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Narrator: Dynamic.
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In your face.
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And always moving forward.
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Watson: No city looks more to
the future than new york city.
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Narrator: The big apple grew out of water.
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The secret story of its success lies hidden under its two rivers...
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And its mighty harbor...
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Delgado: This is one
of the most notorious
stretches of water on
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The new york waterfront.
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Narrator: Imagine if we could empty the oceans.
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Letting the water drain away...
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To reveal the secrets of the sea floor.
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Now we can.
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Using accurate data and astonishing technology
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To bring light once again to a lost world.
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How does the horror of 911 lead to an extraordinary discovery
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From the birth of america?
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Watson: The most grizzly
and bloodiest event of
the entire revolutionary war.
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Narrator: What does this off-shore wreck
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Reveal about the city's explosive growth?
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Jaffe: People talked
about a forest of masts.
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Narrator: And what sank this huge us warship,
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Just miles from new york?
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(theme music plays).
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The largest city in america...
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300 square miles.
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Eight and a half million people.
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Tenacious.
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Powerful.
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Confident.
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All of it built from scratch...
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In just 400 years.
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And the secret to its success:
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Its rivers and harbor.
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In the waters around new york,
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Archaeologists have located thousands of wrecks.
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Time capsules...
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That can reveal this city's incredible story in a new light.
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One in particular...
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What is this strange wreck?
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And why is it here?
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(explosion)
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(screams)
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(siren and horn)
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As new yorkers recover from the shock of 9/11.
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The ruins of the twin towers reveal a secret...
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From the very start of their city's story.
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Riess: Little did we
know that from this
terrible tragedy,
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There would be
a major discovery.
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A secret from the past.
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Narrator: By 2010 1.8 million tons of debris have been removed.
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The construction of a high-security parking garage is underway.
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Riess: They decided to make
that entrance underground,
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So they dug down deeper
than they had before.
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Narrator: 22 feet beneath the tarmac.
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In the shadow of the twin towers...
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The remnants of an ancient ship.
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Reporter (over tv): At the construction site at ground zero,
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A rare find.
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What we can see is believed to be half of a ship.
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Narrator: Construction halts.
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And a team of archaeologists rush to ground zero.
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The principle investigator: Warren riess.
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Riess: It was right there.
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Right where the security
area is for parking at
the world trade center.
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Narrator: When warren arrives only part of the ship is exposed.
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Its secrets still hidden under the mud.
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Riess: The history of this
particular vessel might fill
in tremendous gaps in our
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Knowledge about the history
of new york city itself.
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Narrator: To find out more, warren's team scan the excavated site with
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High-accuracy laser technology.
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Combining the high-resolution 3-d data,
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With cutting-edge computer-imaging...
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We can turn back time and drain ground zero...
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To reveal an astonishing subterranean secret.
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Layers of earth crumble away.
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22 feet underground, in the heart of manhattan...
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The flattened wreck of a wooden ship.
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It's 30-foot-long and its wooden structure is roughly-hewn.
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Riess: We'd never seen
a vessel just like this one.
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It was not only rare
it's one of a kind.
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Narrator: What is this ship?
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And what's it doing beneath the heart of manhattan?
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More than 500 yards from the shoreline.
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To find out, riess and his team need to learn its age.
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Taking a closer look inside the wood they find well preserved tree rings.
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They reveal that the timber was felled in 1773 or soon after.
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Riess: It was like
a time capsule, a
secret time capsule.
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Narrator: In america the 1770s mean only one thing...
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Revolution.
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Riess: What we have is a,
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A vessel that's been
hiding underneath new york city
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That's from the
revolutionary period.
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Narrator: Back then, new york is home to just 25,000 people.
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But the quality of its harbor has already made it one of america's
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Most successful ports.
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Its strategic importance puts new york firmly in the cross hairs of
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Britain's king george...
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When the american revolution begins in 1775.
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Just a year later a huge british invasion force drives george washington's
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Army out of the city.
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(gunfire)
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Could this ship have been part of the battle?
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Going back to the drained wreckage, clues emerge...
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Beneath the decking, 327 pieces of artillery.
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Including a cannonball and 56 musket balls.
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Soldiers from one side or another have clearly been on board this ship.
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Then, in the center of the wreck,
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Warren riess's team discover the smallest of clues.
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Riess: This button was found,
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In the midships
area on the vessel,
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Between some frames
and some planks and
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Because of that we
know it was on the ship
before it was buried.
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Narrator: The pewter button is stamped with the number fifty-two.
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It's fallen from the uniform of a soldier from the fifty second regiment
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Of the british army.
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Riess: They were grenadiers
which means they were very
aggressive assault troops.
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Pretty exciting to find
this because this ties the
ship to a british soldier,
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In new york
during the revolution.
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A common soldier who's
lost their button.
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Narrator: If this ship was used by some of the most fearsome troops in
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The british army, what were they using it for?
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Combining the scanning data with new research by texas a&m university,
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We can resurrect the ship.
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As her original form rises from the dirt, her full size becomes clear
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And her striking features.
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50-feet-long...
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Her beam, eighteen feet.
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With the hull of a river craft.
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Just four feet deep and a small keel.
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This is not an ocean-going vessel...
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It's specifically designed for use in sheltered coastal waters.
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Riess: It was able to
get into shallow water,
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Into little coves,
up alongside ships.
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Narrator: A ship that's perfect for operating within new york harbor,
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And crewed by british grenadiers.
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Evidence that she could be part of a little known but brutal story.
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During the war british forces ferried many thousands of americans...
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To a horrifying destination.
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Just two miles away...
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Off the shores of brooklyn.
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Riess: During the
american revolution.
