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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:01:19,834 --> 00:01:22,174 My name is Damon Gameau. 2 00:01:22,251 --> 00:01:24,831 This is my weatherboard house. 3 00:01:24,917 --> 00:01:27,957 This is a time-lapse of my girlfriend's pregnancy. 4 00:01:28,084 --> 00:01:29,754 There's three months to go. 5 00:01:29,834 --> 00:01:33,084 And this is a photo of me at age 10. 6 00:01:33,167 --> 00:01:36,827 I was a rare boy whose face grew into his teeth. 7 00:01:38,167 --> 00:01:40,827 Five years ago, when I met my girlfriend, 8 00:01:40,917 --> 00:01:42,827 I was pretty much living on cigarettes, 9 00:01:42,917 --> 00:01:45,667 sugar and my homemade Australian pizzas. 10 00:01:47,376 --> 00:01:48,876 But then, as men often do, 11 00:01:48,959 --> 00:01:52,579 they feign interest in things to impress a girl. 12 00:01:52,667 --> 00:01:54,077 The lovers' bike. 13 00:01:54,167 --> 00:01:56,127 For me, it was healthy eating. 14 00:01:57,209 --> 00:02:00,919 I actually cut out refined sugar from my diet to seal the deal. 15 00:02:03,292 --> 00:02:06,462 But now sugar is dominating the headlines 16 00:02:06,542 --> 00:02:08,962 and there's so much debate and conjecture on the topic 17 00:02:09,084 --> 00:02:11,754 that it's hard to know what to believe. 18 00:02:11,834 --> 00:02:13,634 But with this little person on the way, 19 00:02:13,709 --> 00:02:16,419 I feel like I need some definitive answers. 20 00:02:18,209 --> 00:02:20,959 If the average Australian family of four 21 00:02:21,084 --> 00:02:24,424 had to buy the sugar they are consuming in a week, 22 00:02:24,501 --> 00:02:26,581 they would be going to the supermarket, 23 00:02:26,667 --> 00:02:31,377 taking six 1-kilo bags of sugar off the shelves - six - 24 00:02:31,459 --> 00:02:35,379 taking it home, eating it all that week 25 00:02:35,459 --> 00:02:37,789 and then going back next week and doing it again. 26 00:02:37,876 --> 00:02:43,246 Clearly, the ability to be on a high-sugar diet 27 00:02:43,334 --> 00:02:45,924 is really new, 28 00:02:46,001 --> 00:02:51,081 especially in terms of evolutionary time zone. 29 00:02:55,167 --> 00:02:58,747 Sugar has become so prevalent in today's society 30 00:02:58,834 --> 00:03:01,924 that if you removed all the items containing it 31 00:03:02,001 --> 00:03:04,081 from a standard supermarket's shelves... 32 00:03:05,501 --> 00:03:07,671 ..just 20% of items would remain. 33 00:03:28,042 --> 00:03:29,832 Ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls, 34 00:03:29,917 --> 00:03:33,077 this is the condensed history of sugar. 35 00:03:41,542 --> 00:03:45,252 The first reports of sugar came from New Guinea in 8000 BC. 36 00:03:45,334 --> 00:03:48,584 Local mythology says that the human race came about 37 00:03:48,667 --> 00:03:52,127 after a man made love to the stalk of a sugar cane. 38 00:03:52,209 --> 00:03:53,749 Ow. 39 00:03:53,834 --> 00:03:56,254 Then, via trader migration routes, 40 00:03:56,334 --> 00:04:00,424 the cane made its way to India. 41 00:04:03,876 --> 00:04:05,246 Thank you. 42 00:04:06,667 --> 00:04:11,077 In the 12th century, sugar arrived in Europe. 43 00:04:11,167 --> 00:04:12,127 And, due to its rarity, 44 00:04:12,209 --> 00:04:15,129 it quickly became a status symbol for royalty. 45 00:04:15,209 --> 00:04:18,079 Queen Elizabeth I had a real love of sugar. 46 00:04:21,251 --> 00:04:25,581 So much so that her teeth rotted and went black from it. 47 00:04:26,751 --> 00:04:28,581 - Eugh. 48 00:04:32,292 --> 00:04:34,082 At the start of the 20th century, 49 00:04:34,167 --> 00:04:36,077 sugar was still seen as a treat - 50 00:04:36,167 --> 00:04:38,787 something you would add to a cup of tea or cup of coffee - 51 00:04:38,876 --> 00:04:41,706 but then, in 1955, an event occurred 52 00:04:41,792 --> 00:04:44,172 that significantly influenced 53 00:04:44,251 --> 00:04:49,711 the amount of sugar we eat today. 54 00:04:56,042 --> 00:04:58,332 A stunned nation hears that its president 55 00:04:58,417 --> 00:05:00,077 is stricken with a heart attack at... 56 00:05:00,167 --> 00:05:03,077 On September 23, 1955, 57 00:05:03,167 --> 00:05:05,207 the US President Dwight Eisenhower 58 00:05:05,292 --> 00:05:07,172 suffered a heart attack 59 00:05:07,251 --> 00:05:08,581 and the issue of heart disease 60 00:05:08,667 --> 00:05:10,877 was thrust into the public domain. 61 00:05:10,959 --> 00:05:12,249 Summoned to the hospital, 62 00:05:12,334 --> 00:05:14,294 a famed Boston heart specialist... 63 00:05:14,376 --> 00:05:16,576 Two strong theories emerged. 64 00:05:16,667 --> 00:05:20,077 One, led by an American scientist named Ancel Keys, 65 00:05:20,167 --> 00:05:21,827 who declared that fat was the problem... 66 00:05:23,001 --> 00:05:25,791 ..while a British doctor named John Yudkin 67 00:05:25,876 --> 00:05:27,286 believed sugar was to blame. 68 00:05:27,376 --> 00:05:30,876 I'd be very happy if everybody ate four pounds of sugar a year. 69 00:05:30,959 --> 00:05:32,829 They eat a hundred pounds! 70 00:05:35,959 --> 00:05:37,579 Over the next two decades, 71 00:05:37,667 --> 00:05:40,417 the discussion brought fierce arguments from both camps. 72 00:05:42,501 --> 00:05:47,331 But by the end of the 1970s, Ancel Keys had won out. 73 00:05:47,417 --> 00:05:50,327 Fat became the villain, sugar was exonerated, 74 00:05:50,417 --> 00:05:53,207 and the low-fat movement was in full swing. 75 00:05:54,667 --> 00:05:56,577 We institutionalised this idea 76 00:05:56,667 --> 00:05:58,747 that a low-fat diet is a healthy diet. 77 00:05:58,834 --> 00:06:01,504 So what you want to do is remove fats... 78 00:06:01,584 --> 00:06:03,214 This is how industry perceived this. 79 00:06:03,292 --> 00:06:06,082 We're gonna remove fat from otherwise healthy foods, 80 00:06:06,167 --> 00:06:09,417 and when we do this we have to replace the calories, 81 00:06:09,501 --> 00:06:11,791 we have to make sure we have the right mouth feel. 82 00:06:11,876 --> 00:06:13,956 And it has to taste as good as it did with fat, 83 00:06:14,084 --> 00:06:15,714 and the best way to do that is with sugar. 84 00:06:19,167 --> 00:06:21,327 With sugar now saturating our food supply 85 00:06:21,417 --> 00:06:25,627 and the constant confusion over its effects on our health, 86 00:06:25,709 --> 00:06:27,879 the only real way to get some answers 87 00:06:27,959 --> 00:06:30,169 is for me to start eating sugar again 88 00:06:30,251 --> 00:06:32,081 and see what it does to my body. 89 00:06:33,667 --> 00:06:36,577 So the first step is to set up an experiment 90 00:06:36,667 --> 00:06:38,287 with the help of a team of experts. 91 00:06:39,751 --> 00:06:43,081 My chief sugar adviser is the author David Gillespie... 92 00:06:44,167 --> 00:06:46,667 ..aka The Crusader. 93 00:06:48,084 --> 00:06:49,424 In charge of my blood tests 94 00:06:49,501 --> 00:06:52,921 is one of Australia's leading clinical pathologists, 95 00:06:53,001 --> 00:06:57,331 Dr Ken Sikaris, aka Professor Blood. 96 00:06:57,417 --> 00:07:00,127 My nutritionist is Sharon Johnston... 97 00:07:01,501 --> 00:07:03,711 ..the Celtic Food Queen. 98 00:07:03,792 --> 00:07:07,382 And supervising my overall health is Dr Debbie Herbst, 99 00:07:07,459 --> 00:07:10,129 aka Check Upz. 100 00:07:11,417 --> 00:07:13,207 OK, so, I want to do this mission, 101 00:07:13,292 --> 00:07:15,462 I want to find out what sugar does to me. 102 00:07:15,542 --> 00:07:17,292 What kind of things do I need to do? 103 00:07:17,376 --> 00:07:20,076 If you want to match Australian averages, 104 00:07:20,167 --> 00:07:22,167 you're gonna have to be in the range, 105 00:07:22,251 --> 00:07:24,751 40 teaspoons of sugar a day. 106 00:07:26,834 --> 00:07:28,834 - 40 a day? - Yeah, 40 a day. 107 00:07:28,917 --> 00:07:31,667 That's what's embedded in most of the processed food 108 00:07:31,751 --> 00:07:32,831 that most people are eating. 109 00:07:32,917 --> 00:07:34,377 So... 110 00:07:34,459 --> 00:07:36,129 Right, so does that mean I'm gonna eat a lot 111 00:07:36,209 --> 00:07:38,789 of these kind of sour rainbow blowpipes? 112 00:07:38,876 --> 00:07:41,576 I mean, is that... How am I gonna get to 40 teaspoons? 113 00:07:41,667 --> 00:07:43,167 You won't need to come near a place like this 114 00:07:43,251 --> 00:07:45,211 to get to 40 teaspoons. 115 00:07:45,292 --> 00:07:48,082 You just go to a supermarket and you'll get to 40 teaspoons. 116 00:07:48,167 --> 00:07:49,207 Right. 117 00:07:49,292 --> 00:07:52,752 The point is to test out a very high sugar diet 118 00:07:52,834 --> 00:07:54,084 and to see what effects we get, 119 00:07:54,167 --> 00:07:56,077 what changes I notice in the body. 120 00:07:56,167 --> 00:07:59,917 Two months, I wanna eat 40 teaspoons of sugar a day. 121 00:08:00,001 --> 00:08:02,961 - 40 teaspoons?! - 40 teaspoons. 122 00:08:03,042 --> 00:08:04,712 How are you gonna do that? 123 00:08:04,792 --> 00:08:08,082 Off-the-shelf breakfast cereals, like Just Right, 124 00:08:08,167 --> 00:08:10,077 low-fat flavoured yoghurt. 125 00:08:10,167 --> 00:08:12,957 Another good one would be some beans on toast. 126 00:08:13,084 --> 00:08:14,584 Baked beans?! 127 00:08:14,667 --> 00:08:17,457 One serving of an iced tea, 128 00:08:17,542 --> 00:08:20,252 you'll end up with nearly nine teaspoons of sugar. 129 00:08:20,334 --> 00:08:22,134 If I can achieve 40 teaspoons a day 130 00:08:22,209 --> 00:08:25,459 without touching perceived candy or junk food... 131 00:08:25,542 --> 00:08:27,712 I mean, I can't quite fathom that's possible, 132 00:08:27,792 --> 00:08:30,332 but if we can do that and see some changes, 133 00:08:30,417 --> 00:08:33,077 then that's, yeah, that seems like a pretty good story. 134 00:08:33,167 --> 00:08:35,077 A lot of your health markers are going to be going 135 00:08:35,167 --> 00:08:36,747 in very much the wrong direction, 136 00:08:36,834 --> 00:08:39,464 and I'm very glad to hear that you're gonna be having 137 00:08:39,542 --> 00:08:40,582 some medical supervision, 138 00:08:40,667 --> 00:08:41,917 'cause I think you're gonna need it. 139 00:08:42,001 --> 00:08:43,791 Anyone in the family have diabetes? 140 00:08:43,876 --> 00:08:45,666 - No. - OK. 141 00:08:45,751 --> 00:08:47,251 - Not that I know of. - Not that you know of? Good. 142 00:08:47,334 --> 00:08:48,794 And heart disease? 143 00:08:48,876 --> 00:08:52,206 No. All pretty thin and wiry Irish or French folk. 144 00:09:02,751 --> 00:09:06,791 We're going to look at how the blood sugar changes, obviously. 145 00:09:06,876 --> 00:09:10,076 We've got blood tests that can look at the effect of the heart. 146 00:09:10,167 --> 00:09:13,077 But, even more than that, we're looking for the changes 147 00:09:13,167 --> 00:09:18,077 that might occur in the liver and its production of fat. 148 00:09:18,167 --> 00:09:19,917 I'd like to go to 1932, please. 149 00:09:20,001 --> 00:09:21,581 Done. 150 00:09:21,667 --> 00:09:22,917 Coming. 151 00:09:31,292 --> 00:09:33,082 Let's just see how tall you are. 152 00:09:37,209 --> 00:09:39,499 So you've got a really normal, healthy blood pressure - 153 00:09:39,584 --> 00:09:41,214 121 over 79. 154 00:09:41,292 --> 00:09:43,752 Your heart rate's pretty good at 75, so that's pretty good. 155 00:09:43,834 --> 00:09:46,174 Alrighty, so, we'll just have a listen to your heart, 156 00:09:46,251 --> 00:09:47,961 see what it sounds like. 157 00:09:50,001 --> 00:09:51,791 You know what it's saying, Damon. 158 00:09:51,876 --> 00:09:52,916 Don't do this crazy thing? 159 00:09:53,001 --> 00:09:54,711 Exactly. That's exactly what I heard it saying. 160 00:09:54,792 --> 00:09:56,582 There are some tests that we're doing 161 00:09:56,667 --> 00:09:57,917 just to make sure 162 00:09:58,001 --> 00:09:59,961 that you're not doing anything too stupid here. 163 00:10:00,042 --> 00:10:03,332 Usually I'm telling people not to eat all this sort of stuff, 164 00:10:03,417 --> 00:10:04,327 so... 165 00:10:04,417 --> 00:10:07,167 I personally think you're insane for doing it at all. 166 00:10:07,251 --> 00:10:09,581 But... No, no, no, honestly. I think it's dangerous. 167 00:10:09,667 --> 00:10:11,957 But I guess on the plus side, 168 00:10:12,042 --> 00:10:13,712 everybody else is already doing it. 169 00:10:17,376 --> 00:10:19,746 So, this is where my health stands pre-experiment. 170 00:10:21,376 --> 00:10:26,416 My total calorie intake is approximately 2,300 a day. 171 00:10:26,501 --> 00:10:30,461 With 50% coming from good fats like avocado and nuts, 172 00:10:30,542 --> 00:10:34,382 26% from protein such as eggs, meat or fish, 173 00:10:34,459 --> 00:10:38,329 and 24% from carbohydrates like fresh vegetables. 174 00:10:38,417 --> 00:10:40,877 And of course there is no refined sugar. 175 00:10:40,959 --> 00:10:43,329 I currently weigh 76kg 176 00:10:43,417 --> 00:10:46,247 with a waist circumference of 84cm. 177 00:10:46,334 --> 00:10:48,964 My blood tests showed a very healthy liver, 178 00:10:49,042 --> 00:10:50,792 a very low level of triglyceride, 179 00:10:50,876 --> 00:10:52,456 which is fat in the bloodstream, 180 00:10:52,542 --> 00:10:56,632 and, thankfully, no sign of insulin resistance or diabetes. 181 00:10:56,709 --> 00:10:59,079 Overall, I rated slightly healthier 182 00:10:59,167 --> 00:11:01,747 than the average Western male of my age. 183 00:11:05,042 --> 00:11:07,962 The next step in the experiment was to do a shop. 184 00:11:09,334 --> 00:11:11,754 To calculate my 40 teaspoons, 185 00:11:11,834 --> 00:11:13,884 I need to keep in mind that one teaspoon 186 00:11:13,959 --> 00:11:16,209 equals roughly four grams of sugar. 187 00:11:17,667 --> 00:11:20,417 But I also need a lesson in the different types of sugar. 188 00:11:23,292 --> 00:11:25,962 Ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls, 189 00:11:26,084 --> 00:11:28,754 it's time to meet the sugar family. 190 00:11:30,167 --> 00:11:33,167 When we eat certain foods, they adhere to a rule. 191 00:11:33,251 --> 00:11:37,381 They break down to glucose which our body uses for fuel. 192 00:11:37,459 --> 00:11:40,709 Breads, pasta, vegies and grain 193 00:11:40,792 --> 00:11:44,962 all turn to glucose to be used by our brain. 194 00:11:45,084 --> 00:11:46,584 Ooh! 195 00:11:46,667 --> 00:11:50,077 But also our cells and our organs, too. 196 00:11:50,167 --> 00:11:54,457 So without any glucose there would be no you. 197 00:11:54,542 --> 00:11:57,922 Lactose is next, and she's as smooth as silk. 198 00:11:58,001 --> 00:11:59,881 She's the first sugar mammals have - 199 00:11:59,959 --> 00:12:01,169 it's in their mother's milk. 200 00:12:01,251 --> 00:12:05,381 You'll find it in cheese and milk and tubs of yoghurt, too. 201 00:12:05,459 --> 00:12:07,329 But take care if you're intolerant, 202 00:12:07,417 --> 00:12:09,377 you'll be rushing to the loo. 203 00:12:09,459 --> 00:12:13,829 Now, sucrose is the sugar that all the fuss is about. 204 00:12:15,584 --> 00:12:19,254 Some say it's dangerous while others still have doubt. 205 00:12:19,334 --> 00:12:24,084 Sucrose is the table sugar we have in coffee or tea. 206 00:12:24,167 --> 00:12:27,577 She's the sugar family's sweet little daughter. 207 00:12:28,917 --> 00:12:30,747 Or not, apparently. 208 00:12:30,834 --> 00:12:31,924 - Ooh. 209 00:12:33,876 --> 00:12:36,746 Now, this table sugar, or sucrose, 210 00:12:36,834 --> 00:12:38,964 is made up of two sugars. 211 00:12:39,084 --> 00:12:45,084 It is 50% glucose, the head of the family, plus 50% fructose. 