00:42:54,579
the cultural capital
of convenience,
740
00:42:54,667 --> 00:42:57,497
the mecca of the processed
food and sugar industry,
741
00:42:57,584 --> 00:42:59,294
and the current
number-one-ranked
742
00:42:59,376 --> 00:43:01,206
world obesity champion...
743
00:43:01,292 --> 00:43:03,132
Look out, America.
744
00:43:03,209 --> 00:43:05,079
Here comes Sugar Daddy.
745
00:43:28,834 --> 00:43:31,424
So,
we're here in America.
746
00:43:31,501 --> 00:43:33,881
Day one, jet lag.
747
00:43:33,959 --> 00:43:37,919
So I just went in to Jamba Juice
and got me one of these.
748
00:43:39,292 --> 00:43:43,082
139 grams of sugar.
749
00:43:43,167 --> 00:43:44,667
I actually need the calculator
for this.
750
00:43:44,751 --> 00:43:46,211
That...
751
00:43:48,501 --> 00:43:53,081
..that is 34 teaspoons
of sugar...
752
00:43:54,959 --> 00:43:55,879
..in that drink.
753
00:43:55,959 --> 00:43:59,579
That is nearly my daily
allowance in this cup.
754
00:44:01,376 --> 00:44:02,956
What a great jet lag cure.
755
00:44:07,167 --> 00:44:09,667
Wow, wow, wow, wow.
756
00:44:12,876 --> 00:44:14,786
Now, if I was to eat
the same amount of sugar
757
00:44:14,876 --> 00:44:16,286
that was in that smoothie
758
00:44:16,376 --> 00:44:19,826
but the sugar was in
its original fruit packaging
759
00:44:19,917 --> 00:44:23,457
I would have to eat four
peaches, nine limes,
760
00:44:23,542 --> 00:44:26,082
30 lemons and 30 strawberries.
761
00:44:27,167 --> 00:44:30,077
This might be fine for a bear
about to go into hibernation,
762
00:44:30,167 --> 00:44:32,827
but it can have damaging effects
for a human
763
00:44:32,917 --> 00:44:34,747
who thinks they are making
a healthy choice.
764
00:44:37,459 --> 00:44:41,289
One of the interesting conflicts
today is this idea,
765
00:44:41,376 --> 00:44:43,126
pushed by some of our
government...
766
00:44:43,209 --> 00:44:44,579
..well-meaning
government officials,
767
00:44:44,667 --> 00:44:48,327
that if you could just get
Coca-Colas out of McDonald's
768
00:44:48,417 --> 00:44:51,377
and get the kids to drink fruit
smoothies they'd be healthier.
769
00:44:51,459 --> 00:44:52,749
And yet the fruit smoothies have
770
00:44:52,834 --> 00:44:54,714
just as much sugar
as a Coca-Cola.
771
00:44:58,459 --> 00:45:01,249
The first thing I noticed
with American foods
772
00:45:01,334 --> 00:45:05,714
was how difficult it was gonna
be to stay under 40 teaspoons.
773
00:45:06,834 --> 00:45:09,634
It wasn't just the abundance
of sugar in the food
774
00:45:09,709 --> 00:45:11,709
but also the presence
of a sweetener
775
00:45:11,792 --> 00:45:13,582
called high fructose corn syrup.
776
00:45:16,167 --> 00:45:19,327
Its primary delivery system
is soft drink,
777
00:45:19,417 --> 00:45:22,207
which adds roughly
4,000 teaspoons a year
778
00:45:22,292 --> 00:45:23,922
to the diet of each American.
779
00:45:25,042 --> 00:45:26,292
People don't actually
realise
780
00:45:26,376 --> 00:45:28,126
that high fructose corn syrup
and sugar
781
00:45:28,209 --> 00:45:30,379
are virtually identical.
782
00:45:30,459 --> 00:45:33,669
See, corn refiners back in
the 1980s did their best
783
00:45:33,751 --> 00:45:35,831
to make sure
that people didn't equate
784
00:45:35,917 --> 00:45:38,077
high fructose
corn syrup with sugar.
785
00:45:38,167 --> 00:45:39,577
Flash forward 20 years later,
786
00:45:39,667 --> 00:45:41,877
people are blaming
high fructose corn syrup
787
00:45:41,959 --> 00:45:43,629
for the obesity epidemic.
788
00:45:43,709 --> 00:45:46,829
And now the corn refiners
are desperately trying to say
789
00:45:46,917 --> 00:45:49,577
that they are sugar,
they're no different,
790
00:45:49,667 --> 00:45:51,877
and the sugar industry's going,
"No, you're not.
791
00:45:51,959 --> 00:45:53,329
"You're entirely different."
792
00:45:58,209 --> 00:46:00,249
With sugar
and high fructose corn syrup
793
00:46:00,334 --> 00:46:02,084
now in the spotlight,
794
00:46:02,167 --> 00:46:03,747
I notice that companies
are using
795
00:46:03,834 --> 00:46:05,924
a range of seductive names
796
00:46:06,001 --> 00:46:08,251
for other fructose-based
sweeteners.
797
00:46:10,667 --> 00:46:11,957
Any sugar -
798
00:46:12,084 --> 00:46:16,084
brown sugar, white sugar,
high fructose corn syrup,
799
00:46:16,167 --> 00:46:18,377
fruit juice concentrate
from fruit juice -
800
00:46:18,459 --> 00:46:20,579
equal effect on your health.
801
00:46:31,417 --> 00:46:33,827
Not feeling very well
at all today.
802
00:46:33,917 --> 00:46:37,577
Nauseous in my stomach
and had a headache all morning.
803
00:46:37,667 --> 00:46:39,327
And it's interesting,
'cause we're driving through
804
00:46:39,417 --> 00:46:42,627
rural America now,
we're in North Carolina.
805
00:46:48,542 --> 00:46:52,332
It's so hard to get any kind
of decent food.
806
00:46:52,417 --> 00:46:54,457
There are signs that say
'food exit',
807
00:46:54,542 --> 00:46:56,382
but that food
is either McDonald's
808
00:46:56,459 --> 00:46:59,209
or Taco Bell or KFC.
809
00:46:59,292 --> 00:47:00,712
It's impossible.
810
00:47:00,792 --> 00:47:01,792
And if you grow up as a kid
811
00:47:01,876 --> 00:47:04,576
and this is your only experience
of food
812
00:47:04,667 --> 00:47:06,127
and what food is,
813
00:47:06,209 --> 00:47:09,289
it's little wonder that there's
a massive problem
814
00:47:09,376 --> 00:47:10,786
in this country.
815
00:47:47,667 --> 00:47:49,917
The next stop was
Barbourville, Kentucky.
816
00:47:51,542 --> 00:47:53,962
In the great cola wars
of the 1990s,
817
00:47:54,084 --> 00:47:57,174
Pepsi and Coke were
engaged in a fierce battle.
818
00:47:57,251 --> 00:47:59,921
The Pepsi army took
a strong foothold
819
00:48:00,001 --> 00:48:02,211
in the state of Kentucky
820
00:48:02,292 --> 00:48:06,252
and their number-one sniper
is the drink Mountain Dew.
821
00:48:06,334 --> 00:48:08,884
In this 1.25-litre bottle
822
00:48:08,959 --> 00:48:11,459
you'll find 37 teaspoons
of sugar
823
00:48:11,542 --> 00:48:15,712
and 40% more caffeine than
the same size bottle of Coke.
824
00:48:17,876 --> 00:48:19,826
The people of Kentucky
have understandably had
825
00:48:19,917 --> 00:48:21,957
some problems with their teeth,
826
00:48:22,084 --> 00:48:25,214
and one dentist is doing
something about it.
827
00:48:25,292 --> 00:48:26,962
His name is Edwin Smith.
828
00:48:28,167 --> 00:48:30,577
This is his letterbox,
this is his daughter
829
00:48:30,667 --> 00:48:33,077
and this is him
as a collectable figurine.
830
00:48:34,584 --> 00:48:37,424
Edwin drives around the state
of Kentucky in RVs
831
00:48:37,501 --> 00:48:40,421
he has converted
into mobile dental clinics.
832
00:48:40,501 --> 00:48:43,331
He and his team visit schools,
educate the kids
833
00:48:43,417 --> 00:48:45,827
and treat their teeth.
834
00:48:45,917 --> 00:48:46,917
Early in my practice
835
00:48:47,001 --> 00:48:50,581
I saw these patients who
would have this unusual decay,
836
00:48:50,667 --> 00:48:52,457
brown decay,
around the gum line,
837
00:48:52,542 --> 00:48:53,832
usually the front teeth.
838
00:48:53,917 --> 00:48:55,957
Most of these people were
addicted to Mountain Dew,
839
00:48:56,084 --> 00:48:57,464
in particular.
840
00:48:57,542 --> 00:49:00,882
And that's where
we came up with the term
841
00:49:00,959 --> 00:49:02,079
'Mountain Dew mouth'.
842
00:49:05,042 --> 00:49:07,632
I've talked to some kids who say
they may drink 10 a day.
843
00:49:07,709 --> 00:49:09,579
They started drinking it
so early that they don't know
844
00:49:09,667 --> 00:49:10,827
when they started.
845
00:49:10,917 --> 00:49:13,077
Mountain Dew will
tickle your innards
846
00:49:13,167 --> 00:49:15,747
'cause there's a bang
in every bottle.
847
00:49:15,834 --> 00:49:17,294
They take the lid off,
they take a drink.
848
00:49:17,376 --> 00:49:19,376
20 minutes or so,
it starts to wear off
849
00:49:19,459 --> 00:49:20,579
and they take another drink.
850
00:49:20,667 --> 00:49:23,207
It takes the oral cavity
about 20 minutes
851
00:49:23,292 --> 00:49:25,252
to cleanse itself naturally
with saliva,
852
00:49:25,334 --> 00:49:27,884
so if you're taking a drink
every 20 minutes,
853
00:49:27,959 --> 00:49:31,829
it's as though you're bathing
your teeth in this all day long.
854
00:49:37,167 --> 00:49:39,417
What's the youngest
kids that you treat?
855
00:49:39,501 --> 00:49:40,881
Sometimes 3-year-olds,
856
00:49:40,959 --> 00:49:43,629
3-, 4-year-olds that have
a lot of tooth decay.
857
00:49:43,709 --> 00:49:48,579
And those are usually what they
call baby bottle tooth decay,
858
00:49:48,667 --> 00:49:51,457
and that's from having juices
in baby bottles.
859
00:49:51,542 --> 00:49:54,962
Sometimes it's from having soft
drinks in the baby bottles, too.
860
00:49:56,334 --> 00:49:58,964
Do you do the majority
of your treatments in Kentucky?
861
00:49:59,042 --> 00:50:01,082
- Yes. Yeah.
- OK.