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This was known
as wallabout bay and it was
the most lethal place during
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The whole revolution
for the americans.
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Watson: New york city
still has its secrets,
its dark past.
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Including the most
grisly and bloody,
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Bloodiest event of the
entire revolutionary war.
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Narrator: As the british try to quell the uprising,
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They capture thousands of prisoners and ferry them
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Out onto the waters of wallabout bay to a place known as 'hell afloat'.
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A flotilla of festering british ships.
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Overcrowded, freezing cold, poorly supplied and run by brutal guards.
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Watson: The diseases
that swept through just
terrorized the men on board.
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Narrator: Most notorious of all, the hms jersey.
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Watson: She would serve as
potentially the worst prison
ship, floating dungeon,
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In human history.
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Narrator: Warren riess believes that the world trade center ship may
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Play a role in this dark chapter of new york's history.
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Riess: They needed
boats to go back and forth
and to bring prisoners out and
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This would have been
a perfect vessel for that.
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They would have just
stuffed them in there even
if they had to pack them in,
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Sitting down.
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It might carry
100 people on board.
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Narrator: The casualty figures are staggering.
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Far worse than 9/11.
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Historians estimate that 11,000 men die on hms jersey alone...
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Watson: Twice as many
men died aboard the jersey
as were lost in combat during
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The entirety of the
revolutionary war.
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It's unimaginable.
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Riess: It was a very dark
chapter of american history.
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Narrator: One last mystery remains about the british ferryboat.
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Why was it found under the heart of manhattan?
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Narrator: America finally wins independence.
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And new york changes fast.
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Jaffe: In the years after
the american revolution,
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New york very much
uh is like a phoenix
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Rising from the ashes
politically and economically.
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Narrator: At its heart, a thriving dock...
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That looks very different to the city of today.
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Riess: We're in the middle
of a modern city here,
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In the lower districts
of manhattan and about
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Halfway down that block
was the original shoreline.
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Narrator: Eager to improve their harbor new yorkers build new wharves.
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Extending the island of manhattan out into the bay...
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Abandoned in the docks,
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Half sunk in the mud,
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The old british ferry is simply built around and over.
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Centuries later,
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The world trade center rises on top of the old dockland and the ships
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That had witnessed america's bloody birth.
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Commerce drives the city's expansion and for commerce, location is everything.
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Facing the roaring atlantic,
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At the mouth of the hudson river,
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New york's huge natural harbor
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Is the perfect place for an international port.
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Miles of shoreline in a protected bay.
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From which an independent america can trade with the world.
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In the 1800s,
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More passengers and cargo flow through new york than all other
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00:15:15,730 --> 00:15:17,780
Us ports combined.
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Jaffe: There were so many
sailing vessels, coming
and going and docking here,
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That observers would describe
it as a forest of masts.
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Narrator: But the city's ambition soon outgrows the fabulous
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Harbor provided by nature.
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Just yards from bustling uptown manhattan...
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Evidence of an earth-shattering event that reshaped this city.
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Just how far would new yorkers go to make their port the greatest on earth?
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New york harbor's main entrance is the verrazano narrows.
209
00:16:14,790 --> 00:16:17,230
But there's a second gateway to the atlantic...
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Long island sound.
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Crucial to sustaining the frenzied flow of commerce.
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00:16:29,360 --> 00:16:32,930
But it's obstructed by a perilous stretch of the east river.
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Hell gate.
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In the 1850s, one in fifty ships are devoured here.
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A terrifying statistic.
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James delgado,
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Maritime archaeologist from search incorporated, wants to learn more about the
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Dangers of hell gate.
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Delgado: This early
map is particularly
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Remarkable because
it shows us hell gate...
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With the positions of
a number of rocks marked.
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Narrator: Islands and hidden reefs choke the shipping lane.
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Churning the water into a maelstrom.
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Delgado:
This is a challenging,
if not dangerous,
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00:17:21,730 --> 00:17:23,590
Area to navigate...
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00:17:24,360 --> 00:17:26,400
A gauntlet to be run.
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Narrator: Among the many perils of hell gate,
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One monster looms large and deadly...
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Flood rock.
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Nine acres of stone lurking just beneath the surface.
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Right at the heart of hell gate.
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Today, the channel is still dangerous...
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00:18:00,870 --> 00:18:02,870
Delgado: The major
obstacle was basically right
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00:18:02,900 --> 00:18:04,880
In the middle of the road,
right off of here.
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00:18:06,520 --> 00:18:10,590
Narrator: But there's no sign of flood rock above the water.
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Does the ship-devouring monster lie beneath the surface?
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00:18:19,200 --> 00:18:22,120
James takes to the water.
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00:18:23,960 --> 00:18:26,120
Man (over radio): Alright, sounds good.
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00:18:32,260 --> 00:18:35,360
Delgado: This is one
of the most notorious
stretches of water on
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00:18:35,420 --> 00:18:37,530
The new york waterfront.
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What you would have
been faced with is all
this fast-moving water,
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And it's not just
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Moving in one direction
it's going back and forth,
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It's swirling around rocks.
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You'd sail through,
you lose the wind and
suddenly that movement of
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00:18:54,890 --> 00:18:57,850
Water drags you
right into the teeth.
247
00:18:58,590 --> 00:19:01,720
Narrator: In search of flood rock, the team from noaa scans
248
00:19:01,760 --> 00:19:05,130
Hell gate with multi-beam sonar...
249
00:19:05,460 --> 00:19:08,000
Firing sound waves into the murky depths...
250
00:19:09,200 --> 00:19:12,180
The return signal records the shape of the features beneath.