212 00:12:45,167 --> 00:12:48,077 Now, fructose may well be 213 00:12:48,167 --> 00:12:51,627 the sugar family's mischievous teenage son, 214 00:12:51,709 --> 00:12:56,959 because in the past this fructose was very, very rare. 215 00:12:57,042 --> 00:13:01,832 It was found in fruit and vegies and honey, if you dared. 216 00:13:01,917 --> 00:13:05,957 But now we find it everywhere! 217 00:13:06,042 --> 00:13:09,212 In so many foods we eat. 218 00:13:09,292 --> 00:13:12,792 And you'll always know if you're eating fructose 219 00:13:12,876 --> 00:13:16,576 'cause it's the thing that makes food sweet. 220 00:13:16,667 --> 00:13:21,787 You see, people on this planet are growing sicker every day, 221 00:13:21,876 --> 00:13:24,076 and many scientists now believe 222 00:13:24,167 --> 00:13:27,667 that fructose has a role to play. 223 00:13:32,042 --> 00:13:34,132 - Hey, hey! - The first load. 224 00:13:34,209 --> 00:13:38,579 Why don't we make these middle shelves the sugar zone? 225 00:13:38,667 --> 00:13:42,127 - I love it. - Here's some juicy juice. 226 00:13:43,501 --> 00:13:45,671 - Juice boxes, babe. - Yep. 227 00:13:45,751 --> 00:13:47,131 Up&Go. 228 00:13:50,834 --> 00:13:53,424 So, here are the rules for my next 60 days. 229 00:13:53,501 --> 00:13:56,791 I must consume 40 teaspoons of sugar a day, 230 00:13:56,876 --> 00:13:58,626 but they must be hidden sugars 231 00:13:58,709 --> 00:14:01,579 found in commonly perceived healthy foods and drinks. 232 00:14:01,667 --> 00:14:06,167 So no soft drink, chocolate, confectionary or ice-cream. 233 00:14:06,251 --> 00:14:09,461 These 40 teaspoons of sugar will consist of sucrose 234 00:14:09,542 --> 00:14:11,582 and fructose specifically. 235 00:14:11,667 --> 00:14:15,077 They can be added, like jam, or naturally occurring, 236 00:14:15,167 --> 00:14:16,747 like sultanas. 237 00:14:16,834 --> 00:14:19,424 I must always choose low-fat foods 238 00:14:19,501 --> 00:14:23,711 and maintain the same level of exercise as I already do. 239 00:14:23,792 --> 00:14:26,082 That's three laps of my garden twice a week 240 00:14:26,167 --> 00:14:29,247 and a 10-minute workout on my homemade gym. 241 00:14:29,334 --> 00:14:32,384 And by homemade, I mean homemade. 242 00:14:39,084 --> 00:14:42,084 Tomorrow morning I start. What are your feelings? 243 00:14:43,917 --> 00:14:45,287 Uh... 244 00:14:47,959 --> 00:14:49,329 I hope you're OK. 245 00:14:58,834 --> 00:15:02,794 Darling, do we have a metric cup, like, to measure size? 246 00:15:02,876 --> 00:15:04,246 Yep. 247 00:15:04,334 --> 00:15:06,084 Right, so, this Just Right tells me 248 00:15:06,167 --> 00:15:10,327 that it's 12 grams of sugar per serving, right? 249 00:15:10,417 --> 00:15:11,577 So, that's... 250 00:15:11,667 --> 00:15:13,747 Divided by four, that's roughly three... 251 00:15:13,834 --> 00:15:16,134 ..three teaspoons of sugar per serving. 252 00:15:18,334 --> 00:15:20,214 That's a recommended serving size 253 00:15:20,292 --> 00:15:21,792 with three teaspoons of sugar. 254 00:15:21,876 --> 00:15:23,876 Now, I don't know about you but I'm a growing boy. 255 00:15:23,959 --> 00:15:25,629 I'm gonna need a little bit more of that. 256 00:15:25,709 --> 00:15:28,129 That feels like a shot of Just Right. 257 00:15:28,209 --> 00:15:29,749 Yeah, maybe 2.5. 258 00:15:31,167 --> 00:15:32,577 OK, so, 2.5... 259 00:15:33,876 --> 00:15:37,826 So, one was just under three teaspoons, two is six teaspoons, 260 00:15:37,917 --> 00:15:41,827 and the other half is about 7.5 teaspoons of sugar, 261 00:15:41,917 --> 00:15:43,077 just in that bowl. 262 00:15:43,167 --> 00:15:44,877 And I haven't added the yoghurt yet. 263 00:15:44,959 --> 00:15:49,459 Per serving there is 27 grams, 264 00:15:49,542 --> 00:15:54,252 but a lot of that's gonna be lactose, so I reckon 18 grams. 265 00:15:54,334 --> 00:15:57,924 18 divided by 4 is just over 4. 266 00:15:59,667 --> 00:16:02,957 So, four to my seven, so there's 11 teaspoons of sugar, 267 00:16:03,042 --> 00:16:05,082 and then I've gotta add my juice. 268 00:16:05,167 --> 00:16:09,877 I'm gonna put about 400 mils of apple juice, that will do me. 269 00:16:09,959 --> 00:16:14,169 There we're looking at nine teaspoons, so this combined, 270 00:16:14,251 --> 00:16:18,381 I'm looking at nearly 20 teaspoons to start the day. 271 00:16:22,792 --> 00:16:23,882 Hey, David. How are you going? 272 00:16:23,959 --> 00:16:25,129 Good. How are you? 273 00:16:25,209 --> 00:16:28,289 Mate, I've just got a quick question. We just were... 274 00:16:28,376 --> 00:16:30,376 I just sort of had my first breakfast 275 00:16:30,459 --> 00:16:33,379 and it got to about 20 teaspoons. 276 00:16:33,459 --> 00:16:34,959 20 teaspoons?! 277 00:16:35,084 --> 00:16:36,634 I almost couldn't believe it. 278 00:16:36,709 --> 00:16:41,249 But I did all the maths and it just seems ridiculous. 279 00:16:41,334 --> 00:16:43,714 Mate, you're gonna have to be on a diet 280 00:16:43,792 --> 00:16:45,422 for the rest of the day if you're only allowed to have 281 00:16:45,501 --> 00:16:47,331 20 teaspoons for the rest of the day. 282 00:16:47,417 --> 00:16:48,667 That's what I mean! 283 00:16:48,751 --> 00:16:50,881 I'll have to eat celery for the rest of the day. 284 00:16:52,251 --> 00:16:53,921 Just obscene. 285 00:16:55,834 --> 00:16:58,964 When we were still foraging and hunting and gathering 286 00:16:59,084 --> 00:17:02,214 and trying to search for fruit and things in our environment, 287 00:17:02,292 --> 00:17:06,082 we needed to be highly attuned to what sweetness there was, 288 00:17:06,167 --> 00:17:08,377 because we really need the calories. 289 00:17:08,459 --> 00:17:10,629 And of course now we bring with us 290 00:17:10,709 --> 00:17:13,579 that ancient lust for sugar, 291 00:17:13,667 --> 00:17:16,167 that ability to find even small amounts, 292 00:17:16,251 --> 00:17:18,581 and it's a case where we were looking for a little 293 00:17:18,667 --> 00:17:20,787 but now we have too much. 294 00:17:20,876 --> 00:17:23,956 And so the system, in an evolutionary terms, 295 00:17:24,042 --> 00:17:26,212 is not really set up to deal with 296 00:17:26,292 --> 00:17:29,082 this sudden abundance of highly refined sugar. 297 00:17:36,876 --> 00:17:38,956 After just two days of the experiment 298 00:17:39,084 --> 00:17:41,334 I was amazed at how easy it was 299 00:17:41,417 --> 00:17:44,707 to get to 40 teaspoons without eating any junk food. 300 00:17:46,251 --> 00:17:48,791 I've just had a breakthrough as to how we might be consuming 301 00:17:48,876 --> 00:17:50,326 so much fructose. 302 00:17:50,417 --> 00:17:52,247 I just bought these four apples. 303 00:17:52,334 --> 00:17:54,834 Now, I know that if I tried to eat these apples 304 00:17:54,917 --> 00:17:57,627 I'd probably get through two of them and I'd feel full. 305 00:17:57,709 --> 00:18:01,919 The fibre in the fruit would tell my body to stop, 306 00:18:02,001 --> 00:18:04,291 it's had enough to eat. 307 00:18:04,376 --> 00:18:07,166 But I wanna see what happens if I can juice these four apples. 308 00:18:17,876 --> 00:18:21,076 Right, so that's four apples. 309 00:18:21,167 --> 00:18:24,497 That's the sugar from four apples in one glass. 310 00:18:24,584 --> 00:18:27,084 Now, one apple is about four teaspoons of sugar, 311 00:18:27,167 --> 00:18:30,827 so that's 16 teaspoons of sugar in that glass. 312 00:18:30,917 --> 00:18:33,747 See, nature has given us this perfect little packet, 313 00:18:33,834 --> 00:18:36,174 and it's got all the nutrients, the fibre 314 00:18:36,251 --> 00:18:37,751 that tells us when we're full, 315 00:18:37,834 --> 00:18:40,214 and just the right amount of sugar in this. 316 00:18:40,292 --> 00:18:43,292 But what we do is we invent a machine like this 317 00:18:43,376 --> 00:18:45,956 which extracts only the sugar 318 00:18:46,042 --> 00:18:48,582 and then we throw everything else away. 319 00:18:56,501 --> 00:18:59,081 This high amount of sugar in juice, 320 00:18:59,167 --> 00:19:00,787 and drinks in general, 321 00:19:00,876 --> 00:19:04,076 was certainly the biggest surprise of the first week. 322 00:19:09,167 --> 00:19:13,127 Beverage tend to really create a rush, 323 00:19:13,209 --> 00:19:15,829 what I kind of call a tsunami effect. 324 00:19:15,917 --> 00:19:19,787 So you basically have this huge wave of sugar 325 00:19:19,876 --> 00:19:21,076 that gets to your liver. 326 00:19:21,167 --> 00:19:23,167 And that has a lot of consequence. 327 00:19:31,917 --> 00:19:35,877 It was now day 12 and time for my first weigh-in. 328 00:19:35,959 --> 00:19:37,789 Moment of truth. 329 00:19:40,251 --> 00:19:43,081 79.3. Huh? 330 00:19:43,167 --> 00:19:45,077 - I'm about to cry. - Why? 331 00:19:45,167 --> 00:19:46,417 3.2 kilos. 332 00:19:46,501 --> 00:19:48,331 - In 12 days? - In 12 days. 333 00:19:48,417 --> 00:19:50,827 And that's without one fizzy drink, 334 00:19:50,917 --> 00:19:52,417 no ice-cream, no chocolate. 335 00:19:52,501 --> 00:19:54,421 That is eating healthy food. 336 00:19:54,501 --> 00:19:56,331 It's alarming. Alarming, alarming. 337 00:19:56,417 --> 00:19:57,827 Debbie's alarm wasn't about 338 00:19:57,917 --> 00:19:59,287 the amount of weight I had gained... 339 00:20:00,876 --> 00:20:02,746 ..it was the fact that it was all around my belly. 340 00:20:02,834 --> 00:20:06,084 This is what's known as visceral fat. 341 00:20:06,167 --> 00:20:07,417 I'm having a baby! 342 00:20:09,667 --> 00:20:11,707 Here's a great example of it. 343 00:20:11,792 --> 00:20:15,172 On this person, the fat comes up as black. 344 00:20:15,251 --> 00:20:17,171 You can see there is a very small amount of fat 345 00:20:17,251 --> 00:20:21,881 just under the skin, but lots of visceral fat on the inside, 346 00:20:21,959 --> 00:20:23,329 cramping the organs. 347 00:20:24,542 --> 00:20:25,962 There is a term for this: 348 00:20:36,542 --> 00:20:39,132 We know that with fructose, 349 00:20:39,209 --> 00:20:42,079 you tend to accumulate more fat in this area. 350 00:20:42,167 --> 00:20:44,627 We don't know why, but we know, on the other hand, 351 00:20:44,709 --> 00:20:47,879 that when you do accumulate that fat in this area 352 00:20:47,959 --> 00:20:49,709 you have a lot of metabolic disease 353 00:20:49,792 --> 00:20:51,172 that are associated with this. 354 00:21:01,042 --> 00:21:03,582 On day 15, it occurred to me 355 00:21:03,667 --> 00:21:05,457 what 40 teaspoons of sugar 356 00:21:05,542 --> 00:21:07,172 would actually look like 357 00:21:07,251 --> 00:21:10,131 stripped of its cleverly marketed packaging. 358 00:21:13,084 --> 00:21:17,384 Today I'm gonna eat 40 actual teaspoons of sugar. 359 00:21:17,459 --> 00:21:21,129 Just Right, low-fat yoghurt - there's 10 teaspoons of sugar. 360 00:21:21,209 --> 00:21:24,959 Here, just a bowl of plain Vita Brits. So what I'm gonna do... 361 00:21:36,042 --> 00:21:39,382 This now equals that. 362 00:21:48,792 --> 00:21:51,422 It's time for my midmorning snack. 363 00:21:51,501 --> 00:21:55,081 Now, I could have this amount of frozen yoghurt or... 364 00:21:58,542 --> 00:21:59,672 11. 365 00:22:07,292 --> 00:22:08,962 So it's lunch. 366 00:22:09,042 --> 00:22:11,382 I have this delicious piece of chicken here. 367 00:22:12,542 --> 00:22:14,792 Now, I could add half a packet 368 00:22:14,876 --> 00:22:17,956 of this teriyaki chicken sauce... 369 00:22:18,084 --> 00:22:19,084 ..or, alternatively... 370 00:22:27,167 --> 00:22:30,577 Now, to wash it down, I could have one of these 371 00:22:30,667 --> 00:22:32,167 or... 372 00:22:53,334 --> 00:22:55,084 So, it's the midafternoon slump. 373 00:22:55,167 --> 00:22:59,667 Now, as a pick-me-up, I could have this Go Natural Superfood 374 00:22:59,751 --> 00:23:02,671 Apple Strawberry Cranberry Ripple bar 375 00:23:02,751 --> 00:23:07,831 or I could have this 7-teaspoon water cracker sugar sandwich. 376 00:23:21,876 --> 00:23:23,576 It was at this point 377 00:23:23,667 --> 00:23:26,077 that I thought I'd better check in with Professor Blood. 378 00:23:27,792 --> 00:23:31,632 The big change is that the liver function tests 379 00:23:31,709 --> 00:23:34,919 have had an amazing rise in one of the enzyme levels, 380 00:23:35,001 --> 00:23:36,581 the ALT level. 381 00:23:36,667 --> 00:23:39,787 The ALT is an enzyme in the liver 382 00:23:39,876 --> 00:23:41,786 which helps the reactions go out. 383 00:23:41,876 --> 00:23:43,126 If it appears in your blood, 384 00:23:43,209 --> 00:23:44,789 'cause that's where we measured it, 385 00:23:44,876 --> 00:23:48,496 it shows that the liver cells are releasing their contents - 386 00:23:48,584 --> 00:23:52,964 i.e., they're being damaged or dying. 387 00:23:53,042 --> 00:23:54,832 And so the... 388 00:23:54,917 --> 00:23:56,707 You know, the... It's really... 389 00:23:56,792 --> 00:23:59,582 - My liver cells are dying. - They are. They are. 390 00:23:59,667 --> 00:24:02,417 It's obviously getting full of fat. 391 00:24:02,501 --> 00:24:04,081 You've got the signs of a fatty liver. 392 00:24:04,167 --> 00:24:06,457 And this is really the first time 393 00:24:06,542 --> 00:24:09,752 I've actually seen that it can be actually developed 394 00:24:09,834 --> 00:24:11,214 in two or three weeks. 395 00:24:12,917 --> 00:24:14,667 Given my liver has turned to fat 396 00:24:14,751 --> 00:24:16,881 after just 18 days, 397 00:24:16,959 --> 00:24:18,749 I think it's time to take a closer look 398 00:24:18,834 --> 00:24:21,214 at what sugar does once it enters the body. 399 00:24:24,501 --> 00:24:27,131 This is the actor Brenton Thwaites. 400 00:24:27,209 --> 00:24:29,079 He's very kindly volunteered his body 401 00:24:29,167 --> 00:24:30,827 for the following demonstration. 402 00:24:37,417 --> 00:24:41,417 After sugar enters the body, it splits into two parts - 403 00:24:41,501 --> 00:24:44,461 fructose and glucose. 404 00:24:44,542 --> 00:24:46,962 Both of which make their way to the liver. 405 00:24:54,084 --> 00:24:55,504 Now, once in the liver, 406 00:24:55,584 --> 00:24:58,084 the glucose is dealt with efficiently. 407 00:24:58,167 --> 00:25:00,327 It's either used immediately for energy 408 00:25:00,417 --> 00:25:03,577 or it's stored for later, like a spare battery. 409 00:25:03,667 --> 00:25:06,077 But the fructose half of sugar is very different. 410 00:25:06,167 --> 00:25:08,707 The liver doesn't have a system to regulate the fructose 411 00:25:08,792 --> 00:25:10,672 because it was so rare in nature, 412 00:25:10,751 --> 00:25:12,251 so it hoovers it out of the bloodstream 413 00:25:12,334 --> 00:25:13,754 whether it needs it or not. 414 00:25:13,834 --> 00:25:15,504 And if all our spare batteries are full, 415 00:25:15,584 --> 00:25:18,084 then it rapidly turns it into fat. 416 00:25:19,542 --> 00:25:23,132 Some of that fat is gonna stay in the liver 417 00:25:23,209 --> 00:25:26,249 and you're gonna have increased risk 418 00:25:26,334 --> 00:25:29,794 for insulin resistance and diabetes. 419 00:25:29,876 --> 00:25:31,076 What also happens 420 00:25:31,167 --> 00:25:32,957 is that this fat in the liver 421 00:25:33,084 --> 00:25:36,294 is then sent out into the bloodstream as triglycerides, 422 00:25:36,376 --> 00:25:38,076 which can lead to excess weight 423 00:25:38,167 --> 00:25:40,247 plus blocked arteries and heart disease. 424 00:25:46,459 --> 00:25:48,079 Now, when we're eating lots of sugar 425 00:25:48,167 --> 00:25:51,207 and other carbohydrates like bread and pasta, 426 00:25:51,292 --> 00:25:52,712 we're producing lots of glucose. 427 00:25:53,959 --> 00:25:56,459 A hormone called insulin is released, 428 00:25:56,542 --> 00:25:59,882 which is like a key that helps to open our cells' doors 429 00:25:59,959 --> 00:26:01,499 so they can absorb all the glucose, 430 00:26:01,584 --> 00:26:04,254 remove it from the bloodstream and burn it for energy. 