862
00:50:01,167 --> 00:50:03,457
It's eastern Kentucky,
the Appalachian region,
863
00:50:03,542 --> 00:50:04,462
the mountains.
864
00:50:04,542 --> 00:50:05,962
That's the poorest region
in the state.
865
00:50:06,084 --> 00:50:08,134
It's directly related
to poverty.
866
00:50:08,209 --> 00:50:09,129
Yep.
867
00:50:19,167 --> 00:50:21,207
It's pretty common
for people around here
868
00:50:21,292 --> 00:50:23,172
to drink a lot of pop.
869
00:50:23,251 --> 00:50:25,251
Mainly it's Mountain Dew
and Pepsi.
870
00:50:25,334 --> 00:50:28,884
This is 17-year-old
Larry Hammons.
871
00:50:28,959 --> 00:50:31,579
He's lived in Kentucky
all his life.
872
00:50:31,667 --> 00:50:34,577
This is his tatt,
this is his favourite T-shirt
873
00:50:34,667 --> 00:50:37,247
and these are his teeth.
874
00:50:40,084 --> 00:50:41,964
My 18th birthday's in eight days
875
00:50:42,084 --> 00:50:43,834
and, I mean,
876
00:50:43,917 --> 00:50:46,457
people look down upon me
because of my teeth.
877
00:50:46,542 --> 00:50:49,422
As I was a kid I was never
worried about my teeth
878
00:50:49,501 --> 00:50:51,881
and I would just take a pop
everywhere I went
879
00:50:51,959 --> 00:50:54,129
and I'd always have
one in my hand.
880
00:50:54,209 --> 00:50:55,459
And how old do you
reckon you were
881
00:50:55,542 --> 00:50:57,582
when you had your first
Mountain Dew, like, how old?
882
00:50:57,667 --> 00:50:59,417
I would probably say two
or three.
883
00:51:00,834 --> 00:51:03,084
And how much a day
would you say you have?
884
00:51:03,167 --> 00:51:05,707
I would say at least four
or five bottles.
885
00:51:05,792 --> 00:51:09,832
If it was cans,
I would say at least a 12-pack.
886
00:51:09,917 --> 00:51:11,667
12 cans a day.
887
00:51:11,751 --> 00:51:14,581
Man, are there people
doing that in this town?
888
00:51:14,667 --> 00:51:15,877
Yeah.
889
00:51:15,959 --> 00:51:17,789
What about...You were talking
about your cousin before.
890
00:51:17,876 --> 00:51:21,956
I would say about six
or seven cans a day,
891
00:51:22,042 --> 00:51:24,082
and he's only three years old.
892
00:51:25,167 --> 00:51:27,707
Wow. And how does he...
Does he drink it from the can?
893
00:51:27,792 --> 00:51:30,582
No, from a bottle.
She puts it in his bottle.
894
00:51:36,501 --> 00:51:38,461
Edwin is meeting
Larry today
895
00:51:38,542 --> 00:51:40,582
because he plans to remove
all of his teeth
896
00:51:40,667 --> 00:51:42,457
and replace them with dentures.
897
00:51:44,959 --> 00:51:48,249
He has 26 teeth that
need to be extracted altogether.
898
00:51:49,417 --> 00:51:52,957
I'd like to say that that's
really rare but it's not.
899
00:51:53,084 --> 00:51:55,134
- You doing OK, Larry?
- Yeah, pretty good.
900
00:51:55,209 --> 00:51:56,579
- Nervous.
- OK.
901
00:51:56,667 --> 00:51:58,417
Have you got any questions
about today?
902
00:51:58,501 --> 00:52:00,581
- Yeah.
- What?
903
00:52:00,667 --> 00:52:02,667
When can we get this started?
904
00:52:12,417 --> 00:52:14,747
Can we get his mom in here?
OK.
905
00:52:14,834 --> 00:52:18,254
I don't want no pain for him.
I wish I could take it for him.
906
00:53:34,167 --> 00:53:35,577
You're doing well,
mate.
907
00:53:37,251 --> 00:53:38,211
Hell no.
908
00:53:39,417 --> 00:53:40,417
You're a brave man.
909
00:53:40,501 --> 00:53:42,961
My blood pressure is saying,
"Whoosh."
910
00:53:43,084 --> 00:53:44,334
Yeah.
911
00:53:44,417 --> 00:53:46,787
Well, right now,
Larry doesn't feel numb,
912
00:53:46,876 --> 00:53:49,876
and I think we have a couple of
factors playing a role in that.
913
00:53:49,959 --> 00:53:53,959
One is that he's very nervous
and the adrenaline's flowing,
914
00:53:54,042 --> 00:53:57,212
and the other is that he has
infection in there
915
00:53:57,292 --> 00:53:58,712
and has had infection
for some time,
916
00:53:58,792 --> 00:54:01,922
so the anaesthetic does not
take effect as well.
917
00:54:03,042 --> 00:54:04,582
The condition his teeth
are in now
918
00:54:04,667 --> 00:54:06,787
you know he's suffered a lot
before he's even been here,
919
00:54:06,876 --> 00:54:09,376
so he knows what pain is.
920
00:54:11,376 --> 00:54:12,876
Due to infection,
921
00:54:12,959 --> 00:54:16,419
no amount of anaesthetic
would work on Larry's gums,
922
00:54:16,501 --> 00:54:18,751
so Edwin has decided to
postpone the procedure
923
00:54:18,834 --> 00:54:19,964
for another day.
924
00:54:23,417 --> 00:54:26,787
When contacted,
Pepsi said that in moderation
925
00:54:26,876 --> 00:54:30,076
Mountain Dew is part of
a healthy, balanced diet.
926
00:54:30,167 --> 00:54:32,747
But I would argue that any drink
with that much sugar
927
00:54:32,834 --> 00:54:34,084
and caffeine in it
928
00:54:34,167 --> 00:54:36,667
is quite difficult to have
in moderation.
929
00:54:39,542 --> 00:54:41,792
In fact, despite sitting through
Larry's ordeal,
930
00:54:41,876 --> 00:54:44,246
the biggest shock came
when Larry told me
931
00:54:44,334 --> 00:54:48,084
that he still loved Mountain Dew
and would continue to drink it.
932
00:54:56,459 --> 00:54:59,829
Hi, honey.'
Oh, it was an amazing day.
933
00:54:59,917 --> 00:55:02,957
When you think of Amata
and now this,
934
00:55:03,084 --> 00:55:05,964
you're seeing the direct effects
of what sugar's doing,
935
00:55:06,042 --> 00:55:08,082
and the companies,
they just don't see it
936
00:55:08,167 --> 00:55:11,417
because they're...they're
worried about making money,
937
00:55:11,501 --> 00:55:14,211
they're not on the ground level
seeing the effects,
938
00:55:14,292 --> 00:55:15,922
and they don't care, really.
939
00:55:16,001 --> 00:55:18,631
And I spoke to
the dentist about, like,
940
00:55:18,709 --> 00:55:20,789
what Pepsi have done about it
and stuff, and he said,
941
00:55:20,876 --> 00:55:22,706
"Oh, look, they contacted me
and said,
942
00:55:22,792 --> 00:55:24,082
"'Look, we really wanna help you
out,'"
943
00:55:24,167 --> 00:55:26,577
and, you know,
so they've bought an RV,
944
00:55:26,667 --> 00:55:29,377
another car to help with
the kids, but he's, like,
945
00:55:29,459 --> 00:55:30,829
"Look, yeah, it's good,"
946
00:55:30,917 --> 00:55:34,627
but they don't really need
an RV, they need education.
947
00:55:34,709 --> 00:55:35,749
But, as he said today...
948
00:55:35,834 --> 00:55:38,134
They need to not drink
Mountain Dew every day.
949
00:55:38,209 --> 00:55:40,129
But, as he said, they're not
gonna educate the kids
950
00:55:40,209 --> 00:55:41,629
'cause that means
they'll stop drinking it,
951
00:55:41,709 --> 00:55:43,329
and that's a disaster
for them.
952
00:55:52,917 --> 00:55:54,457
My experience with Larry
953
00:55:54,542 --> 00:55:57,582
led me to a Pulitzer
Prize-winning author
954
00:55:57,667 --> 00:56:00,077
who has written extensively
on how the food giants
955
00:56:00,167 --> 00:56:02,167
have got us hooked
on their products.
956
00:56:03,792 --> 00:56:06,672
You can't underestimate
957
00:56:06,751 --> 00:56:09,581
the amount of scientific effort
958
00:56:09,667 --> 00:56:12,957
that these companies
will put into
959
00:56:13,042 --> 00:56:16,582
maximising the allure
of their products.
960
00:56:17,792 --> 00:56:20,462
Understanding the sort of
fundamentals
961
00:56:20,542 --> 00:56:21,882
of how we taste
962
00:56:21,959 --> 00:56:27,079
and why we crave
and what makes food addictive.
963
00:56:27,167 --> 00:56:29,707
I was lucky enough
to spend some time
964
00:56:29,792 --> 00:56:33,082
with a legend in
the processed food industry.
965
00:56:33,167 --> 00:56:35,327
His name is Howard Moskowitz.
966
00:56:35,417 --> 00:56:38,627
And he walked me through
his recent creation
967
00:56:38,709 --> 00:56:41,379
of a new soda flavour
for Dr Pepper.
968
00:56:42,667 --> 00:56:48,917
He started with 61 levels of
sweeteners in the formulation,
969
00:56:49,001 --> 00:56:51,921
subjected that to
more than 3,000
970
00:56:52,001 --> 00:56:54,711
consumer taste tests
around the country,
971
00:56:54,792 --> 00:56:56,882
then took that data
972
00:56:56,959 --> 00:57:01,629
and out came the optimum
level of sweetness
973
00:57:01,709 --> 00:57:05,669
that was guaranteed to send
their new soda
974
00:57:05,751 --> 00:57:07,751
flying off the shelf.
975
00:57:16,334 --> 00:57:18,424
Behind
the closed doors of industry,
976
00:57:18,501 --> 00:57:20,711
this optimal amount of sugar
977
00:57:20,792 --> 00:57:23,212
is referred to as
'the bliss point'.
978
00:57:26,292 --> 00:57:27,962
Back in the 1970s,
979
00:57:28,042 --> 00:57:29,382
Howard Moskowitz discovered
980
00:57:29,459 --> 00:57:32,079
that as you increase
the amount of sugar in a product
981
00:57:32,167 --> 00:57:34,077
people liked it more and more.
982
00:57:34,167 --> 00:57:35,577
But then they peaked
983
00:57:35,667 --> 00:57:37,287
and if any more sugar
was added
984
00:57:37,376 --> 00:57:39,076
then they stopped liking it.
985
00:57:39,167 --> 00:57:41,287
So I discovered the bliss point,
986
00:57:41,376 --> 00:57:43,286
and that's what it was
christened - the bliss point.