251
00:19:14,190 --> 00:19:17,620
Man: This is a real
time image of the bottom.
You can see all the rubble.
252
00:19:18,390 --> 00:19:20,510
Delgado: Wow.
253
00:19:20,830 --> 00:19:23,760
Narrator: Using the 3-d multi-beam data and the latest
254
00:19:23,800 --> 00:19:26,470
Computer visualization technology...
255
00:19:26,770 --> 00:19:30,550
It's now possible to pull the plug on the entire harbor.
256
00:19:33,220 --> 00:19:36,790
To reveal a jaw-dropping sight...
257
00:19:41,270 --> 00:19:44,200
Icons of the city, as never seen before...
258
00:19:51,860 --> 00:19:54,760
As the water recedes from the east river,
259
00:19:54,800 --> 00:19:57,630
The remains of flood rock should come into view...
260
00:20:01,240 --> 00:20:05,150
But there's not a trace of the beast that is shown in the old charts.
261
00:20:08,690 --> 00:20:12,030
Nine acres of rock have vanished.
262
00:20:14,930 --> 00:20:16,930
How?
263
00:20:20,590 --> 00:20:23,260
Buried in the archives...
264
00:20:23,590 --> 00:20:27,890
An incredible story of new york self-confidence and ambition.
265
00:20:30,870 --> 00:20:33,830
Delgado: This 1848 chart
by the us coast survey
is actually a working
266
00:20:34,340 --> 00:20:36,550
Document it
was never published.
267
00:20:36,590 --> 00:20:39,720
This is for an engineer
to figure out how best to
start dealing with this.
268
00:20:40,890 --> 00:20:44,230
How do we pull these
teeth to make this a
smoother ride through?
269
00:20:46,260 --> 00:20:48,700
Narrator: Backed by wealthy new york merchants,
270
00:20:48,730 --> 00:20:51,630
The city fathers make a decision.
271
00:20:51,920 --> 00:20:54,720
The future of the city is at stake.
272
00:20:54,720 --> 00:20:57,390
Flood rock has got to go.
273
00:20:58,330 --> 00:21:02,730
Delgado: It is the
beginning of an age in which
nothing was deemed impossible,
274
00:21:03,530 --> 00:21:05,630
If enough ingenuity,
275
00:21:05,670 --> 00:21:10,620
Engineering and perhaps
money was put behind it
as human beings worked to
276
00:21:11,020 --> 00:21:13,460
Reshape the planet
to their purposes.
277
00:21:14,960 --> 00:21:18,790
Narrator: James discovers how the city's engineers planned to do it.
278
00:21:20,230 --> 00:21:22,160
By attacking the problem....
279
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:23,970
From beneath.
280
00:21:25,750 --> 00:21:29,420
First, they sink a 70-foot shaft into the heart of the island.
281
00:21:31,580 --> 00:21:33,930
Over nine long years,
282
00:21:33,960 --> 00:21:36,430
Miners dig four miles of tunnels...
283
00:21:37,830 --> 00:21:43,870
And drill 15,000 bore-holes and in them they place a staggering
284
00:21:43,900 --> 00:21:47,560
150 tons of explosives.
285
00:21:50,260 --> 00:21:54,330
Delgado: The hell gate
work is an epic moment in the
history of civil engineering...
286
00:21:55,870 --> 00:22:00,220
This is a moment in
which technology will
triumph over nature.
287
00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:13,400
Flock to
288
00:22:13,430 --> 00:22:16,220
New york's east river.
289
00:22:16,250 --> 00:22:18,920
Delgado: Everybody is
waiting for the big show.
290
00:22:19,460 --> 00:22:21,790
Narrator: Flood rock is primed with explosives...
291
00:22:23,760 --> 00:22:26,300
And the detonator is pushed.
292
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,600
(explosions)
293
00:22:33,090 --> 00:22:38,720
Seven million cubic feet of pulverized rock flies up into the skies over new york city.
294
00:22:41,160 --> 00:22:43,830
Delgado: The greatest
explosion, not only
that new york has seen,
295
00:22:43,860 --> 00:22:46,570
But that the world
has seen up to that time.
296
00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:51,420
Narrator: And when the spray clears,
297
00:22:51,460 --> 00:22:54,220
Flood rock is history.
298
00:22:56,890 --> 00:23:00,100
Leaving the riverbed looking like a gravel pit.
299
00:23:01,930 --> 00:23:06,120
Jaffe: If you really wanna
think about how new yorkers
have reconfigured and
300
00:23:06,550 --> 00:23:10,260
Reshaped their entire
environment both on land and
301
00:23:10,290 --> 00:23:13,590
In water I think the word
chutzpah is perfect for that.
302
00:23:17,430 --> 00:23:20,100
Narrator: With its second entrance now secure,
303
00:23:20,130 --> 00:23:22,420
New york's shipping business increases at an
304
00:23:22,450 --> 00:23:24,420
Ever-faster rate.
305
00:23:26,290 --> 00:23:28,490
Cargo ships move sugar,
306
00:23:28,530 --> 00:23:32,360
Spices, cotton, machinery and construction materials...
307
00:23:36,600 --> 00:23:39,550
All to feed america's booming economy.
308
00:23:43,390 --> 00:23:46,460
Delgado: New york
expands dramatically
in the 19th century...
309
00:23:47,660 --> 00:23:50,400
It's becoming the
industrial and commercial
heart of the united states.
310
00:23:52,570 --> 00:23:56,990
Narrator: By the 1880s the city's population is more than a million.
311
00:23:58,320 --> 00:24:01,160
And its waters are getting crowded...
312
00:24:01,730 --> 00:24:03,330
Dangerously so.