431 00:26:05,459 --> 00:26:09,209 The more glucose in the blood, the more insulin is released. 432 00:26:09,292 --> 00:26:12,082 But the key point for us 433 00:26:12,167 --> 00:26:13,957 is that while this insulin is in the blood 434 00:26:14,042 --> 00:26:15,712 dealing with all the glucose, 435 00:26:15,792 --> 00:26:18,882 it tells our fat cells to hold on to the fat. 436 00:26:18,959 --> 00:26:22,129 It actually turns off our fat-burning processes. 437 00:26:22,209 --> 00:26:23,959 So when we're eating lots of sugar, 438 00:26:24,042 --> 00:26:26,712 we're putting fat into our bodies via the fatty liver. 439 00:26:26,792 --> 00:26:28,382 Plus, because of all the glucose, 440 00:26:28,459 --> 00:26:30,329 we maintain the level of insulin, 441 00:26:30,417 --> 00:26:33,127 which tells our fat cells to hold on to the fat. 442 00:26:33,209 --> 00:26:34,579 We can't burn off fat 443 00:26:34,667 --> 00:26:37,457 when insulin is around dealing with all the sugar! 444 00:26:39,167 --> 00:26:40,457 This is what may be happening 445 00:26:40,542 --> 00:26:42,212 to a huge number of the population.' 446 00:26:44,376 --> 00:26:46,126 It's highly unlikely with Brenton, though. 447 00:26:52,001 --> 00:26:53,631 The issue that we're talking about 448 00:26:53,709 --> 00:26:55,709 is that there are these chronic diseases 449 00:26:55,792 --> 00:26:58,582 related to obesity and diabetes - 450 00:26:58,667 --> 00:27:00,627 heart disease, 451 00:27:00,709 --> 00:27:04,209 many cancers, gout, hypertension, 452 00:27:04,292 --> 00:27:08,082 high blood pressure, possibly Alzheimer's disease. 453 00:27:08,167 --> 00:27:11,287 The question is, would these diseases exist... 454 00:27:13,084 --> 00:27:14,924 ..if sugar wasn't in the diet? 455 00:27:23,001 --> 00:27:26,881 So, this morning I've woken up and I feel pretty drained. 456 00:27:26,959 --> 00:27:29,669 I had a chicken dish last night that was pretty sweet. 457 00:27:31,167 --> 00:27:34,957 And I could just tell that my body feels lethargic 458 00:27:35,042 --> 00:27:39,082 and it's waiting for its next sugar injection. 459 00:27:40,751 --> 00:27:46,131 So the perfectly named Up&Go 460 00:27:46,209 --> 00:27:48,079 is gonna start my day today. 461 00:27:48,167 --> 00:27:50,627 Banana flavoured with, uh... 462 00:27:52,167 --> 00:27:54,827 ..about four to five teaspoons of sugar. 463 00:27:56,167 --> 00:27:57,287 It was obvious 464 00:27:57,376 --> 00:27:59,416 that sugar was affecting me physically, 465 00:27:59,501 --> 00:28:00,751 but the real surprise 466 00:28:00,834 --> 00:28:03,294 was the impact it was having on my moods. 467 00:28:03,376 --> 00:28:05,376 It's amazing, it's so sweet 468 00:28:05,459 --> 00:28:08,079 and I can feel my brain responds to it straightaway. 469 00:28:08,167 --> 00:28:10,417 Like, it tastes delicious. 470 00:28:10,501 --> 00:28:14,791 The thing I've noticed the most is the mood swings. 471 00:28:14,876 --> 00:28:17,746 Big highs when I have the sugar and I feel super alert 472 00:28:17,834 --> 00:28:20,084 and switched on for about 45 minutes 473 00:28:20,167 --> 00:28:23,577 and then I'll get this feeling of real lethargy, 474 00:28:23,667 --> 00:28:28,577 I'll feel vague, a bit aloof until I get that next hit again 475 00:28:28,667 --> 00:28:30,077 and then I'm right to concentrate. 476 00:28:30,167 --> 00:28:33,077 I just noticed the attention is reduced 477 00:28:33,167 --> 00:28:35,577 and he's much more distracted. 478 00:28:35,667 --> 00:28:38,287 - Hm. - And it's very unlike him. 479 00:28:38,376 --> 00:28:39,576 Very unusual. 480 00:28:39,667 --> 00:28:41,877 What you're describing is absolutely 481 00:28:41,959 --> 00:28:44,579 what the research has shown, 482 00:28:44,667 --> 00:28:47,957 is a high concentration, energy, 483 00:28:48,042 --> 00:28:50,252 followed by a crash. 484 00:28:50,334 --> 00:28:53,214 The brain and body runs on glucose. 485 00:28:53,292 --> 00:28:57,582 If the glucose level is going constantly up and down, 486 00:28:57,667 --> 00:29:00,417 you know, zinging high and low and high and low 487 00:29:00,501 --> 00:29:01,881 and back and forth, 488 00:29:01,959 --> 00:29:05,669 then your mental function is just unstable. 489 00:29:05,751 --> 00:29:08,211 If your glucose level is stable 490 00:29:08,292 --> 00:29:12,332 and not fluctuating, then you have more clarity. 491 00:29:12,417 --> 00:29:14,457 It's almost like the body is 492 00:29:14,542 --> 00:29:16,422 getting used to this new reality that I've created, 493 00:29:16,501 --> 00:29:19,671 and it gets its burst of energy from the sugar. 494 00:29:19,751 --> 00:29:21,251 And then when that's not happening, 495 00:29:21,334 --> 00:29:22,924 it's, like, going, "OK, we're ready." 496 00:29:23,001 --> 00:29:25,711 Like, I guess, I used to smoke, it's a similar feeling. 497 00:29:25,792 --> 00:29:27,792 Tell me a little bit more about what it's like 498 00:29:27,876 --> 00:29:29,826 when you've just had some sugar 499 00:29:29,917 --> 00:29:31,877 and when you're on the sugar high. 500 00:29:31,959 --> 00:29:33,919 A quite childish thing comes out in me. 501 00:29:34,001 --> 00:29:36,291 I go, "Whoo," and then I'm full of beans for a while. 502 00:29:36,376 --> 00:29:39,206 He can be like that in day-to-day life, too, 503 00:29:39,292 --> 00:29:41,582 he's really fun and playful, but the difference is 504 00:29:41,667 --> 00:29:44,577 there's a kind of manic edge to it that wasn't there before. 505 00:29:44,667 --> 00:29:46,667 It's kind of a bit more like, "Ah'." 506 00:29:46,751 --> 00:29:50,081 Now, the manic state is quite interesting 507 00:29:50,167 --> 00:29:54,287 because it's not the same as happiness, right? 508 00:29:54,376 --> 00:29:57,456 There's a sort of a sense of being wired. 509 00:29:57,542 --> 00:30:00,172 It's raining sugar! 510 00:30:00,251 --> 00:30:02,421 So, it's interesting 'cause that's what we do see. 511 00:30:02,501 --> 00:30:04,881 And I'm not suggesting you've got bipolar disorder 512 00:30:04,959 --> 00:30:09,669 but it's a phenomena that we see in that particular condition 513 00:30:09,751 --> 00:30:11,961 where there's a very high mood 514 00:30:12,042 --> 00:30:14,382 but it's not actually a very pleasant mood. 515 00:30:16,542 --> 00:30:20,672 So, Damon, the way that blood sugar affects your mood, 516 00:30:20,751 --> 00:30:23,961 I like to explain to people with a really simple diagram. 517 00:30:24,084 --> 00:30:27,424 So, this is your blood sugar levels here. 518 00:30:27,501 --> 00:30:31,711 This is the point where your brain is really happy 519 00:30:31,792 --> 00:30:33,752 'cause it's got enough sugar to keep it going. 520 00:30:33,834 --> 00:30:36,634 It is your most important organ in the body, in that way. 521 00:30:36,709 --> 00:30:38,749 When you eat something that's really sugary, 522 00:30:38,834 --> 00:30:41,634 like lollies or fruit juices, that sort of thing, 523 00:30:41,709 --> 00:30:44,499 your blood sugar will spike really quickly 524 00:30:44,584 --> 00:30:47,334 and then it will crash down again really quickly. 525 00:30:47,417 --> 00:30:50,327 The reason it crashes really quickly is because, 526 00:30:50,417 --> 00:30:53,207 in response to that sugar, the body releases insulin, 527 00:30:53,292 --> 00:30:55,502 the hormone that takes it into the cells 528 00:30:55,584 --> 00:30:56,924 so it can be used for energy. 529 00:30:57,001 --> 00:30:59,461 So, that big crash though 530 00:30:59,542 --> 00:31:01,582 means that your brain's no longer happy, 531 00:31:01,667 --> 00:31:03,127 so, in response to that, 532 00:31:03,209 --> 00:31:07,169 we get the release of stress hormones like adrenaline, 533 00:31:07,251 --> 00:31:09,791 which is then signalling the brain 534 00:31:09,876 --> 00:31:14,126 to tell you to eat something sugary again 535 00:31:14,209 --> 00:31:17,249 so that we can get it back up again. 536 00:31:17,334 --> 00:31:21,294 And so, once again, we get more insulin and it dips down, 537 00:31:21,376 --> 00:31:25,956 and that's why you get the fluctuations in your mood, 538 00:31:26,042 --> 00:31:29,632 from that sugar spiking and falling. 539 00:31:29,709 --> 00:31:32,169 And the problem with the adrenaline 540 00:31:32,251 --> 00:31:34,751 is that that can lead to anxiety 541 00:31:34,834 --> 00:31:36,964 and even panic attacks 542 00:31:37,042 --> 00:31:38,752 because of those mood changes. 543 00:31:41,001 --> 00:31:42,211 Given my experience 544 00:31:42,292 --> 00:31:44,792 of fluctuating blood sugar levels, 545 00:31:44,876 --> 00:31:46,376 I couldn't help but think of children 546 00:31:46,459 --> 00:31:48,579 struggling to learn at school. 547 00:31:48,667 --> 00:31:50,957 Could a diet full of hidden sugar 548 00:31:51,084 --> 00:31:53,294 be contributing to the problem? 549 00:31:53,376 --> 00:31:55,376 This has had a very profound impact 550 00:31:55,459 --> 00:31:58,919 on children's behaviour, on mental illness. 551 00:31:59,001 --> 00:32:01,251 It has exacerbated many different types 552 00:32:01,334 --> 00:32:02,794 of neurological disorders, 553 00:32:02,876 --> 00:32:05,746 but we don't actually name what the cause is, 554 00:32:05,834 --> 00:32:07,884 which is the sugar that's in the diet. 555 00:32:07,959 --> 00:32:09,579 Sugar Crisp is candy-coated 556 00:32:09,667 --> 00:32:11,827 right down to the last wheat puff in the box. 557 00:32:11,917 --> 00:32:14,287 - As a cereal it's dandy. - For snacks it's so handy. 558 00:32:14,376 --> 00:32:15,666 Or eat it like candy. 559 00:32:15,751 --> 00:32:17,331 ♪ Post's Sugar Crisp. ♪ 560 00:32:28,209 --> 00:32:30,129 Don't laugh. It's for the... You know why I'm doing it. 561 00:32:43,667 --> 00:32:45,707 The speed at which my high-sugar diet 562 00:32:45,792 --> 00:32:49,712 was affecting me took us all by surprise. 563 00:32:49,792 --> 00:32:52,502 I was going to have to expand the scope of the experiment, 564 00:32:52,584 --> 00:32:55,174 and this would take me out of town for a few days. 565 00:33:01,876 --> 00:33:05,876 In 2002 I spent some time with an Aboriginal community 566 00:33:05,959 --> 00:33:08,289 and was stunned by the amount of sugar they consumed. 567 00:33:10,292 --> 00:33:11,832 Like so many indigenous cultures 568 00:33:11,917 --> 00:33:13,917 introduced to a Western diet, 569 00:33:14,001 --> 00:33:18,081 their relationship with sugar seemed particularly destructive. 570 00:33:18,167 --> 00:33:20,457 The Aborigines have remarkably little sugar 571 00:33:20,542 --> 00:33:22,382 in their diet. 572 00:33:22,459 --> 00:33:25,209 Two or three small pieces of candy 573 00:33:25,292 --> 00:33:28,672 would be equal to the sum total of the amount of sweetness 574 00:33:28,751 --> 00:33:31,671 that an Aborigine would get in one year. 575 00:33:33,417 --> 00:33:34,627 In 2008, 576 00:33:34,709 --> 00:33:37,829 Coca-Cola claimed that Australia's Northern Territory 577 00:33:37,917 --> 00:33:41,577 was their highest-selling region per capita in the world. 578 00:33:41,667 --> 00:33:43,207 This was, in large part, 579 00:33:43,292 --> 00:33:46,332 due to the local stores in the Aboriginal communities. 580 00:33:49,459 --> 00:33:53,919 Just 100km from Uluru is the small town of Amata. 581 00:33:55,959 --> 00:33:58,129 It has always been alcohol-free, 582 00:33:58,209 --> 00:34:02,829 but in 2007 its population of just under 400 people 583 00:34:02,917 --> 00:34:05,667 consumed 40,000 litres of soft drink. 584 00:34:07,959 --> 00:34:11,079 So one Aboriginal man decided to do something about it. 585 00:34:12,667 --> 00:34:14,077 His name is John Tregenza. 586 00:34:15,459 --> 00:34:18,209 This is his case, this is his putaru 587 00:34:18,292 --> 00:34:20,422 and this is his nickname. 588 00:34:20,501 --> 00:34:21,421 Why? 589 00:34:21,501 --> 00:34:23,751 'Cause I cut through the bullshit. 590 00:34:25,501 --> 00:34:28,081 When I first come up here, in 1973, 591 00:34:28,167 --> 00:34:30,077 I would estimate that, 592 00:34:30,167 --> 00:34:34,327 say, 10% of the people's diet came from the store, 593 00:34:34,417 --> 00:34:37,877 and now it's almost 100%. 594 00:34:37,959 --> 00:34:40,079 So it was obviously critical that people's health 595 00:34:40,167 --> 00:34:42,127 depended on what they were carrying out the store door. 596 00:34:43,459 --> 00:34:45,379 This reliance on the store 597 00:34:45,459 --> 00:34:48,579 has been caused by a variety of environmental changes. 598 00:34:48,667 --> 00:34:51,707 The main one being the introduction of a foreign grass 599 00:34:51,792 --> 00:34:53,422 that took over the plains 600 00:34:53,501 --> 00:34:55,961 and drove away the native plants and animals 601 00:34:56,042 --> 00:34:58,172 that had provided bush tucker for centuries. 602 00:35:00,709 --> 00:35:04,579 Being in Amata, it was hard to believe that only 40 years ago 603 00:35:04,667 --> 00:35:07,747 these people were living predominantly off the land. 604 00:35:07,834 --> 00:35:11,174 All our families and old people, 605 00:35:11,251 --> 00:35:15,291 all our grandfathers and great-great-grandparents, 606 00:35:15,376 --> 00:35:18,786 they only eating bush tucker, 607 00:35:18,876 --> 00:35:22,376 like emus, kangaroos, turkey, 608 00:35:22,459 --> 00:35:25,079 wild tomatoes, wild beets. 609 00:35:25,167 --> 00:35:28,207 And they were healthy, 610 00:35:28,292 --> 00:35:30,582 no sickness. 611 00:35:30,667 --> 00:35:32,877 And then the whitefella came into Australia, 612 00:35:32,959 --> 00:35:35,129 he bring all the sweet things 613 00:35:35,209 --> 00:35:39,579 like lollies...biscuits, everything. 614 00:35:41,334 --> 00:35:42,254 With stores filling up 615 00:35:42,334 --> 00:35:44,674 with highly profitable sugary items 616 00:35:44,751 --> 00:35:48,081 and the community's health rapidly declining, 617 00:35:48,167 --> 00:35:51,787 John, his colleagues and a local health council 618 00:35:51,876 --> 00:35:52,916 established a program 619 00:35:53,001 --> 00:35:56,631 to ensure people had access to fresh, healthy produce. 620 00:35:57,709 --> 00:35:59,709 They called it Mai Wiru 621 00:36:05,876 --> 00:36:08,076 The Mai Wiru quickly went to work. 622 00:36:08,167 --> 00:36:12,707 They removed deep-fryers, added free cold water fountains 623 00:36:12,792 --> 00:36:15,672 and hired a nutritionist to educate the community. 624 00:36:16,959 --> 00:36:18,959 For the children, they made music videos 625 00:36:19,084 --> 00:36:20,884 with psychedelic vegetables 626 00:36:20,959 --> 00:36:23,249 and put up these signs on the store's fridges. 627 00:36:24,792 --> 00:36:26,292 I put this one to the test 628 00:36:26,376 --> 00:36:28,126 and I think they might be onto something. 629 00:36:34,501 --> 00:36:37,751 But, most importantly, the local people were empowered 630 00:36:37,834 --> 00:36:41,924 and began making their own decisions about their health. 631 00:36:42,001 --> 00:36:44,081 The community at Amata decided 632 00:36:44,167 --> 00:36:46,667 that they were wanting to reduce the amount of sugar intake 633 00:36:46,751 --> 00:36:48,631 that they were having throughout the community. 634 00:37:04,709 --> 00:37:06,579 The first high-sugar item to go 635 00:37:06,667 --> 00:37:09,077 was the black fizzy stuff. 636 00:37:09,167 --> 00:37:10,787 Then they've said, "We don't want Coke," 637 00:37:10,876 --> 00:37:12,206 so they don't have Coke. 638 00:37:12,292 --> 00:37:15,752 So no-one is upset about it, it is a decision by the elders. 