987
00:57:43,376 --> 00:57:48,956
Well, fast forward 45 years
later, it means pasta sauce,
988
00:57:49,042 --> 00:57:52,712
it means sodas,
it means cereals.
989
00:57:52,792 --> 00:57:56,582
Creating bliss points in
products all over the place
990
00:57:56,667 --> 00:58:00,167
is exploiting the biology
of the child.
991
00:58:01,459 --> 00:58:04,209
You know, it's created
this expectation in kids
992
00:58:04,292 --> 00:58:09,582
that everything
they eat should taste sweet,
993
00:58:09,667 --> 00:58:13,207
so when you get to
the vegetable aisle, right,
994
00:58:13,292 --> 00:58:16,082
and you're trying to get little
Mikey to eat that broccoli
995
00:58:16,167 --> 00:58:18,667
and he starts tasting
those bitter notes, right,
996
00:58:18,751 --> 00:58:20,211
instead of sweetness, you know,
997
00:58:20,292 --> 00:58:23,252
you're in for a load of trouble
as a parent.
998
00:58:28,251 --> 00:58:30,421
It's understandable
that our palates have adjusted
999
00:58:30,501 --> 00:58:32,961
to all of these
blissed out foods
1000
00:58:33,084 --> 00:58:36,084
when we have such
a primal desire for sweet.
1001
00:58:37,376 --> 00:58:40,456
Even Mother Nature herself
has created a berry
1002
00:58:40,542 --> 00:58:42,462
that makes everything
taste sweet.
1003
00:58:44,917 --> 00:58:49,127
So, in front of me
I have three food items
1004
00:58:49,209 --> 00:58:51,879
that it's fair to say
I don't enjoy.
1005
00:58:51,959 --> 00:58:56,789
This here piping hot chilli,
this here sour lemon
1006
00:58:56,876 --> 00:59:00,456
and this nasty bottle
of apple cider vinegar.
1007
00:59:01,667 --> 00:59:03,627
But apparently
1008
00:59:03,709 --> 00:59:07,709
if I put this miracle berry
onto my tongue
1009
00:59:07,792 --> 00:59:11,212
and then eat those things,
1010
00:59:11,292 --> 00:59:14,172
it's supposed to make them
taste sweet.
1011
00:59:25,751 --> 00:59:28,081
No way!
1012
00:59:30,667 --> 00:59:31,957
That's an orange.
1013
00:59:34,417 --> 00:59:35,827
I'm dubious.
1014
00:59:44,667 --> 00:59:47,327
When it hit my throat
it was really intense,
1015
00:59:47,417 --> 00:59:49,127
but in the mouth...
1016
00:59:50,667 --> 00:59:51,707
..I don't know what
it tasted like.
1017
00:59:51,792 --> 00:59:54,502
Maybe, um...lemonade
kind of thing.
1018
00:59:54,584 --> 00:59:57,964
Wasn't too sweet, but it was not
apple cider vinegar.
1019
01:00:00,251 --> 01:00:02,581
But this has got me nervous.
1020
01:00:02,667 --> 01:00:05,827
I do not like chilli at all.
1021
01:00:15,167 --> 01:00:16,577
Please work.
1022
01:00:24,209 --> 01:00:25,379
Nothing.
1023
01:00:25,459 --> 01:00:28,209
Oh! It's hit my throat, though!
1024
01:00:29,417 --> 01:00:31,707
There's no miracle berry
on my oesophagus.
1025
01:00:33,709 --> 01:00:35,079
Damn.
1026
01:00:36,542 --> 01:00:38,962
This experiment
with my tastebuds
1027
01:00:39,042 --> 01:00:42,582
made me realise what the food
companies have always known -
1028
01:00:42,667 --> 01:00:45,787
that adding sweetness
can make anything palatable.
1029
01:00:45,876 --> 01:00:48,286
I'm so sorry.
1030
01:00:48,376 --> 01:00:49,456
Well, almost anything.
1031
01:00:58,167 --> 01:01:00,707
It was now day 35,
1032
01:01:00,792 --> 01:01:01,962
and the rule of the experiment
1033
01:01:02,042 --> 01:01:04,082
I was finding increasingly hard
to maintain
1034
01:01:04,167 --> 01:01:05,917
was exercise.
1035
01:01:07,084 --> 01:01:08,834
My motivation had plummeted.
1036
01:01:08,917 --> 01:01:09,917
My heart hurts.
1037
01:01:24,251 --> 01:01:25,961
Hello, Sharon.
1038
01:01:26,084 --> 01:01:27,464
How are you feeling?
1039
01:01:28,876 --> 01:01:32,076
Well, if you could see
me you would not recognise me,
1040
01:01:32,167 --> 01:01:34,667
'cause there's a few pimples
that have arrived,
1041
01:01:34,751 --> 01:01:37,581
there's a lot of fat
and fullness in my face,
1042
01:01:37,667 --> 01:01:41,957
and my tummy is really
quite something to behold.
1043
01:01:42,042 --> 01:01:44,582
I can't fit into my favourite
new shorts anymore,
1044
01:01:44,667 --> 01:01:46,957
which is a bit disappointing.
1045
01:01:47,042 --> 01:01:48,752
When did the pimples
break out?
1046
01:01:50,459 --> 01:01:51,959
About three days ago.
1047
01:01:52,084 --> 01:01:57,964
Um...it's probably
your liver reacting.
1048
01:01:58,042 --> 01:02:01,752
Often skin conditions
are related
1049
01:02:01,834 --> 01:02:04,214
to poor liver functioning.
1050
01:02:04,292 --> 01:02:07,792
So, if someone's on a sort of,
like, high-processed sugar diet,
1051
01:02:07,876 --> 01:02:11,376
you'll see it in their eyes,
you'll see bags under the eyes,
1052
01:02:11,459 --> 01:02:12,959
you'll see it in their skin.
1053
01:02:13,084 --> 01:02:17,584
Whether they're here or they're
just really drawn and lethargic.
1054
01:02:21,667 --> 01:02:24,577
Sugar's effects on me
physically were obvious,
1055
01:02:24,667 --> 01:02:28,627
but my cravings for it and
the mental toll it was taking
1056
01:02:28,709 --> 01:02:31,789
prompted me to explore what
it was doing to my brain.
1057
01:02:33,417 --> 01:02:36,827
So I took my pimply face to
the Oregon Research Institute.
1058
01:02:39,209 --> 01:02:42,579
This group of scientists, who
I'm trusting enormously,
1059
01:02:42,667 --> 01:02:45,327
own this colossal
magnetic sucking machine
1060
01:02:45,417 --> 01:02:46,827
called an FMRI...
1061
01:02:47,917 --> 01:02:51,077
..which they are going to
put me and my brain into.
1062
01:02:52,167 --> 01:02:54,497
They will then show me
images of this high-sugar,
1063
01:02:54,584 --> 01:02:57,384
low-fat milkshake and
then feed me the milkshake
1064
01:02:57,459 --> 01:02:58,959
through a special megastraw.
1065
01:03:01,251 --> 01:03:03,381
Then they'll take
some photos of my brain
1066
01:03:03,459 --> 01:03:05,079
and show me how it reacted.
1067
01:03:05,167 --> 01:03:06,957
Wow.
1068
01:03:14,001 --> 01:03:15,831
Now I'm gonna climb
into my own brain
1069
01:03:15,917 --> 01:03:17,957
and see what effects
sugar just had on it.
1070
01:03:29,417 --> 01:03:32,167
Now, the first step is that we
see what's called a cue,
1071
01:03:32,251 --> 01:03:34,081
or a trigger -
1072
01:03:34,167 --> 01:03:36,167
which, in my case,
was the milkshake.
1073
01:03:36,251 --> 01:03:39,791
It can be a picture of one
or the real thing.
1074
01:03:39,876 --> 01:03:42,126
Now, when we see this sugary
cue, or trigger,
1075
01:03:42,209 --> 01:03:45,579
a chemical called dopamine
is released in our brain.
1076
01:03:45,667 --> 01:03:48,327
This is an evolutionary urge
when sweetness was rare,
1077
01:03:48,417 --> 01:03:51,247
so when we saw it,
our brain said, "Get that,
1078
01:03:51,334 --> 01:03:53,794
"'cause you need it for quick
energy and to feel good."
1079
01:03:55,251 --> 01:03:58,251
Now, the next step is that
we get the sugary item.
1080
01:03:58,334 --> 01:04:01,794
We bring it to our mouth
and we taste its sweetness.
1081
01:04:02,959 --> 01:04:04,829
It's then that chemicals
called opioids
1082
01:04:04,917 --> 01:04:08,287
and beta-endorphins are
released and we feel terrific.
1083
01:04:09,751 --> 01:04:12,331
Sugar loads have the same
reward areas as nicotine,
1084
01:04:12,417 --> 01:04:14,077
cocaine and sex!
1085
01:04:17,167 --> 01:04:19,167
But it doesn't last long.
1086
01:04:19,251 --> 01:04:22,081
Now, if some of us eat
sugary foods often enough
1087
01:04:22,167 --> 01:04:24,877
and establish this happy feeling
of reward,
1088
01:04:24,959 --> 01:04:27,789
it can create subconscious
or mindless habits,
1089
01:04:27,876 --> 01:04:31,076
which are easily triggered by
more images of sugary foods.
1090
01:04:34,042 --> 01:04:36,082
Throw into the mix that
the fructose half of sugar
1091
01:04:36,167 --> 01:04:38,417
also affects our appetite
control centres,
1092
01:04:38,501 --> 01:04:41,461
plus the glucose half
affects our moods,
1093
01:04:41,542 --> 01:04:43,712
and suddenly we have
a very volatile combination
1094
01:04:43,792 --> 01:04:44,712
on our hands.
1095
01:04:48,001 --> 01:04:50,381
One of the very interesting
emerging findings
1096
01:04:50,459 --> 01:04:52,579
in this literature is
1097
01:04:52,667 --> 01:04:54,917
the more you eat
high-sugar foods,
1098
01:04:55,001 --> 01:04:57,171
the more you're gonna desire
high-sugar foods
1099
01:04:57,251 --> 01:04:58,671
and wanna continue
eating them.
1100
01:05:02,792 --> 01:05:06,422
This desire to wanna
keep eating more sugary foods
1101
01:05:06,501 --> 01:05:08,171
sounds a lot like
addictive behaviour.
1102
01:05:11,917 --> 01:05:15,957
Serge Ahmed, who's
now in Bordeaux, in France,
1103
01:05:16,042 --> 01:05:20,502
published a really cool study
where he basically showed that
1104
01:05:20,584 --> 01:05:24,384
rats will work harder for sugar
than they will for cocaine.