313
00:24:04,360 --> 00:24:08,200
In the wild atlantic, just a few miles beyond new york harbor...
314
00:24:08,970 --> 00:24:14,100
What can one strange offshore wreck tell us of the pace of trade through
315
00:24:14,140 --> 00:24:16,590
The waters of new york?
316
00:24:17,660 --> 00:24:21,090
And the peril facing those pursuing the american dream.
317
00:24:25,370 --> 00:24:28,650
Before daybreak, on March the 14th, 1886...
318
00:24:29,850 --> 00:24:34,490
The ss oregon is nearing the end of a 3,000-mile voyage from England.
319
00:24:36,690 --> 00:24:41,460
Transporting her cargo and over 600 passengers through the dark approach to
320
00:24:41,500 --> 00:24:43,630
New york harbor.
321
00:24:45,750 --> 00:24:47,950
It's a calm night.
322
00:24:48,260 --> 00:24:52,190
Just 60 miles stand between her and her final destination.
323
00:24:56,160 --> 00:24:58,130
But at first light,
324
00:24:58,170 --> 00:25:01,920
A look-out from fire island signal station reports her masts
325
00:25:01,950 --> 00:25:04,250
Drifting off course.
326
00:25:07,390 --> 00:25:11,730
Moments later the oregon disappears.
327
00:25:14,930 --> 00:25:18,200
And never arrives in new york.
328
00:25:18,650 --> 00:25:22,490
What happens to her and all the people onboard,
329
00:25:23,860 --> 00:25:25,860
Out in the darkness?
330
00:25:32,700 --> 00:25:35,920
Delgado: As flat as this
seems, this is a dangerous
section of ocean.
331
00:25:38,520 --> 00:25:43,490
There are many disasters
that happen within the reach
of this light's beams but every
332
00:25:43,890 --> 00:25:45,330
Once in a while,
333
00:25:45,360 --> 00:25:48,310
There comes a big disaster
in which a large ship is lost.
334
00:25:51,690 --> 00:25:54,390
Narrator: For over 130 years,
335
00:25:54,420 --> 00:25:57,720
Oregon has lain shrouded by the atlantic.
336
00:26:00,260 --> 00:26:02,860
Delgado: The waters off
the new york coast are dark,
337
00:26:02,900 --> 00:26:05,230
Cold and often murky.
338
00:26:05,270 --> 00:26:08,950
Narrator: The ocean has concealed her secrets.
339
00:26:09,520 --> 00:26:11,550
But now that's changing.
340
00:26:14,890 --> 00:26:17,260
Off the southern shore of fire island,
341
00:26:17,290 --> 00:26:20,200
The ferdinand r. Hassler goes in search of wreckage.
342
00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:24,670
Kidd: You are clear to turn
around and make another pass.
343
00:26:25,120 --> 00:26:29,720
Narrator: For hundreds of years the national oceanic and atmospheric administration's
344
00:26:29,760 --> 00:26:33,390
Coast survey has been charting and re-charting these waters.
345
00:26:34,660 --> 00:26:38,100
Kidd: We're about
12 nautical miles south
of fire island and we're
346
00:26:38,130 --> 00:26:40,600
About to go right
on top of her now.
347
00:26:40,830 --> 00:26:45,420
Narrator: Multi-beam scanners in the ship's hull emit sonar pulses.
348
00:26:45,960 --> 00:26:49,320
Kidd: We use
this technology to very
accurately and precisely
349
00:26:49,360 --> 00:26:51,730
Map features
on the ocean floor.
350
00:26:53,400 --> 00:26:56,030
Oh, wow there it is!
351
00:26:56,970 --> 00:26:58,730
Look at that, that's awesome!
352
00:27:01,290 --> 00:27:04,620
Narrator: Based upon this detailed three-dimensional data,
353
00:27:04,660 --> 00:27:06,220
We can bring the oregon,
354
00:27:06,260 --> 00:27:09,430
And her story, back into the light....
355
00:27:18,260 --> 00:27:21,960
First, a towering structure of tangled metal.
356
00:27:27,970 --> 00:27:30,170
The water receding further...
357
00:27:32,450 --> 00:27:35,990
The oregon as never seen before.
358
00:27:38,760 --> 00:27:41,190
She's taken a beating from the ocean;
359
00:27:41,230 --> 00:27:45,000
Her insides are exposed to the elements allowing us to
360
00:27:45,030 --> 00:27:47,430
Examine what type of ship she is.
361
00:27:49,150 --> 00:27:51,850
Though her masts were seen from ashore,
362
00:27:51,890 --> 00:27:54,460
They must have been supplementary.
363
00:27:55,190 --> 00:27:57,430
Oregon isn't a sail ship.
364
00:27:57,460 --> 00:28:01,030
In fact, she represents a revolution in shipping.
365
00:28:02,070 --> 00:28:04,830
She is a steamer.
366
00:28:05,820 --> 00:28:08,650
Beneath her four-story high steam engine,
367
00:28:08,690 --> 00:28:11,090
The remains of nine boilers...
368
00:28:11,130 --> 00:28:13,490
Each 16-feet wide.
369
00:28:14,330 --> 00:28:16,090
Delgado: This thing
is a behemoth.
370
00:28:16,130 --> 00:28:18,400
With so many fires going,
371
00:28:18,430 --> 00:28:21,600
That it's consuming
massive amounts of coal.
372
00:28:23,520 --> 00:28:25,120
Narrator: And towards her stern,
373
00:28:25,160 --> 00:28:28,590
A huge screw propeller, 24 feet wide.
374
00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:34,630
This is the corpse of an athlete...
375
00:28:35,470 --> 00:28:38,370
A ship built with one thing in mind...
