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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:34,001 --> 00:00:38,418 Leonardo DiCaprio: Over the last 250 years we have, in effect, 2 00:00:38,502 --> 00:00:44,210 conducted the largest science experiment in history. 3 00:00:44,293 --> 00:00:47,418 Since the advent of the Industrial Revolution, 4 00:00:47,502 --> 00:00:52,210 we have burned over 1.4 trillion tons of carbon 5 00:00:52,293 --> 00:00:54,460 into the atmosphere. 6 00:00:54,543 --> 00:00:57,752 It has changed life on earth as we know it, 7 00:00:57,835 --> 00:01:01,543 especially in the Arctic. 8 00:01:01,627 --> 00:01:04,043 The melting of the world's snow and ice 9 00:01:04,126 --> 00:01:07,251 has now triggered multiple climate tipping points, 10 00:01:07,335 --> 00:01:11,502 threatening the very existence of life on earth. 11 00:01:11,585 --> 00:01:16,335 Yet this disturbing future need not be set in stone. 12 00:01:16,418 --> 00:01:20,335 We have long had alternatives to fossil fuels. 13 00:01:20,418 --> 00:01:23,585 But more recently, we have actually discovered 14 00:01:23,669 --> 00:01:26,919 how to pull carbon out of the atmosphere, 15 00:01:27,001 --> 00:01:31,585 giving us a chance at reversing climate disruption. 16 00:01:31,669 --> 00:01:35,043 If we are able to reverse climate change in time, 17 00:01:35,126 --> 00:01:40,210 it would be an unprecedented achievement in human history. 18 00:01:40,293 --> 00:01:42,585 But the clock is ticking. 19 00:01:42,669 --> 00:01:47,043 Scientists say we must implement these solutions immediately. 20 00:01:47,126 --> 00:01:50,251 At this critical turning point, we must give a voice 21 00:01:50,335 --> 00:01:53,669 to the impartial experts who have presented us 22 00:01:53,752 --> 00:01:58,210 with the facts they have spent a lifetime to uncover. 23 00:01:58,293 --> 00:02:00,710 It is their time to be heard. 24 00:02:00,794 --> 00:02:04,835 They are the scientists, researchers and innovators 25 00:02:04,919 --> 00:02:06,960 who have found the solutions 26 00:02:07,043 --> 00:02:11,669 to preserve the very life of our shared world. 27 00:02:28,543 --> 00:02:30,460 Jennifer Frances Morse: There is a couple different projects 28 00:02:30,543 --> 00:02:33,251 that require manual sampling. 29 00:02:36,835 --> 00:02:40,377 So one of them is the long-term CO2 record. 30 00:02:43,001 --> 00:02:45,126 And the way it's set up, you still need a person 31 00:02:45,210 --> 00:02:49,085 to come physically take the sample every Tuesday. 32 00:02:51,168 --> 00:02:53,877 I'm the person that gets to go in the Sno-Cat 33 00:02:53,960 --> 00:02:56,418 to take the measurements. 34 00:02:58,502 --> 00:03:00,377 We want to keep that long-term record going 35 00:03:00,460 --> 00:03:02,251 the way it's always been taken. 36 00:03:04,377 --> 00:03:07,335 DiCaprio: Monitoring and tracking what we're doing to our atmosphere 37 00:03:07,418 --> 00:03:10,251 is a serious and difficult endeavor. 38 00:03:10,335 --> 00:03:12,085 For the last 50 years, 39 00:03:12,168 --> 00:03:14,794 dedicated researchers from around the world 40 00:03:14,877 --> 00:03:17,627 travel weekly to the same locations, 41 00:03:17,710 --> 00:03:20,502 taking samples of greenhouse gases 42 00:03:20,585 --> 00:03:23,251 that cause climate disruption. 43 00:03:23,335 --> 00:03:27,502 So we're at about 11 and a half thousand feet at Niwot Ridge 44 00:03:27,585 --> 00:03:30,960 in the front range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. 45 00:03:31,043 --> 00:03:36,960 And this is NOAA's long-term CO2 sampling site here. 46 00:03:37,043 --> 00:03:38,794 It's the third longest in the world. 47 00:03:40,710 --> 00:03:42,627 So, these are the flasks that we're gonna use 48 00:03:42,710 --> 00:03:45,168 to collect our sample, made out of glass. 49 00:03:45,251 --> 00:03:50,251 And after we're done today filling them with air, we'll ski 'em down to our office, 50 00:03:50,335 --> 00:03:53,502 and then we'll take them down to NOAA's office in Boulder where they get analyzed 51 00:03:53,585 --> 00:03:56,377 along with similar flasks from all over the world. 52 00:03:56,460 --> 00:03:58,835 The reason we do it up here 53 00:03:58,919 --> 00:04:01,377 and a lot of the sampling sites are high up in the atmosphere 54 00:04:01,460 --> 00:04:03,210 is the air up here is well mixed 55 00:04:03,293 --> 00:04:06,877 so you're getting a good sample of the whole atmosphere. 56 00:04:06,960 --> 00:04:08,960 There's the little inlet on the roof. 57 00:04:09,043 --> 00:04:10,543 When I turn on the pump, 58 00:04:10,627 --> 00:04:14,669 it's gonna suck the air into these flasks. 59 00:04:14,752 --> 00:04:16,835 This is actually the whole... 60 00:04:16,919 --> 00:04:19,418 carbon cycle and greenhouse gases, 61 00:04:19,502 --> 00:04:22,502 and CO2 and methane are the big ones. 62 00:04:24,585 --> 00:04:26,543 When they took the first sample in 1968, 63 00:04:26,627 --> 00:04:29,543 it measured 322 parts per million. 64 00:04:31,752 --> 00:04:34,960 And now we don't know what this sample's gonna measure yet, 65 00:04:35,043 --> 00:04:37,960 but it's probably gonna be around 408. 66 00:04:38,043 --> 00:04:41,085 So, it's a little bit of an increase. 67 00:04:43,877 --> 00:04:46,752 And now I'm just putting everything away 68 00:04:46,835 --> 00:04:49,001 and getting it ready for next week's sample. 69 00:05:04,877 --> 00:05:08,502 Patricia Lang: One of NOAA's missions since its inception 70 00:05:08,585 --> 00:05:11,752 was to measure carbon dioxide in the atmosphere 71 00:05:11,835 --> 00:05:15,168 and other gases that affect the carbon cycle. 72 00:05:15,251 --> 00:05:17,710 Two samples are collected every week 73 00:05:17,794 --> 00:05:19,710 from around the globe. 74 00:05:19,794 --> 00:05:23,043 So we're looking to see how these gases change with time. 75 00:05:23,126 --> 00:05:26,669 And the way to do that is to continuously collect samples. 76 00:05:28,085 --> 00:05:30,960 Currently, we have about 60 locations. 77 00:05:31,043 --> 00:05:34,085 Most of the samples are collected in remote areas 78 00:05:34,168 --> 00:05:37,335 away from population centers. 79 00:05:37,418 --> 00:05:39,335 And we measure them on this set of instruments 80 00:05:39,418 --> 00:05:42,752 for six gases that affect the carbon cycle. 81 00:05:42,835 --> 00:05:48,001 Those gases are carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, 82 00:05:48,085 --> 00:05:50,960 molecular hydrogen, nitrous oxide 83 00:05:51,043 --> 00:05:52,543 and sulfur hexafluoride. 84 00:05:52,627 --> 00:05:56,168 This system runs five days and five nights a week, 85 00:05:56,251 --> 00:05:57,293 24 hours a day. 86 00:05:57,377 --> 00:05:58,794 So what I'm doing right now 87 00:05:58,877 --> 00:06:00,710 is putting the air samples on the manifold 88 00:06:00,794 --> 00:06:02,543 and start the measurements. 89 00:06:02,627 --> 00:06:04,293 And then I can walk away. 90 00:06:29,377 --> 00:06:33,710 Pieter Tans: I lead NOAA's Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network. 91 00:06:33,794 --> 00:06:36,960 The aim of the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network 92 00:06:37,043 --> 00:06:41,377 is to provide data that are fully calibrated, 93 00:06:41,460 --> 00:06:44,543 carefully quality controlled and documented. 94 00:06:44,627 --> 00:06:46,543 Data that will still be fully credible 95 00:06:46,627 --> 00:06:48,919 a hundred years from now and longer, 96 00:06:49,001 --> 00:06:53,585 so that as climate change is happening now 97 00:06:53,669 --> 00:06:55,960 and in the future over the earth, 98 00:06:56,043 --> 00:06:58,877 there will be information for scientists 99 00:06:59,001 --> 00:07:01,293 that they can really trust 100 00:07:01,377 --> 00:07:04,210 so that they can diagnose what actually happened 101 00:07:04,293 --> 00:07:08,460 and how climate change actually happens, how it works. 102 00:07:09,627 --> 00:07:12,168 So modern CO2 measurements 103 00:07:12,251 --> 00:07:15,085 were initiated by Dave Keeling, 104 00:07:15,168 --> 00:07:17,877 a description situation of oceanography. 105 00:07:17,960 --> 00:07:22,752 Around 1956, he started measuring along the west coast. 106 00:07:22,835 --> 00:07:27,960 He saw that during mid-afternoon wherever he was, 107 00:07:28,043 --> 00:07:31,794 he found pretty much the same concentration everywhere. 108 00:07:31,877 --> 00:07:35,460 And so it got into his head the idea that maybe 109 00:07:35,543 --> 00:07:36,794 there's something that we can call 110 00:07:36,877 --> 00:07:38,293 a background concentration. 111 00:07:38,377 --> 00:07:40,251 He started continuous measurements then 112 00:07:40,335 --> 00:07:42,752 at Mauna Loa Island of Hawaii 113 00:07:42,835 --> 00:07:45,210 and on the coast of Antarctica. 114 00:07:46,752 --> 00:07:49,752 The last ice age at the end of that glaciation 115 00:07:49,835 --> 00:07:52,502 from 20,000 to 11,000 years ago, 116 00:07:52,585 --> 00:07:55,835 CO2 increased by about 80 ppm 117 00:07:55,919 --> 00:07:58,794 from 200 to 280, roughly. 118 00:07:58,877 --> 00:08:00,460 It was very slow. 119 00:08:00,543 --> 00:08:05,001 It took 6,000 years for CO2 to climb the 80 ppm. 120 00:08:05,085 --> 00:08:06,377 Six thousand years! 