1105
01:05:24,459 --> 01:05:26,959
Unlike the drug dealer,
who's, you know,
1106
01:05:27,084 --> 01:05:29,134
squired away some place hiding,
1107
01:05:29,209 --> 01:05:35,749
the food giants are in your face
everywhere you go.
1108
01:05:37,292 --> 01:05:39,292
In the boardrooms
of these food giants,
1109
01:05:39,376 --> 01:05:42,286
'addiction' is a dirty word.
1110
01:05:42,376 --> 01:05:45,326
When it comes to obesity
and illness,
1111
01:05:45,417 --> 01:05:47,917
the food industry have always
argued that people need to take
1112
01:05:48,001 --> 01:05:51,251
personal responsibility
for their food choices.
1113
01:05:51,334 --> 01:05:52,924
When it comes to
eating,
1114
01:05:53,001 --> 01:05:54,501
fat people are
basically very stupid.
1115
01:05:54,584 --> 01:05:56,214
No, but, you see,
I was away this weekend
1116
01:05:56,292 --> 01:05:57,962
and it is difficult
in friends' houses.
1117
01:05:58,084 --> 01:06:00,924
OK, Mrs Wright,
no more chocolates.
1118
01:06:02,542 --> 01:06:04,082
For more
than 50 years,
1119
01:06:04,167 --> 01:06:07,127
the food industry has insisted
that obesity is caused
1120
01:06:07,209 --> 01:06:10,079
by too many calories
and not enough exercise.
1121
01:06:10,167 --> 01:06:13,327
Which implies that
anyone overweight
1122
01:06:13,417 --> 01:06:15,667
is simply lazy or greedy.
1123
01:06:18,584 --> 01:06:20,084
OK, so, we just passed halfway.
1124
01:06:21,667 --> 01:06:23,787
And I've never counted
calories in my life.
1125
01:06:25,167 --> 01:06:27,077
I'm trying my best
in this experiment.
1126
01:06:27,167 --> 01:06:29,577
It's hard to be accurate,
obviously.
1127
01:06:29,667 --> 01:06:35,077
But it looks like my calories
so far are pretty much
1128
01:06:35,167 --> 01:06:37,457
exactly the same as they were
pre-experiment.
1129
01:06:39,042 --> 01:06:40,582
And that feels strange because
1130
01:06:40,667 --> 01:06:42,627
I feel like I'm eating
a lot more.
1131
01:06:42,709 --> 01:06:44,209
But I can see here that
1132
01:06:44,292 --> 01:06:45,882
when I was eating,
pre-experiment,
1133
01:06:45,959 --> 01:06:47,879
avocado and nuts and stuff,
1134
01:06:47,959 --> 01:06:50,579
there's a lot more calories
in fat than there is in sugar.
1135
01:06:50,667 --> 01:06:52,877
So...in fact, it's half.
1136
01:06:52,959 --> 01:06:55,329
Like, nine calories
per gram of fat
1137
01:06:55,417 --> 01:06:57,627
whereas sugar's only got
four calories,
1138
01:06:57,709 --> 01:07:00,249
so I can see why we're told that
sugar's OK and don't eat fat,
1139
01:07:00,334 --> 01:07:02,174
'cause there's less calories.
1140
01:07:02,251 --> 01:07:05,251
But...I'm eating
the same amount of calories
1141
01:07:05,334 --> 01:07:09,834
as I did before but
my liver's turned to fat,
1142
01:07:09,917 --> 01:07:12,377
my belly's chasing my lady's.
1143
01:07:13,667 --> 01:07:15,957
It's doing something
to my brain, we know that now.
1144
01:07:17,834 --> 01:07:19,214
And I'm not feeling full.
1145
01:07:21,334 --> 01:07:23,754
So it feels like the calories
from sugar
1146
01:07:23,834 --> 01:07:26,754
behave very differently
to other calories.
1147
01:07:28,084 --> 01:07:31,084
The sugar industry absolutely
depended on this idea
1148
01:07:31,167 --> 01:07:33,377
that it's just about
energy balance.
1149
01:07:33,459 --> 01:07:35,959
'Cause if there's something
uniquely deleterious
1150
01:07:36,084 --> 01:07:37,084
about sugar...
1151
01:07:39,376 --> 01:07:41,876
..then they're in the realm
that cigarettes are in,
1152
01:07:41,959 --> 01:07:44,169
tobacco and lung cancer.
1153
01:07:44,251 --> 01:07:45,961
But if it's just about
eating too much
1154
01:07:46,042 --> 01:07:47,672
or not exercising too little,
1155
01:07:47,751 --> 01:07:49,881
if a calorie of sugar
is no different than
1156
01:07:49,959 --> 01:07:52,959
a calorie of broccoli,
they're fine.
1157
01:07:53,042 --> 01:07:55,792
Just tell people to
moderate their weight -
1158
01:07:55,876 --> 01:07:58,416
if you're getting fat, eat less
and that's all there is.
1159
01:07:58,501 --> 01:08:01,081
So the sugar industry also
sort of pushed this idea
1160
01:08:01,167 --> 01:08:03,327
that a calorie is a calorie
is a calorie,
1161
01:08:03,417 --> 01:08:04,787
and yet these calories do
1162
01:08:04,876 --> 01:08:06,916
dramatically different things
in the human body,
1163
01:08:07,001 --> 01:08:08,251
and they always have.
1164
01:08:13,417 --> 01:08:15,207
It's become clear
to me
1165
01:08:15,292 --> 01:08:17,082
that in the search for profits,
1166
01:08:17,167 --> 01:08:19,287
the food companies
are not only targeting
1167
01:08:19,376 --> 01:08:21,576
our primal desire for sugar,
1168
01:08:21,667 --> 01:08:25,327
but are also insisting
that all calories are equal.
1169
01:08:26,751 --> 01:08:29,421
The result is that
we feel like failures
1170
01:08:29,501 --> 01:08:31,381
if we're addicted or overweight.
1171
01:08:33,667 --> 01:08:35,827
Perhaps the greed that is
actually making us overweight
1172
01:08:35,917 --> 01:08:37,077
and sick
1173
01:08:37,167 --> 01:08:38,457
is of the corporate variety.
1174
01:08:42,167 --> 01:08:44,787
- Hello, you.
- Hello, honey.
1175
01:08:44,876 --> 01:08:46,076
Can you show me the belly?
1176
01:08:46,167 --> 01:08:49,667
Have a look at this baby. He's
actually doing little kicks.
1177
01:08:49,751 --> 01:08:51,831
Quick.
1178
01:08:51,917 --> 01:08:54,377
Aww.
1179
01:08:54,459 --> 01:08:56,579
Hello, baby.
1180
01:08:56,667 --> 01:08:59,077
- Hello, baby.
1181
01:08:59,167 --> 01:09:00,627
Hello, Daddy.
1182
01:09:00,709 --> 01:09:02,579
- Bye.
- Love you.
1183
01:09:02,667 --> 01:09:04,787
- Bye.
- Bye-bye.
1184
01:09:04,876 --> 01:09:06,076
- Bye.
- Bye.
1185
01:09:15,876 --> 01:09:17,326
Do you know how many
sugarholics there are
1186
01:09:17,417 --> 01:09:18,377
in this country?
1187
01:09:18,459 --> 01:09:20,709
Millions and millions of them.
1188
01:09:20,792 --> 01:09:22,332
As you go around
the schoolyards,
1189
01:09:22,417 --> 01:09:24,457
you watch the young boys
and girls of this country
1190
01:09:24,542 --> 01:09:25,962
and see how many of these
children...
1191
01:09:26,042 --> 01:09:27,882
Their soft, weak muscles
are out of condition,
1192
01:09:27,959 --> 01:09:29,919
they don't have the energy
and vitality they should have.
1193
01:09:30,001 --> 01:09:31,961
They look like sugar,
they don't...
1194
01:09:32,042 --> 01:09:33,832
After 45 days,
1195
01:09:33,917 --> 01:09:35,707
it became more and more
evident
1196
01:09:35,792 --> 01:09:39,252
that we're just not getting
a clear message about sugar.
1197
01:09:41,167 --> 01:09:43,077
Could the fact that sugar's
global trade is worth
1198
01:09:43,167 --> 01:09:44,627
$50 billion
1199
01:09:44,709 --> 01:09:46,169
have anything to do with it?
1200
01:09:47,834 --> 01:09:50,134
It turns out that the
suppression of the message
1201
01:09:50,209 --> 01:09:52,129
began in the 1970s
1202
01:09:52,209 --> 01:09:55,829
when the US Government was
reviewing the safety of sugar
1203
01:09:55,917 --> 01:09:57,327
for the first time.
1204
01:09:58,417 --> 01:10:01,077
The Sugar Association
launched a campaign
1205
01:10:01,167 --> 01:10:03,667
to ensure their product
wasn't vilified.
1206
01:10:04,751 --> 01:10:06,501
In this case,
what the sugar industry did,
1207
01:10:06,584 --> 01:10:09,294
is they stepped in when the
evidence was ambiguous
1208
01:10:09,376 --> 01:10:10,416
and they said,
1209
01:10:10,501 --> 01:10:13,171
"We're gonna kinda make sure
it's always ambiguous."
1210
01:10:13,251 --> 01:10:17,791
To do this, the Sugar
Association paid scientists,
1211
01:10:17,876 --> 01:10:19,746
hired a PR company
1212
01:10:19,834 --> 01:10:22,634
and released a report with
a press release that read:
1213
01:10:26,751 --> 01:10:31,921
They put out this document
called Sugar in the Diet of Man.
1214
01:10:32,001 --> 01:10:35,251
There was no sign that it was
paid for by the sugar industry.
1215
01:10:35,334 --> 01:10:37,084
It looks like
a very official document,
1216
01:10:37,167 --> 01:10:38,917
it's published in a journal.
1217
01:10:39,001 --> 01:10:42,421
The sugar industry sends out
25,000 copies.
1218
01:10:43,501 --> 01:10:45,961
This report was then
used by the government
1219
01:10:46,042 --> 01:10:47,712
to determine its findings.
1220
01:10:49,334 --> 01:10:53,084
Sugar was exonerated and the
rest of the world followed suit.
1221
01:10:55,667 --> 01:10:57,707
Jack Tatem, president
of the Sugar Association's
1222
01:10:57,792 --> 01:11:00,712
presenting to his board
and he says,
1223
01:11:00,792 --> 01:11:04,712
"Look, there is no
conclusive evidence
1224
01:11:04,792 --> 01:11:08,632
"linking sugar
to these chronic diseases.
1225
01:11:08,709 --> 01:11:12,879
"And this is the lifeblood
of our organisation,
1226
01:11:12,959 --> 01:11:15,379
"it's the lifeblood
of our product.
1227
01:11:15,459 --> 01:11:19,129
"If anyone ever links sugar to
these diseases, we're dead.
1228
01:11:19,209 --> 01:11:21,249
"So our job,
what we have to do...