639 00:37:15,834 --> 00:37:18,134 And so we don't have Coke. 640 00:37:19,792 --> 00:37:22,082 Mai Wiru was working 641 00:37:22,167 --> 00:37:24,167 and in a very short time Amata had 642 00:37:24,251 --> 00:37:27,251 the lowest rate of sugar consumption in the region. 643 00:37:28,542 --> 00:37:30,382 With the level of sugar consumption 644 00:37:30,459 --> 00:37:34,079 in other communities I've been in, it's astronomical. 645 00:37:34,167 --> 00:37:35,327 It is over the top. 646 00:37:35,417 --> 00:37:37,877 I think the Mai Wiru group, 647 00:37:37,959 --> 00:37:41,879 in itself, could teach a lot of the other communities a lot. 648 00:37:45,167 --> 00:37:46,577 But just when everything seemed to be 649 00:37:46,667 --> 00:37:48,787 headed in the right direction, 650 00:37:48,876 --> 00:37:51,076 the government slashed Mai Wiru's funding. 651 00:37:54,959 --> 00:37:58,249 The organisation is now left with a skeleton of staff, 652 00:37:58,334 --> 00:37:59,964 the nutritionist was the first to go. 653 00:38:00,084 --> 00:38:01,754 The Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara people 654 00:38:01,834 --> 00:38:04,424 really feel it because it was their idea. 655 00:38:04,501 --> 00:38:09,331 Like, they're the ones who saw the problem, 656 00:38:09,417 --> 00:38:11,327 they're the ones who bury their own people, 657 00:38:11,417 --> 00:38:13,287 they're the ones who wanted to make a change 658 00:38:13,376 --> 00:38:17,076 and they've been totally ignored, 659 00:38:17,167 --> 00:38:20,287 overridden and having funding taken off by 660 00:38:20,376 --> 00:38:22,376 the Federal and State governments 661 00:38:22,459 --> 00:38:24,959 and given to a non-Aboriginal organisation. 662 00:38:25,042 --> 00:38:26,252 It's really quite outrageous. 663 00:38:29,876 --> 00:38:32,076 The thing that struck me about Amata 664 00:38:32,167 --> 00:38:34,497 is that although Coke is gone, 665 00:38:34,584 --> 00:38:37,464 without a nutritionist to continue the education 666 00:38:37,542 --> 00:38:40,422 people are still consuming vast amounts of sugar 667 00:38:40,501 --> 00:38:41,581 in other products. 668 00:38:44,667 --> 00:38:46,957 And their health is suffering as a consequence. 669 00:39:04,167 --> 00:39:05,457 There's a perception abroad 670 00:39:05,542 --> 00:39:08,462 that the problems with obesity and diabetes 671 00:39:08,542 --> 00:39:10,792 may be related to alcohol, 672 00:39:10,876 --> 00:39:12,826 but here at Amata it's been a dry community 673 00:39:12,917 --> 00:39:16,417 ever since it was established, so all of the health problems, 674 00:39:16,501 --> 00:39:18,881 including diabetes and kidney failure, 675 00:39:18,959 --> 00:39:21,249 is all related to the diet. 676 00:39:25,834 --> 00:39:28,924 John offered to take me to a special place 677 00:39:29,001 --> 00:39:32,211 where the full effects of a disabled Mai Wiru can be felt. 678 00:39:39,709 --> 00:39:43,169 I've known almost everyone buried here. 679 00:39:43,251 --> 00:39:45,461 I've got family members buried here. 680 00:39:49,292 --> 00:39:53,422 These five graves here are all people under 40. 681 00:39:55,042 --> 00:39:58,962 That's another young person in there. 682 00:40:02,001 --> 00:40:04,791 A whole group up here of two sisters and a brother 683 00:40:04,876 --> 00:40:08,166 who all passed away from kidney failure. 684 00:40:09,501 --> 00:40:13,211 Most of these deaths here are premature 685 00:40:13,292 --> 00:40:16,082 and could have been avoided with correct diet 686 00:40:16,167 --> 00:40:18,377 and access to affordable healthy food. 687 00:40:18,459 --> 00:40:20,329 It's a complete tragedy. 688 00:40:34,292 --> 00:40:37,082 After four days in Amata, 689 00:40:37,167 --> 00:40:40,207 it occurred to me that what is happening to my body 690 00:40:40,292 --> 00:40:42,132 is perhaps a concentrated version 691 00:40:42,209 --> 00:40:43,709 of what has happened here 692 00:40:43,792 --> 00:40:45,792 and in many other Indigenous communities. 693 00:40:47,667 --> 00:40:50,207 I'd been sugar-free for a long time 694 00:40:50,292 --> 00:40:54,082 and now, by suddenly subjecting myself to a high-sugar diet, 695 00:40:54,167 --> 00:40:56,577 the effects have been both rapid and acute. 696 00:40:59,792 --> 00:41:01,582 If immediate action isn't taken 697 00:41:01,667 --> 00:41:03,167 to restore the positive direction 698 00:41:03,251 --> 00:41:05,631 that Mai Wiru was heading in, 699 00:41:05,709 --> 00:41:08,169 then the oldest living culture on earth 700 00:41:08,251 --> 00:41:10,961 is in great danger of disappearing. 701 00:41:23,334 --> 00:41:24,584 Oh, look at that.' 702 00:41:24,667 --> 00:41:26,577 81.2. 703 00:41:27,917 --> 00:41:29,417 81.2 704 00:41:29,501 --> 00:41:32,251 - OK, so what's that in... - 1.6 kilos. 705 00:41:32,334 --> 00:41:35,334 So in a month I've put on five. 706 00:41:35,417 --> 00:41:36,827 Something like that. 707 00:41:36,917 --> 00:41:39,747 - 76. - You started out at 76, yeah. 708 00:41:39,834 --> 00:41:41,214 Over five kilos. 709 00:41:42,667 --> 00:41:45,247 - Oh, my God. - What? 710 00:41:45,334 --> 00:41:47,794 Hang on, is that a... Hang on, don't tell me. 711 00:41:47,876 --> 00:41:48,916 91. 712 00:41:50,001 --> 00:41:51,671 - 91?! - 91. 713 00:41:51,751 --> 00:41:54,131 So, OK, 7cm. 714 00:41:54,209 --> 00:41:55,129 7cm. 715 00:41:55,209 --> 00:41:57,749 If I keep going for the next three or four months 716 00:41:57,834 --> 00:42:00,754 at these levels, would I be knocking on the door of obesity? 717 00:42:00,834 --> 00:42:03,174 Definitely. You haven't got far to go. 718 00:42:03,251 --> 00:42:05,581 I'm eating a lot more than I would. 719 00:42:05,667 --> 00:42:08,827 Um...I'm snacking a lot more than I would have before. 720 00:42:08,917 --> 00:42:11,577 I find it very hard to feel full. 721 00:42:11,667 --> 00:42:15,957 Not surprising because you're not eating very much good fats 722 00:42:16,084 --> 00:42:17,254 or proteins. 723 00:42:17,334 --> 00:42:18,674 It's the fat and the protein 724 00:42:18,751 --> 00:42:20,961 that actually helps us feel fuller. 725 00:42:21,084 --> 00:42:24,174 All the low-fat foods that we've been told are good for us 726 00:42:24,251 --> 00:42:25,961 and that we should be eating 727 00:42:26,042 --> 00:42:29,252 actually tend to be higher in sugar anyway, 728 00:42:29,334 --> 00:42:30,464 as you know, 729 00:42:30,542 --> 00:42:33,212 and they're not helping us to feel full. 730 00:42:35,542 --> 00:42:36,712 With the effects of sugar 731 00:42:36,792 --> 00:42:38,922 now clearly taking a toll on me, 732 00:42:39,001 --> 00:42:41,751 and having witnessed its devastation in Amata... 733 00:42:41,834 --> 00:42:42,754 I'm packing. 734 00:42:42,834 --> 00:42:44,214 ..I needed to talk to some people 735 00:42:44,292 --> 00:42:46,502 that knew a lot more about the subject than I did. 736 00:42:46,584 --> 00:42:48,134 Have a look behind you. 737 00:42:48,209 --> 00:42:49,709 It's hanging off my cupboard door. 738 00:42:50,876 --> 00:42:51,876 It was time to head to 739 00:42:51,959 --> 00:42:54,579 the cultural capital of convenience, 740 00:42:54,667 --> 00:42:57,497 the mecca of the processed food and sugar industry, 741 00:42:57,584 --> 00:42:59,294 and the current number-one-ranked 742 00:42:59,376 --> 00:43:01,206 world obesity champion... 743 00:43:01,292 --> 00:43:03,132 Look out, America. 744 00:43:03,209 --> 00:43:05,079 Here comes Sugar Daddy. 745 00:43:28,834 --> 00:43:31,424 So, we're here in America. 746 00:43:31,501 --> 00:43:33,881 Day one, jet lag. 747 00:43:33,959 --> 00:43:37,919 So I just went in to Jamba Juice and got me one of these. 748 00:43:39,292 --> 00:43:43,082 139 grams of sugar. 749 00:43:43,167 --> 00:43:44,667 I actually need the calculator for this. 750 00:43:44,751 --> 00:43:46,211 That... 751 00:43:48,501 --> 00:43:53,081 ..that is 34 teaspoons of sugar... 752 00:43:54,959 --> 00:43:55,879 ..in that drink. 753 00:43:55,959 --> 00:43:59,579 That is nearly my daily allowance in this cup. 754 00:44:01,376 --> 00:44:02,956 What a great jet lag cure. 755 00:44:07,167 --> 00:44:09,667 Wow, wow, wow, wow. 756 00:44:12,876 --> 00:44:14,786 Now, if I was to eat the same amount of sugar 757 00:44:14,876 --> 00:44:16,286 that was in that smoothie 758 00:44:16,376 --> 00:44:19,826 but the sugar was in its original fruit packaging 759 00:44:19,917 --> 00:44:23,457 I would have to eat four peaches, nine limes, 760 00:44:23,542 --> 00:44:26,082 30 lemons and 30 strawberries. 761 00:44:27,167 --> 00:44:30,077 This might be fine for a bear about to go into hibernation, 762 00:44:30,167 --> 00:44:32,827 but it can have damaging effects for a human 763 00:44:32,917 --> 00:44:34,747 who thinks they are making a healthy choice. 764 00:44:37,459 --> 00:44:41,289 One of the interesting conflicts today is this idea, 765 00:44:41,376 --> 00:44:43,126 pushed by some of our government... 766 00:44:43,209 --> 00:44:44,579 ..well-meaning government officials, 767 00:44:44,667 --> 00:44:48,327 that if you could just get Coca-Colas out of McDonald's 768 00:44:48,417 --> 00:44:51,377 and get the kids to drink fruit smoothies they'd be healthier. 769 00:44:51,459 --> 00:44:52,749 And yet the fruit smoothies have 770 00:44:52,834 --> 00:44:54,714 just as much sugar as a Coca-Cola. 771 00:44:58,459 --> 00:45:01,249 The first thing I noticed with American foods 772 00:45:01,334 --> 00:45:05,714 was how difficult it was gonna be to stay under 40 teaspoons. 773 00:45:06,834 --> 00:45:09,634 It wasn't just the abundance of sugar in the food 774 00:45:09,709 --> 00:45:11,709 but also the presence of a sweetener 775 00:45:11,792 --> 00:45:13,582 called high fructose corn syrup. 776 00:45:16,167 --> 00:45:19,327 Its primary delivery system is soft drink, 777 00:45:19,417 --> 00:45:22,207 which adds roughly 4,000 teaspoons a year 778 00:45:22,292 --> 00:45:23,922 to the diet of each American. 779 00:45:25,042 --> 00:45:26,292 People don't actually realise 780 00:45:26,376 --> 00:45:28,126 that high fructose corn syrup and sugar 781 00:45:28,209 --> 00:45:30,379 are virtually identical. 782 00:45:30,459 --> 00:45:33,669 See, corn refiners back in the 1980s did their best 783 00:45:33,751 --> 00:45:35,831 to make sure that people didn't equate 784 00:45:35,917 --> 00:45:38,077 high fructose corn syrup with sugar. 785 00:45:38,167 --> 00:45:39,577 Flash forward 20 years later, 786 00:45:39,667 --> 00:45:41,877 people are blaming high fructose corn syrup 787 00:45:41,959 --> 00:45:43,629 for the obesity epidemic. 788 00:45:43,709 --> 00:45:46,829 And now the corn refiners are desperately trying to say 789 00:45:46,917 --> 00:45:49,577 that they are sugar, they're no different, 790 00:45:49,667 --> 00:45:51,877 and the sugar industry's going, "No, you're not. 791 00:45:51,959 --> 00:45:53,329 "You're entirely different." 792 00:45:58,209 --> 00:46:00,249 With sugar and high fructose corn syrup 793 00:46:00,334 --> 00:46:02,084 now in the spotlight, 794 00:46:02,167 --> 00:46:03,747 I notice that companies are using 795 00:46:03,834 --> 00:46:05,924 a range of seductive names 796 00:46:06,001 --> 00:46:08,251 for other fructose-based sweeteners. 797 00:46:10,667 --> 00:46:11,957 Any sugar - 798 00:46:12,084 --> 00:46:16,084 brown sugar, white sugar, high fructose corn syrup, 799 00:46:16,167 --> 00:46:18,377 fruit juice concentrate from fruit juice - 800 00:46:18,459 --> 00:46:20,579 equal effect on your health. 801 00:46:31,417 --> 00:46:33,827 Not feeling very well at all today. 802 00:46:33,917 --> 00:46:37,577 Nauseous in my stomach and had a headache all morning. 803 00:46:37,667 --> 00:46:39,327 And it's interesting, 'cause we're driving through 804 00:46:39,417 --> 00:46:42,627 rural America now, we're in North Carolina. 805 00:46:48,542 --> 00:46:52,332 It's so hard to get any kind of decent food. 806 00:46:52,417 --> 00:46:54,457 There are signs that say 'food exit', 807 00:46:54,542 --> 00:46:56,382 but that food is either McDonald's 808 00:46:56,459 --> 00:46:59,209 or Taco Bell or KFC. 809 00:46:59,292 --> 00:47:00,712 It's impossible. 810 00:47:00,792 --> 00:47:01,792 And if you grow up as a kid 811 00:47:01,876 --> 00:47:04,576 and this is your only experience of food 812 00:47:04,667 --> 00:47:06,127 and what food is, 813 00:47:06,209 --> 00:47:09,289 it's little wonder that there's a massive problem 814 00:47:09,376 --> 00:47:10,786 in this country. 815 00:47:47,667 --> 00:47:49,917 The next stop was Barbourville, Kentucky. 816 00:47:51,542 --> 00:47:53,962 In the great cola wars of the 1990s, 817 00:47:54,084 --> 00:47:57,174 Pepsi and Coke were engaged in a fierce battle. 818 00:47:57,251 --> 00:47:59,921 The Pepsi army took a strong foothold 819 00:48:00,001 --> 00:48:02,211 in the state of Kentucky 820 00:48:02,292 --> 00:48:06,252 and their number-one sniper is the drink Mountain Dew. 821 00:48:06,334 --> 00:48:08,884 In this 1.25-litre bottle 822 00:48:08,959 --> 00:48:11,459 you'll find 37 teaspoons of sugar 823 00:48:11,542 --> 00:48:15,712 and 40% more caffeine than the same size bottle of Coke. 824 00:48:17,876 --> 00:48:19,826 The people of Kentucky have understandably had 825 00:48:19,917 --> 00:48:21,957 some problems with their teeth, 826 00:48:22,084 --> 00:48:25,214 and one dentist is doing something about it. 827 00:48:25,292 --> 00:48:26,962 His name is Edwin Smith. 828 00:48:28,167 --> 00:48:30,577 This is his letterbox, this is his daughter 829 00:48:30,667 --> 00:48:33,077 and this is him as a collectable figurine. 830 00:48:34,584 --> 00:48:37,424 Edwin drives around the state of Kentucky in RVs 831 00:48:37,501 --> 00:48:40,421 he has converted into mobile dental clinics. 832 00:48:40,501 --> 00:48:43,331 He and his team visit schools, educate the kids 833 00:48:43,417 --> 00:48:45,827 and treat their teeth. 834 00:48:45,917 --> 00:48:46,917 Early in my practice 835 00:48:47,001 --> 00:48:50,581 I saw these patients who would have this unusual decay, 836 00:48:50,667 --> 00:48:52,457 brown decay, around the gum line, 837 00:48:52,542 --> 00:48:53,832 usually the front teeth. 838 00:48:53,917 --> 00:48:55,957 Most of these people were addicted to Mountain Dew, 839 00:48:56,084 --> 00:48:57,464 in particular. 840 00:48:57,542 --> 00:49:00,882 And that's where we came up with the term 841 00:49:00,959 --> 00:49:02,079 'Mountain Dew mouth'. 842 00:49:05,042 --> 00:49:07,632 I've talked to some kids who say they may drink 10 a day. 843 00:49:07,709 --> 00:49:09,579 They started drinking it so early that they don't know 844 00:49:09,667 --> 00:49:10,827 when they started. 845 00:49:10,917 --> 00:49:13,077 Mountain Dew will tickle your innards 846 00:49:13,167 --> 00:49:15,747 'cause there's a bang in every bottle. 847 00:49:15,834 --> 00:49:17,294 They take the lid off, they take a drink. 848 00:49:17,376 --> 00:49:19,376 20 minutes or so, it starts to wear off 849 00:49:19,459 --> 00:49:20,579 and they take another drink. 850 00:49:20,667 --> 00:49:23,207 It takes the oral cavity about 20 minutes 851 00:49:23,292 --> 00:49:25,252 to cleanse itself naturally with saliva, 852 00:49:25,334 --> 00:49:27,884 so if you're taking a drink every 20 minutes, 853 00:49:27,959 --> 00:49:31,829 it's as though you're bathing your teeth in this all day long. 854 00:49:37,167 --> 00:49:39,417 What's the youngest kids that you treat? 855 00:49:39,501 --> 00:49:40,881 Sometimes 3-year-olds, 856 00:49:40,959 --> 00:49:43,629 3-, 4-year-olds that have a lot of tooth decay. 857 00:49:43,709 --> 00:49:48,579 And those are usually what they call baby bottle tooth decay, 858 00:49:48,667 --> 00:49:51,457 and that's from having juices in baby bottles. 