376
00:28:39,550 --> 00:28:41,590
Speed.
377
00:28:41,820 --> 00:28:43,860
But why?
378
00:28:46,090 --> 00:28:50,130
The answer is part of the dna of new york city itself...
379
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:53,800
Immigrants.
380
00:28:55,750 --> 00:28:58,250
Watson: Folks from
all around the world came
for opportunity and for
381
00:28:58,290 --> 00:29:01,190
This dream that
new york city was.
382
00:29:01,790 --> 00:29:05,330
Narrator: More than 70% of immigrants bound for america arrive
383
00:29:05,360 --> 00:29:06,960
In new york.
384
00:29:07,530 --> 00:29:11,600
Jaffe: New york is the
gateway, as lincoln said,
it was the front door.
385
00:29:13,120 --> 00:29:18,290
Narrator: By the late 1800s 650,000 immigrants arrive,
386
00:29:18,330 --> 00:29:21,790
Every year and up to 20,000 boats a year
387
00:29:21,830 --> 00:29:24,130
Maneuver through the harbor,
388
00:29:24,160 --> 00:29:26,700
And everyone is in a hurry.
389
00:29:27,370 --> 00:29:29,620
Delgado: It's a time
of rampant capitalism.
390
00:29:29,650 --> 00:29:31,920
Great fortunes are being made.
391
00:29:31,960 --> 00:29:34,060
Profit is everything!
392
00:29:35,330 --> 00:29:37,890
Jaffe: The waters are
just alive with vessels.
393
00:29:40,230 --> 00:29:43,630
Narrator: Faster ships mean more trade and bigger profits.
394
00:29:46,050 --> 00:29:48,190
Time is money.
395
00:29:55,460 --> 00:29:59,230
The quest for profit leads to an extraordinary technological race to
396
00:29:59,270 --> 00:30:02,680
Build ships that will cross the atlantic faster and faster.
397
00:30:08,460 --> 00:30:11,560
Delgado: The early days of
ocean steam are cut-throat.
398
00:30:12,100 --> 00:30:14,960
You have entrepreneurs
who are battling
it out on the ocean.
399
00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:20,890
By the 1870s
and into the 1880s,
400
00:30:21,390 --> 00:30:23,990
That's when you begin
to see the birth of truly
401
00:30:24,020 --> 00:30:26,190
Magnificent ocean steamers.
402
00:30:26,230 --> 00:30:27,690
Greyhounds of the sea.
403
00:30:27,730 --> 00:30:29,790
Leviathans.
404
00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:33,600
Narrator: The british-operated 'guion line'
405
00:30:33,630 --> 00:30:37,920
Builds the oregon in 1881 to boost its new york express service.
406
00:30:41,020 --> 00:30:42,720
And she's cutting-edge.
407
00:30:44,630 --> 00:30:47,460
Delgado: It has the largest
steam engine yet put
into one of these ships.
408
00:30:49,500 --> 00:30:52,650
Narrator: Consuming over 200 tons of coal a day,
409
00:30:53,120 --> 00:30:56,920
Her boilers generate upwards of 12,000 horsepower...
410
00:30:57,760 --> 00:31:02,090
Driving the huge screw propeller that thrusts oregon forward at an
411
00:31:02,130 --> 00:31:04,200
Astonishing eighteen knots.
412
00:31:05,830 --> 00:31:10,620
In April 1884 she crosses the atlantic in under 6 and a half days.
413
00:31:11,690 --> 00:31:14,420
Slashing 13 hours off the record.
414
00:31:15,130 --> 00:31:17,690
Delgado: It's something
that nobody had
thought could be done.
415
00:31:20,900 --> 00:31:25,350
Narrator: Oregon claims the prize and earns the nickname greyhound of the atlantic.
416
00:31:30,120 --> 00:31:33,860
So, what took down such a powerful machine?
417
00:31:36,430 --> 00:31:39,430
Returning to the drained wreck there's a clue.
418
00:31:39,700 --> 00:31:42,720
Disguised by decades of decay.
419
00:31:45,290 --> 00:31:49,560
On her port side a section of the hull is more crumpled than anywhere else.
420
00:31:55,530 --> 00:31:58,500
Something must have ripped a hole right here.
421
00:32:02,420 --> 00:32:04,490
But what?
422
00:32:04,790 --> 00:32:08,330
The degradation means it's impossible to tell from the wreckage alone.
423
00:32:13,030 --> 00:32:16,120
An article from the new york times holds the answer.
424
00:32:20,360 --> 00:32:24,360
Oregon is a victim of new york's heaving waterways.
425
00:32:27,400 --> 00:32:31,570
Jaffe: The risk of getting
into a collision is
actually shockingly high.
426
00:32:35,560 --> 00:32:38,920
Narrator: Combining this research with the evidence from the drained wreck,
427
00:32:38,960 --> 00:32:42,190
We can piece together the final moments.
428
00:32:45,430 --> 00:32:48,920
At 4:30 in the morning oregon is bound for new york.
429
00:32:49,450 --> 00:32:51,850
Under a full head of steam.
430
00:32:52,120 --> 00:32:53,790
Delgado: It's a dark night,
431
00:32:53,820 --> 00:32:56,090
They're lining up and
heading towards the port.
432
00:32:56,130 --> 00:33:00,000
They can see the lights
along the long island shore,
433
00:33:00,030 --> 00:33:03,330
The fire island light
is brilliantly lit.
434
00:33:06,250 --> 00:33:08,890
Narrator: A light appears on her port side.
435
00:33:09,560 --> 00:33:10,990
Delgado: It's another ship,
436
00:33:11,020 --> 00:33:14,030
Heading right for
them and it strikes them
dramatically on the side.