1229
01:11:22,459 --> 01:11:25,579
"..is make sure that
there's no consensus."
1230
01:11:25,667 --> 01:11:26,917
You know.
1231
01:11:33,334 --> 01:11:35,964
This manipulation
of evidence
1232
01:11:36,084 --> 01:11:37,924
and deliberate muddying
of the waters
1233
01:11:38,001 --> 01:11:39,791
is all sounding very familiar.
1234
01:11:39,876 --> 01:11:42,746
OK, how's about taking a nap?
1235
01:11:42,834 --> 01:11:45,584
Hey, I got a better idea.
Let's take a Winston break.
1236
01:11:45,667 --> 01:11:47,627
That's it! Winston is...
1237
01:11:47,709 --> 01:11:51,079
And, evidently,
it's still going on today.
1238
01:11:51,167 --> 01:11:54,077
If you create a list
of the things
1239
01:11:54,167 --> 01:11:57,327
that the tobacco industry did
to stall or to fight off
1240
01:11:57,417 --> 01:12:01,917
public health actions
that would curtail smoking,
1241
01:12:02,001 --> 01:12:05,081
the food companies are doing
every single one.
1242
01:12:05,167 --> 01:12:09,077
Paying scientists to do studies
that favour industry positions,
1243
01:12:09,167 --> 01:12:11,127
paying money to professional
organisations,
1244
01:12:11,209 --> 01:12:14,379
like heart-related and
cancer-related organisations,
1245
01:12:14,459 --> 01:12:17,379
putting out deceptive statements
in the press,
1246
01:12:17,459 --> 01:12:20,879
characterising science that
doesn't work out for industry
1247
01:12:20,959 --> 01:12:22,209
as 'junk science'.
1248
01:12:22,292 --> 01:12:23,882
There's a very long list
of these things.
1249
01:12:23,959 --> 01:12:25,249
The tobacco industry
did them all
1250
01:12:25,334 --> 01:12:27,214
and the food industry
is doing them all.
1251
01:12:30,876 --> 01:12:33,456
Many of the reviews,
1252
01:12:33,542 --> 01:12:35,462
the final review,
1253
01:12:35,542 --> 01:12:38,582
is that there is no evidence
1254
01:12:38,667 --> 01:12:42,327
that sugar is associated
with metabolic disease
1255
01:12:42,417 --> 01:12:44,707
of any kind,
1256
01:12:44,792 --> 01:12:48,582
are funded by
the sugar industry.
1257
01:12:51,334 --> 01:12:53,584
Given everything
I have learnt so far
1258
01:12:53,667 --> 01:12:54,957
it was hard to believe
1259
01:12:55,084 --> 01:12:57,964
there are still scientists
defending sugar and fructose.
1260
01:12:59,417 --> 01:13:01,127
I was curious
to meet one of them.
1261
01:13:02,959 --> 01:13:05,169
I haven't eaten sugar
for nearly three years
1262
01:13:05,251 --> 01:13:07,881
and part of this film is
that I'm, for 60 days,
1263
01:13:07,959 --> 01:13:10,169
eating a very
high-fructose sugar diet.
1264
01:13:10,251 --> 01:13:12,961
I thought maybe I'll put on
a little bit of weight,
1265
01:13:13,084 --> 01:13:16,214
I put on six kilos in Australia,
which is 15 pounds.
1266
01:13:16,292 --> 01:13:17,212
Right.
1267
01:13:17,292 --> 01:13:21,082
All hidden sugars -
granola bars, low-fat yoghurt.
1268
01:13:21,167 --> 01:13:22,207
What's happening?
1269
01:13:22,292 --> 01:13:25,382
Well, what I'd say is that
that's a very powerful anecdote
1270
01:13:25,459 --> 01:13:26,579
and I think, you know, it's...
1271
01:13:26,667 --> 01:13:28,377
I think that can be true
for a lot of people.
1272
01:13:28,459 --> 01:13:30,289
But I would say that you had to
be careful any time you do
1273
01:13:30,376 --> 01:13:31,916
a high amount of anything.
1274
01:13:32,001 --> 01:13:34,671
I think if I was to put you,
again, on a white bread diet,
1275
01:13:34,751 --> 01:13:37,131
you know, or to put you on
a, you know, potato chip diet
1276
01:13:37,209 --> 01:13:39,499
or French fry diet,
you might have a similar effect.
1277
01:13:39,584 --> 01:13:42,134
I think the issue is
that all of these calories
1278
01:13:42,209 --> 01:13:43,829
really need to be regarded
as discretionary.
1279
01:13:43,917 --> 01:13:47,327
I found John's
position on calories
1280
01:13:47,417 --> 01:13:50,167
so similar to the line that
the food industry takes
1281
01:13:50,251 --> 01:13:52,081
that I felt compelled
to question
1282
01:13:52,167 --> 01:13:54,207
the source of his
research funding.
1283
01:13:54,292 --> 01:13:57,382
Have you ever received any kind
of funding from Coca-Cola?
1284
01:13:57,459 --> 01:13:59,879
You know, I think this is
a really important question,
1285
01:13:59,959 --> 01:14:02,249
and it's very important for me
that I be transparent.
1286
01:14:02,334 --> 01:14:04,924
So we have received
investigator-initiated,
1287
01:14:05,001 --> 01:14:07,291
unrestricted funding
from Coca-Cola.
1288
01:14:07,376 --> 01:14:09,576
What that means is they had
no say over our questions
1289
01:14:09,667 --> 01:14:11,957
we were asking,
how we conducted the research,
1290
01:14:12,042 --> 01:14:14,212
our analysis, our interpretation
and our data plan.
1291
01:14:14,292 --> 01:14:15,212
It's a red flag...
1292
01:14:15,292 --> 01:14:17,582
For me to hear you even
say that is, like, "Whoa, OK."
1293
01:14:17,667 --> 01:14:22,877
Because this is a company
with 650 beverage products...
1294
01:14:22,959 --> 01:14:24,129
You're right, you're right.
1295
01:14:24,209 --> 01:14:26,669
..that rely on fructose
and sugar, so...
1296
01:14:26,751 --> 01:14:28,081
So what I would say
is you're right.
1297
01:14:28,167 --> 01:14:29,877
I mean, we realised this
going in
1298
01:14:29,959 --> 01:14:31,879
and, I mean,
some may view this
1299
01:14:31,959 --> 01:14:34,079
as sort of shaking hands
with the devil, I guess.
1300
01:14:34,167 --> 01:14:35,877
I mean, even though
that's the case, you know,
1301
01:14:35,959 --> 01:14:37,959
we're confident enough in what
we're doing and our protocols
1302
01:14:38,042 --> 01:14:39,752
and we're laying
everything bare,
1303
01:14:39,834 --> 01:14:41,584
that we could afford
to engage with them.
1304
01:14:41,667 --> 01:14:43,877
I think that we should not
take money
1305
01:14:43,959 --> 01:14:45,789
from the industry directly.
1306
01:14:45,876 --> 01:14:49,666
I think it's just morally wrong
to do that,
1307
01:14:49,751 --> 01:14:52,751
and, you know, money's tough,
1308
01:14:52,834 --> 01:14:56,294
so it's a big dilemma
for researcher, as well.
1309
01:14:56,376 --> 01:15:00,326
But we don't want to taint
the answer,
1310
01:15:00,417 --> 01:15:02,127
we want to know the truth.
1311
01:15:04,209 --> 01:15:05,829
Just one week later,
1312
01:15:05,917 --> 01:15:08,827
I saw an ad for a symposium
on fructose
1313
01:15:08,917 --> 01:15:10,827
and sweetened beverages.
1314
01:15:10,917 --> 01:15:13,627
It was sponsored by Coca-Cola.
1315
01:15:13,709 --> 01:15:17,919
Their keynote speaker
was Dr John Sievenpiper.
1316
01:15:18,001 --> 01:15:20,791
He spoke about calories
and there being no link between
1317
01:15:20,876 --> 01:15:24,326
fructose and cardiometabolic
diseases in the studies.
1318
01:15:24,417 --> 01:15:27,077
Coke madly tweeted about it
1319
01:15:27,167 --> 01:15:28,827
and then the host
asked the audience...
1320
01:15:28,917 --> 01:15:31,377
To maybe
put together
1321
01:15:31,459 --> 01:15:34,079
a YouTube video to, you know,
1322
01:15:34,167 --> 01:15:36,417
bring some balance back
to those messages
1323
01:15:36,501 --> 01:15:37,961
that are out there
for the public.
1324
01:15:38,084 --> 01:15:39,834
I found this video
on YouTube,
1325
01:15:39,917 --> 01:15:42,167
but I'm not sure it's quite
what they had in mind.
1326
01:15:57,876 --> 01:15:59,576
As the US leg
of my experiment
1327
01:15:59,667 --> 01:16:01,877
neared its conclusion,
1328
01:16:01,959 --> 01:16:03,379
what really struck me
1329
01:16:03,459 --> 01:16:06,249
is that despite all the effects
sugar is having on us,
1330
01:16:06,334 --> 01:16:09,964
in many ways we've just
adapted to its saturation.
1331
01:16:11,417 --> 01:16:14,577
And I'm just noticing how
incredible the human body
1332
01:16:14,667 --> 01:16:15,707
and the human mind is
1333
01:16:15,792 --> 01:16:18,212
because even though I'm having
40 teaspoons of sugar a day,
1334
01:16:18,292 --> 01:16:21,172
I've adjusted now
to this new reality.
1335
01:16:21,251 --> 01:16:23,291
My body just accepts
that this is what I eat,
1336
01:16:23,376 --> 01:16:25,956
and my brain deals with
the moods up and down,
1337
01:16:26,084 --> 01:16:28,584
I just get on with life
and it's fine, I can function.
1338
01:16:28,667 --> 01:16:32,457
But, uh...I'm not nearly
as efficient as I was,
1339
01:16:32,542 --> 01:16:35,252
my fuse is a lot shorter,
I'm exhausted.
1340
01:16:36,792 --> 01:16:39,212
And I think that's how a lot
of people live their lives.
1341
01:16:39,292 --> 01:16:41,832
People are up and down all day,
but it's just their reality,
1342
01:16:41,917 --> 01:16:42,827
so they accept it
1343
01:16:42,917 --> 01:16:45,827
and they've never experienced
anything different.
1344
01:16:47,251 --> 01:16:48,461
And I have
1345
01:16:48,542 --> 01:16:51,082
and I'm really excited
to get back to that point.
1346
01:16:55,542 --> 01:16:57,922
If you've always
lived this way,
1347
01:16:58,001 --> 01:17:01,631
you have no idea
what life can be like.
1348
01:17:03,084 --> 01:17:05,384
It's not part of your
frame of reference.