859 00:49:51,542 --> 00:49:54,962 Sometimes it's from having soft drinks in the baby bottles, too. 860 00:49:56,334 --> 00:49:58,964 Do you do the majority of your treatments in Kentucky? 861 00:49:59,042 --> 00:50:01,082 - Yes. Yeah. - OK. 862 00:50:01,167 --> 00:50:03,457 It's eastern Kentucky, the Appalachian region, 863 00:50:03,542 --> 00:50:04,462 the mountains. 864 00:50:04,542 --> 00:50:05,962 That's the poorest region in the state. 865 00:50:06,084 --> 00:50:08,134 It's directly related to poverty. 866 00:50:08,209 --> 00:50:09,129 Yep. 867 00:50:19,167 --> 00:50:21,207 It's pretty common for people around here 868 00:50:21,292 --> 00:50:23,172 to drink a lot of pop. 869 00:50:23,251 --> 00:50:25,251 Mainly it's Mountain Dew and Pepsi. 870 00:50:25,334 --> 00:50:28,884 This is 17-year-old Larry Hammons. 871 00:50:28,959 --> 00:50:31,579 He's lived in Kentucky all his life. 872 00:50:31,667 --> 00:50:34,577 This is his tatt, this is his favourite T-shirt 873 00:50:34,667 --> 00:50:37,247 and these are his teeth. 874 00:50:40,084 --> 00:50:41,964 My 18th birthday's in eight days 875 00:50:42,084 --> 00:50:43,834 and, I mean, 876 00:50:43,917 --> 00:50:46,457 people look down upon me because of my teeth. 877 00:50:46,542 --> 00:50:49,422 As I was a kid I was never worried about my teeth 878 00:50:49,501 --> 00:50:51,881 and I would just take a pop everywhere I went 879 00:50:51,959 --> 00:50:54,129 and I'd always have one in my hand. 880 00:50:54,209 --> 00:50:55,459 And how old do you reckon you were 881 00:50:55,542 --> 00:50:57,582 when you had your first Mountain Dew, like, how old? 882 00:50:57,667 --> 00:50:59,417 I would probably say two or three. 883 00:51:00,834 --> 00:51:03,084 And how much a day would you say you have? 884 00:51:03,167 --> 00:51:05,707 I would say at least four or five bottles. 885 00:51:05,792 --> 00:51:09,832 If it was cans, I would say at least a 12-pack. 886 00:51:09,917 --> 00:51:11,667 12 cans a day. 887 00:51:11,751 --> 00:51:14,581 Man, are there people doing that in this town? 888 00:51:14,667 --> 00:51:15,877 Yeah. 889 00:51:15,959 --> 00:51:17,789 What about...You were talking about your cousin before. 890 00:51:17,876 --> 00:51:21,956 I would say about six or seven cans a day, 891 00:51:22,042 --> 00:51:24,082 and he's only three years old. 892 00:51:25,167 --> 00:51:27,707 Wow. And how does he... Does he drink it from the can? 893 00:51:27,792 --> 00:51:30,582 No, from a bottle. She puts it in his bottle. 894 00:51:36,501 --> 00:51:38,461 Edwin is meeting Larry today 895 00:51:38,542 --> 00:51:40,582 because he plans to remove all of his teeth 896 00:51:40,667 --> 00:51:42,457 and replace them with dentures. 897 00:51:44,959 --> 00:51:48,249 He has 26 teeth that need to be extracted altogether. 898 00:51:49,417 --> 00:51:52,957 I'd like to say that that's really rare but it's not. 899 00:51:53,084 --> 00:51:55,134 - You doing OK, Larry? - Yeah, pretty good. 900 00:51:55,209 --> 00:51:56,579 - Nervous. - OK. 901 00:51:56,667 --> 00:51:58,417 Have you got any questions about today? 902 00:51:58,501 --> 00:52:00,581 - Yeah. - What? 903 00:52:00,667 --> 00:52:02,667 When can we get this started? 904 00:52:12,417 --> 00:52:14,747 Can we get his mom in here? OK. 905 00:52:14,834 --> 00:52:18,254 I don't want no pain for him. I wish I could take it for him. 906 00:53:34,167 --> 00:53:35,577 You're doing well, mate. 907 00:53:37,251 --> 00:53:38,211 Hell no. 908 00:53:39,417 --> 00:53:40,417 You're a brave man. 909 00:53:40,501 --> 00:53:42,961 My blood pressure is saying, "Whoosh." 910 00:53:43,084 --> 00:53:44,334 Yeah. 911 00:53:44,417 --> 00:53:46,787 Well, right now, Larry doesn't feel numb, 912 00:53:46,876 --> 00:53:49,876 and I think we have a couple of factors playing a role in that. 913 00:53:49,959 --> 00:53:53,959 One is that he's very nervous and the adrenaline's flowing, 914 00:53:54,042 --> 00:53:57,212 and the other is that he has infection in there 915 00:53:57,292 --> 00:53:58,712 and has had infection for some time, 916 00:53:58,792 --> 00:54:01,922 so the anaesthetic does not take effect as well. 917 00:54:03,042 --> 00:54:04,582 The condition his teeth are in now 918 00:54:04,667 --> 00:54:06,787 you know he's suffered a lot before he's even been here, 919 00:54:06,876 --> 00:54:09,376 so he knows what pain is. 920 00:54:11,376 --> 00:54:12,876 Due to infection, 921 00:54:12,959 --> 00:54:16,419 no amount of anaesthetic would work on Larry's gums, 922 00:54:16,501 --> 00:54:18,751 so Edwin has decided to postpone the procedure 923 00:54:18,834 --> 00:54:19,964 for another day. 924 00:54:23,417 --> 00:54:26,787 When contacted, Pepsi said that in moderation 925 00:54:26,876 --> 00:54:30,076 Mountain Dew is part of a healthy, balanced diet. 926 00:54:30,167 --> 00:54:32,747 But I would argue that any drink with that much sugar 927 00:54:32,834 --> 00:54:34,084 and caffeine in it 928 00:54:34,167 --> 00:54:36,667 is quite difficult to have in moderation. 929 00:54:39,542 --> 00:54:41,792 In fact, despite sitting through Larry's ordeal, 930 00:54:41,876 --> 00:54:44,246 the biggest shock came when Larry told me 931 00:54:44,334 --> 00:54:48,084 that he still loved Mountain Dew and would continue to drink it. 932 00:54:56,459 --> 00:54:59,829 Hi, honey.' Oh, it was an amazing day. 933 00:54:59,917 --> 00:55:02,957 When you think of Amata and now this, 934 00:55:03,084 --> 00:55:05,964 you're seeing the direct effects of what sugar's doing, 935 00:55:06,042 --> 00:55:08,082 and the companies, they just don't see it 936 00:55:08,167 --> 00:55:11,417 because they're...they're worried about making money, 937 00:55:11,501 --> 00:55:14,211 they're not on the ground level seeing the effects, 938 00:55:14,292 --> 00:55:15,922 and they don't care, really. 939 00:55:16,001 --> 00:55:18,631 And I spoke to the dentist about, like, 940 00:55:18,709 --> 00:55:20,789 what Pepsi have done about it and stuff, and he said, 941 00:55:20,876 --> 00:55:22,706 "Oh, look, they contacted me and said, 942 00:55:22,792 --> 00:55:24,082 "'Look, we really wanna help you out,'" 943 00:55:24,167 --> 00:55:26,577 and, you know, so they've bought an RV, 944 00:55:26,667 --> 00:55:29,377 another car to help with the kids, but he's, like, 945 00:55:29,459 --> 00:55:30,829 "Look, yeah, it's good," 946 00:55:30,917 --> 00:55:34,627 but they don't really need an RV, they need education. 947 00:55:34,709 --> 00:55:35,749 But, as he said today... 948 00:55:35,834 --> 00:55:38,134 They need to not drink Mountain Dew every day. 949 00:55:38,209 --> 00:55:40,129 But, as he said, they're not gonna educate the kids 950 00:55:40,209 --> 00:55:41,629 'cause that means they'll stop drinking it, 951 00:55:41,709 --> 00:55:43,329 and that's a disaster for them. 952 00:55:52,917 --> 00:55:54,457 My experience with Larry 953 00:55:54,542 --> 00:55:57,582 led me to a Pulitzer Prize-winning author 954 00:55:57,667 --> 00:56:00,077 who has written extensively on how the food giants 955 00:56:00,167 --> 00:56:02,167 have got us hooked on their products. 956 00:56:03,792 --> 00:56:06,672 You can't underestimate 957 00:56:06,751 --> 00:56:09,581 the amount of scientific effort 958 00:56:09,667 --> 00:56:12,957 that these companies will put into 959 00:56:13,042 --> 00:56:16,582 maximising the allure of their products. 960 00:56:17,792 --> 00:56:20,462 Understanding the sort of fundamentals 961 00:56:20,542 --> 00:56:21,882 of how we taste 962 00:56:21,959 --> 00:56:27,079 and why we crave and what makes food addictive. 963 00:56:27,167 --> 00:56:29,707 I was lucky enough to spend some time 964 00:56:29,792 --> 00:56:33,082 with a legend in the processed food industry. 965 00:56:33,167 --> 00:56:35,327 His name is Howard Moskowitz. 966 00:56:35,417 --> 00:56:38,627 And he walked me through his recent creation 967 00:56:38,709 --> 00:56:41,379 of a new soda flavour for Dr Pepper. 968 00:56:42,667 --> 00:56:48,917 He started with 61 levels of sweeteners in the formulation, 969 00:56:49,001 --> 00:56:51,921 subjected that to more than 3,000 970 00:56:52,001 --> 00:56:54,711 consumer taste tests around the country, 971 00:56:54,792 --> 00:56:56,882 then took that data 972 00:56:56,959 --> 00:57:01,629 and out came the optimum level of sweetness 973 00:57:01,709 --> 00:57:05,669 that was guaranteed to send their new soda 974 00:57:05,751 --> 00:57:07,751 flying off the shelf. 975 00:57:16,334 --> 00:57:18,424 Behind the closed doors of industry, 976 00:57:18,501 --> 00:57:20,711 this optimal amount of sugar 977 00:57:20,792 --> 00:57:23,212 is referred to as 'the bliss point'. 978 00:57:26,292 --> 00:57:27,962 Back in the 1970s, 979 00:57:28,042 --> 00:57:29,382 Howard Moskowitz discovered 980 00:57:29,459 --> 00:57:32,079 that as you increase the amount of sugar in a product 981 00:57:32,167 --> 00:57:34,077 people liked it more and more. 982 00:57:34,167 --> 00:57:35,577 But then they peaked 983 00:57:35,667 --> 00:57:37,287 and if any more sugar was added 984 00:57:37,376 --> 00:57:39,076 then they stopped liking it. 985 00:57:39,167 --> 00:57:41,287 So I discovered the bliss point, 986 00:57:41,376 --> 00:57:43,286 and that's what it was christened - the bliss point. 987 00:57:43,376 --> 00:57:48,956 Well, fast forward 45 years later, it means pasta sauce, 988 00:57:49,042 --> 00:57:52,712 it means sodas, it means cereals. 989 00:57:52,792 --> 00:57:56,582 Creating bliss points in products all over the place 990 00:57:56,667 --> 00:58:00,167 is exploiting the biology of the child. 991 00:58:01,459 --> 00:58:04,209 You know, it's created this expectation in kids 992 00:58:04,292 --> 00:58:09,582 that everything they eat should taste sweet, 993 00:58:09,667 --> 00:58:13,207 so when you get to the vegetable aisle, right, 994 00:58:13,292 --> 00:58:16,082 and you're trying to get little Mikey to eat that broccoli 995 00:58:16,167 --> 00:58:18,667 and he starts tasting those bitter notes, right, 996 00:58:18,751 --> 00:58:20,211 instead of sweetness, you know, 997 00:58:20,292 --> 00:58:23,252 you're in for a load of trouble as a parent. 998 00:58:28,251 --> 00:58:30,421 It's understandable that our palates have adjusted 999 00:58:30,501 --> 00:58:32,961 to all of these blissed out foods 1000 00:58:33,084 --> 00:58:36,084 when we have such a primal desire for sweet. 1001 00:58:37,376 --> 00:58:40,456 Even Mother Nature herself has created a berry 1002 00:58:40,542 --> 00:58:42,462 that makes everything taste sweet. 1003 00:58:44,917 --> 00:58:49,127 So, in front of me I have three food items 1004 00:58:49,209 --> 00:58:51,879 that it's fair to say I don't enjoy. 1005 00:58:51,959 --> 00:58:56,789 This here piping hot chilli, this here sour lemon 1006 00:58:56,876 --> 00:59:00,456 and this nasty bottle of apple cider vinegar. 1007 00:59:01,667 --> 00:59:03,627 But apparently 1008 00:59:03,709 --> 00:59:07,709 if I put this miracle berry onto my tongue 1009 00:59:07,792 --> 00:59:11,212 and then eat those things, 1010 00:59:11,292 --> 00:59:14,172 it's supposed to make them taste sweet. 1011 00:59:25,751 --> 00:59:28,081 No way! 1012 00:59:30,667 --> 00:59:31,957 That's an orange. 1013 00:59:34,417 --> 00:59:35,827 I'm dubious. 1014 00:59:44,667 --> 00:59:47,327 When it hit my throat it was really intense, 1015 00:59:47,417 --> 00:59:49,127 but in the mouth... 1016 00:59:50,667 --> 00:59:51,707 ..I don't know what it tasted like. 1017 00:59:51,792 --> 00:59:54,502 Maybe, um...lemonade kind of thing. 1018 00:59:54,584 --> 00:59:57,964 Wasn't too sweet, but it was not apple cider vinegar. 1019 01:00:00,251 --> 01:00:02,581 But this has got me nervous. 1020 01:00:02,667 --> 01:00:05,827 I do not like chilli at all. 1021 01:00:15,167 --> 01:00:16,577 Please work. 1022 01:00:24,209 --> 01:00:25,379 Nothing. 1023 01:00:25,459 --> 01:00:28,209 Oh! It's hit my throat, though! 1024 01:00:29,417 --> 01:00:31,707 There's no miracle berry on my oesophagus. 1025 01:00:33,709 --> 01:00:35,079 Damn. 1026 01:00:36,542 --> 01:00:38,962 This experiment with my tastebuds 1027 01:00:39,042 --> 01:00:42,582 made me realise what the food companies have always known - 1028 01:00:42,667 --> 01:00:45,787 that adding sweetness can make anything palatable. 1029 01:00:45,876 --> 01:00:48,286 I'm so sorry. 1030 01:00:48,376 --> 01:00:49,456 Well, almost anything. 1031 01:00:58,167 --> 01:01:00,707 It was now day 35, 1032 01:01:00,792 --> 01:01:01,962 and the rule of the experiment 1033 01:01:02,042 --> 01:01:04,082 I was finding increasingly hard to maintain 1034 01:01:04,167 --> 01:01:05,917 was exercise. 1035 01:01:07,084 --> 01:01:08,834 My motivation had plummeted. 1036 01:01:08,917 --> 01:01:09,917 My heart hurts. 1037 01:01:24,251 --> 01:01:25,961 Hello, Sharon. 1038 01:01:26,084 --> 01:01:27,464 How are you feeling? 1039 01:01:28,876 --> 01:01:32,076 Well, if you could see me you would not recognise me, 1040 01:01:32,167 --> 01:01:34,667 'cause there's a few pimples that have arrived, 1041 01:01:34,751 --> 01:01:37,581 there's a lot of fat and fullness in my face, 1042 01:01:37,667 --> 01:01:41,957 and my tummy is really quite something to behold. 1043 01:01:42,042 --> 01:01:44,582 I can't fit into my favourite new shorts anymore, 1044 01:01:44,667 --> 01:01:46,957 which is a bit disappointing. 1045 01:01:47,042 --> 01:01:48,752 When did the pimples break out? 1046 01:01:50,459 --> 01:01:51,959 About three days ago. 1047 01:01:52,084 --> 01:01:57,964 Um...it's probably your liver reacting. 1048 01:01:58,042 --> 01:02:01,752 Often skin conditions are related 1049 01:02:01,834 --> 01:02:04,214 to poor liver functioning. 1050 01:02:04,292 --> 01:02:07,792 So, if someone's on a sort of, like, high-processed sugar diet, 1051 01:02:07,876 --> 01:02:11,376 you'll see it in their eyes, you'll see bags under the eyes, 1052 01:02:11,459 --> 01:02:12,959 you'll see it in their skin. 1053 01:02:13,084 --> 01:02:17,584 Whether they're here or they're just really drawn and lethargic. 1054 01:02:21,667 --> 01:02:24,577 Sugar's effects on me physically were obvious, 1055 01:02:24,667 --> 01:02:28,627 but my cravings for it and the mental toll it was taking 1056 01:02:28,709 --> 01:02:31,789 prompted me to explore what it was doing to my brain. 1057 01:02:33,417 --> 01:02:36,827 So I took my pimply face to the Oregon Research Institute. 1058 01:02:39,209 --> 01:02:42,579 This group of scientists, who I'm trusting enormously, 1059 01:02:42,667 --> 01:02:45,327 own this colossal magnetic sucking machine 1060 01:02:45,417 --> 01:02:46,827 called an FMRI... 1061 01:02:47,917 --> 01:02:51,077 ..which they are going to put me and my brain into. 1062 01:02:52,167 --> 01:02:54,497 They will then show me images of this high-sugar, 1063 01:02:54,584 --> 01:02:57,384 low-fat milkshake and then feed me the milkshake 1064 01:02:57,459 --> 01:02:58,959 through a special megastraw. 1065 01:03:01,251 --> 01:03:03,381 Then they'll take some photos of my brain 1066 01:03:03,459 --> 01:03:05,079 and show me how it reacted. 1067 01:03:05,167 --> 01:03:06,957 Wow. 1068 01:03:14,001 --> 01:03:15,831 Now I'm gonna climb into my own brain 1069 01:03:15,917 --> 01:03:17,957 and see what effects sugar just had on it. 1070 01:03:29,417 --> 01:03:32,167 Now, the first step is that we see what's called a cue, 1071 01:03:32,251 --> 01:03:34,081 or a trigger - 1072 01:03:34,167 --> 01:03:36,167 which, in my case, was the milkshake. 1073 01:03:36,251 --> 01:03:39,791 It can be a picture of one or the real thing. 1074 01:03:39,876 --> 01:03:42,126 Now, when we see this sugary cue, or trigger, 1075 01:03:42,209 --> 01:03:45,579 a chemical called dopamine is released in our brain. 