121 00:08:08,669 --> 00:08:10,043 In pre-industrial times, 122 00:08:10,126 --> 00:08:11,543 so before 1850, 123 00:08:11,627 --> 00:08:14,251 CO2 was close to 280 ppm. 124 00:08:14,335 --> 00:08:18,418 And now of course we see 2 ppm per year. 125 00:08:18,502 --> 00:08:23,752 That increase was due 100% to human activities. 126 00:08:25,502 --> 00:08:27,794 The spike that we now see, 127 00:08:27,877 --> 00:08:32,085 compared to most geologic history, 128 00:08:32,168 --> 00:08:34,210 I call it an explosion. 129 00:08:35,919 --> 00:08:37,835 ( sighs ) It's... 130 00:08:37,919 --> 00:08:42,710 It's like instantaneous in geologic time scale. 131 00:08:46,377 --> 00:08:48,335 DiCaprio: Carbon has increased dramatically 132 00:08:48,418 --> 00:08:50,502 since the Industrial Revolution. 133 00:08:50,585 --> 00:08:53,293 But what does that actually mean for all of us? 134 00:08:54,794 --> 00:08:56,669 What we have learned is that excess carbon 135 00:08:56,752 --> 00:08:59,043 creates climate disruption. 136 00:08:59,126 --> 00:09:02,752 It changes the weather patterns and life support systems 137 00:09:02,835 --> 00:09:07,210 upon which society depends to survive. 138 00:09:07,293 --> 00:09:09,043 Thom Hartmann: We have always known 139 00:09:09,126 --> 00:09:11,919 that there's a toxicity associated with fossil fuels, 140 00:09:12,001 --> 00:09:14,543 but we'd always thought that it was basically a toxicity 141 00:09:14,627 --> 00:09:16,043 that would affect humans, 142 00:09:16,126 --> 00:09:19,460 you know, or other individual life forms. 143 00:09:19,543 --> 00:09:21,669 It's really only in the-- 144 00:09:21,752 --> 00:09:23,794 within my lifetime certainly 145 00:09:23,877 --> 00:09:26,377 that it has become frighteningly apparent 146 00:09:26,460 --> 00:09:28,919 that the accumulation of carbon in the atmosphere 147 00:09:29,001 --> 00:09:31,168 has caused it to warm up. 148 00:09:31,251 --> 00:09:33,877 This greenhouse effect, this toxicity, 149 00:09:33,960 --> 00:09:38,418 impacts the life systems of the planet as a whole. 150 00:09:38,502 --> 00:09:42,126 And, you know, once I got that back in the mid-90s, 151 00:09:42,210 --> 00:09:43,710 I had to start talking about it 152 00:09:43,794 --> 00:09:45,794 and we've been talking about it ever since. 153 00:09:50,543 --> 00:09:54,126 Dr. Michael Mann: When we talk about dangerous planetary warming, 154 00:09:54,210 --> 00:09:58,794 we're referring to something akin to a two degree Celsius, 155 00:09:58,877 --> 00:10:01,543 that's about three and a half degree Fahrenheit 156 00:10:01,627 --> 00:10:04,585 warming of the planet relative to pre-industrial times. 157 00:10:04,669 --> 00:10:07,585 That is where we start to see some of the worst 158 00:10:07,669 --> 00:10:11,418 and potentially irreversible impacts of climate change: 159 00:10:11,502 --> 00:10:13,085 substantial melting of the ice sheets 160 00:10:13,168 --> 00:10:16,752 and associated substantial rise in sea level, 161 00:10:16,835 --> 00:10:19,251 permanent droughts in mid-latitudes, 162 00:10:19,335 --> 00:10:22,752 and the list goes on. 163 00:10:22,835 --> 00:10:26,752 Well, catastrophic would be we melt the major ice sheets, 164 00:10:26,835 --> 00:10:29,627 the Greenland ice sheet and the West Antarctic ice sheet 165 00:10:29,710 --> 00:10:34,627 as all the major coastal cities of the world are flooded. 166 00:10:34,710 --> 00:10:36,460 You've got less land. 167 00:10:36,543 --> 00:10:38,418 You've got environmental refugees, 168 00:10:38,502 --> 00:10:40,960 some people leaving those regions. 169 00:10:41,043 --> 00:10:43,502 People leaving the tropics because it's getting too hot 170 00:10:43,585 --> 00:10:45,460 for human habitation. 171 00:10:45,543 --> 00:10:48,418 It's getting too hot for agriculture. 172 00:10:48,502 --> 00:10:52,043 Crops in the tropics will decrease dramatically 173 00:10:52,126 --> 00:10:53,794 in their productivity. 174 00:10:53,877 --> 00:10:57,627 In short, you're looking at a world with less land, 175 00:10:57,710 --> 00:11:01,460 less food, less water and more people. 176 00:11:01,543 --> 00:11:05,877 And that's a recipe for a national security disaster. 177 00:11:19,377 --> 00:11:20,835 Jim White: I work on the carbon cycle, 178 00:11:20,919 --> 00:11:24,794 tasks that I've taken on for more than 30 years 179 00:11:24,877 --> 00:11:26,669 and truth be told, I figured 180 00:11:26,752 --> 00:11:29,835 we would have done something about this 20 years ago 181 00:11:29,919 --> 00:11:31,293 and I could be off doing something else, 182 00:11:31,377 --> 00:11:33,126 but I'm still doing what I'm doing. 183 00:11:36,085 --> 00:11:37,752 If you think about the relationship 184 00:11:37,835 --> 00:11:39,669 between carbon dioxide and sea level, 185 00:11:39,752 --> 00:11:42,669 there's a couple of interesting points in that relationship. 186 00:11:42,752 --> 00:11:47,585 One of them is when CO2 goes up to roughly 400 parts per million. 187 00:11:47,669 --> 00:11:52,335 That is warm enough that we melt off chunks of Antarctica, 188 00:11:52,418 --> 00:11:54,085 chunks of Greenland. 189 00:11:54,168 --> 00:11:56,168 And those chunks are the chunks that are 190 00:11:56,251 --> 00:11:57,752 what we call marine base. 191 00:11:57,835 --> 00:12:00,126 So the base of the ice sheet in West Antarctica 192 00:12:00,210 --> 00:12:03,418 is below sea level because it's pinned to the sediments. 193 00:12:03,502 --> 00:12:04,835 And once it starts to melt, 194 00:12:04,919 --> 00:12:06,502 it's one of these freight trains. 195 00:12:06,585 --> 00:12:08,752 We don't know how this thing is gonna stop. 196 00:12:10,377 --> 00:12:14,168 And we're dangerously at that point right now. 197 00:12:17,377 --> 00:12:18,960 The other threshold is somewhere around 198 00:12:19,043 --> 00:12:22,126 six to seven hundred parts per million CO2. 199 00:12:22,210 --> 00:12:25,835 That's warm enough that there is no more ice, 200 00:12:25,919 --> 00:12:27,418 land ice on the planet. 201 00:12:27,502 --> 00:12:31,126 And you have about 80 meters higher sea level. 202 00:12:33,251 --> 00:12:35,251 We are on our way 203 00:12:35,335 --> 00:12:38,126 to six, seven hundred parts per million. 204 00:12:41,085 --> 00:12:44,502 But I think that's one of those interesting threshold moments 205 00:12:44,585 --> 00:12:48,043 in our relationship with the planet where, 206 00:12:48,126 --> 00:12:52,085 are we gonna push the climate system 207 00:12:52,168 --> 00:12:54,502 so far out of balance 208 00:12:54,585 --> 00:12:58,460 that we threaten the melting of all land ice? 209 00:13:09,627 --> 00:13:11,251 Guomundur Ingi Guobrandsson: Yeah, it has changed. 210 00:13:11,335 --> 00:13:14,168 Icelandic nature is experiencing change 211 00:13:14,251 --> 00:13:15,960 because of climate change. 212 00:13:16,043 --> 00:13:19,627 This is quite visible in the south coast, for example. 213 00:13:19,710 --> 00:13:22,752 Our largest glacier, Glacier Vatnajokull 214 00:13:22,835 --> 00:13:25,960 or Water Glacier if you translate it directly, 215 00:13:26,043 --> 00:13:28,460 has also retreated quite a lot. 216 00:13:28,543 --> 00:13:31,543 There is one very interesting observation 217 00:13:31,627 --> 00:13:35,960 that everybody noticed when they drive the south coast now 218 00:13:36,043 --> 00:13:39,460 and that is that they drive over the longest bridge in Iceland, 219 00:13:39,543 --> 00:13:41,585 almost one kilometer in length, 220 00:13:41,669 --> 00:13:44,794 and there is almost no water under it. 221 00:13:44,877 --> 00:13:49,919 So you think, OK, why building such a big bridge 222 00:13:50,001 --> 00:13:51,710 for almost no water? 223 00:13:53,919 --> 00:13:57,877 Well, this is just climate change. 224 00:13:57,960 --> 00:14:00,460 The river changed its course 225 00:14:00,543 --> 00:14:03,710 is because of the retreat of the glacier. 226 00:14:06,585 --> 00:14:11,251 So now we have this sort of monument, 227 00:14:11,335 --> 00:14:15,043 a symbolic thing of the past. 228 00:14:29,418 --> 00:14:34,669 DiCaprio: The Arctic is a profoundly different place right now. 229 00:14:34,752 --> 00:14:38,377 In the Arctic, the impacts of climate change 230 00:14:38,460 --> 00:14:40,877 are the most extreme. 231 00:14:40,960 --> 00:14:44,794 What scientists are finding is that what happens in the Arctic 232 00:14:44,877 --> 00:14:49,043 has major impacts for the rest of the planet. 233 00:14:49,126 --> 00:14:51,794 Catherine Lund Myhre: I am working with measuring greenhouse gases 234 00:14:51,877 --> 00:14:53,377 at the Arctic location 235 00:14:53,460 --> 00:14:55,710 and understanding how the greenhouse gases 236 00:14:55,794 --> 00:14:58,001 are changing over time. 237 00:14:58,085 --> 00:15:01,418 I am concerned about the increase of temperature in the Arctic 238 00:15:01,502 --> 00:15:05,919 and the impact this might have on all the Arctic systems. 239 00:15:06,001 --> 00:15:08,960 But what I think is extremely important to be aware of 240 00:15:09,043 --> 00:15:13,543 is that with the sea ice reduction we have now 241 00:15:13,627 --> 00:15:15,251 and all the other changes, 242 00:15:15,335 --> 00:15:17,919 you might change the whole weather system, 243 00:15:18,001 --> 00:15:19,835 and this has global impact. 244 00:15:21,585 --> 00:15:24,168 We know that the changes that we see in Arctic 245 00:15:24,251 --> 00:15:27,168 does not only stay in the Arctic. 