1349
01:17:11,251 --> 01:17:12,831
Now,
a lot of people will say,
1350
01:17:12,917 --> 01:17:14,707
"Well, I eat sugar all the time
and, you know,
1351
01:17:14,792 --> 01:17:16,962
"I'm perfectly fine."
1352
01:17:17,084 --> 01:17:19,174
Well, what they don't understand
is that
1353
01:17:19,251 --> 01:17:21,461
they eat sugar all the time
1354
01:17:21,542 --> 01:17:26,882
and they're fuzzy and their
mind is cloudy all the time.
1355
01:17:29,209 --> 01:17:31,879
Sugar has now
become so deeply ingrained
1356
01:17:31,959 --> 01:17:34,129
into the fabric of our society
1357
01:17:34,209 --> 01:17:36,879
that some people can't
imagine life without it.
1358
01:17:36,959 --> 01:17:39,579
What say we took away
added sugar,
1359
01:17:39,667 --> 01:17:42,127
well, then what
are people gonna do
1360
01:17:42,209 --> 01:17:45,579
to get that same feeling in
their life that sugar gave them,
1361
01:17:45,667 --> 01:17:47,077
in terms of their values
and preferences?
1362
01:17:47,167 --> 01:17:50,417
But we forget that
we didn't always live like this.
1363
01:17:51,542 --> 01:17:53,962
Society has changed.
1364
01:17:54,084 --> 01:17:57,964
200 years ago there was not
a society in the world
1365
01:17:58,042 --> 01:18:01,082
when they had a festival that
was basing what they ate
1366
01:18:01,167 --> 01:18:03,077
and what they drank on sugar.
1367
01:18:04,709 --> 01:18:06,959
Today, it has
become synonymous
1368
01:18:07,084 --> 01:18:08,464
with any celebration.
1369
01:18:10,542 --> 01:18:12,332
But, more profoundly,
1370
01:18:12,417 --> 01:18:15,327
it is one of the simplest ways
we communicate love.
1371
01:18:17,167 --> 01:18:20,327
I think the reason
that sugar has become
1372
01:18:20,417 --> 01:18:24,917
so ingrained is that it
actually evokes love.
1373
01:18:25,001 --> 01:18:29,131
Our brains respond to
the chemical effect
1374
01:18:29,209 --> 01:18:32,129
the same way
we respond to love.
1375
01:18:32,209 --> 01:18:35,209
If we're feeling upset,
what do we do?
1376
01:18:35,292 --> 01:18:37,672
We have some sugar,
"Oh, I feel better."
1377
01:18:37,751 --> 01:18:40,631
If there's not enough sweetness
in our life, not enough love,
1378
01:18:40,709 --> 01:18:42,249
"Oh, I'll just have
some chocolate."
1379
01:18:44,876 --> 01:18:47,416
With sugar having
such complex associations
1380
01:18:47,501 --> 01:18:49,831
with our hearts,
minds and bodies,
1381
01:18:49,917 --> 01:18:52,957
I wonder if it is having
far greater ramifications
1382
01:18:53,084 --> 01:18:55,134
for the culture
than we've considered.
1383
01:19:02,042 --> 01:19:06,632
Rudolf Steiner said that sugar
essentially causes materialism.
1384
01:19:06,709 --> 01:19:11,879
And that development
of the sugar metabolism
1385
01:19:11,959 --> 01:19:13,709
and the sugar drug culture
1386
01:19:13,792 --> 01:19:16,082
developed
a materialistic culture.
1387
01:19:16,167 --> 01:19:18,207
We live in a time of instant
gratification,
1388
01:19:18,292 --> 01:19:20,462
nobody wants to wait
for anything.
1389
01:19:20,542 --> 01:19:22,832
What's sugar? Quick energy,
it's straight to the brain.
1390
01:19:47,334 --> 01:19:51,384
Eat that pie!
Eat that pie! Eat that pie.'
1391
01:19:51,459 --> 01:19:55,579
Eat that pie! Eat that pie.'
Eat that pie!
1392
01:19:55,667 --> 01:19:59,747
Eat that pie!
Eat that pie! Eat that pie.'
1393
01:19:59,834 --> 01:20:03,964
Eat that pie! Eat that pie.'
Eat that pie!
1394
01:20:15,167 --> 01:20:16,877
Hi, darling.
1395
01:20:18,167 --> 01:20:19,577
Oh, look at this.
1396
01:20:21,167 --> 01:20:24,627
Hello, little dude. How are you
going in there, dudie?
1397
01:20:24,709 --> 01:20:26,499
Massive.
1398
01:20:26,584 --> 01:20:28,294
How big's mine, too?
Look at that.
1399
01:20:28,376 --> 01:20:30,706
- Oh, my God.
1400
01:20:30,792 --> 01:20:31,792
Alright, let's do it.
1401
01:20:33,876 --> 01:20:35,416
After 60 days
1402
01:20:35,501 --> 01:20:39,291
and 2,360 teaspoons of sugar,
1403
01:20:39,376 --> 01:20:40,956
it was time for the last meal.
1404
01:20:44,376 --> 01:20:45,416
I thought it would be fitting
1405
01:20:45,501 --> 01:20:47,791
to cram all the remaining
40 teaspoons
1406
01:20:47,876 --> 01:20:51,246
into items that could be found
in a child's school lunch box.
1407
01:21:06,709 --> 01:21:08,079
Closed!
1408
01:21:10,167 --> 01:21:11,627
Yeah!
1409
01:21:14,167 --> 01:21:15,957
Be gone.
1410
01:21:18,667 --> 01:21:21,877
One week later, after having
all my blood tests done,
1411
01:21:21,959 --> 01:21:25,419
I assembled the team
to hear the final verdict
1412
01:21:25,501 --> 01:21:27,961
on what sugar had done
to my body.
1413
01:21:30,334 --> 01:21:32,964
The obvious place to start
is the liver.
1414
01:21:33,042 --> 01:21:35,582
A key marker for
determining liver health
1415
01:21:35,667 --> 01:21:38,417
is a hormone called ALT.
1416
01:21:38,501 --> 01:21:40,331
In the first month alone
mine jumped
1417
01:21:40,417 --> 01:21:44,827
from 20 below the safety line
to 20 above the safety line.
1418
01:21:44,917 --> 01:21:46,787
So it took you from, say,
1419
01:21:46,876 --> 01:21:50,916
the best 20% of the men
to the worst 10%.
1420
01:21:51,001 --> 01:21:53,211
- In one month.
- In one month.
1421
01:21:53,292 --> 01:21:56,632
Fatty liver is the first step
towards insulin resistance,
1422
01:21:56,709 --> 01:21:59,629
so once you're on an insulin
resistance pathway
1423
01:21:59,709 --> 01:22:02,079
then you're on a pathway
towards type-2 diabetes
1424
01:22:02,167 --> 01:22:03,707
and then, ultimately,
insulin-dependent
1425
01:22:03,792 --> 01:22:05,082
type-2 diabetes.
1426
01:22:05,167 --> 01:22:06,787
Today in Australia,
1427
01:22:06,876 --> 01:22:10,076
nine people had a limb
amputated to that disease.
1428
01:22:10,167 --> 01:22:14,077
My triglyceride levels,
which is the fat in the blood,
1429
01:22:14,167 --> 01:22:17,667
went from a healthy 0.08 to 1.5.
1430
01:22:17,751 --> 01:22:19,381
So you'd hit the risk point...
1431
01:22:19,459 --> 01:22:20,629
Gee-whiz.
1432
01:22:20,709 --> 01:22:22,129
In two months of healthy eating.
1433
01:22:22,209 --> 01:22:23,129
Of healthy eating.
1434
01:22:23,209 --> 01:22:26,419
High triglycerides
can also indicate a switch
1435
01:22:26,501 --> 01:22:28,081
from healthy cholesterol
1436
01:22:28,167 --> 01:22:31,577
to the damaging small,
dense LDL cholesterol.
1437
01:22:31,667 --> 01:22:34,377
Small, dense LDL
lines you up for heart disease
1438
01:22:34,459 --> 01:22:35,879
because they're the ones
that are embedding
1439
01:22:35,959 --> 01:22:38,579
in the arterial walls,
forming plaques -
1440
01:22:38,667 --> 01:22:41,827
and that's the bit
you don't want.
1441
01:22:41,917 --> 01:22:44,787
You can have all the LDL
you like, but don't have those.
1442
01:22:44,876 --> 01:22:49,246
In terms of weight,
I gained 8.5kg overall
1443
01:22:49,334 --> 01:22:51,714
and added 7%
to my total body fat.
1444
01:22:52,917 --> 01:22:54,127
But, more ominously,
1445
01:22:54,209 --> 01:22:57,709
increased my waist
measurement by 10cm.
1446
01:22:57,792 --> 01:23:00,292
This is the dangerous
visceral fat.
1447
01:23:00,376 --> 01:23:03,826
I showed a slight change
in the bum expansion test,
1448
01:23:03,917 --> 01:23:06,167
a variance in the rear
flesh wings test
1449
01:23:06,251 --> 01:23:08,501
and had great success
in the highly scientific
1450
01:23:08,584 --> 01:23:11,964
'belly slap, make
a fat wave' wobble test.
1451
01:23:12,084 --> 01:23:13,714
I was quite, as you know,
you know,
1452
01:23:13,792 --> 01:23:16,082
quite alarmed that
you were able to do that
1453
01:23:16,167 --> 01:23:18,077
in such a short amount of time,
again,
1454
01:23:18,167 --> 01:23:19,957
eating heart-approved,
healthy foods
1455
01:23:20,042 --> 01:23:22,252
that everyone's
going along thinking, you know,
1456
01:23:22,334 --> 01:23:23,794
it's totally fine to be doing.
1457
01:23:23,876 --> 01:23:26,576
And we're worried
about the future
1458
01:23:26,667 --> 01:23:29,207
of this obesity epidemic
in Australia,
1459
01:23:29,292 --> 01:23:31,462
whether it's going to lead to
an epidemic
1460
01:23:31,542 --> 01:23:33,382
of liver disease
in the long term.
1461
01:23:33,459 --> 01:23:36,959
But perhaps the most
enlightening of my results
1462
01:23:37,042 --> 01:23:39,332
was the calorie count.
1463
01:23:39,417 --> 01:23:41,577
As I'd discovered,
my calorie intake
1464
01:23:41,667 --> 01:23:44,167
was virtually the same
as my pre-experiment diet.
1465
01:23:45,292 --> 01:23:48,832
The big difference was
the source of the calories.
1466
01:23:48,917 --> 01:23:50,667
I'd pretty much done
a direct swap
1467
01:23:50,751 --> 01:23:53,291
of healthy fats
for sugar-laden products.
1468
01:23:56,334 --> 01:23:58,254
I was looking at
the total calories, as well,
1469
01:23:58,334 --> 01:24:01,214
and very often it would
come out as less
1470
01:24:01,292 --> 01:24:03,962
than what he had eaten
previously.