437
00:33:18,600 --> 00:33:20,930
Then the other ship
backs off and disappears.
438
00:33:23,050 --> 00:33:25,520
The ocean is pouring
into the heart of oregon.
439
00:33:31,600 --> 00:33:35,800
Narrator: Over eight frantic hours nearby boats rescue every passenger
440
00:33:35,830 --> 00:33:37,800
On board the oregon.
441
00:33:39,550 --> 00:33:42,590
Their dreams of a new life in america still intact.
442
00:33:46,660 --> 00:33:49,960
But the mighty oregon has suffered a fatal blow.
443
00:33:53,470 --> 00:33:57,720
Delgado: This greyhound
of the atlantic has been
gored and sunk just off the
444
00:33:58,090 --> 00:33:59,620
Entrance to the city.
445
00:34:01,060 --> 00:34:05,490
Narrator: While oregon never makes it to port thousands more liners do.
446
00:34:07,800 --> 00:34:10,430
Ellis island opens in 1892.
447
00:34:11,970 --> 00:34:16,050
Twelve million new americans pour through its halls.
448
00:34:19,630 --> 00:34:23,090
Ocean liners flood the harbor, beckoning a golden age...
449
00:34:25,330 --> 00:34:29,880
In just a century new york's population grows from 60,000 to
450
00:34:30,420 --> 00:34:32,640
Three and a half million.
451
00:34:34,090 --> 00:34:38,190
By 1900 it's the largest city in the western hemisphere.
452
00:34:39,130 --> 00:34:42,100
Drawing the eyes of the world.
453
00:34:42,570 --> 00:34:46,120
Including those who would try and take her down.
454
00:34:48,360 --> 00:34:50,220
40 miles from new york,
455
00:34:50,920 --> 00:34:53,420
Off the shores of long island.
456
00:34:53,460 --> 00:34:55,990
What sank this giant?
457
00:34:56,430 --> 00:35:00,430
And how does her sinking reveal new york's vulnerability at the
458
00:35:00,470 --> 00:35:02,680
Dawn of the 20th century?
459
00:35:12,900 --> 00:35:15,800
America is at war.
460
00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:17,770
Trans-atlantic convoys,
461
00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:20,220
Carrying troops and supplies to europe,
462
00:35:20,250 --> 00:35:22,720
Are key to the allies hopes of success.
463
00:35:24,320 --> 00:35:25,990
Protected by warships...
464
00:35:26,030 --> 00:35:28,590
Like the uss san diego.
465
00:35:30,300 --> 00:35:33,870
500-feet-long, over 13,000 tons...
466
00:35:34,900 --> 00:35:38,550
Armor-plated, with 40 guns of up to eight inches.
467
00:35:39,890 --> 00:35:43,490
And multiple watertight bulkheads to make her unsinkable.
468
00:35:48,800 --> 00:35:54,690
On July 19th, 1918, she's approaching new york to pick up a convoy.
469
00:35:58,590 --> 00:36:01,790
At 11:05 am, just outside the harbor,
470
00:36:03,930 --> 00:36:06,700
She is rocked by a huge explosion.
471
00:36:07,730 --> 00:36:11,020
Catsambis: Within 20
minutes the ship had sunk.
472
00:36:13,960 --> 00:36:17,490
San diego was the only
major us navy warship
lost in the great war...
473
00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:21,160
It happens to lie
just a few miles from
the coast of new york.
474
00:36:23,170 --> 00:36:25,200
Narrator: So, what happened?
475
00:36:27,750 --> 00:36:30,660
A team from the us navy has reopened the case.
476
00:36:32,080 --> 00:36:34,960
Led by archaeologist alexis catsambis.
477
00:36:35,900 --> 00:36:38,700
Catsambis: The question has
lingered for over a century...
478
00:36:38,730 --> 00:36:40,830
What sank san diego?
479
00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:44,220
Narrator: To find out,
480
00:36:44,250 --> 00:36:47,220
Navy divers explore the wreckage of this sunken warrior.
481
00:36:50,060 --> 00:36:54,300
But it's impossible to see the whole picture through the murky waters.
482
00:36:58,130 --> 00:37:01,250
Working with the university of delaware,
483
00:37:01,590 --> 00:37:04,060
Alexis deploys three-dimensional scanning
484
00:37:04,090 --> 00:37:07,330
Equipment to map san diego's structure on the seafloor.
485
00:37:09,460 --> 00:37:12,200
Catsambis: This project
is the first time we're
getting comprehensive
486
00:37:12,230 --> 00:37:14,470
Remote sensing data.
487
00:37:14,900 --> 00:37:18,520
Narrator: Combining this new data with the latest computer imaging technology
488
00:37:19,660 --> 00:37:22,760
We can do something impossible before now...
489
00:37:25,900 --> 00:37:28,630
Reveal, in perfect detail,
490
00:37:29,030 --> 00:37:32,920
The wreck of a us casualty of the great war.
491
00:37:38,760 --> 00:37:43,800
The san diego comes into the light for the first time in 100 years.
492
00:37:47,870 --> 00:37:52,050
It's the beautiful sleek shape of her 500-foot hull that appears first.
493
00:37:55,890 --> 00:37:59,330
The steel structure is in remarkable condition for her age.
494
00:38:02,630 --> 00:38:05,370
Apart from this...
495
00:38:05,600 --> 00:38:09,350
Towards her stern, a section of the hull that's damaged.
496
00:38:10,390 --> 00:38:14,440
This is the blast site.... Eroded by decades of decay.
497
00:38:16,500 --> 00:38:18,930
But it appears to be below the waterline.