246 00:15:30,752 --> 00:15:32,585 Peter Wadhams: Yeah, I've been working on sea ice 247 00:15:32,669 --> 00:15:34,377 the last 50 years pretty much. 248 00:15:34,460 --> 00:15:39,001 And the whole Arctic has changed so much in that time. 249 00:15:39,085 --> 00:15:43,418 Loss of ice, loss of not only a loss of area of ice, 250 00:15:43,502 --> 00:15:45,043 but the loss of the appearance 251 00:15:45,126 --> 00:15:47,919 of the great ice fields of the past 252 00:15:48,001 --> 00:15:51,377 with huge pressure ridges and very, very thick ice. 253 00:15:51,460 --> 00:15:55,794 Really dramatic ice scenery has all gone. 254 00:15:58,168 --> 00:16:01,043 Last month I was up in the Barents Sea 255 00:16:01,126 --> 00:16:03,377 on a research cruise in a region where 256 00:16:03,460 --> 00:16:06,335 normally you would have quite a lot of multiyear ice. 257 00:16:06,418 --> 00:16:08,210 We couldn't find any multiyear ice. 258 00:16:15,210 --> 00:16:19,460 So the ice was all very thin, 30 centimeters thick. 259 00:16:19,543 --> 00:16:22,794 The Arctic Ocean is no longer a continent of ice 260 00:16:22,877 --> 00:16:25,627 but something that becomes just water in summer. 261 00:16:25,710 --> 00:16:31,043 There is a real, a huge loss as far as beauty is concerned, 262 00:16:31,126 --> 00:16:36,085 but also as far as the physics of how the planet operates. 263 00:16:36,168 --> 00:16:38,960 The ice is disappearing because the climate's warming, 264 00:16:39,043 --> 00:16:41,293 that's pretty obvious that will happen, 265 00:16:41,377 --> 00:16:43,669 but there's much more to it than that, 266 00:16:43,752 --> 00:16:45,585 because in fact you have 267 00:16:45,669 --> 00:16:48,001 many other feedback mechanisms going on 268 00:16:48,085 --> 00:16:50,126 which cause the effects on the planet 269 00:16:50,210 --> 00:16:53,585 to be far worse than just the retreat of the ice. 270 00:16:56,377 --> 00:16:57,877 So the Arctic's warming up 271 00:16:57,960 --> 00:16:59,919 three times faster than the rest of the world 272 00:17:00,001 --> 00:17:01,418 and the temperature difference 273 00:17:01,502 --> 00:17:03,877 between the Arctic and lower latitudes 274 00:17:03,960 --> 00:17:06,210 is getting less, and that means 275 00:17:06,293 --> 00:17:09,335 that the jet stream is getting to be weaker. 276 00:17:09,418 --> 00:17:10,877 And as it gets weaker, 277 00:17:10,960 --> 00:17:13,335 it goes from being almost a straight line 278 00:17:13,418 --> 00:17:19,085 to becoming big lobes reaching up north and south. 279 00:17:19,168 --> 00:17:20,919 And with it, when you have a lobe like that, 280 00:17:21,001 --> 00:17:23,251 it means that polar air can come down 281 00:17:23,335 --> 00:17:27,543 to lower latitudes than it normally reaches in one sector, 282 00:17:27,627 --> 00:17:30,085 and then in the sector to the east or west of it, 283 00:17:30,168 --> 00:17:32,669 you've got warm air going up north 284 00:17:32,752 --> 00:17:34,293 further than it should do. 285 00:17:34,377 --> 00:17:36,710 So you're getting bizarre weather extremes 286 00:17:36,794 --> 00:17:39,043 which of course everybody's been commenting on. 287 00:17:39,126 --> 00:17:40,835 The trouble is where these air masses 288 00:17:40,919 --> 00:17:43,877 are causing such extreme changes 289 00:17:43,960 --> 00:17:45,669 happens to be the latitudes 290 00:17:45,752 --> 00:17:48,835 at which you have the maximum food production. 291 00:17:48,919 --> 00:17:50,919 Suddenly our ability to feed everyone 292 00:17:51,001 --> 00:17:54,835 is being affected by these polar changes. 293 00:17:56,710 --> 00:17:58,710 You can't take that amount of ice away 294 00:17:58,794 --> 00:18:01,460 without affecting so many other things. 295 00:18:13,085 --> 00:18:17,126 DiCaprio: The impact of our actions are starting to hit home. 296 00:18:17,210 --> 00:18:19,919 Scientists' predictions are now coming true 297 00:18:20,001 --> 00:18:21,669 sooner than expected. 298 00:18:21,752 --> 00:18:25,251 We are tragically suffering through severe storms, 299 00:18:25,335 --> 00:18:28,001 droughts, floods and fires 300 00:18:28,085 --> 00:18:31,043 that are progressively becoming more intense 301 00:18:31,126 --> 00:18:32,502 and more unpredictable. 302 00:19:16,627 --> 00:19:19,752 Elizabeth Brown: Fires started almost simultaneously 303 00:19:19,835 --> 00:19:21,669 in multiple places. 304 00:19:23,502 --> 00:19:27,168 Over 7,000 structures were destroyed 305 00:19:27,251 --> 00:19:29,293 and about 3,000 homes. 306 00:19:29,377 --> 00:19:32,418 I think at the height in the early days of the fire, 307 00:19:32,502 --> 00:19:37,919 maybe about 100,000 people were evacuated. 308 00:19:38,001 --> 00:19:41,418 It's a collective trauma. 309 00:19:43,627 --> 00:19:46,585 Fire Chief Tony Gossner: Sounded like a war zone, looked like a war zone. 310 00:19:46,669 --> 00:19:49,460 They talk about the Hanley Fire, it took a day to get here. 311 00:19:49,543 --> 00:19:52,335 It burned about the same footprint, but it took about a day. 312 00:19:52,418 --> 00:19:54,794 It burned less than 200 structures. 313 00:19:54,877 --> 00:19:56,460 This fire started at night, 314 00:19:56,543 --> 00:19:59,251 made it to Santa Rosa in four, four and a half hours, 315 00:19:59,335 --> 00:20:02,126 and there's no comparison other than the footprint. 316 00:20:02,210 --> 00:20:03,585 Cal Fire Incident Management Team 317 00:20:03,669 --> 00:20:06,251 came here to help run this incident 318 00:20:06,335 --> 00:20:07,960 and he just shook his head and said, 319 00:20:08,043 --> 00:20:09,627 "Man, I've never seen anything like this. 320 00:20:09,710 --> 00:20:11,835 I've been doing this a long time." 321 00:20:11,960 --> 00:20:14,919 So that's not terribly comforting, 322 00:20:15,001 --> 00:20:18,877 but that's where we're at right now. 323 00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:20,460 If we keep having these wind events, 324 00:20:20,543 --> 00:20:21,960 how do we protect our citizens? 325 00:20:22,043 --> 00:20:23,877 How do we protect our infrastructure? 326 00:20:23,960 --> 00:20:25,627 What are the things that we can do 327 00:20:25,710 --> 00:20:28,543 to make it as good as possible? 328 00:20:28,627 --> 00:20:31,877 We've been through four, five years of drought. 329 00:20:31,960 --> 00:20:35,001 That drought stresses all the brush, all the trees. 330 00:20:35,085 --> 00:20:39,377 And the winds at Geyser Peak on one of the weather station 331 00:20:39,460 --> 00:20:42,710 was clocked at 108 miles an hour. 332 00:20:42,794 --> 00:20:44,543 And I don't know what you do with those kinds of winds. 333 00:20:44,627 --> 00:20:47,043 When something catches on fire, 334 00:20:47,126 --> 00:20:50,043 it's all you can do to try to figure out where it's going 335 00:20:50,126 --> 00:20:51,752 and how fast it's gonna get there. 336 00:20:55,168 --> 00:20:56,835 I never would have thought a fire 337 00:20:56,919 --> 00:21:00,085 would come out of the hills and run the flats in Santa Rosa. 338 00:21:00,168 --> 00:21:01,168 I really didn't. 339 00:21:03,168 --> 00:21:04,710 Cars were being flipped over. 340 00:21:04,794 --> 00:21:09,377 There were shoebox chunks of, you know, embers 341 00:21:09,460 --> 00:21:12,794 that were being carried well ahead of the fire. 342 00:21:12,877 --> 00:21:14,627 You'll see there's some trees 343 00:21:14,710 --> 00:21:16,669 where all the limbs are just, they're snapped off. 344 00:21:16,752 --> 00:21:18,960 They're not burned off, they're snapped off. 345 00:21:21,502 --> 00:21:24,794 Brown: These natural disasters are so common now 346 00:21:24,877 --> 00:21:28,251 that people know it's gonna happen to their community. 347 00:21:28,335 --> 00:21:32,752 It's not like a matter of if, but when. 348 00:21:32,835 --> 00:21:36,043 It is a wake-up call to everyone 349 00:21:36,126 --> 00:21:38,627 that climate change is here 350 00:21:38,710 --> 00:21:41,418 and that you need to plan for it. 351 00:21:47,251 --> 00:21:52,418 DiCaprio: Climate disruption is causing a rise in extinctions today, 352 00:21:52,502 --> 00:21:55,710 but this isn't the first time. 353 00:21:55,794 --> 00:21:59,543 Scientists studying geological records have shown 354 00:21:59,627 --> 00:22:03,168 there is a connection between spikes in carbon 355 00:22:03,251 --> 00:22:06,335 and the past five mass extinctions. 356 00:22:08,335 --> 00:22:10,251 There is a natural law 357 00:22:10,335 --> 00:22:15,126 that the carbon cycle affects the fabric of life. 358 00:22:15,210 --> 00:22:18,752 Every time there has been a massive increase in carbon, 359 00:22:18,835 --> 00:22:24,251 the web of life weakens and sometimes collapses. 360 00:22:30,001 --> 00:22:34,752 Daniel Rothman: I've been working on the way in which the carbon cycle 361 00:22:34,835 --> 00:22:38,168 is associated with the occurrence of mass extinctions 362 00:22:38,251 --> 00:22:42,919 and whether the carbon cycle can undergo instabilities associated with them. 363 00:22:44,585 --> 00:22:47,502 So the carbon cycle is where life 364 00:22:47,585 --> 00:22:49,710 and the environment interact. 