1471
01:24:04,084 --> 01:24:07,714
The way that calories have been
measured in the past
1472
01:24:07,792 --> 01:24:09,582
needs to be re-looked at.
1473
01:24:09,667 --> 01:24:12,497
This calorie counting and
this intense fixation with...
1474
01:24:12,584 --> 01:24:14,464
And it's our fault,
as much as...
1475
01:24:14,542 --> 01:24:15,792
I take responsibility
1476
01:24:15,876 --> 01:24:18,956
because it's a message we've
been spewing out for the last 30
1477
01:24:19,084 --> 01:24:21,674
or 40 years, but we really have
to try and turn things around.
1478
01:24:21,751 --> 01:24:24,081
And Damon is living evidence,
living proof,
1479
01:24:24,167 --> 01:24:26,917
it is not the calories,
it's the source of the calories.
1480
01:24:27,001 --> 01:24:28,081
It's where they're coming from.
1481
01:24:28,167 --> 01:24:30,077
I'm surprised how quickly
1482
01:24:30,167 --> 01:24:32,457
things went downhill for you,
I honestly am.
1483
01:24:32,542 --> 01:24:35,582
To put on so much
weight in just 60 days,
1484
01:24:35,667 --> 01:24:37,327
without really changing
the number of calories
1485
01:24:37,417 --> 01:24:40,417
you were eating, without,
you know, eating rubbish,
1486
01:24:40,501 --> 01:24:43,751
to have such a big effect -
10cm on the waist,
1487
01:24:43,834 --> 01:24:45,174
8.5 kilos on the body,
1488
01:24:45,251 --> 01:24:47,131
full-blown fatty liver disease
developed,
1489
01:24:47,209 --> 01:24:49,419
well on your way to cirrhosis,
1490
01:24:49,501 --> 01:24:52,711
well on your way to insulin
resistance - that's a disaster.
1491
01:24:52,792 --> 01:24:54,172
Hm.
1492
01:25:11,334 --> 01:25:13,174
You know, I obviously,
through my research,
1493
01:25:13,251 --> 01:25:16,831
have convinced myself that
sugar is almost assuredly
1494
01:25:16,917 --> 01:25:20,167
the problem,
the fundamental problem.
1495
01:25:20,251 --> 01:25:22,081
You get rid of sugar
1496
01:25:22,167 --> 01:25:25,287
and everything else becomes
relatively harmless.
1497
01:25:27,209 --> 01:25:30,959
We would like
to do the definitive study,
1498
01:25:31,042 --> 01:25:35,632
but even if we find out
next month it gets funded,
1499
01:25:35,709 --> 01:25:39,129
it's still gonna be
five more years
1500
01:25:39,209 --> 01:25:41,879
before I will have results.
1501
01:25:41,959 --> 01:25:47,209
What possible risk
to public health is there
1502
01:25:47,292 --> 01:25:50,672
in people lowering
their sugar consumption?
1503
01:25:53,751 --> 01:25:56,171
This is our problem
1504
01:25:56,251 --> 01:25:58,081
and we should all work together
to solve it
1505
01:25:58,167 --> 01:25:59,247
instead of pointing fingers
1506
01:25:59,334 --> 01:26:01,424
and not being productive
about that.
1507
01:26:01,501 --> 01:26:04,961
And I would love to see the food
industry come to the table
1508
01:26:05,042 --> 01:26:08,632
with scientists and healthcare
providers and do what's right.
1509
01:26:17,209 --> 01:26:20,379
The first week of giving
up sugar wasn't a lot of fun.
1510
01:26:22,209 --> 01:26:23,629
Frankly, it didn't feel
that different
1511
01:26:23,709 --> 01:26:25,579
from giving up cigarettes.
1512
01:26:25,667 --> 01:26:27,957
I had headaches, I was moody
1513
01:26:28,084 --> 01:26:29,924
and my sleep patterns
were terrible.
1514
01:26:31,792 --> 01:26:33,632
And I just tossed
and turned all night
1515
01:26:33,709 --> 01:26:36,959
and then woke up very early,
1516
01:26:37,042 --> 01:26:40,792
and as soon as I was awake
I kind of was craving sugar.
1517
01:26:41,876 --> 01:26:44,576
I feel like I need a hit.
1518
01:26:46,667 --> 01:26:49,077
Um...it's the first real sign...
1519
01:26:51,251 --> 01:26:53,171
..that this is gonna be
a bit tricky.
1520
01:26:54,709 --> 01:26:56,579
But I knew from previous
experience
1521
01:26:56,667 --> 01:26:58,707
that I wouldn't feel
like this forever
1522
01:26:58,792 --> 01:27:02,292
and that ultimately it would
all be worth it.
1523
01:27:02,376 --> 01:27:04,576
Because food
and sugar has
1524
01:27:04,667 --> 01:27:07,417
a very strong emotional
component,
1525
01:27:07,501 --> 01:27:09,331
then we have to heal
ourselves emotionally
1526
01:27:09,417 --> 01:27:12,167
and we have to go through what
could be a disturbing experience
1527
01:27:12,251 --> 01:27:15,131
or an uncomfortable or even
awkward experience
1528
01:27:15,209 --> 01:27:16,379
coming off of it.
1529
01:27:16,459 --> 01:27:18,079
But once you get through it,
1530
01:27:18,167 --> 01:27:20,077
which is about
two to four weeks,
1531
01:27:20,167 --> 01:27:23,577
suddenly the desire for sugar
disappears altogether.
1532
01:27:25,667 --> 01:27:28,247
One month
after finishing the experiment,
1533
01:27:28,334 --> 01:27:29,584
a miracle occurred.
1534
01:27:32,251 --> 01:27:34,631
Our daughter was born.
1535
01:27:34,709 --> 01:27:37,789
This is her mobile,
this is her teething giraffe
1536
01:27:37,876 --> 01:27:39,456
and this is her lunch.
1537
01:27:39,542 --> 01:27:41,172
- Hiya.
- Are you tired, bubby?
1538
01:27:41,251 --> 01:27:43,291
But then some other
remarkable things happened.
1539
01:27:44,876 --> 01:27:46,706
After just two months
of cutting out sugar...
1540
01:27:47,834 --> 01:27:51,084
..my vitality had returned,
my skin was brighter
1541
01:27:51,167 --> 01:27:53,707
and, thankfully,
my moods had evened out.
1542
01:27:55,251 --> 01:27:58,081
I've had hundreds
and hundreds of people
1543
01:27:58,167 --> 01:28:01,957
go off sugar just for the reason
of clearing up their mind,
1544
01:28:02,042 --> 01:28:05,832
and typically,
the result I get is, "Wow!
1545
01:28:05,917 --> 01:28:07,787
"I had no idea!"
1546
01:28:09,459 --> 01:28:11,249
In terms of my weight,
1547
01:28:11,334 --> 01:28:14,714
all I did is return to
my pre-experiment diet.
1548
01:28:15,917 --> 01:28:18,417
I swapped cereal
and low-fat yoghurt
1549
01:28:18,501 --> 01:28:21,081
for bacon, eggs
and avocado without toast.
1550
01:28:22,459 --> 01:28:25,829
I snacked on nuts and cheese
instead of muesli bars,
1551
01:28:25,917 --> 01:28:29,377
and ate fish or meat
with the fat left on
1552
01:28:29,459 --> 01:28:31,129
and lots of green vegetables
for dinners.
1553
01:28:32,834 --> 01:28:35,584
I lost 6kg
with minimal exercise.
1554
01:28:37,001 --> 01:28:41,581
Once you remove that hormone
disrupter, fructose,
1555
01:28:41,667 --> 01:28:44,167
from your diet,
1556
01:28:44,251 --> 01:28:47,581
your appetite control works
again and your weight drops.
1557
01:28:49,459 --> 01:28:52,169
Because I replaced sugar
with healthy fats,
1558
01:28:52,251 --> 01:28:54,881
I felt full again
and didn't have to eat as much.
1559
01:28:56,042 --> 01:28:58,962
Consequently, I spent the same
amount on shopping
1560
01:28:59,042 --> 01:29:01,672
as I had during the experiment.
1561
01:29:01,751 --> 01:29:03,291
Whenever you walk into
a supermarket,
1562
01:29:03,376 --> 01:29:05,746
make an immediate right turn
or left turn
1563
01:29:05,834 --> 01:29:09,424
for the produce aisle and avoid
everything in the middle.
1564
01:29:09,501 --> 01:29:12,961
Everything in the middle is
a huge amount of calories
1565
01:29:13,084 --> 01:29:15,214
with very little nutrients.
1566
01:29:15,292 --> 01:29:16,712
And what we wanna do
is reverse that.
1567
01:29:18,459 --> 01:29:20,079
But the biggest
surprise
1568
01:29:20,167 --> 01:29:21,877
was that all of my
blood tests had
1569
01:29:21,959 --> 01:29:24,079
returned to normal,
1570
01:29:24,167 --> 01:29:27,077
so no more heart disease risks
and no more fatty liver.
1571
01:29:29,001 --> 01:29:32,211
I think the most
important message is that
1572
01:29:32,292 --> 01:29:36,082
this is not you get
a fatty liver and that's it,
1573
01:29:36,167 --> 01:29:37,417
it will stay fatty,
1574
01:29:37,501 --> 01:29:41,461
it actually can be reversed
very easily
1575
01:29:41,542 --> 01:29:44,462
by taking away the fructose
from your diet,
1576
01:29:44,542 --> 01:29:46,332
taking away all those drinks.
1577
01:29:46,417 --> 01:29:50,077
I mean, water is a good drink.
1578
01:29:50,167 --> 01:29:51,627
Yeah.
1579
01:29:51,709 --> 01:29:54,459
In truth, it did take a while
for my palate
1580
01:29:54,542 --> 01:29:57,082
to readjust to my lady's
unsweetened cooking.
1581
01:29:57,167 --> 01:30:00,787
Things tasted bland
for the first few weeks,
1582
01:30:00,876 --> 01:30:04,166
but then I rediscovered the full
flavours of fresh produce.
1583
01:30:04,251 --> 01:30:05,171
Mmm.
1584
01:30:05,251 --> 01:30:09,171
For just five days,
I want you to discontinue,
1585
01:30:09,251 --> 01:30:11,671
or take out of your diet,
for five days,
1586
01:30:11,751 --> 01:30:13,131
these foods
that I'm gonna show you,
1587
01:30:13,209 --> 01:30:16,249
and I promise you that
you will feel 100% better.
1588
01:30:16,334 --> 01:30:19,084
Will you please try this for me,
just as an experiment?
1589
01:30:19,167 --> 01:30:21,377
'Cause I'm here trying to help
you help yourself a little bit.