1076 01:03:45,667 --> 01:03:48,327 This is an evolutionary urge when sweetness was rare, 1077 01:03:48,417 --> 01:03:51,247 so when we saw it, our brain said, "Get that, 1078 01:03:51,334 --> 01:03:53,794 "'cause you need it for quick energy and to feel good." 1079 01:03:55,251 --> 01:03:58,251 Now, the next step is that we get the sugary item. 1080 01:03:58,334 --> 01:04:01,794 We bring it to our mouth and we taste its sweetness. 1081 01:04:02,959 --> 01:04:04,829 It's then that chemicals called opioids 1082 01:04:04,917 --> 01:04:08,287 and beta-endorphins are released and we feel terrific. 1083 01:04:09,751 --> 01:04:12,331 Sugar loads have the same reward areas as nicotine, 1084 01:04:12,417 --> 01:04:14,077 cocaine and sex! 1085 01:04:17,167 --> 01:04:19,167 But it doesn't last long. 1086 01:04:19,251 --> 01:04:22,081 Now, if some of us eat sugary foods often enough 1087 01:04:22,167 --> 01:04:24,877 and establish this happy feeling of reward, 1088 01:04:24,959 --> 01:04:27,789 it can create subconscious or mindless habits, 1089 01:04:27,876 --> 01:04:31,076 which are easily triggered by more images of sugary foods. 1090 01:04:34,042 --> 01:04:36,082 Throw into the mix that the fructose half of sugar 1091 01:04:36,167 --> 01:04:38,417 also affects our appetite control centres, 1092 01:04:38,501 --> 01:04:41,461 plus the glucose half affects our moods, 1093 01:04:41,542 --> 01:04:43,712 and suddenly we have a very volatile combination 1094 01:04:43,792 --> 01:04:44,712 on our hands. 1095 01:04:48,001 --> 01:04:50,381 One of the very interesting emerging findings 1096 01:04:50,459 --> 01:04:52,579 in this literature is 1097 01:04:52,667 --> 01:04:54,917 the more you eat high-sugar foods, 1098 01:04:55,001 --> 01:04:57,171 the more you're gonna desire high-sugar foods 1099 01:04:57,251 --> 01:04:58,671 and wanna continue eating them. 1100 01:05:02,792 --> 01:05:06,422 This desire to wanna keep eating more sugary foods 1101 01:05:06,501 --> 01:05:08,171 sounds a lot like addictive behaviour. 1102 01:05:11,917 --> 01:05:15,957 Serge Ahmed, who's now in Bordeaux, in France, 1103 01:05:16,042 --> 01:05:20,502 published a really cool study where he basically showed that 1104 01:05:20,584 --> 01:05:24,384 rats will work harder for sugar than they will for cocaine. 1105 01:05:24,459 --> 01:05:26,959 Unlike the drug dealer, who's, you know, 1106 01:05:27,084 --> 01:05:29,134 squired away some place hiding, 1107 01:05:29,209 --> 01:05:35,749 the food giants are in your face everywhere you go. 1108 01:05:37,292 --> 01:05:39,292 In the boardrooms of these food giants, 1109 01:05:39,376 --> 01:05:42,286 'addiction' is a dirty word. 1110 01:05:42,376 --> 01:05:45,326 When it comes to obesity and illness, 1111 01:05:45,417 --> 01:05:47,917 the food industry have always argued that people need to take 1112 01:05:48,001 --> 01:05:51,251 personal responsibility for their food choices. 1113 01:05:51,334 --> 01:05:52,924 When it comes to eating, 1114 01:05:53,001 --> 01:05:54,501 fat people are basically very stupid. 1115 01:05:54,584 --> 01:05:56,214 No, but, you see, I was away this weekend 1116 01:05:56,292 --> 01:05:57,962 and it is difficult in friends' houses. 1117 01:05:58,084 --> 01:06:00,924 OK, Mrs Wright, no more chocolates. 1118 01:06:02,542 --> 01:06:04,082 For more than 50 years, 1119 01:06:04,167 --> 01:06:07,127 the food industry has insisted that obesity is caused 1120 01:06:07,209 --> 01:06:10,079 by too many calories and not enough exercise. 1121 01:06:10,167 --> 01:06:13,327 Which implies that anyone overweight 1122 01:06:13,417 --> 01:06:15,667 is simply lazy or greedy. 1123 01:06:18,584 --> 01:06:20,084 OK, so, we just passed halfway. 1124 01:06:21,667 --> 01:06:23,787 And I've never counted calories in my life. 1125 01:06:25,167 --> 01:06:27,077 I'm trying my best in this experiment. 1126 01:06:27,167 --> 01:06:29,577 It's hard to be accurate, obviously. 1127 01:06:29,667 --> 01:06:35,077 But it looks like my calories so far are pretty much 1128 01:06:35,167 --> 01:06:37,457 exactly the same as they were pre-experiment. 1129 01:06:39,042 --> 01:06:40,582 And that feels strange because 1130 01:06:40,667 --> 01:06:42,627 I feel like I'm eating a lot more. 1131 01:06:42,709 --> 01:06:44,209 But I can see here that 1132 01:06:44,292 --> 01:06:45,882 when I was eating, pre-experiment, 1133 01:06:45,959 --> 01:06:47,879 avocado and nuts and stuff, 1134 01:06:47,959 --> 01:06:50,579 there's a lot more calories in fat than there is in sugar. 1135 01:06:50,667 --> 01:06:52,877 So...in fact, it's half. 1136 01:06:52,959 --> 01:06:55,329 Like, nine calories per gram of fat 1137 01:06:55,417 --> 01:06:57,627 whereas sugar's only got four calories, 1138 01:06:57,709 --> 01:07:00,249 so I can see why we're told that sugar's OK and don't eat fat, 1139 01:07:00,334 --> 01:07:02,174 'cause there's less calories. 1140 01:07:02,251 --> 01:07:05,251 But...I'm eating the same amount of calories 1141 01:07:05,334 --> 01:07:09,834 as I did before but my liver's turned to fat, 1142 01:07:09,917 --> 01:07:12,377 my belly's chasing my lady's. 1143 01:07:13,667 --> 01:07:15,957 It's doing something to my brain, we know that now. 1144 01:07:17,834 --> 01:07:19,214 And I'm not feeling full. 1145 01:07:21,334 --> 01:07:23,754 So it feels like the calories from sugar 1146 01:07:23,834 --> 01:07:26,754 behave very differently to other calories. 1147 01:07:28,084 --> 01:07:31,084 The sugar industry absolutely depended on this idea 1148 01:07:31,167 --> 01:07:33,377 that it's just about energy balance. 1149 01:07:33,459 --> 01:07:35,959 'Cause if there's something uniquely deleterious 1150 01:07:36,084 --> 01:07:37,084 about sugar... 1151 01:07:39,376 --> 01:07:41,876 ..then they're in the realm that cigarettes are in, 1152 01:07:41,959 --> 01:07:44,169 tobacco and lung cancer. 1153 01:07:44,251 --> 01:07:45,961 But if it's just about eating too much 1154 01:07:46,042 --> 01:07:47,672 or not exercising too little, 1155 01:07:47,751 --> 01:07:49,881 if a calorie of sugar is no different than 1156 01:07:49,959 --> 01:07:52,959 a calorie of broccoli, they're fine. 1157 01:07:53,042 --> 01:07:55,792 Just tell people to moderate their weight - 1158 01:07:55,876 --> 01:07:58,416 if you're getting fat, eat less and that's all there is. 1159 01:07:58,501 --> 01:08:01,081 So the sugar industry also sort of pushed this idea 1160 01:08:01,167 --> 01:08:03,327 that a calorie is a calorie is a calorie, 1161 01:08:03,417 --> 01:08:04,787 and yet these calories do 1162 01:08:04,876 --> 01:08:06,916 dramatically different things in the human body, 1163 01:08:07,001 --> 01:08:08,251 and they always have. 1164 01:08:13,417 --> 01:08:15,207 It's become clear to me 1165 01:08:15,292 --> 01:08:17,082 that in the search for profits, 1166 01:08:17,167 --> 01:08:19,287 the food companies are not only targeting 1167 01:08:19,376 --> 01:08:21,576 our primal desire for sugar, 1168 01:08:21,667 --> 01:08:25,327 but are also insisting that all calories are equal. 1169 01:08:26,751 --> 01:08:29,421 The result is that we feel like failures 1170 01:08:29,501 --> 01:08:31,381 if we're addicted or overweight. 1171 01:08:33,667 --> 01:08:35,827 Perhaps the greed that is actually making us overweight 1172 01:08:35,917 --> 01:08:37,077 and sick 1173 01:08:37,167 --> 01:08:38,457 is of the corporate variety. 1174 01:08:42,167 --> 01:08:44,787 - Hello, you. - Hello, honey. 1175 01:08:44,876 --> 01:08:46,076 Can you show me the belly? 1176 01:08:46,167 --> 01:08:49,667 Have a look at this baby. He's actually doing little kicks. 1177 01:08:49,751 --> 01:08:51,831 Quick. 1178 01:08:51,917 --> 01:08:54,377 Aww. 1179 01:08:54,459 --> 01:08:56,579 Hello, baby. 1180 01:08:56,667 --> 01:08:59,077 - Hello, baby. 1181 01:08:59,167 --> 01:09:00,627 Hello, Daddy. 1182 01:09:00,709 --> 01:09:02,579 - Bye. - Love you. 1183 01:09:02,667 --> 01:09:04,787 - Bye. - Bye-bye. 1184 01:09:04,876 --> 01:09:06,076 - Bye. - Bye. 1185 01:09:15,876 --> 01:09:17,326 Do you know how many sugarholics there are 1186 01:09:17,417 --> 01:09:18,377 in this country? 1187 01:09:18,459 --> 01:09:20,709 Millions and millions of them. 1188 01:09:20,792 --> 01:09:22,332 As you go around the schoolyards, 1189 01:09:22,417 --> 01:09:24,457 you watch the young boys and girls of this country 1190 01:09:24,542 --> 01:09:25,962 and see how many of these children... 1191 01:09:26,042 --> 01:09:27,882 Their soft, weak muscles are out of condition, 1192 01:09:27,959 --> 01:09:29,919 they don't have the energy and vitality they should have. 1193 01:09:30,001 --> 01:09:31,961 They look like sugar, they don't... 1194 01:09:32,042 --> 01:09:33,832 After 45 days, 1195 01:09:33,917 --> 01:09:35,707 it became more and more evident 1196 01:09:35,792 --> 01:09:39,252 that we're just not getting a clear message about sugar. 1197 01:09:41,167 --> 01:09:43,077 Could the fact that sugar's global trade is worth 1198 01:09:43,167 --> 01:09:44,627 $50 billion 1199 01:09:44,709 --> 01:09:46,169 have anything to do with it? 1200 01:09:47,834 --> 01:09:50,134 It turns out that the suppression of the message 1201 01:09:50,209 --> 01:09:52,129 began in the 1970s 1202 01:09:52,209 --> 01:09:55,829 when the US Government was reviewing the safety of sugar 1203 01:09:55,917 --> 01:09:57,327 for the first time. 1204 01:09:58,417 --> 01:10:01,077 The Sugar Association launched a campaign 1205 01:10:01,167 --> 01:10:03,667 to ensure their product wasn't vilified. 1206 01:10:04,751 --> 01:10:06,501 In this case, what the sugar industry did, 1207 01:10:06,584 --> 01:10:09,294 is they stepped in when the evidence was ambiguous 1208 01:10:09,376 --> 01:10:10,416 and they said, 1209 01:10:10,501 --> 01:10:13,171 "We're gonna kinda make sure it's always ambiguous." 1210 01:10:13,251 --> 01:10:17,791 To do this, the Sugar Association paid scientists, 1211 01:10:17,876 --> 01:10:19,746 hired a PR company 1212 01:10:19,834 --> 01:10:22,634 and released a report with a press release that read: 1213 01:10:26,751 --> 01:10:31,921 They put out this document called Sugar in the Diet of Man. 1214 01:10:32,001 --> 01:10:35,251 There was no sign that it was paid for by the sugar industry. 1215 01:10:35,334 --> 01:10:37,084 It looks like a very official document, 1216 01:10:37,167 --> 01:10:38,917 it's published in a journal. 1217 01:10:39,001 --> 01:10:42,421 The sugar industry sends out 25,000 copies. 1218 01:10:43,501 --> 01:10:45,961 This report was then used by the government 1219 01:10:46,042 --> 01:10:47,712 to determine its findings. 1220 01:10:49,334 --> 01:10:53,084 Sugar was exonerated and the rest of the world followed suit. 1221 01:10:55,667 --> 01:10:57,707 Jack Tatem, president of the Sugar Association's 1222 01:10:57,792 --> 01:11:00,712 presenting to his board and he says, 1223 01:11:00,792 --> 01:11:04,712 "Look, there is no conclusive evidence 1224 01:11:04,792 --> 01:11:08,632 "linking sugar to these chronic diseases. 1225 01:11:08,709 --> 01:11:12,879 "And this is the lifeblood of our organisation, 1226 01:11:12,959 --> 01:11:15,379 "it's the lifeblood of our product. 1227 01:11:15,459 --> 01:11:19,129 "If anyone ever links sugar to these diseases, we're dead. 1228 01:11:19,209 --> 01:11:21,249 "So our job, what we have to do... 1229 01:11:22,459 --> 01:11:25,579 "..is make sure that there's no consensus." 1230 01:11:25,667 --> 01:11:26,917 You know. 1231 01:11:33,334 --> 01:11:35,964 This manipulation of evidence 1232 01:11:36,084 --> 01:11:37,924 and deliberate muddying of the waters 1233 01:11:38,001 --> 01:11:39,791 is all sounding very familiar. 1234 01:11:39,876 --> 01:11:42,746 OK, how's about taking a nap? 1235 01:11:42,834 --> 01:11:45,584 Hey, I got a better idea. Let's take a Winston break. 1236 01:11:45,667 --> 01:11:47,627 That's it! Winston is... 1237 01:11:47,709 --> 01:11:51,079 And, evidently, it's still going on today. 1238 01:11:51,167 --> 01:11:54,077 If you create a list of the things 1239 01:11:54,167 --> 01:11:57,327 that the tobacco industry did to stall or to fight off 1240 01:11:57,417 --> 01:12:01,917 public health actions that would curtail smoking, 1241 01:12:02,001 --> 01:12:05,081 the food companies are doing every single one. 1242 01:12:05,167 --> 01:12:09,077 Paying scientists to do studies that favour industry positions, 1243 01:12:09,167 --> 01:12:11,127 paying money to professional organisations, 1244 01:12:11,209 --> 01:12:14,379 like heart-related and cancer-related organisations, 1245 01:12:14,459 --> 01:12:17,379 putting out deceptive statements in the press, 1246 01:12:17,459 --> 01:12:20,879 characterising science that doesn't work out for industry 1247 01:12:20,959 --> 01:12:22,209 as 'junk science'. 1248 01:12:22,292 --> 01:12:23,882 There's a very long list of these things. 1249 01:12:23,959 --> 01:12:25,249 The tobacco industry did them all 1250 01:12:25,334 --> 01:12:27,214 and the food industry is doing them all. 1251 01:12:30,876 --> 01:12:33,456 Many of the reviews, 1252 01:12:33,542 --> 01:12:35,462 the final review, 1253 01:12:35,542 --> 01:12:38,582 is that there is no evidence 1254 01:12:38,667 --> 01:12:42,327 that sugar is associated with metabolic disease 1255 01:12:42,417 --> 01:12:44,707 of any kind, 1256 01:12:44,792 --> 01:12:48,582 are funded by the sugar industry. 1257 01:12:51,334 --> 01:12:53,584 Given everything I have learnt so far 1258 01:12:53,667 --> 01:12:54,957 it was hard to believe 1259 01:12:55,084 --> 01:12:57,964 there are still scientists defending sugar and fructose. 1260 01:12:59,417 --> 01:13:01,127 I was curious to meet one of them. 1261 01:13:02,959 --> 01:13:05,169 I haven't eaten sugar for nearly three years 1262 01:13:05,251 --> 01:13:07,881 and part of this film is that I'm, for 60 days, 1263 01:13:07,959 --> 01:13:10,169 eating a very high-fructose sugar diet. 1264 01:13:10,251 --> 01:13:12,961 I thought maybe I'll put on a little bit of weight, 1265 01:13:13,084 --> 01:13:16,214 I put on six kilos in Australia, which is 15 pounds. 1266 01:13:16,292 --> 01:13:17,212 Right. 1267 01:13:17,292 --> 01:13:21,082 All hidden sugars - granola bars, low-fat yoghurt. 1268 01:13:21,167 --> 01:13:22,207 What's happening? 1269 01:13:22,292 --> 01:13:25,382 Well, what I'd say is that that's a very powerful anecdote 1270 01:13:25,459 --> 01:13:26,579 and I think, you know, it's... 1271 01:13:26,667 --> 01:13:28,377 I think that can be true for a lot of people. 1272 01:13:28,459 --> 01:13:30,289 But I would say that you had to be careful any time you do 1273 01:13:30,376 --> 01:13:31,916 a high amount of anything. 1274 01:13:32,001 --> 01:13:34,671 I think if I was to put you, again, on a white bread diet, 1275 01:13:34,751 --> 01:13:37,131 you know, or to put you on a, you know, potato chip diet 1276 01:13:37,209 --> 01:13:39,499 or French fry diet, you might have a similar effect. 1277 01:13:39,584 --> 01:13:42,134 I think the issue is that all of these calories 1278 01:13:42,209 --> 01:13:43,829 really need to be regarded as discretionary. 1279 01:13:43,917 --> 01:13:47,327 I found John's position on calories 1280 01:13:47,417 --> 01:13:50,167 so similar to the line that the food industry takes 1281 01:13:50,251 --> 01:13:52,081 that I felt compelled to question 1282 01:13:52,167 --> 01:13:54,207 the source of his research funding. 1283 01:13:54,292 --> 01:13:57,382 Have you ever received any kind of funding from Coca-Cola? 1284 01:13:57,459 --> 01:13:59,879 You know, I think this is a really important question, 1285 01:13:59,959 --> 01:14:02,249 and it's very important for me that I be transparent. 