365 00:22:49,794 --> 00:22:53,335 You can think of it as one grand loop between photosynthesis, 366 00:22:53,418 --> 00:22:57,335 which is a process that takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere 367 00:22:57,418 --> 00:23:02,710 and converts it to oxygen and plant matter or organic carbon. 368 00:23:02,794 --> 00:23:05,752 And then the back reaction of the loop we call respiration 369 00:23:05,835 --> 00:23:11,126 which is the process via which we convert that plant matter to carbon dioxide. 370 00:23:13,126 --> 00:23:15,877 The grand loop of the carbon cycle takes about 371 00:23:15,960 --> 00:23:19,960 a hundred gigaton of carbon out of the atmosphere and oceans every year 372 00:23:20,043 --> 00:23:21,877 and it returns it each year. 373 00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:23,710 So this is a hundred gigatons out 374 00:23:23,794 --> 00:23:26,210 and a hundred gigatons back in. 375 00:23:26,293 --> 00:23:30,835 But what we're contributing is on the order of about 8% from fossil fuel burning. 376 00:23:30,919 --> 00:23:36,085 It's an 8% increase compared to what is normally going back and forth in a year. 377 00:23:36,168 --> 00:23:40,502 It turns out to be more than what volcanoes are putting into the system. 378 00:23:52,752 --> 00:23:56,752 Janine Benyus: The planet is constantly in the process 379 00:23:56,835 --> 00:24:00,210 of rebalancing its cycles, like its water cycle 380 00:24:00,293 --> 00:24:02,418 and its nitrogen cycle and its carbon cycle. 381 00:24:02,502 --> 00:24:06,001 You've gotta think of it as it's in constant flow. 382 00:24:06,085 --> 00:24:09,168 And part of the planet's doing that, you know, 383 00:24:09,251 --> 00:24:14,710 was to take all the carbon that was in the dinosaurs and land plants 384 00:24:14,794 --> 00:24:20,585 and press that into eventually oil and fossil fuels. 385 00:24:20,669 --> 00:24:23,585 Over long periods of time it was sequestered 386 00:24:23,669 --> 00:24:26,794 and we're a young species. 387 00:24:26,877 --> 00:24:31,126 And we were curious and we dug up the carbon 388 00:24:31,210 --> 00:24:34,710 that had been sequestered by the earth. 389 00:24:34,794 --> 00:24:38,460 And we burned it, not knowing it was like 390 00:24:38,543 --> 00:24:43,001 burning furniture in a house with its windows closed. 391 00:24:44,210 --> 00:24:45,627 So what's happened 392 00:24:45,710 --> 00:24:48,543 is that the planet is reeling from that. 393 00:24:48,627 --> 00:24:52,960 There's an excess of carbon up in the atmosphere. 394 00:24:53,043 --> 00:24:58,043 What it's doing is causing the living conditions 395 00:24:58,126 --> 00:25:01,835 here on earth to go out of balance. 396 00:25:01,919 --> 00:25:05,877 So as a biologist, when I look at climate change, 397 00:25:05,960 --> 00:25:11,210 yes, I look at rising seas and melting polar caps. 398 00:25:11,293 --> 00:25:13,335 Those are evidence for me. 399 00:25:13,418 --> 00:25:18,752 But when we begin to look at what's happening 400 00:25:18,835 --> 00:25:24,168 to the biological organisms in response to the warming trends, 401 00:25:24,251 --> 00:25:26,460 they are already on the move. 402 00:25:26,543 --> 00:25:31,001 They're moving towards the poles to get cooler. 403 00:25:31,085 --> 00:25:35,168 They're moving from the lower mountains up in elevation, 404 00:25:35,251 --> 00:25:38,835 meaning their ranges are moving. 405 00:25:38,919 --> 00:25:43,001 They also sometimes move without their helpers. 406 00:25:43,085 --> 00:25:46,126 A plant will move north and its pollinator won't make it. 407 00:25:46,210 --> 00:25:49,210 This is called in our bloodless language of science, 408 00:25:49,293 --> 00:25:52,835 it's called ecological disruptions. 409 00:25:54,960 --> 00:25:58,126 So for me, if we change the very conditions 410 00:25:58,210 --> 00:26:01,210 that gave rise to all of this, 411 00:26:01,293 --> 00:26:05,794 and to us, we-- 412 00:26:06,835 --> 00:26:08,460 It's gonna get crazy. 413 00:26:11,627 --> 00:26:13,710 Rothman: When the carbon cycle is unstable, 414 00:26:13,794 --> 00:26:18,293 it moves into a realm that we don't understand. 415 00:26:18,377 --> 00:26:21,210 Going back to geologic time is that occasionally 416 00:26:21,293 --> 00:26:25,043 there are these essentially bursts within the carbon cycle 417 00:26:25,126 --> 00:26:26,960 in which things change. 418 00:26:29,919 --> 00:26:31,418 One of them which is widely known 419 00:26:31,502 --> 00:26:34,251 as the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maxima 420 00:26:34,335 --> 00:26:36,168 55 million years ago. 421 00:26:38,293 --> 00:26:41,335 And others which are decidedly worse. 422 00:26:41,418 --> 00:26:43,085 They're destructive or catastrophic events. 423 00:26:43,168 --> 00:26:44,710 They're mass extinctions. 424 00:26:44,794 --> 00:26:47,377 The worst of them known as the Permian Extinction. 425 00:26:50,794 --> 00:26:52,293 So that's the historical record 426 00:26:52,377 --> 00:26:54,210 but what we're doing to the carbon cycle now 427 00:26:54,293 --> 00:26:55,919 is another kind of problem 428 00:26:56,001 --> 00:26:58,168 because now we know what's going on. 429 00:26:58,251 --> 00:27:02,543 We know that we have been adding carbon dioxide 430 00:27:02,627 --> 00:27:04,418 as a consequence of fossil fuels. 431 00:27:04,502 --> 00:27:06,752 And then the question is, does that risk 432 00:27:06,835 --> 00:27:09,794 engendering the kind of bursts that we've seen in the past 433 00:27:09,877 --> 00:27:11,293 that could create what I would call 434 00:27:11,377 --> 00:27:14,085 an instability in the carbon cycle? 435 00:27:14,168 --> 00:27:16,877 That is one in which small changes 436 00:27:16,960 --> 00:27:18,794 become bigger changes. 437 00:27:18,877 --> 00:27:22,543 That's a precise scientists' definition of catastrophe. 438 00:27:24,043 --> 00:27:26,293 When you get down to the individual level, 439 00:27:26,377 --> 00:27:29,085 losing one's home to a flood is a catastrophe. 440 00:28:50,293 --> 00:28:52,168 Mann: We can still avoid 441 00:28:52,251 --> 00:28:54,710 breaching that dangerous limit of two degrees, 442 00:28:54,794 --> 00:28:56,210 but if you do the math, 443 00:28:56,293 --> 00:28:58,919 with each passing year of relative inaction, 444 00:28:59,001 --> 00:29:01,001 it's getting more and more difficult 445 00:29:01,085 --> 00:29:03,126 to limit our carbon emissions 446 00:29:03,210 --> 00:29:06,752 and remain under two degrees Celsius warming. 447 00:30:16,752 --> 00:30:20,502 DiCaprio: We know we have put too much carbon into the atmosphere. 448 00:30:20,585 --> 00:30:23,210 But how much is too much? 449 00:30:23,293 --> 00:30:26,293 Scientists have figured out what that amount is 450 00:30:26,377 --> 00:30:28,460 and have created a carbon budget 451 00:30:28,543 --> 00:30:32,293 that will create a margin for life. 452 00:30:32,377 --> 00:30:35,126 This budget tells us where we are now, 453 00:30:35,210 --> 00:30:37,377 how much more carbon we can burn 454 00:30:37,460 --> 00:30:39,669 and how much needs to be removed 455 00:30:39,752 --> 00:30:44,085 in order to sustain life on earth as we know it. 456 00:30:47,752 --> 00:30:49,460 Ottmar Edenhofer: I would say the major challenge 457 00:30:49,543 --> 00:30:52,543 is indeed dangerous climate change. 458 00:30:52,627 --> 00:30:56,752 And if we want to avoid dangerous climate change, 459 00:30:56,835 --> 00:31:00,001 well, then we have to accept that the atmosphere 460 00:31:00,085 --> 00:31:03,293 is for humankind a limiting disposal space. 461 00:31:03,377 --> 00:31:08,335 So roughly we can emit 800 gigatons CO2 462 00:31:08,418 --> 00:31:11,710 into the atmosphere in this limiting disposal space. 463 00:31:11,794 --> 00:31:15,502 And if you take into account that over the last five years 464 00:31:15,585 --> 00:31:18,377 we have already used 200 gigatons, 465 00:31:18,460 --> 00:31:22,335 so this basically means that over the next two decades 466 00:31:22,418 --> 00:31:26,543 we have exhausted the limiting disposal space. 467 00:31:26,627 --> 00:31:29,543 So in Paris it was very important 468 00:31:29,627 --> 00:31:32,377 that the whole world and the whole world leaders 469 00:31:32,460 --> 00:31:36,043 agreed on limiting temperature increase 470 00:31:36,126 --> 00:31:37,877 to well below two degrees. 471 00:31:37,960 --> 00:31:40,210 So that's the kind of safeguard line 472 00:31:40,293 --> 00:31:41,669 and it's very important that 473 00:31:41,752 --> 00:31:44,460 more than a hundred nations stand behind it. 474 00:31:44,543 --> 00:31:47,251 So imagine the volume that is in this ball. 475 00:31:47,335 --> 00:31:49,960 That's a kind of symbol for the CO2 476 00:31:50,043 --> 00:31:54,251 that is still in the ground in terms of coal 477 00:31:54,335 --> 00:31:56,877 or in the form of oil and gas. 478 00:31:56,960 --> 00:31:59,835 So this is the amount of carbon. 479 00:31:59,919 --> 00:32:03,126 And if we want to limit the temperature 480 00:32:03,210 --> 00:32:06,335 to two degrees globally, we may only emit 481 00:32:06,418 --> 00:32:10,293 this little amount of carbon into the atmosphere. 482 00:32:10,377 --> 00:32:13,627 And to see that we have a lot more of carbon 483 00:32:13,710 --> 00:32:17,502 still stored in the ground that we can emit in the atmosphere 484 00:32:17,585 --> 00:32:20,585 when we want to limit the temperature to two degrees. 