498
00:38:22,300 --> 00:38:25,890
If something hit the ship, it was beneath the surface.
499
00:38:35,300 --> 00:38:37,730
The team studies the historical records.
500
00:38:38,970 --> 00:38:44,220
There's no suggestion that engine malfunction or onboard ordnance caused the blast.
501
00:38:45,090 --> 00:38:49,290
Reinforcing the view that it could been caused by something more sinister.
502
00:38:59,690 --> 00:39:03,930
Advances in technology mean german u-boats can now cross the atlantic.
503
00:39:06,060 --> 00:39:08,600
Catsambis:
This is a, a new era
where submarine warfare
504
00:39:08,630 --> 00:39:10,200
Is taking over.
505
00:39:10,230 --> 00:39:12,830
Jaffe: The war was
brought to new york shores.
506
00:39:14,190 --> 00:39:18,260
Narrator: By the 1900s new york is the planet's busiest port.
507
00:39:20,490 --> 00:39:24,600
An irresistible target for the imperial german navy.
508
00:39:28,170 --> 00:39:30,220
Watson: If you're an
enemy of the united states,
509
00:39:30,250 --> 00:39:33,450
What is a more symbolic
target than new york city?
510
00:39:36,590 --> 00:39:39,360
Narrator: The team wonders if a torpedo from a u-boat
511
00:39:39,400 --> 00:39:42,100
Could have caused the explosion?
512
00:39:42,970 --> 00:39:44,470
To answer the question,
513
00:39:44,500 --> 00:39:46,820
They calculate the original size of the blast hole.
514
00:39:49,020 --> 00:39:51,060
Catsambis:
What damage is related to
that original point of impact
515
00:39:51,760 --> 00:39:54,230
And that original explosion?
516
00:39:54,460 --> 00:39:58,860
Narrator: They find a report from a navy diver who visited the wreck in 1918.
517
00:40:00,270 --> 00:40:03,820
Cheser: He says he was along
the bottom on the port side
around no 4 smoke stack.
518
00:40:05,320 --> 00:40:08,360
Narrator: He estimates the cavity to be just 5 feet wide.
519
00:40:09,760 --> 00:40:13,330
Nahshon: That corresponds
to being right below the
armor belt which make sense.
520
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:15,930
Narrator: Using this data,
521
00:40:15,970 --> 00:40:18,930
We can reconstruct the original blast hole...
522
00:40:22,360 --> 00:40:25,360
Could it have been caused by a torpedo?
523
00:40:30,460 --> 00:40:33,360
The team models the damage that world war I
524
00:40:33,400 --> 00:40:36,580
Torpedo payloads cause and get a surprise.
525
00:40:38,050 --> 00:40:40,290
Catsambis: It became
rather evident that
the torpedoes were simply
526
00:40:40,320 --> 00:40:41,910
Too large of a weapon.
527
00:40:41,940 --> 00:40:45,030
They carried too large
of a charge and would have
resulted in a hole that was
528
00:40:45,060 --> 00:40:47,460
Far larger than 5 or 6 feet.
529
00:40:48,900 --> 00:40:51,470
Narrator: They wonder if it was a min
530
00:40:51,730 --> 00:40:56,220
Incredibly, archives from the german government reveal u-boats were ordered
531
00:40:56,260 --> 00:40:58,760
To lay mines outside new york harbor.
532
00:41:00,430 --> 00:41:02,790
Cheser: They knew
that it was an important
area for shipping for the
533
00:41:02,830 --> 00:41:04,760
United states and allies.
534
00:41:06,300 --> 00:41:08,570
Narrator: But they discover standard german mines,
535
00:41:08,600 --> 00:41:10,750
Known as type 4,
536
00:41:10,790 --> 00:41:13,960
Also inflict a blast hole larger than five feet.
537
00:41:17,560 --> 00:41:19,860
Then, a key insight.
538
00:41:26,090 --> 00:41:29,790
By 1918, germany is running short of explosives.
539
00:41:32,860 --> 00:41:34,290
Catsambis: The germans,
by the end of the war,
540
00:41:34,330 --> 00:41:36,430
Were using
diminished charges.
541
00:41:37,860 --> 00:41:40,870
Narrator: And allowing for the reduced charge in a 'type four' mine...
542
00:41:41,770 --> 00:41:44,690
It produces a blast hole close to five feet wide.
543
00:41:47,320 --> 00:41:50,060
It appears to be a match.
544
00:41:50,530 --> 00:41:54,860
San diego was almost certainly hit by a small german mine.
545
00:41:57,130 --> 00:42:00,150
But there's another question...
546
00:42:01,220 --> 00:42:04,120
The hole is still tiny.
547
00:42:04,160 --> 00:42:07,390
How could it sink a 500-foot long ship
548
00:42:08,060 --> 00:42:12,700
In just 20 minutes and flip her upside down?
549
00:42:26,700 --> 00:42:29,660
The drained wreck of the san diego reveals another
550
00:42:29,700 --> 00:42:31,500
Piece of the puzzle.
551
00:42:33,590 --> 00:42:36,750
Catsambis: Understanding
the weapon is only one
part of a larger picture.
552
00:42:37,220 --> 00:42:41,030
We want to understand the
whole sequence of events
and how the ship sank.
553
00:42:43,900 --> 00:42:46,260
Narrator: Watertight bulkheads and doors are
554
00:42:46,300 --> 00:42:51,050
Specifically designed to stop the spread of water and keep this warship upright.
555
00:42:52,460 --> 00:42:56,060
But somehow san diego turned upside down.