1590
01:30:25,084 --> 01:30:26,584
In the USA,
1591
01:30:26,667 --> 01:30:28,627
it was recently recommended
for men to have
1592
01:30:28,709 --> 01:30:31,959
no more than nine teaspoons
of sugar a day
1593
01:30:32,084 --> 01:30:34,964
and women no more than six.
1594
01:30:35,084 --> 01:30:37,964
Australia currently doesn't have
an equivalent recommendation.
1595
01:30:39,251 --> 01:30:40,961
I love chocolate.
1596
01:30:41,084 --> 01:30:43,584
I eat a little piece
of chocolate every day.
1597
01:30:43,667 --> 01:30:47,127
But I'm careful and I understand
the adverse effects
1598
01:30:47,209 --> 01:30:48,629
if I have too much of it.
1599
01:30:50,167 --> 01:30:54,167
But for me it's simpler
to cut out sugar altogether.
1600
01:30:54,251 --> 01:30:56,921
And that means avoiding
artificial sweeteners, too,
1601
01:30:57,001 --> 01:30:58,381
that keep the cravings alive.
1602
01:31:00,084 --> 01:31:04,584
If you continue to reinforce
1603
01:31:04,667 --> 01:31:07,957
it has to be sweet
in order for it to be good,
1604
01:31:08,084 --> 01:31:09,464
then you're never
really learning
1605
01:31:09,542 --> 01:31:11,422
how to do food...
good food.
1606
01:31:11,501 --> 01:31:14,831
I want my daughter to
grow up healthy and happy...
1607
01:31:16,167 --> 01:31:18,957
..and not waste any of her
precious time counting calories
1608
01:31:19,042 --> 01:31:20,582
or obsessing over weight.
1609
01:31:25,667 --> 01:31:27,457
By educating our children,
1610
01:31:27,542 --> 01:31:29,582
perhaps they can avoid
the mistakes
1611
01:31:29,667 --> 01:31:31,207
that our generation has made.
1612
01:31:33,792 --> 01:31:37,882
Do whatever you can
to turn fruit and vegetable
1613
01:31:37,959 --> 01:31:41,669
into the highlight of your meal.
1614
01:31:41,751 --> 01:31:43,791
Train your kids to love them.
1615
01:31:45,417 --> 01:31:47,327
That's what every
parent's got to figure out.
1616
01:31:47,417 --> 01:31:50,287
How do you get in all those
great nutrients?
1617
01:31:50,376 --> 01:31:53,076
How do you get those
superfoods into your child
1618
01:31:53,167 --> 01:31:56,127
and make it taste good
at the same time
1619
01:31:56,209 --> 01:31:57,919
without spiking
their blood sugar
1620
01:31:58,001 --> 01:32:02,791
so that they can sit down
and study and learn
1621
01:32:02,876 --> 01:32:05,916
and allow for the creation
of genius.
1622
01:32:20,709 --> 01:32:23,709
That's why we're having
the sugar experiment.
1623
01:32:23,792 --> 01:32:26,582
We had to learn that this is not
the right way to go
1624
01:32:26,667 --> 01:32:30,707
in order to help inspire us
to get to the next level.
1625
01:32:32,459 --> 01:32:35,079
I certainly don't think
that sugar is solely to blame
1626
01:32:35,167 --> 01:32:37,327
for all own current
health problems,
1627
01:32:37,417 --> 01:32:40,417
but given its prevalence
in our food supply,
1628
01:32:40,501 --> 01:32:43,921
lowering our consumption
is a great place to start.
1629
01:32:44,001 --> 01:32:48,251
Sugar's not evil,
but life is so much better...
1630
01:32:48,334 --> 01:32:50,794
..when you get rid of it.
1631
01:32:54,834 --> 01:32:57,964
This experiment has
proven to me that refined sugar
1632
01:32:58,042 --> 01:33:01,962
and excess fructose are causing
serious damage to the health
1633
01:33:02,084 --> 01:33:04,084
and wellbeing of millions
of people.
1634
01:33:05,167 --> 01:33:06,627
And as the debate heats up
1635
01:33:06,709 --> 01:33:08,459
and the food industry fight
tooth and nail
1636
01:33:08,542 --> 01:33:10,672
to shut the message down,
1637
01:33:10,751 --> 01:33:13,711
we'll be bombarded with
conflicting nutritional advice.
1638
01:33:15,167 --> 01:33:19,077
But for me, quite simply,
the proof is in the pudding.
1639
01:33:19,167 --> 01:33:21,417
About 10 teaspoons of it.
1640
01:33:52,751 --> 01:33:54,331
♪ Hey, everybody
1641
01:33:54,417 --> 01:33:56,917
♪ Let me introduce myself
1642
01:33:57,001 --> 01:34:01,251
♪ I spread my love on every
item on your supermarket shelf
1643
01:34:01,334 --> 01:34:04,174
♪ I taste so good,
make you feel so high
1644
01:34:04,251 --> 01:34:06,381
♪ That I bring you back for more
1645
01:34:06,459 --> 01:34:08,709
♪ Plus I place my goodies
at your kiddies' eye level
1646
01:34:08,792 --> 01:34:11,292
♪ When you're just about to
walk out the store
1647
01:34:11,376 --> 01:34:13,416
♪ Now, people will tell you
that I rot your teeth
1648
01:34:13,501 --> 01:34:15,881
♪ And make you fat
and give your body abuse
1649
01:34:15,959 --> 01:34:18,209
♪ But forget about that,
just take off your clothes
1650
01:34:18,292 --> 01:34:19,962
♪ And have a spa made
of chocolate mousse
1651
01:34:20,042 --> 01:34:21,082
♪ Sing it, ladies
1652
01:34:21,167 --> 01:34:22,827
♪ Oh, Mr Sugar, so sexy alright
1653
01:34:22,917 --> 01:34:25,457
♪ We can taste you in our food
in nearly every bite
1654
01:34:25,542 --> 01:34:27,962
♪ It feels so good
Can we have a little more?
1655
01:34:28,042 --> 01:34:30,832
♪ Of course you can, ladies
I got white, brown, raw sugar
1656
01:34:32,542 --> 01:34:33,752
♪ Sugar
1657
01:34:35,042 --> 01:34:35,962
♪ Sugar
1658
01:34:37,209 --> 01:34:38,629
♪ I'm not your friend
I come in gum
1659
01:34:38,709 --> 01:34:40,169
♪ Just eat me
when you're on the run
1660
01:34:40,251 --> 01:34:42,921
♪ Sugar
Sugar
1661
01:34:44,167 --> 01:34:45,327
♪ Sugar
1662
01:34:46,876 --> 01:34:48,246
♪ Treat to eat
I taste so sweet
1663
01:34:48,334 --> 01:34:49,754
♪ I get you when
you leave the teat
1664
01:34:53,751 --> 01:34:54,831
♪ And when you wake up
in the morning
1665
01:34:54,917 --> 01:34:56,077
♪ And you're feeling
kind of peckish
1666
01:34:56,167 --> 01:34:58,127
♪ This often where
you find me the most
1667
01:34:58,209 --> 01:34:59,749
♪ 'Cause I'm lurking
in your cereal
1668
01:34:59,834 --> 01:35:00,964
♪ I'm lurking in your yoghurt
1669
01:35:01,042 --> 01:35:03,292
♪ And sometimes I'm even found
in your toast
1670
01:35:03,376 --> 01:35:05,076
♪ But here's a little secret
I can share with you
1671
01:35:05,167 --> 01:35:07,667
♪ A secret you should put to use
1672
01:35:07,751 --> 01:35:10,581
♪ There's about six
cheeky teaspoons of me
1673
01:35:10,667 --> 01:35:11,957
♪ Hiding in a glass of juice
1674
01:35:12,042 --> 01:35:12,962
♪ Hey
1675
01:35:13,042 --> 01:35:14,922
♪ Some people think
that Mr Sugar hangs out
1676
01:35:15,001 --> 01:35:17,421
♪ Only with the bright-coloured
snacks
1677
01:35:17,501 --> 01:35:19,581
♪ But I've been spreading
my crystals all over your food
1678
01:35:19,667 --> 01:35:22,127
♪ And the company's been
hiding the facts
1679
01:35:22,209 --> 01:35:24,329
♪ I'm in cola,
granola and pasta sauce
1680
01:35:24,417 --> 01:35:25,627
♪ Mushy peas, mac and cheese
1681
01:35:25,709 --> 01:35:26,829
♪ And that radish from a horse
1682
01:35:26,917 --> 01:35:29,077
♪ Canned fruit and soup,
even soup in a satchel
1683
01:35:29,167 --> 01:35:31,627
♪ And Mr Sugar loves the term
'all natural'
1684
01:35:31,709 --> 01:35:33,959
♪ White bread, corn chips,
muffin mix, gravy
1685
01:35:34,084 --> 01:35:36,084
♪ Mayonnaise, satay,
food for the baby
1686
01:35:36,167 --> 01:35:38,577
♪ Baked beans for the teens
and an energy drink
1687
01:35:38,667 --> 01:35:40,917
♪ And I'm clearly gonna be
in any food that's pink
1688
01:35:41,001 --> 01:35:43,171
♪ I'm confessing I'm in dressing
and a hamburger bun
1689
01:35:43,251 --> 01:35:44,921
♪ Where that cheeky
corn syrup's
1690
01:35:45,001 --> 01:35:45,921
♪ Trying to steal all my fun
1691
01:35:46,001 --> 01:35:48,081
♪ Muesli bars, even some cigars
1692
01:35:48,167 --> 01:35:50,457
♪ And a whole range of
marmalade and honey, jam jars
1693
01:35:50,542 --> 01:35:52,632
♪ Oh, Mr Sugar, so ubiquitous
1694
01:35:52,709 --> 01:35:55,079
♪ Our addiction to you
is quite ridiculous
1695
01:35:55,167 --> 01:35:57,207
♪ We feel so sick
when you're not around
1696
01:35:57,292 --> 01:35:59,832
♪ That's why a spoonful of me
helps the medicine go down
1697
01:35:59,917 --> 01:36:03,207
♪ Sugar
Sugar
1698
01:36:04,501 --> 01:36:05,581
♪ Sugar
1699
01:36:07,167 --> 01:36:09,287
♪ Sugar
1700
01:36:09,376 --> 01:36:11,666
♪ Sugar
♪ Put me in your coffee
1701
01:36:11,751 --> 01:36:14,081
♪ Sugar
♪ I'm the only thing in toffee
1702
01:36:14,167 --> 01:36:16,077
♪ Sugar
♪ Pick you up when you're down
1703
01:36:16,167 --> 01:36:19,077
♪ Sugar
♪ You should try me in brown
1704
01:36:19,167 --> 01:36:21,077
♪ Sugar
♪ You couldn't quit me for quids
1705
01:36:21,167 --> 01:36:23,957
♪ Sugar
♪ I'm coming for your kids. ♪
127800
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