485 00:32:20,669 --> 00:32:23,377 So therefore the question is, how does it fit together? 486 00:32:23,460 --> 00:32:26,126 So, now for the next 20 years, 487 00:32:26,210 --> 00:32:28,585 this is an enormous important time span 488 00:32:28,669 --> 00:32:30,627 to transform our economies, 489 00:32:30,710 --> 00:32:34,168 to decouple economic growth from emission growth. 490 00:32:34,251 --> 00:32:38,377 And by middle of the century, we need zero emissions, 491 00:32:38,460 --> 00:32:43,460 and after 2050 you need even negative emissions. 492 00:32:43,543 --> 00:32:46,960 The carbon clock is just informing people where we are now. 493 00:32:47,043 --> 00:32:50,251 What is the pathway how we exhaust 494 00:32:50,335 --> 00:32:53,794 the limiting disposal space of the atmosphere. 495 00:32:53,877 --> 00:32:56,585 And this is a huge challenge for humankind. 496 00:33:08,001 --> 00:33:11,293 DiCaprio: Science tells us that our current climate crisis 497 00:33:11,377 --> 00:33:14,001 is a problem we've created. 498 00:33:14,085 --> 00:33:17,085 But it is also a problem we can fix. 499 00:33:17,168 --> 00:33:20,960 Not only do we need to stop emitting carbon at the current levels 500 00:33:21,043 --> 00:33:23,377 by switching to renewable energy, 501 00:33:23,460 --> 00:33:28,627 but it is also critical to pull carbon out of the atmosphere. 502 00:33:28,710 --> 00:33:34,168 Climate change can be reversed if we act now. 503 00:33:34,251 --> 00:33:37,335 Recently researchers have figured out what solutions 504 00:33:37,418 --> 00:33:42,460 can draw carbon down, getting us back to pre-industrial levels. 505 00:33:45,585 --> 00:33:48,710 Paul Hawken: There's only two things you can do about the atmosphere. 506 00:33:48,794 --> 00:33:51,543 You can either stop putting greenhouse gases up there 507 00:33:51,627 --> 00:33:54,543 or you can bring CO2 back down. That's it. 508 00:33:54,627 --> 00:33:56,835 And you can do the first one by conservation, 509 00:33:56,919 --> 00:33:59,460 energy efficiency and clean energy. 510 00:33:59,543 --> 00:34:02,085 And the second one through photosynthesis, 511 00:34:02,168 --> 00:34:06,919 whether it's on land, on farms, on forests, phytoplankton, 512 00:34:07,001 --> 00:34:09,710 kelp in the oceans; there's only two things you can do. 513 00:34:09,794 --> 00:34:12,752 So that actually sorts it pretty simply. 514 00:34:12,835 --> 00:34:17,043 And in the past what has been done in terms of solutions 515 00:34:17,126 --> 00:34:19,377 is that it's focused on energy. 516 00:34:19,460 --> 00:34:21,335 Energy, energy, energy. 517 00:34:21,418 --> 00:34:23,377 And the reason for that is understandable. 518 00:34:23,460 --> 00:34:25,168 So it makes perfect sense to say, 519 00:34:25,251 --> 00:34:28,460 "Well, let's stop putting that CO2 up there," 520 00:34:28,543 --> 00:34:32,043 excepting that in the process of emphasizing clean energy, 521 00:34:32,126 --> 00:34:34,669 renewable energy, solar, wind, et cetera, 522 00:34:34,752 --> 00:34:39,293 it's sort of occluded the rest of the solutions. 523 00:34:48,335 --> 00:34:50,335 The purpose of Drawdown is to see 524 00:34:50,418 --> 00:34:54,085 if the 80 solutions that we had modeled 525 00:34:54,168 --> 00:34:58,043 would scale to the point where we could reverse global warming 526 00:34:58,126 --> 00:34:59,877 within 30 years, 527 00:34:59,960 --> 00:35:02,669 going from reduce to reverse. 528 00:35:02,752 --> 00:35:04,335 The bend the carbon curve, 529 00:35:04,418 --> 00:35:07,377 what Drawdown shows, is that we have choices. 530 00:35:07,460 --> 00:35:12,669 And that if we increase the rate that we're scaling some of the solutions, 531 00:35:12,752 --> 00:35:15,794 then we could achieve Drawdown at 2050. 532 00:35:17,585 --> 00:35:20,585 And if you say the odds are long, 533 00:35:20,669 --> 00:35:22,960 I agree, they're long odds. 534 00:35:23,043 --> 00:35:24,960 I'll take 'em. 535 00:35:53,502 --> 00:35:55,293 Linwood Gill: My name is Linwood Gill. 536 00:35:55,377 --> 00:35:58,877 I'm the Chief Forester for the Usal Redwood Forest Company. 537 00:36:00,210 --> 00:36:03,627 Usal Redwood Forest is a community forest, 538 00:36:03,710 --> 00:36:07,210 it's owned by a non-profit, the Redwood Forest Foundation. 539 00:36:07,293 --> 00:36:09,418 It's a 50,000 acre forest 540 00:36:09,502 --> 00:36:13,460 which is dedicated to managing the forest 541 00:36:13,543 --> 00:36:15,043 on a long-term basis 542 00:36:15,126 --> 00:36:17,502 for the economic stability of the community, 543 00:36:17,585 --> 00:36:20,752 as well as restoring the forest habitat, 544 00:36:20,835 --> 00:36:23,335 restoring the fish habitat, 545 00:36:23,418 --> 00:36:25,669 and also for sequestering carbon. 546 00:36:25,752 --> 00:36:31,669 And carbon sequestration is a main part of our operations right now. 547 00:36:31,752 --> 00:36:34,335 Carbon sequestration is an important part 548 00:36:34,418 --> 00:36:37,001 of combatting climate change. 549 00:36:37,085 --> 00:36:41,168 The Usal Redwood Forest is a very young redwood forest. 550 00:36:41,251 --> 00:36:44,919 and redwoods can absorb more carbon 551 00:36:45,001 --> 00:36:47,251 than any other forest type on the planet. 552 00:36:48,960 --> 00:36:50,460 Redwoods store carbon 553 00:36:50,543 --> 00:36:54,251 by absorbing carbon from carbon dioxide 554 00:36:54,335 --> 00:36:56,502 out of the air into its needles 555 00:36:56,585 --> 00:36:58,794 and stores it into the bowl of the tree, 556 00:36:58,877 --> 00:37:02,126 the trunk or the roots, the branches. 557 00:37:02,210 --> 00:37:03,960 To my knowledge, 558 00:37:04,043 --> 00:37:05,960 this is one of the largest carbon projects 559 00:37:06,043 --> 00:37:08,001 in the country, yes. 560 00:37:15,460 --> 00:37:18,377 I am the Biochar Project Manager 561 00:37:18,460 --> 00:37:20,752 for the Redwood Forest Foundation. 562 00:37:20,835 --> 00:37:24,460 We're sort of at a perfect storm right now in California 563 00:37:24,543 --> 00:37:28,752 where we have over a hundred million dead trees in the Sierra. 564 00:37:28,835 --> 00:37:31,627 And we need to do something with that. 565 00:37:33,543 --> 00:37:36,210 We have what is called the western pine bark beetle, 566 00:37:36,293 --> 00:37:41,293 which makes its living by feeding on ponderosa pine, and other trees as well. 567 00:37:43,043 --> 00:37:45,794 And these beetles have been around for thousands of years 568 00:37:45,877 --> 00:37:49,460 and have lived in harmony and balance with the trees. 569 00:37:49,543 --> 00:37:51,877 But unfortunately, because of climate change 570 00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:53,877 and because of the long drought, 571 00:37:53,960 --> 00:37:56,001 millions of trees are very weak 572 00:37:56,085 --> 00:38:00,251 and have difficulty defending themselves against the beetles. 573 00:38:00,335 --> 00:38:05,126 Biochar can definitely be one of the ways that we address the beetle damage 574 00:38:05,210 --> 00:38:07,752 in the dead and dying trees of the Sierras. 575 00:38:07,835 --> 00:38:12,835 Biochar is essentially the form of charcoal that is suitable 576 00:38:12,919 --> 00:38:14,460 for use in agriculture 577 00:38:14,543 --> 00:38:18,001 and in helping to build more healthy soil. 578 00:38:21,043 --> 00:38:24,126 When you pyrolize woody biomass particularly, 579 00:38:24,210 --> 00:38:28,293 about half of the carbon that is in that woody biomass 580 00:38:28,377 --> 00:38:32,085 can be saved, is a residual charcoal. 581 00:38:32,168 --> 00:38:35,835 And biochar is very much like coral for the soil 582 00:38:35,919 --> 00:38:38,877 in that it can hold nutrients, it can hold water. 583 00:38:38,960 --> 00:38:41,043 It's more of an architecture. 584 00:38:41,126 --> 00:38:42,960 It incubates life. 585 00:38:43,043 --> 00:38:46,293 You're saving about half of the carbon that's in that plant 586 00:38:46,377 --> 00:38:49,752 and then can put it to better use and sequestering it in soil 587 00:38:49,835 --> 00:38:52,710 for great benefit to agriculture. 588 00:38:52,794 --> 00:38:56,085 We have all this biomass that we have to do something with. 589 00:38:56,168 --> 00:38:58,794 They are a fire hazard and, as you know, 590 00:38:58,877 --> 00:39:02,585 right now we have something like ten fires in California. 591 00:39:02,669 --> 00:39:07,502 And by producing biochar we can return some of that material back into the forest 592 00:39:07,585 --> 00:39:11,168 in a safe manner, or we can take some of that biochar 593 00:39:11,251 --> 00:39:13,293 and take it down into the Central Valley, 594 00:39:13,377 --> 00:39:16,293 which desperately needs water savings. 595 00:39:16,377 --> 00:39:19,001 And one of the prime benefits of biochar 596 00:39:19,085 --> 00:39:22,835 is that it can help to retain water in soils. 597 00:39:22,919 --> 00:39:27,877 If we put biochar in just 10% of the world's soil, 598 00:39:27,960 --> 00:39:32,835 we'll actually sequester 29 billion tons of CO2. 599 00:39:32,919 --> 00:39:35,794 29 billion tons. That's on 10%. 600 00:39:35,877 --> 00:39:38,835 And that's using only-- quote-unquote-- 601 00:39:38,919 --> 00:39:42,835 "surplus waste material," so that's significant. 602 00:39:44,794 --> 00:39:48,335 Gill: And then we have the carbon offset credits. 