1286 01:14:02,334 --> 01:14:04,924 So we have received investigator-initiated, 1287 01:14:05,001 --> 01:14:07,291 unrestricted funding from Coca-Cola. 1288 01:14:07,376 --> 01:14:09,576 What that means is they had no say over our questions 1289 01:14:09,667 --> 01:14:11,957 we were asking, how we conducted the research, 1290 01:14:12,042 --> 01:14:14,212 our analysis, our interpretation and our data plan. 1291 01:14:14,292 --> 01:14:15,212 It's a red flag... 1292 01:14:15,292 --> 01:14:17,582 For me to hear you even say that is, like, "Whoa, OK." 1293 01:14:17,667 --> 01:14:22,877 Because this is a company with 650 beverage products... 1294 01:14:22,959 --> 01:14:24,129 You're right, you're right. 1295 01:14:24,209 --> 01:14:26,669 ..that rely on fructose and sugar, so... 1296 01:14:26,751 --> 01:14:28,081 So what I would say is you're right. 1297 01:14:28,167 --> 01:14:29,877 I mean, we realised this going in 1298 01:14:29,959 --> 01:14:31,879 and, I mean, some may view this 1299 01:14:31,959 --> 01:14:34,079 as sort of shaking hands with the devil, I guess. 1300 01:14:34,167 --> 01:14:35,877 I mean, even though that's the case, you know, 1301 01:14:35,959 --> 01:14:37,959 we're confident enough in what we're doing and our protocols 1302 01:14:38,042 --> 01:14:39,752 and we're laying everything bare, 1303 01:14:39,834 --> 01:14:41,584 that we could afford to engage with them. 1304 01:14:41,667 --> 01:14:43,877 I think that we should not take money 1305 01:14:43,959 --> 01:14:45,789 from the industry directly. 1306 01:14:45,876 --> 01:14:49,666 I think it's just morally wrong to do that, 1307 01:14:49,751 --> 01:14:52,751 and, you know, money's tough, 1308 01:14:52,834 --> 01:14:56,294 so it's a big dilemma for researcher, as well. 1309 01:14:56,376 --> 01:15:00,326 But we don't want to taint the answer, 1310 01:15:00,417 --> 01:15:02,127 we want to know the truth. 1311 01:15:04,209 --> 01:15:05,829 Just one week later, 1312 01:15:05,917 --> 01:15:08,827 I saw an ad for a symposium on fructose 1313 01:15:08,917 --> 01:15:10,827 and sweetened beverages. 1314 01:15:10,917 --> 01:15:13,627 It was sponsored by Coca-Cola. 1315 01:15:13,709 --> 01:15:17,919 Their keynote speaker was Dr John Sievenpiper. 1316 01:15:18,001 --> 01:15:20,791 He spoke about calories and there being no link between 1317 01:15:20,876 --> 01:15:24,326 fructose and cardiometabolic diseases in the studies. 1318 01:15:24,417 --> 01:15:27,077 Coke madly tweeted about it 1319 01:15:27,167 --> 01:15:28,827 and then the host asked the audience... 1320 01:15:28,917 --> 01:15:31,377 To maybe put together 1321 01:15:31,459 --> 01:15:34,079 a YouTube video to, you know, 1322 01:15:34,167 --> 01:15:36,417 bring some balance back to those messages 1323 01:15:36,501 --> 01:15:37,961 that are out there for the public. 1324 01:15:38,084 --> 01:15:39,834 I found this video on YouTube, 1325 01:15:39,917 --> 01:15:42,167 but I'm not sure it's quite what they had in mind. 1326 01:15:57,876 --> 01:15:59,576 As the US leg of my experiment 1327 01:15:59,667 --> 01:16:01,877 neared its conclusion, 1328 01:16:01,959 --> 01:16:03,379 what really struck me 1329 01:16:03,459 --> 01:16:06,249 is that despite all the effects sugar is having on us, 1330 01:16:06,334 --> 01:16:09,964 in many ways we've just adapted to its saturation. 1331 01:16:11,417 --> 01:16:14,577 And I'm just noticing how incredible the human body 1332 01:16:14,667 --> 01:16:15,707 and the human mind is 1333 01:16:15,792 --> 01:16:18,212 because even though I'm having 40 teaspoons of sugar a day, 1334 01:16:18,292 --> 01:16:21,172 I've adjusted now to this new reality. 1335 01:16:21,251 --> 01:16:23,291 My body just accepts that this is what I eat, 1336 01:16:23,376 --> 01:16:25,956 and my brain deals with the moods up and down, 1337 01:16:26,084 --> 01:16:28,584 I just get on with life and it's fine, I can function. 1338 01:16:28,667 --> 01:16:32,457 But, uh...I'm not nearly as efficient as I was, 1339 01:16:32,542 --> 01:16:35,252 my fuse is a lot shorter, I'm exhausted. 1340 01:16:36,792 --> 01:16:39,212 And I think that's how a lot of people live their lives. 1341 01:16:39,292 --> 01:16:41,832 People are up and down all day, but it's just their reality, 1342 01:16:41,917 --> 01:16:42,827 so they accept it 1343 01:16:42,917 --> 01:16:45,827 and they've never experienced anything different. 1344 01:16:47,251 --> 01:16:48,461 And I have 1345 01:16:48,542 --> 01:16:51,082 and I'm really excited to get back to that point. 1346 01:16:55,542 --> 01:16:57,922 If you've always lived this way, 1347 01:16:58,001 --> 01:17:01,631 you have no idea what life can be like. 1348 01:17:03,084 --> 01:17:05,384 It's not part of your frame of reference. 1349 01:17:11,251 --> 01:17:12,831 Now, a lot of people will say, 1350 01:17:12,917 --> 01:17:14,707 "Well, I eat sugar all the time and, you know, 1351 01:17:14,792 --> 01:17:16,962 "I'm perfectly fine." 1352 01:17:17,084 --> 01:17:19,174 Well, what they don't understand is that 1353 01:17:19,251 --> 01:17:21,461 they eat sugar all the time 1354 01:17:21,542 --> 01:17:26,882 and they're fuzzy and their mind is cloudy all the time. 1355 01:17:29,209 --> 01:17:31,879 Sugar has now become so deeply ingrained 1356 01:17:31,959 --> 01:17:34,129 into the fabric of our society 1357 01:17:34,209 --> 01:17:36,879 that some people can't imagine life without it. 1358 01:17:36,959 --> 01:17:39,579 What say we took away added sugar, 1359 01:17:39,667 --> 01:17:42,127 well, then what are people gonna do 1360 01:17:42,209 --> 01:17:45,579 to get that same feeling in their life that sugar gave them, 1361 01:17:45,667 --> 01:17:47,077 in terms of their values and preferences? 1362 01:17:47,167 --> 01:17:50,417 But we forget that we didn't always live like this. 1363 01:17:51,542 --> 01:17:53,962 Society has changed. 1364 01:17:54,084 --> 01:17:57,964 200 years ago there was not a society in the world 1365 01:17:58,042 --> 01:18:01,082 when they had a festival that was basing what they ate 1366 01:18:01,167 --> 01:18:03,077 and what they drank on sugar. 1367 01:18:04,709 --> 01:18:06,959 Today, it has become synonymous 1368 01:18:07,084 --> 01:18:08,464 with any celebration. 1369 01:18:10,542 --> 01:18:12,332 But, more profoundly, 1370 01:18:12,417 --> 01:18:15,327 it is one of the simplest ways we communicate love. 1371 01:18:17,167 --> 01:18:20,327 I think the reason that sugar has become 1372 01:18:20,417 --> 01:18:24,917 so ingrained is that it actually evokes love. 1373 01:18:25,001 --> 01:18:29,131 Our brains respond to the chemical effect 1374 01:18:29,209 --> 01:18:32,129 the same way we respond to love. 1375 01:18:32,209 --> 01:18:35,209 If we're feeling upset, what do we do? 1376 01:18:35,292 --> 01:18:37,672 We have some sugar, "Oh, I feel better." 1377 01:18:37,751 --> 01:18:40,631 If there's not enough sweetness in our life, not enough love, 1378 01:18:40,709 --> 01:18:42,249 "Oh, I'll just have some chocolate." 1379 01:18:44,876 --> 01:18:47,416 With sugar having such complex associations 1380 01:18:47,501 --> 01:18:49,831 with our hearts, minds and bodies, 1381 01:18:49,917 --> 01:18:52,957 I wonder if it is having far greater ramifications 1382 01:18:53,084 --> 01:18:55,134 for the culture than we've considered. 1383 01:19:02,042 --> 01:19:06,632 Rudolf Steiner said that sugar essentially causes materialism. 1384 01:19:06,709 --> 01:19:11,879 And that development of the sugar metabolism 1385 01:19:11,959 --> 01:19:13,709 and the sugar drug culture 1386 01:19:13,792 --> 01:19:16,082 developed a materialistic culture. 1387 01:19:16,167 --> 01:19:18,207 We live in a time of instant gratification, 1388 01:19:18,292 --> 01:19:20,462 nobody wants to wait for anything. 1389 01:19:20,542 --> 01:19:22,832 What's sugar? Quick energy, it's straight to the brain. 1390 01:19:47,334 --> 01:19:51,384 Eat that pie! Eat that pie! Eat that pie.' 1391 01:19:51,459 --> 01:19:55,579 Eat that pie! Eat that pie.' Eat that pie! 1392 01:19:55,667 --> 01:19:59,747 Eat that pie! Eat that pie! Eat that pie.' 1393 01:19:59,834 --> 01:20:03,964 Eat that pie! Eat that pie.' Eat that pie! 1394 01:20:15,167 --> 01:20:16,877 Hi, darling. 1395 01:20:18,167 --> 01:20:19,577 Oh, look at this. 1396 01:20:21,167 --> 01:20:24,627 Hello, little dude. How are you going in there, dudie? 1397 01:20:24,709 --> 01:20:26,499 Massive. 1398 01:20:26,584 --> 01:20:28,294 How big's mine, too? Look at that. 1399 01:20:28,376 --> 01:20:30,706 - Oh, my God. 1400 01:20:30,792 --> 01:20:31,792 Alright, let's do it. 1401 01:20:33,876 --> 01:20:35,416 After 60 days 1402 01:20:35,501 --> 01:20:39,291 and 2,360 teaspoons of sugar, 1403 01:20:39,376 --> 01:20:40,956 it was time for the last meal. 1404 01:20:44,376 --> 01:20:45,416 I thought it would be fitting 1405 01:20:45,501 --> 01:20:47,791 to cram all the remaining 40 teaspoons 1406 01:20:47,876 --> 01:20:51,246 into items that could be found in a child's school lunch box. 1407 01:21:06,709 --> 01:21:08,079 Closed! 1408 01:21:10,167 --> 01:21:11,627 Yeah! 1409 01:21:14,167 --> 01:21:15,957 Be gone. 1410 01:21:18,667 --> 01:21:21,877 One week later, after having all my blood tests done, 1411 01:21:21,959 --> 01:21:25,419 I assembled the team to hear the final verdict 1412 01:21:25,501 --> 01:21:27,961 on what sugar had done to my body. 1413 01:21:30,334 --> 01:21:32,964 The obvious place to start is the liver. 1414 01:21:33,042 --> 01:21:35,582 A key marker for determining liver health 1415 01:21:35,667 --> 01:21:38,417 is a hormone called ALT. 1416 01:21:38,501 --> 01:21:40,331 In the first month alone mine jumped 1417 01:21:40,417 --> 01:21:44,827 from 20 below the safety line to 20 above the safety line. 1418 01:21:44,917 --> 01:21:46,787 So it took you from, say, 1419 01:21:46,876 --> 01:21:50,916 the best 20% of the men to the worst 10%. 1420 01:21:51,001 --> 01:21:53,211 - In one month. - In one month. 1421 01:21:53,292 --> 01:21:56,632 Fatty liver is the first step towards insulin resistance, 1422 01:21:56,709 --> 01:21:59,629 so once you're on an insulin resistance pathway 1423 01:21:59,709 --> 01:22:02,079 then you're on a pathway towards type-2 diabetes 1424 01:22:02,167 --> 01:22:03,707 and then, ultimately, insulin-dependent 1425 01:22:03,792 --> 01:22:05,082 type-2 diabetes. 1426 01:22:05,167 --> 01:22:06,787 Today in Australia, 1427 01:22:06,876 --> 01:22:10,076 nine people had a limb amputated to that disease. 1428 01:22:10,167 --> 01:22:14,077 My triglyceride levels, which is the fat in the blood, 1429 01:22:14,167 --> 01:22:17,667 went from a healthy 0.08 to 1.5. 1430 01:22:17,751 --> 01:22:19,381 So you'd hit the risk point... 1431 01:22:19,459 --> 01:22:20,629 Gee-whiz. 1432 01:22:20,709 --> 01:22:22,129 In two months of healthy eating. 1433 01:22:22,209 --> 01:22:23,129 Of healthy eating. 1434 01:22:23,209 --> 01:22:26,419 High triglycerides can also indicate a switch 1435 01:22:26,501 --> 01:22:28,081 from healthy cholesterol 1436 01:22:28,167 --> 01:22:31,577 to the damaging small, dense LDL cholesterol. 1437 01:22:31,667 --> 01:22:34,377 Small, dense LDL lines you up for heart disease 1438 01:22:34,459 --> 01:22:35,879 because they're the ones that are embedding 1439 01:22:35,959 --> 01:22:38,579 in the arterial walls, forming plaques - 1440 01:22:38,667 --> 01:22:41,827 and that's the bit you don't want. 1441 01:22:41,917 --> 01:22:44,787 You can have all the LDL you like, but don't have those. 1442 01:22:44,876 --> 01:22:49,246 In terms of weight, I gained 8.5kg overall 1443 01:22:49,334 --> 01:22:51,714 and added 7% to my total body fat. 1444 01:22:52,917 --> 01:22:54,127 But, more ominously, 1445 01:22:54,209 --> 01:22:57,709 increased my waist measurement by 10cm. 1446 01:22:57,792 --> 01:23:00,292 This is the dangerous visceral fat. 1447 01:23:00,376 --> 01:23:03,826 I showed a slight change in the bum expansion test, 1448 01:23:03,917 --> 01:23:06,167 a variance in the rear flesh wings test 1449 01:23:06,251 --> 01:23:08,501 and had great success in the highly scientific 1450 01:23:08,584 --> 01:23:11,964 'belly slap, make a fat wave' wobble test. 1451 01:23:12,084 --> 01:23:13,714 I was quite, as you know, you know, 1452 01:23:13,792 --> 01:23:16,082 quite alarmed that you were able to do that 1453 01:23:16,167 --> 01:23:18,077 in such a short amount of time, again, 1454 01:23:18,167 --> 01:23:19,957 eating heart-approved, healthy foods 1455 01:23:20,042 --> 01:23:22,252 that everyone's going along thinking, you know, 1456 01:23:22,334 --> 01:23:23,794 it's totally fine to be doing. 1457 01:23:23,876 --> 01:23:26,576 And we're worried about the future 1458 01:23:26,667 --> 01:23:29,207 of this obesity epidemic in Australia, 1459 01:23:29,292 --> 01:23:31,462 whether it's going to lead to an epidemic 1460 01:23:31,542 --> 01:23:33,382 of liver disease in the long term. 1461 01:23:33,459 --> 01:23:36,959 But perhaps the most enlightening of my results 1462 01:23:37,042 --> 01:23:39,332 was the calorie count. 1463 01:23:39,417 --> 01:23:41,577 As I'd discovered, my calorie intake 1464 01:23:41,667 --> 01:23:44,167 was virtually the same as my pre-experiment diet. 1465 01:23:45,292 --> 01:23:48,832 The big difference was the source of the calories. 1466 01:23:48,917 --> 01:23:50,667 I'd pretty much done a direct swap 1467 01:23:50,751 --> 01:23:53,291 of healthy fats for sugar-laden products. 1468 01:23:56,334 --> 01:23:58,254 I was looking at the total calories, as well, 1469 01:23:58,334 --> 01:24:01,214 and very often it would come out as less 1470 01:24:01,292 --> 01:24:03,962 than what he had eaten previously. 1471 01:24:04,084 --> 01:24:07,714 The way that calories have been measured in the past 1472 01:24:07,792 --> 01:24:09,582 needs to be re-looked at. 1473 01:24:09,667 --> 01:24:12,497 This calorie counting and this intense fixation with... 1474 01:24:12,584 --> 01:24:14,464 And it's our fault, as much as... 1475 01:24:14,542 --> 01:24:15,792 I take responsibility 1476 01:24:15,876 --> 01:24:18,956 because it's a message we've been spewing out for the last 30 1477 01:24:19,084 --> 01:24:21,674 or 40 years, but we really have to try and turn things around. 1478 01:24:21,751 --> 01:24:24,081 And Damon is living evidence, living proof, 1479 01:24:24,167 --> 01:24:26,917 it is not the calories, it's the source of the calories. 1480 01:24:27,001 --> 01:24:28,081 It's where they're coming from. 1481 01:24:28,167 --> 01:24:30,077 I'm surprised how quickly 1482 01:24:30,167 --> 01:24:32,457 things went downhill for you, I honestly am. 1483 01:24:32,542 --> 01:24:35,582 To put on so much weight in just 60 days, 1484 01:24:35,667 --> 01:24:37,327 without really changing the number of calories 1485 01:24:37,417 --> 01:24:40,417 you were eating, without, you know, eating rubbish, 1486 01:24:40,501 --> 01:24:43,751 to have such a big effect - 10cm on the waist, 1487 01:24:43,834 --> 01:24:45,174 8.5 kilos on the body, 1488 01:24:45,251 --> 01:24:47,131 full-blown fatty liver disease developed, 1489 01:24:47,209 --> 01:24:49,419 well on your way to cirrhosis, 1490 01:24:49,501 --> 01:24:52,711 well on your way to insulin resistance - that's a disaster. 1491 01:24:52,792 --> 01:24:54,172 Hm. 1492 01:25:11,334 --> 01:25:13,174 You know, I obviously, through my research, 1493 01:25:13,251 --> 01:25:16,831 have convinced myself that sugar is almost assuredly 1494 01:25:16,917 --> 01:25:20,167 the problem, the fundamental problem. 