556
00:42:58,160 --> 00:43:01,130
She sank through just 100 feet of water;
557
00:43:01,560 --> 00:43:04,120
Not enough for her to roll on the descent.
558
00:43:04,600 --> 00:43:07,320
She must have capsized at the surface.
559
00:43:09,990 --> 00:43:14,490
How did a small hole in a watertight section of this ship leave her lying
560
00:43:14,530 --> 00:43:16,410
Prone on the seafloor?
561
00:43:19,270 --> 00:43:22,850
Alexis and his colleagues are sure that water must have penetrated
562
00:43:22,890 --> 00:43:24,950
Further into her hull.
563
00:43:26,120 --> 00:43:28,720
Catsambis:
We needed to understand
how this happened...
564
00:43:28,760 --> 00:43:32,260
How did we get to
the point where instead
of simply sinking,
565
00:43:32,460 --> 00:43:34,960
The ship turned in on herself.
566
00:43:35,570 --> 00:43:40,950
Narrator: Analysis shows that even with substantial flooding san diego wouldn't capsize.
567
00:43:44,590 --> 00:43:48,160
Baffled, the team studies san diego's structure,
568
00:43:48,190 --> 00:43:50,290
Looking for signs of weakness.
569
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:55,200
Nahshon: So here we can
see a plan of the of the gun
deck of the uss san diego.
570
00:43:57,120 --> 00:44:00,760
Narrator: But plans are no match for inspecting a real warship.
571
00:44:03,890 --> 00:44:07,090
A contemporary of the san diego, although a few years older,
572
00:44:08,030 --> 00:44:09,650
Is the cruiser:
573
00:44:09,650 --> 00:44:11,830
Uss olympia.
574
00:44:13,190 --> 00:44:16,050
The oldest steel warship still afloat.
575
00:44:21,430 --> 00:44:25,260
Examining her internal structure, the team makes a breakthrough.
576
00:44:26,700 --> 00:44:29,920
Catsambis: Then we realized
that the fact that she was
coal powered was critical and
577
00:44:29,950 --> 00:44:32,420
Crucial to our determination
of how she capsized.
578
00:44:33,220 --> 00:44:37,190
Narrator: Coal, stored on deck, has to be delivered to the engine rooms below.
579
00:44:38,490 --> 00:44:40,760
Catsambis: So, this
chute would have been
somewhat like the one we would
580
00:44:40,800 --> 00:44:42,430
Find on san diego,
581
00:44:42,470 --> 00:44:45,370
It would have allowed
coal to be deposited all the
way through the coal bunkers
582
00:44:45,400 --> 00:44:48,220
And even though you can close
it, it's still not watertight.
583
00:44:49,020 --> 00:44:52,390
Narrator: This weakness hadn't been clear on the san diego's plans.
584
00:44:53,190 --> 00:44:55,360
Catsambis: There were
additional entry points
we were not factoring in.
585
00:44:57,700 --> 00:45:01,530
Narrator: The watertight bulkheads prevent seawater from flooding the entire hull,
586
00:45:02,940 --> 00:45:06,970
But these chutes and a network of vents gave it another route.
587
00:45:09,560 --> 00:45:12,790
Catsambis: And so, water
coming in through the gun deck
would have permeated through
588
00:45:12,830 --> 00:45:16,560
These chutes into the
coal bunkers and from there
on to the engine rooms and
589
00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:19,000
The boiler rooms and
throughout the vessel.
590
00:45:22,860 --> 00:45:25,320
Narrator: By examining san diego's wreckage,
591
00:45:25,360 --> 00:45:27,440
And piecing together the clues,
592
00:45:27,730 --> 00:45:31,700
We're able to tell her complete story for the very first time.
593
00:45:37,090 --> 00:45:40,090
The uss san diego is headed for new york.
594
00:45:41,320 --> 00:45:43,460
The horizon is clear.
595
00:45:43,760 --> 00:45:46,790
But there's danger lurking beneath the water.
596
00:45:50,630 --> 00:45:53,320
A german u-boat has laid a minefield.
597
00:45:55,320 --> 00:45:57,960
San diego brushes against one.
598
00:46:01,330 --> 00:46:05,130
Catsambis: Water spewed
into the air and it
started then flooding the
599
00:46:05,670 --> 00:46:07,570
Engineering and
boiler room spaces.
600
00:46:10,150 --> 00:46:11,720
Narrator: As she lists,
601
00:46:11,750 --> 00:46:14,560
Water pours onto the gundeck from the port side.
602
00:46:19,700 --> 00:46:22,730
Rapidly penetrating
the ship via the coal
chutes and vents...
603
00:46:23,630 --> 00:46:26,220
Tipping her further.
604
00:46:27,790 --> 00:46:30,220
Catsambis: Within a few
moments she had capsized
and, and was on her
605
00:46:30,260 --> 00:46:32,260
Way to the bottom.
606
00:46:33,190 --> 00:46:37,660
Narrator: All but six of her 1,100 strong crew survived.
607
00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:41,830
But san diego sinks to her watery grave...
608
00:46:41,870 --> 00:46:44,290
Just miles from the heart of new york city.
609
00:46:46,960 --> 00:46:49,890
A heavyweight victim of a calculated attack.
610
00:46:57,370 --> 00:47:00,750
Draining new york city reveals stories of conflict,
611
00:47:03,060 --> 00:47:06,460
Immigration and ruthless ambition.
612
00:47:08,430 --> 00:47:12,530
Today the spirit and success of this remarkable city...
613
00:47:12,570 --> 00:47:15,000
Still invites enemy attack.
614
00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:19,350
To which new york gives a familiar reply.
615
00:47:19,890 --> 00:47:20,990
Captioned by cotter
captioning services.
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