603 00:39:48,418 --> 00:39:50,210 And to keep those carbon credits coming, 604 00:39:50,293 --> 00:39:53,377 we have to employ workers to do our forest inventories, 605 00:39:53,460 --> 00:39:55,710 to work with the carbon verifiers 606 00:39:55,794 --> 00:39:58,502 to make sure the carbon that we say is on the property 607 00:39:58,585 --> 00:40:00,043 is on the property, 608 00:40:00,126 --> 00:40:02,460 and then is maintained into the future. 609 00:40:02,543 --> 00:40:05,585 I'd like to think that we're a model that others can join in 610 00:40:05,669 --> 00:40:08,377 and do the same thing that we're doing out here. 611 00:40:08,460 --> 00:40:10,043 This isn't rocket science. 612 00:40:10,126 --> 00:40:14,627 The carbon storage, as we move into the future, is huge. 613 00:40:14,710 --> 00:40:17,919 And we need more larger, 614 00:40:18,001 --> 00:40:20,251 older forests, intact forests, 615 00:40:20,335 --> 00:40:22,543 that we know will never be developed 616 00:40:22,627 --> 00:40:25,210 and can continue into perpetuity. 617 00:40:41,835 --> 00:40:43,835 Kate Scow: I'm Kate Scow, and I'm a professor 618 00:40:43,919 --> 00:40:45,669 in Land, Air and Water Resources 619 00:40:45,752 --> 00:40:47,752 at University of California, Davis. 620 00:40:47,835 --> 00:40:50,794 And I'm a soil microbial ecologist. 621 00:40:50,877 --> 00:40:54,251 So the carbon cycle on a global scale 622 00:40:54,335 --> 00:40:58,085 involves aquatic systems and terrestrial systems. 623 00:40:58,168 --> 00:41:02,293 So soil is a very important part of the terrestrial systems. 624 00:41:04,585 --> 00:41:07,710 Soil actually contains two to three times 625 00:41:07,794 --> 00:41:10,001 the amount of carbon that is in the atmosphere. 626 00:41:10,085 --> 00:41:14,835 Soil is the place where primary productivity is supported. 627 00:41:14,919 --> 00:41:18,001 That means all the vegetation that grows, 628 00:41:18,085 --> 00:41:22,001 that fixes CO2 through photosynthesis 629 00:41:22,085 --> 00:41:23,460 from the atmosphere, 630 00:41:23,543 --> 00:41:24,877 what miraculous, like, 631 00:41:24,960 --> 00:41:26,669 creating mass here on the ground 632 00:41:26,752 --> 00:41:28,293 out of what? Air? 633 00:41:28,377 --> 00:41:30,669 It's, like, still amazing to me. 634 00:41:30,752 --> 00:41:33,794 That productivity brings all this carbon in. 635 00:41:33,877 --> 00:41:36,752 The plant fixes the CO2, it dies, 636 00:41:36,835 --> 00:41:39,043 it falls onto the ground, 637 00:41:39,126 --> 00:41:40,460 and all that plant residue 638 00:41:40,543 --> 00:41:43,126 now enters into the soil carbon cycle. 639 00:41:43,210 --> 00:41:45,502 It's way bigger than the atmosphere, 640 00:41:45,585 --> 00:41:48,418 what is residing in soil. 641 00:41:49,835 --> 00:41:53,794 So organic farms obtain their nutrients 642 00:41:53,877 --> 00:41:56,293 not from synthetic fertilizers. 643 00:41:56,377 --> 00:42:00,919 The fertilizer is in the form of organic material. 644 00:42:01,001 --> 00:42:03,919 That could be cover crops, or it could be compost 645 00:42:04,001 --> 00:42:08,210 that's made of food wastes or yard wastes or animal waste 646 00:42:08,293 --> 00:42:09,960 that you put in the soil. 647 00:42:10,043 --> 00:42:12,293 So in organic systems, you may be putting 648 00:42:12,377 --> 00:42:16,335 up to eight times as much carbon into the soil 649 00:42:16,418 --> 00:42:19,168 compared to a conventional system. 650 00:42:19,251 --> 00:42:22,752 So it's like part of it is really basic. 651 00:42:25,752 --> 00:42:29,877 Benyus: Climate change gives us an opportunity 652 00:42:29,960 --> 00:42:34,335 to really behave differently on this planet. 653 00:42:34,418 --> 00:42:37,377 We see what we can do at our worst, 654 00:42:37,460 --> 00:42:39,627 and now the question is, 655 00:42:39,710 --> 00:42:45,543 if we were to consciously... 656 00:42:45,627 --> 00:42:49,335 be a part of the healing... 657 00:42:49,418 --> 00:42:53,251 it'll unleash, I think, our creativity. 658 00:42:55,335 --> 00:42:58,460 You realize, "Oh my gosh, I have a back yard. 659 00:42:58,543 --> 00:43:02,502 Oh my gosh, I have a park near me." 660 00:43:04,418 --> 00:43:07,669 If we were to see ourselves as helpers 661 00:43:07,752 --> 00:43:10,460 who could help the helpers heal this planet... 662 00:43:13,085 --> 00:43:15,418 that is so much better than seeing ourselves 663 00:43:15,502 --> 00:43:17,919 as disruptive toddlers with matches. 664 00:43:18,001 --> 00:43:23,335 You begin to realize that all of us are somehow connected 665 00:43:23,418 --> 00:43:25,919 to little bits of the solution. 666 00:43:26,001 --> 00:43:29,710 Ietef Vida: Right now we live and direct at my mentor's house, 667 00:43:29,794 --> 00:43:33,085 the OG, the organic gardener, Ron Finley. 668 00:43:33,168 --> 00:43:35,168 I'm more inspired to always come here 669 00:43:35,251 --> 00:43:37,001 and learn and figure out different ways 670 00:43:37,085 --> 00:43:39,752 to how I can actually utilize a small plot of land 671 00:43:39,835 --> 00:43:42,418 to grow the most that I can. 672 00:43:42,502 --> 00:43:45,585 Culinary climate action is basically what I like to see, 673 00:43:45,669 --> 00:43:50,293 when I'm growing the food and it's basically taking all that carbon out the atmosphere, 674 00:43:50,377 --> 00:43:51,794 it's pulling it in. 675 00:43:51,877 --> 00:43:53,335 And we also can see the fact 676 00:43:53,418 --> 00:43:55,877 that we can put it back into the soil. 677 00:43:58,210 --> 00:44:01,210 Now only at the same time it's creating green jobs, 678 00:44:01,293 --> 00:44:04,835 you know, and also addressing things like diabetes and obesity 679 00:44:04,919 --> 00:44:06,502 in my community, where I come from. 680 00:44:06,585 --> 00:44:08,460 You know, there's a lot of plots, 681 00:44:08,543 --> 00:44:10,210 there's a lot of city access, 682 00:44:10,293 --> 00:44:12,126 there's a lot of water that's available. 683 00:44:12,210 --> 00:44:14,919 This is really just a beautiful cause and effect. 684 00:44:15,001 --> 00:44:19,919 We're literally pulling out all the harmful poisons 685 00:44:20,001 --> 00:44:22,794 that we, like, literally just emit into our atmosphere. 686 00:44:22,877 --> 00:44:26,835 And the best way that you want to transform that is by growing some food. 687 00:44:26,919 --> 00:44:29,251 Put it on the roof. Put it in your window sill. 688 00:44:30,710 --> 00:44:32,835 But we feel the heat rising. 689 00:44:32,919 --> 00:44:35,251 You know, being a farmer is being futuristic. 690 00:44:35,335 --> 00:44:36,877 There is no doomsday mentality. 691 00:44:36,960 --> 00:44:38,669 You have to actually plant water 692 00:44:38,752 --> 00:44:40,919 and think that you're going to reap what you sow. 693 00:44:41,001 --> 00:44:43,210 So that's the conversation that I'd like to see 694 00:44:43,293 --> 00:44:45,835 when we're talking about transforming the climate. 695 00:44:45,919 --> 00:44:47,335 It's not gonna happen overnight. 696 00:44:47,418 --> 00:44:50,877 But you do have to start now. Now is the time. 697 00:45:12,502 --> 00:45:14,251 Bren Smith: My name is Bren Smith. 698 00:45:14,335 --> 00:45:16,585 I'm the owner of Thimble Island Ocean Farm. 699 00:45:16,669 --> 00:45:21,251 And we're here in the Thimble Islands in Long Island Sound. 700 00:45:21,335 --> 00:45:24,377 And I was, I'm born and raised in Newfoundland, Canada, 701 00:45:24,460 --> 00:45:27,210 high school dropout, and have fished all over the globe. 702 00:45:27,293 --> 00:45:29,710 I fished in Gloucester up in Newfoundland, 703 00:45:29,794 --> 00:45:32,210 and then I was in the Bering Sea for a bunch of years. 704 00:45:32,293 --> 00:45:35,627 And, you know, that was the height of industrialized fishing. 705 00:45:35,710 --> 00:45:38,543 We were tearing up entire eco-systems with our trawls, 706 00:45:38,627 --> 00:45:41,543 chasing fewer and fewer fish further and further out to sea. 707 00:45:41,627 --> 00:45:43,502 So it was completely unsustainable. 708 00:45:43,585 --> 00:45:45,251 In fact, a lot of the fish I was catching 709 00:45:45,335 --> 00:45:48,585 was going to McDonald's for their Fishwich sandwich. 710 00:45:50,794 --> 00:45:52,710 It really caused a wake-up call 711 00:45:52,794 --> 00:45:54,877 for a lot of folks in my generation. 712 00:45:55,001 --> 00:45:56,960 I was actually out in the Bering Sea, 713 00:45:57,043 --> 00:45:58,669 and the cod stocks crashed. 714 00:45:58,752 --> 00:46:01,418 And, you know, thousands of people thrown out of work, 715 00:46:01,502 --> 00:46:03,752 canneries shuttered, and it really taught me 716 00:46:03,835 --> 00:46:07,502 that you can build up an economy and a culture over hundreds of years 717 00:46:07,585 --> 00:46:09,502 and if you don't protect the resources, 718 00:46:09,585 --> 00:46:12,710 eco-system collapse can wipe it out in a matter of years. 719 00:46:15,210 --> 00:46:17,710 And that's when we really begin to realize 720 00:46:17,794 --> 00:46:21,585 that issues like overfishing, like climate change, 721 00:46:21,669 --> 00:46:23,335 that they're not environmental issues 722 00:46:23,418 --> 00:46:25,251 for a lot of us that work on the ocean, 723 00:46:25,335 --> 00:46:26,919 they're economic issues. I mean, 724 00:46:27,001 --> 00:46:29,502 there's gonna be no food, no jobs, on a dead planet. 