1495 01:25:20,251 --> 01:25:22,081 You get rid of sugar 1496 01:25:22,167 --> 01:25:25,287 and everything else becomes relatively harmless. 1497 01:25:27,209 --> 01:25:30,959 We would like to do the definitive study, 1498 01:25:31,042 --> 01:25:35,632 but even if we find out next month it gets funded, 1499 01:25:35,709 --> 01:25:39,129 it's still gonna be five more years 1500 01:25:39,209 --> 01:25:41,879 before I will have results. 1501 01:25:41,959 --> 01:25:47,209 What possible risk to public health is there 1502 01:25:47,292 --> 01:25:50,672 in people lowering their sugar consumption? 1503 01:25:53,751 --> 01:25:56,171 This is our problem 1504 01:25:56,251 --> 01:25:58,081 and we should all work together to solve it 1505 01:25:58,167 --> 01:25:59,247 instead of pointing fingers 1506 01:25:59,334 --> 01:26:01,424 and not being productive about that. 1507 01:26:01,501 --> 01:26:04,961 And I would love to see the food industry come to the table 1508 01:26:05,042 --> 01:26:08,632 with scientists and healthcare providers and do what's right. 1509 01:26:17,209 --> 01:26:20,379 The first week of giving up sugar wasn't a lot of fun. 1510 01:26:22,209 --> 01:26:23,629 Frankly, it didn't feel that different 1511 01:26:23,709 --> 01:26:25,579 from giving up cigarettes. 1512 01:26:25,667 --> 01:26:27,957 I had headaches, I was moody 1513 01:26:28,084 --> 01:26:29,924 and my sleep patterns were terrible. 1514 01:26:31,792 --> 01:26:33,632 And I just tossed and turned all night 1515 01:26:33,709 --> 01:26:36,959 and then woke up very early, 1516 01:26:37,042 --> 01:26:40,792 and as soon as I was awake I kind of was craving sugar. 1517 01:26:41,876 --> 01:26:44,576 I feel like I need a hit. 1518 01:26:46,667 --> 01:26:49,077 Um...it's the first real sign... 1519 01:26:51,251 --> 01:26:53,171 ..that this is gonna be a bit tricky. 1520 01:26:54,709 --> 01:26:56,579 But I knew from previous experience 1521 01:26:56,667 --> 01:26:58,707 that I wouldn't feel like this forever 1522 01:26:58,792 --> 01:27:02,292 and that ultimately it would all be worth it. 1523 01:27:02,376 --> 01:27:04,576 Because food and sugar has 1524 01:27:04,667 --> 01:27:07,417 a very strong emotional component, 1525 01:27:07,501 --> 01:27:09,331 then we have to heal ourselves emotionally 1526 01:27:09,417 --> 01:27:12,167 and we have to go through what could be a disturbing experience 1527 01:27:12,251 --> 01:27:15,131 or an uncomfortable or even awkward experience 1528 01:27:15,209 --> 01:27:16,379 coming off of it. 1529 01:27:16,459 --> 01:27:18,079 But once you get through it, 1530 01:27:18,167 --> 01:27:20,077 which is about two to four weeks, 1531 01:27:20,167 --> 01:27:23,577 suddenly the desire for sugar disappears altogether. 1532 01:27:25,667 --> 01:27:28,247 One month after finishing the experiment, 1533 01:27:28,334 --> 01:27:29,584 a miracle occurred. 1534 01:27:32,251 --> 01:27:34,631 Our daughter was born. 1535 01:27:34,709 --> 01:27:37,789 This is her mobile, this is her teething giraffe 1536 01:27:37,876 --> 01:27:39,456 and this is her lunch. 1537 01:27:39,542 --> 01:27:41,172 - Hiya. - Are you tired, bubby? 1538 01:27:41,251 --> 01:27:43,291 But then some other remarkable things happened. 1539 01:27:44,876 --> 01:27:46,706 After just two months of cutting out sugar... 1540 01:27:47,834 --> 01:27:51,084 ..my vitality had returned, my skin was brighter 1541 01:27:51,167 --> 01:27:53,707 and, thankfully, my moods had evened out. 1542 01:27:55,251 --> 01:27:58,081 I've had hundreds and hundreds of people 1543 01:27:58,167 --> 01:28:01,957 go off sugar just for the reason of clearing up their mind, 1544 01:28:02,042 --> 01:28:05,832 and typically, the result I get is, "Wow! 1545 01:28:05,917 --> 01:28:07,787 "I had no idea!" 1546 01:28:09,459 --> 01:28:11,249 In terms of my weight, 1547 01:28:11,334 --> 01:28:14,714 all I did is return to my pre-experiment diet. 1548 01:28:15,917 --> 01:28:18,417 I swapped cereal and low-fat yoghurt 1549 01:28:18,501 --> 01:28:21,081 for bacon, eggs and avocado without toast. 1550 01:28:22,459 --> 01:28:25,829 I snacked on nuts and cheese instead of muesli bars, 1551 01:28:25,917 --> 01:28:29,377 and ate fish or meat with the fat left on 1552 01:28:29,459 --> 01:28:31,129 and lots of green vegetables for dinners. 1553 01:28:32,834 --> 01:28:35,584 I lost 6kg with minimal exercise. 1554 01:28:37,001 --> 01:28:41,581 Once you remove that hormone disrupter, fructose, 1555 01:28:41,667 --> 01:28:44,167 from your diet, 1556 01:28:44,251 --> 01:28:47,581 your appetite control works again and your weight drops. 1557 01:28:49,459 --> 01:28:52,169 Because I replaced sugar with healthy fats, 1558 01:28:52,251 --> 01:28:54,881 I felt full again and didn't have to eat as much. 1559 01:28:56,042 --> 01:28:58,962 Consequently, I spent the same amount on shopping 1560 01:28:59,042 --> 01:29:01,672 as I had during the experiment. 1561 01:29:01,751 --> 01:29:03,291 Whenever you walk into a supermarket, 1562 01:29:03,376 --> 01:29:05,746 make an immediate right turn or left turn 1563 01:29:05,834 --> 01:29:09,424 for the produce aisle and avoid everything in the middle. 1564 01:29:09,501 --> 01:29:12,961 Everything in the middle is a huge amount of calories 1565 01:29:13,084 --> 01:29:15,214 with very little nutrients. 1566 01:29:15,292 --> 01:29:16,712 And what we wanna do is reverse that. 1567 01:29:18,459 --> 01:29:20,079 But the biggest surprise 1568 01:29:20,167 --> 01:29:21,877 was that all of my blood tests had 1569 01:29:21,959 --> 01:29:24,079 returned to normal, 1570 01:29:24,167 --> 01:29:27,077 so no more heart disease risks and no more fatty liver. 1571 01:29:29,001 --> 01:29:32,211 I think the most important message is that 1572 01:29:32,292 --> 01:29:36,082 this is not you get a fatty liver and that's it, 1573 01:29:36,167 --> 01:29:37,417 it will stay fatty, 1574 01:29:37,501 --> 01:29:41,461 it actually can be reversed very easily 1575 01:29:41,542 --> 01:29:44,462 by taking away the fructose from your diet, 1576 01:29:44,542 --> 01:29:46,332 taking away all those drinks. 1577 01:29:46,417 --> 01:29:50,077 I mean, water is a good drink. 1578 01:29:50,167 --> 01:29:51,627 Yeah. 1579 01:29:51,709 --> 01:29:54,459 In truth, it did take a while for my palate 1580 01:29:54,542 --> 01:29:57,082 to readjust to my lady's unsweetened cooking. 1581 01:29:57,167 --> 01:30:00,787 Things tasted bland for the first few weeks, 1582 01:30:00,876 --> 01:30:04,166 but then I rediscovered the full flavours of fresh produce. 1583 01:30:04,251 --> 01:30:05,171 Mmm. 1584 01:30:05,251 --> 01:30:09,171 For just five days, I want you to discontinue, 1585 01:30:09,251 --> 01:30:11,671 or take out of your diet, for five days, 1586 01:30:11,751 --> 01:30:13,131 these foods that I'm gonna show you, 1587 01:30:13,209 --> 01:30:16,249 and I promise you that you will feel 100% better. 1588 01:30:16,334 --> 01:30:19,084 Will you please try this for me, just as an experiment? 1589 01:30:19,167 --> 01:30:21,377 'Cause I'm here trying to help you help yourself a little bit. 1590 01:30:25,084 --> 01:30:26,584 In the USA, 1591 01:30:26,667 --> 01:30:28,627 it was recently recommended for men to have 1592 01:30:28,709 --> 01:30:31,959 no more than nine teaspoons of sugar a day 1593 01:30:32,084 --> 01:30:34,964 and women no more than six. 1594 01:30:35,084 --> 01:30:37,964 Australia currently doesn't have an equivalent recommendation. 1595 01:30:39,251 --> 01:30:40,961 I love chocolate. 1596 01:30:41,084 --> 01:30:43,584 I eat a little piece of chocolate every day. 1597 01:30:43,667 --> 01:30:47,127 But I'm careful and I understand the adverse effects 1598 01:30:47,209 --> 01:30:48,629 if I have too much of it. 1599 01:30:50,167 --> 01:30:54,167 But for me it's simpler to cut out sugar altogether. 1600 01:30:54,251 --> 01:30:56,921 And that means avoiding artificial sweeteners, too, 1601 01:30:57,001 --> 01:30:58,381 that keep the cravings alive. 1602 01:31:00,084 --> 01:31:04,584 If you continue to reinforce 1603 01:31:04,667 --> 01:31:07,957 it has to be sweet in order for it to be good, 1604 01:31:08,084 --> 01:31:09,464 then you're never really learning 1605 01:31:09,542 --> 01:31:11,422 how to do food... good food. 1606 01:31:11,501 --> 01:31:14,831 I want my daughter to grow up healthy and happy... 1607 01:31:16,167 --> 01:31:18,957 ..and not waste any of her precious time counting calories 1608 01:31:19,042 --> 01:31:20,582 or obsessing over weight. 1609 01:31:25,667 --> 01:31:27,457 By educating our children, 1610 01:31:27,542 --> 01:31:29,582 perhaps they can avoid the mistakes 1611 01:31:29,667 --> 01:31:31,207 that our generation has made. 1612 01:31:33,792 --> 01:31:37,882 Do whatever you can to turn fruit and vegetable 1613 01:31:37,959 --> 01:31:41,669 into the highlight of your meal. 1614 01:31:41,751 --> 01:31:43,791 Train your kids to love them. 1615 01:31:45,417 --> 01:31:47,327 That's what every parent's got to figure out. 1616 01:31:47,417 --> 01:31:50,287 How do you get in all those great nutrients? 1617 01:31:50,376 --> 01:31:53,076 How do you get those superfoods into your child 1618 01:31:53,167 --> 01:31:56,127 and make it taste good at the same time 1619 01:31:56,209 --> 01:31:57,919 without spiking their blood sugar 1620 01:31:58,001 --> 01:32:02,791 so that they can sit down and study and learn 1621 01:32:02,876 --> 01:32:05,916 and allow for the creation of genius. 1622 01:32:20,709 --> 01:32:23,709 That's why we're having the sugar experiment. 1623 01:32:23,792 --> 01:32:26,582 We had to learn that this is not the right way to go 1624 01:32:26,667 --> 01:32:30,707 in order to help inspire us to get to the next level. 1625 01:32:32,459 --> 01:32:35,079 I certainly don't think that sugar is solely to blame 1626 01:32:35,167 --> 01:32:37,327 for all own current health problems, 1627 01:32:37,417 --> 01:32:40,417 but given its prevalence in our food supply, 1628 01:32:40,501 --> 01:32:43,921 lowering our consumption is a great place to start. 1629 01:32:44,001 --> 01:32:48,251 Sugar's not evil, but life is so much better... 1630 01:32:48,334 --> 01:32:50,794 ..when you get rid of it. 1631 01:32:54,834 --> 01:32:57,964 This experiment has proven to me that refined sugar 1632 01:32:58,042 --> 01:33:01,962 and excess fructose are causing serious damage to the health 1633 01:33:02,084 --> 01:33:04,084 and wellbeing of millions of people. 1634 01:33:05,167 --> 01:33:06,627 And as the debate heats up 1635 01:33:06,709 --> 01:33:08,459 and the food industry fight tooth and nail 1636 01:33:08,542 --> 01:33:10,672 to shut the message down, 1637 01:33:10,751 --> 01:33:13,711 we'll be bombarded with conflicting nutritional advice. 1638 01:33:15,167 --> 01:33:19,077 But for me, quite simply, the proof is in the pudding. 1639 01:33:19,167 --> 01:33:21,417 About 10 teaspoons of it. 1640 01:33:52,751 --> 01:33:54,331 ♪ Hey, everybody 1641 01:33:54,417 --> 01:33:56,917 ♪ Let me introduce myself 1642 01:33:57,001 --> 01:34:01,251 ♪ I spread my love on every item on your supermarket shelf 1643 01:34:01,334 --> 01:34:04,174 ♪ I taste so good, make you feel so high 1644 01:34:04,251 --> 01:34:06,381 ♪ That I bring you back for more 1645 01:34:06,459 --> 01:34:08,709 ♪ Plus I place my goodies at your kiddies' eye level 1646 01:34:08,792 --> 01:34:11,292 ♪ When you're just about to walk out the store 1647 01:34:11,376 --> 01:34:13,416 ♪ Now, people will tell you that I rot your teeth 1648 01:34:13,501 --> 01:34:15,881 ♪ And make you fat and give your body abuse 1649 01:34:15,959 --> 01:34:18,209 ♪ But forget about that, just take off your clothes 1650 01:34:18,292 --> 01:34:19,962 ♪ And have a spa made of chocolate mousse 1651 01:34:20,042 --> 01:34:21,082 ♪ Sing it, ladies 1652 01:34:21,167 --> 01:34:22,827 ♪ Oh, Mr Sugar, so sexy alright 1653 01:34:22,917 --> 01:34:25,457 ♪ We can taste you in our food in nearly every bite 1654 01:34:25,542 --> 01:34:27,962 ♪ It feels so good Can we have a little more? 1655 01:34:28,042 --> 01:34:30,832 ♪ Of course you can, ladies I got white, brown, raw sugar 1656 01:34:32,542 --> 01:34:33,752 ♪ Sugar 1657 01:34:35,042 --> 01:34:35,962 ♪ Sugar 1658 01:34:37,209 --> 01:34:38,629 ♪ I'm not your friend I come in gum 1659 01:34:38,709 --> 01:34:40,169 ♪ Just eat me when you're on the run 1660 01:34:40,251 --> 01:34:42,921 ♪ Sugar Sugar 1661 01:34:44,167 --> 01:34:45,327 ♪ Sugar 1662 01:34:46,876 --> 01:34:48,246 ♪ Treat to eat I taste so sweet 1663 01:34:48,334 --> 01:34:49,754 ♪ I get you when you leave the teat 1664 01:34:53,751 --> 01:34:54,831 ♪ And when you wake up in the morning 1665 01:34:54,917 --> 01:34:56,077 ♪ And you're feeling kind of peckish 1666 01:34:56,167 --> 01:34:58,127 ♪ This often where you find me the most 1667 01:34:58,209 --> 01:34:59,749 ♪ 'Cause I'm lurking in your cereal 1668 01:34:59,834 --> 01:35:00,964 ♪ I'm lurking in your yoghurt 1669 01:35:01,042 --> 01:35:03,292 ♪ And sometimes I'm even found in your toast 1670 01:35:03,376 --> 01:35:05,076 ♪ But here's a little secret I can share with you 1671 01:35:05,167 --> 01:35:07,667 ♪ A secret you should put to use 1672 01:35:07,751 --> 01:35:10,581 ♪ There's about six cheeky teaspoons of me 1673 01:35:10,667 --> 01:35:11,957 ♪ Hiding in a glass of juice 1674 01:35:12,042 --> 01:35:12,962 ♪ Hey 1675 01:35:13,042 --> 01:35:14,922 ♪ Some people think that Mr Sugar hangs out 1676 01:35:15,001 --> 01:35:17,421 ♪ Only with the bright-coloured snacks 1677 01:35:17,501 --> 01:35:19,581 ♪ But I've been spreading my crystals all over your food 1678 01:35:19,667 --> 01:35:22,127 ♪ And the company's been hiding the facts 1679 01:35:22,209 --> 01:35:24,329 ♪ I'm in cola, granola and pasta sauce 1680 01:35:24,417 --> 01:35:25,627 ♪ Mushy peas, mac and cheese 1681 01:35:25,709 --> 01:35:26,829 ♪ And that radish from a horse 1682 01:35:26,917 --> 01:35:29,077 ♪ Canned fruit and soup, even soup in a satchel 1683 01:35:29,167 --> 01:35:31,627 ♪ And Mr Sugar loves the term 'all natural' 1684 01:35:31,709 --> 01:35:33,959 ♪ White bread, corn chips, muffin mix, gravy 1685 01:35:34,084 --> 01:35:36,084 ♪ Mayonnaise, satay, food for the baby 1686 01:35:36,167 --> 01:35:38,577 ♪ Baked beans for the teens and an energy drink 1687 01:35:38,667 --> 01:35:40,917 ♪ And I'm clearly gonna be in any food that's pink 1688 01:35:41,001 --> 01:35:43,171 ♪ I'm confessing I'm in dressing and a hamburger bun 1689 01:35:43,251 --> 01:35:44,921 ♪ Where that cheeky corn syrup's 1690 01:35:45,001 --> 01:35:45,921 ♪ Trying to steal all my fun 1691 01:35:46,001 --> 01:35:48,081 ♪ Muesli bars, even some cigars 1692 01:35:48,167 --> 01:35:50,457 ♪ And a whole range of marmalade and honey, jam jars 1693 01:35:50,542 --> 01:35:52,632 ♪ Oh, Mr Sugar, so ubiquitous 1694 01:35:52,709 --> 01:35:55,079 ♪ Our addiction to you is quite ridiculous 1695 01:35:55,167 --> 01:35:57,207 ♪ We feel so sick when you're not around 1696 01:35:57,292 --> 01:35:59,832 ♪ That's why a spoonful of me helps the medicine go down 1697 01:35:59,917 --> 01:36:03,207 ♪ Sugar Sugar 1698 01:36:04,501 --> 01:36:05,581 ♪ Sugar 1699 01:36:07,167 --> 01:36:09,287 ♪ Sugar 1700 01:36:09,376 --> 01:36:11,666 ♪ Sugar ♪ Put me in your coffee 1701 01:36:11,751 --> 01:36:14,081 ♪ Sugar ♪ I'm the only thing in toffee 1702 01:36:14,167 --> 01:36:16,077 ♪ Sugar ♪ Pick you up when you're down 1703 01:36:16,167 --> 01:36:19,077 ♪ Sugar ♪ You should try me in brown 1704 01:36:19,167 --> 01:36:21,077 ♪ Sugar ♪ You couldn't quit me for quids 1705 01:36:21,167 --> 01:36:23,957 ♪ Sugar ♪ I'm coming for your kids. ♪ 127800

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