725 00:46:31,919 --> 00:46:33,794 When I realized this wasn't sustainable, 726 00:46:33,877 --> 00:46:36,794 I went on this search for sustainability. 727 00:46:36,877 --> 00:46:39,502 I remade myself as an oysterman. 728 00:46:39,585 --> 00:46:42,460 And what oysters taught me was that Mother Nature 729 00:46:42,543 --> 00:46:45,168 created these technologies millions of years ago 730 00:46:45,251 --> 00:46:46,877 designed to mitigate our harm. 731 00:46:46,960 --> 00:46:48,960 We don't need advanced technologies. 732 00:46:49,043 --> 00:46:51,794 Mother Nature has seaweeds and shellfish 733 00:46:51,877 --> 00:46:55,085 which sequester five times more carbon than land-based plants, 734 00:46:55,168 --> 00:46:58,460 filter 50 gallons of water a day per oyster 735 00:46:58,543 --> 00:47:00,126 pulling nitrogen out of our system. 736 00:47:00,210 --> 00:47:02,627 I mean, my job as a steward of the ocean 737 00:47:02,710 --> 00:47:06,126 is to take Mother Nature's technologies and grow them. 738 00:47:06,210 --> 00:47:08,210 And it's pretty simple. 739 00:47:08,293 --> 00:47:12,960 So the beautiful thing about if you grow just restorative species, 740 00:47:13,043 --> 00:47:14,835 is there's zero inputs. 741 00:47:14,919 --> 00:47:17,335 We don't need fresh water, we don't need animal feed, 742 00:47:17,418 --> 00:47:19,835 we don't need fertilizer and we don't need land, 743 00:47:19,919 --> 00:47:23,168 making it hands down the most sustainable form of food production 744 00:47:23,251 --> 00:47:25,377 on the planet. 745 00:47:25,460 --> 00:47:28,794 So kelp is this beautiful seaweed. 746 00:47:28,877 --> 00:47:31,794 It's like the gateway drug to a new cuisine. 747 00:47:31,877 --> 00:47:34,043 It's one of the fastest-growing plants on earth. 748 00:47:34,126 --> 00:47:37,377 It soaks up five times more carbon than land-based plants. 749 00:47:37,460 --> 00:47:39,210 It's called the Sequoia of the Sea. 750 00:47:39,293 --> 00:47:41,001 But it's just the beginning. 751 00:47:41,085 --> 00:47:42,669 I mean, we're starting with kelp, 752 00:47:42,752 --> 00:47:46,502 but there are 10,000 edible plants in the ocean. 753 00:47:46,585 --> 00:47:49,585 Part of the plant we can turn into kelp noodles, 754 00:47:49,669 --> 00:47:54,168 but then this is just biofuel we turn into fertilizer 755 00:47:54,251 --> 00:47:56,293 and we can turn into animal feed. 756 00:47:56,377 --> 00:47:59,377 If you provide a seaweed diet to cows, 757 00:47:59,460 --> 00:48:02,627 you get a 90% reduction in methane output. 758 00:48:02,710 --> 00:48:04,710 It's stunning. And cows have been eating-- 759 00:48:04,794 --> 00:48:08,001 cows, sheep, goats, have been eating kelp for hundreds of years. 760 00:48:08,085 --> 00:48:10,377 Hebrides Islands, Maine, all sorts of places. 761 00:48:10,460 --> 00:48:11,877 You know, the volume's stunning. 762 00:48:11,960 --> 00:48:15,377 We can do 10 to 20 tons of kelp per acre, 763 00:48:15,460 --> 00:48:17,335 150,000 shellfish. 764 00:48:17,418 --> 00:48:18,794 And you scale this up, 765 00:48:18,877 --> 00:48:20,543 if you were to take a network of our farms 766 00:48:20,627 --> 00:48:22,377 totaling the size of Washington State, 767 00:48:22,460 --> 00:48:24,418 technically you could feed the world. 768 00:48:24,502 --> 00:48:27,418 If you took five percent of U.S. territorial waters 769 00:48:27,502 --> 00:48:29,335 and farmed in our style, 770 00:48:29,418 --> 00:48:31,210 you could create 50 million direct jobs 771 00:48:31,293 --> 00:48:35,627 and sequester the equivalent carbon of 20 million cars. 772 00:48:37,877 --> 00:48:41,001 Our farms also help mitigate acidification. 773 00:48:41,085 --> 00:48:44,126 The kelp creates something called a Halo Effect 774 00:48:44,210 --> 00:48:47,752 which reduces the acidity in the oceans, 775 00:48:47,835 --> 00:48:50,377 which then allow our oysters and other shellfish 776 00:48:50,460 --> 00:48:52,418 to grow thicker shells 777 00:48:52,502 --> 00:48:57,085 and not be as susceptible to acidification. 778 00:48:57,168 --> 00:48:59,877 So, I mean, climate change was supposed to be 779 00:48:59,960 --> 00:49:03,418 this 100-year sort of slow lobster boil. 780 00:49:03,502 --> 00:49:05,043 And instead it's here and now. 781 00:49:05,126 --> 00:49:06,752 Luckily, as fishermen, 782 00:49:06,835 --> 00:49:09,126 we can transition to something that keeps that (indistinct) 783 00:49:09,210 --> 00:49:11,335 and have the pride of helping feed my country, 784 00:49:11,418 --> 00:49:12,585 and that's just so exciting. 785 00:49:12,669 --> 00:49:14,460 I can be part of, you know, 786 00:49:14,543 --> 00:49:15,919 the army that's going to help, 787 00:49:16,001 --> 00:49:17,960 hopefully, save the planet. 788 00:49:30,293 --> 00:49:33,460 If we put 10 units of CO2 in the atmosphere, 789 00:49:33,543 --> 00:49:35,960 ten very large units of CO2 in the atmosphere, 790 00:49:36,043 --> 00:49:38,168 about five stay in the atmosphere 791 00:49:38,251 --> 00:49:40,168 and about two and a half go into plants 792 00:49:40,251 --> 00:49:42,960 and about two and a half goes into the ocean. 793 00:49:43,043 --> 00:49:46,543 So you've got an acidic ocean. So how do you deal with that? 794 00:49:46,627 --> 00:49:50,210 Nature handles this problem by making more shells, 795 00:49:50,293 --> 00:49:54,001 which is the marine snow idea, 796 00:49:54,085 --> 00:49:56,168 that little beasties grow in the water, 797 00:49:56,251 --> 00:49:59,543 they make calcium carbonate shells, so shells fall. 798 00:49:59,627 --> 00:50:02,835 The problem with that is, the planet loves to operate 799 00:50:02,919 --> 00:50:05,502 on time scales of millions of years. 800 00:50:05,585 --> 00:50:08,001 And we don't. 801 00:50:08,085 --> 00:50:12,418 So, question becomes, can you speed that process up? 802 00:50:17,126 --> 00:50:20,627 DiCaprio: We have to investigate all our options. 803 00:50:20,710 --> 00:50:22,960 There are more experimental hypotheses 804 00:50:23,043 --> 00:50:25,210 that still need to be tested. 805 00:50:25,293 --> 00:50:31,543 One solution may lie in a microscopic community of life called marine snow. 806 00:50:33,960 --> 00:50:37,043 Stasa Puskaric: So, fundamentally, what do we need? 807 00:50:37,126 --> 00:50:40,669 Well, we need this planet as it was, 808 00:50:40,752 --> 00:50:45,001 we have to bring it in the state that it was 200 years ago. 809 00:50:45,085 --> 00:50:48,335 Higher concentrations of carbon dioxide, 810 00:50:48,418 --> 00:50:51,085 they increase acidity of the ocean. 811 00:50:51,168 --> 00:50:53,877 The oceans are losing their ability 812 00:50:53,960 --> 00:50:56,710 to capture carbon from the atmosphere. 813 00:50:56,794 --> 00:50:59,543 And we have to do something about it. 814 00:50:59,627 --> 00:51:02,669 We have to help these systems 815 00:51:02,752 --> 00:51:06,919 which cycle carbon between the atmosphere, 816 00:51:07,001 --> 00:51:09,835 between the plants on the land, 817 00:51:09,919 --> 00:51:12,585 and between the oceans. 818 00:51:12,669 --> 00:51:14,960 And with marine snow, 819 00:51:15,043 --> 00:51:19,043 it just needs a little help from us. 820 00:51:19,126 --> 00:51:23,043 The main products will be removal of carbon dioxide 821 00:51:23,126 --> 00:51:26,085 and the production of oxygen. 822 00:51:26,168 --> 00:51:27,794 What we can do is 823 00:51:27,877 --> 00:51:31,001 insert into the ocean very small, 824 00:51:31,085 --> 00:51:34,960 minute amounts of iron, 825 00:51:35,043 --> 00:51:36,752 but very, very little, 826 00:51:36,835 --> 00:51:38,585 so it doesn't have anything to do 827 00:51:38,669 --> 00:51:41,251 with that term "fertilization." 828 00:51:41,335 --> 00:51:44,251 To give you a measure, we need altogether 829 00:51:44,335 --> 00:51:47,960 about 6 kilograms of iron for initiating this process 830 00:51:48,043 --> 00:51:52,210 on 100,000 square kilometers of the southern oceans. 831 00:51:52,293 --> 00:51:55,835 The cells form organic matrix, 832 00:51:55,919 --> 00:51:57,794 which is the foundation 833 00:51:57,877 --> 00:52:01,168 for the formation of the marine snow. 834 00:52:01,251 --> 00:52:05,001 It is then, when the matrix appears, 835 00:52:05,085 --> 00:52:08,335 it becomes very attractive for cyanobacteria 836 00:52:08,418 --> 00:52:10,627 and heterotrophic bacteria, 837 00:52:10,710 --> 00:52:14,835 which colonize these particles, and then actively grow. 838 00:52:14,919 --> 00:52:18,251 And then we just let them do their job, 839 00:52:18,335 --> 00:52:21,669 because they can stay suspended 840 00:52:21,752 --> 00:52:24,502 for a very long period of time. 841 00:52:24,585 --> 00:52:27,460 We tracked these marine snow particles 842 00:52:27,543 --> 00:52:29,960 for more than four months... 843 00:52:30,043 --> 00:52:34,585 so they can float around and sequester organic matter, 844 00:52:34,669 --> 00:52:36,293 and when they become heavy, 845 00:52:36,377 --> 00:52:39,835 they simply sink down to the sea floor. 846 00:52:42,460 --> 00:52:45,251 The speed of this change, 847 00:52:45,335 --> 00:52:48,460 and increase in the concentrations and temperature-- 848 00:52:48,543 --> 00:52:50,418 we must act. 849 00:52:50,502 --> 00:52:51,752 And we can. 850 00:52:51,835 --> 00:52:55,919 I'm 100% positive that we can achieve 851 00:52:56,001 --> 00:53:00,794 um...reorganization of human activities 852 00:53:00,877 --> 00:53:04,752 to work together with nature, and not against it. 853 00:53:14,043 --> 00:53:18,001 DiCaprio: Science has long proven we have existing technologies 854 00:53:18,085 --> 00:53:21,794 that work, and they are already being implemented. 855 00:53:21,877 --> 00:53:25,710 It's just become a matter of political will and scale. 856 00:53:25,794 --> 00:53:30,585 We need a multitude of solutions moving forward simultaneously. 857 00:53:30,669 --> 00:53:33,335 In order to solve this crisis, 858 00:53:33,418 --> 00:53:38,627 it is critical we move to 100% renewable energy now. 859 00:53:38,710 --> 00:53:40,710 Hawken: So, the top five solutions, 860 00:53:40,794 --> 00:53:44,960 number two was onshore wind, and that wasn't a surprise. 861 00:53:52,627 --> 00:53:56,585 Onshore wind, though, being much greater than solar, 862 00:53:56,669 --> 00:53:59,085 was a surprise to us. 863 00:54:03,293 --> 00:54:06,835 Solar was number eight in ten, actually. 864 00:54:11,293 --> 00:54:14,543 Martin Hermann: The sun is the largest resource we have. 865 00:54:14,627 --> 00:54:17,251 All the other resources pale compared to the sun. 866 00:54:17,335 --> 00:54:19,085 We have known that for a long time, 867 00:54:19,168 --> 00:54:22,418 we just never understood how to harvest it in an economic way. 868 00:54:22,502 --> 00:54:24,627 That's what's different now. 869 00:54:24,710 --> 00:54:28,001 Solar PV is in a stage where we're already lower than fossil fuel. 870 00:54:28,085 --> 00:54:30,293 Well, solar has come a long way. 871 00:54:30,377 --> 00:54:33,585 Carter in the '80s already installed solar in the White House. 872 00:54:33,669 --> 00:54:35,752 Reagan tore it down later on. 873 00:54:35,835 --> 00:54:38,460 And only in 2001, 874 00:54:38,543 --> 00:54:42,085 when Germany started to deploy solar on a large scale, 875 00:54:42,168 --> 00:54:45,752 we have been getting the benefit of economy of scale. 876 00:54:45,835 --> 00:54:48,794 Eventually we will be able to power 877 00:54:48,877 --> 00:54:52,585 the entire electrical grids with solar and wind, 878 00:54:52,669 --> 00:54:56,460 and all we need is wind and storage, and solar and storage. 879 00:54:58,960 --> 00:55:02,919 So, if you want to power the entire United States with photovoltaic, 880 00:55:03,001 --> 00:55:06,377 we would need about 30,000 square miles in area. 881 00:55:06,460 --> 00:55:08,460 That would give us enough to power 882 00:55:08,543 --> 00:55:12,043 all the power grids in every state of the United States. 883 00:55:15,210 --> 00:55:20,126 Mount Signal is a project that powers about 70,000 homes in San Diego. 884 00:55:20,210 --> 00:55:24,752 The second phase, the power is going to be wheeled to Southern California. 885 00:55:26,877 --> 00:55:30,543 The price of electricity that we produce at Mount Signal 886 00:55:30,627 --> 00:55:33,126 is already lower than fossil fuels. 887 00:55:33,210 --> 00:55:37,377 It's also a price that delivers fuel price certainty to the utility. 888 00:55:39,251 --> 00:55:42,502 The price is flat over the next 25 years, 889 00:55:42,585 --> 00:55:48,377 not something that you get from any other fossil fuel energies. 890 00:55:48,460 --> 00:55:51,960 We have integrated so much solar in California already. 891 00:55:52,043 --> 00:55:55,001 Ten years ago, people would've said, "No, that's not really possible." 892 00:55:55,085 --> 00:55:58,251 Well, here we are, solar is covering already 893 00:55:58,335 --> 00:56:00,627 up to 25% of California. 894 00:56:00,710 --> 00:56:03,877 The rate payer had no material increase in pricing, 895 00:56:03,960 --> 00:56:06,335 and we're still alive, it all works. 896 00:56:06,418 --> 00:56:10,085 And we have been able to reduce carbon on the way there. 897 00:56:15,043 --> 00:56:17,502 Over the last years we saw now 898 00:56:17,585 --> 00:56:20,418 utilities volunteering to buy solar. 899 00:56:20,502 --> 00:56:23,377 We see this mindset shifting. 900 00:56:23,460 --> 00:56:26,877 We still under-appreciate the value that PV brings. 901 00:56:26,960 --> 00:56:30,585 People do not comprehend that in five years, 902 00:56:30,669 --> 00:56:32,794 we will have PV at much lower price. 903 00:56:32,877 --> 00:56:35,335 We will be able to dispatch it at night, 904 00:56:35,418 --> 00:56:37,960 and you combine that with wind, you get this paradigm 905 00:56:38,043 --> 00:56:41,543 where we are truly living in a hundred percent renewable environment. 906 00:56:41,627 --> 00:56:43,710 And this is feasible. 907 00:56:43,794 --> 00:56:46,752 We don't need any new invention for that, 908 00:56:46,835 --> 00:56:48,418 we know all the technology. 909 00:56:48,502 --> 00:56:52,710 We just need to make sure that the people responsible 910 00:56:52,794 --> 00:56:57,001 for the planning of resources, for the infrastructure planning, 911 00:56:57,085 --> 00:57:00,669 understand that this is a different technology, 912 00:57:00,752 --> 00:57:03,710 and it will get cheaper over time. 913 00:57:08,001 --> 00:57:09,627 Donald Trump: Coal is coming back. 914 00:57:09,710 --> 00:57:11,210 - Clean coal is coming back. 915 00:57:11,293 --> 00:57:13,293 A hundred percent. 916 00:57:13,377 --> 00:57:18,001 My administration is putting an end to the war on coal. 917 00:57:18,085 --> 00:57:21,794 Gonna have clean coal, really clean coal. 918 00:57:50,877 --> 00:57:52,794 Mann: It's difficult enough, sometimes, 919 00:57:52,877 --> 00:57:54,585 to communicate science to the public. 920 00:57:54,669 --> 00:57:57,460 Now, you take that challenge, 921 00:57:57,543 --> 00:57:59,877 and you add to it 922 00:57:59,960 --> 00:58:04,919 a concerted effort by fossil fuel interests 923 00:58:05,001 --> 00:58:06,794 and the front groups that they fund 924 00:58:06,877 --> 00:58:09,669 to pollute the discourse over climate change, 925 00:58:09,752 --> 00:58:13,126 to confuse the public, to confuse policymakers. 926 00:58:13,210 --> 00:58:15,585 We need to transform our energy sector, 927 00:58:15,669 --> 00:58:17,543 move away from fossil fuel energy, 928 00:58:17,627 --> 00:58:19,043 towards renewable energy. 929 00:58:19,126 --> 00:58:21,126 Well, that's rather inconvenient 930 00:58:21,210 --> 00:58:23,251 for the powerful fossil fuel interests 931 00:58:23,335 --> 00:58:26,502 who have many millions of dollars invested 932 00:58:26,585 --> 00:58:29,251 in our continued addiction to fossil fuels. 933 00:58:29,335 --> 00:58:31,001 And they've fought tooth and nail 934 00:58:31,085 --> 00:58:32,710 to maintain that addiction, 935 00:58:32,794 --> 00:58:34,627 in part by attacking the science 936 00:58:34,710 --> 00:58:38,752 linking climate change to that behavior, 937 00:58:38,835 --> 00:58:41,251 the burning of fossil fuels. 938 00:58:45,251 --> 00:58:47,126 A question that we get asked a lot is, 939 00:58:47,210 --> 00:58:50,418 how do we know that the CO2 rise in the atmosphere 940 00:58:50,502 --> 00:58:52,085 is because of human activity. 941 00:58:52,168 --> 00:58:55,043 And the answer is that we leave fingerprints 942 00:58:55,126 --> 00:58:57,919 all over the atmosphere. 943 00:58:58,001 --> 00:59:01,710 And one of the fingerprints that we leave in the atmosphere 944 00:59:01,794 --> 00:59:06,001 is via what we call Carbon-14, or radioactive carbon. 945 00:59:06,085 --> 00:59:08,460 So when we burn coal, oil, and natural gas, 946 00:59:08,543 --> 00:59:10,919 we leave an imprint on the atmosphere 947 00:59:11,001 --> 00:59:15,502 of what we call negative Carbon-14, or less Carbon-14. 948 00:59:15,585 --> 00:59:17,710 Because fossil fuels are so old, 949 00:59:17,794 --> 00:59:20,293 there's no Carbon-14 left, it's all decayed away. 950 00:59:20,377 --> 00:59:23,043 We can actually measure, very accurately, 951 00:59:23,126 --> 00:59:25,335 how much fossil fuels we burn 952 00:59:25,418 --> 00:59:27,835 by measuring C-14 in the atmosphere. 953 00:59:27,919 --> 00:59:33,085 It is nature's verification system that we have. 954 00:59:36,293 --> 00:59:38,335 Wadhams: They've persuaded enough people 955 00:59:38,418 --> 00:59:40,585 and sowed enough doubt 956 00:59:40,669 --> 00:59:44,585 that it's making it more difficult than in the past 957 00:59:44,669 --> 00:59:47,168 to actually get anything done about climate change, 958 00:59:47,251 --> 00:59:49,126 and that's really depressing. 959 00:59:49,210 --> 00:59:51,168 Mann: And the fact is that the agenda 960 00:59:51,251 --> 00:59:53,502 that many of these fossil fuel corporations, 961 00:59:53,585 --> 00:59:57,210 and those who are running them are engaged in, is malicious 962 00:59:57,293 --> 00:59:58,794 in the danger it's creating 963 00:59:58,877 --> 01:00:00,877 and the havoc that it is wreaking on our planet. 964 01:00:00,960 --> 01:00:02,752 Hartmann: So we've got a bunch of people 965 01:00:02,835 --> 01:00:07,418 who are literally profiting off the death of life on Earth. 966 01:00:07,502 --> 01:00:10,460 I think that some climate denial, 967 01:00:10,543 --> 01:00:12,669 particularly the well-funded climate denial, 968 01:00:12,752 --> 01:00:15,460 that is being done by people who know better, 969 01:00:15,543 --> 01:00:17,877 rises to the level of a crime against humanity 970 01:00:17,960 --> 01:00:20,502 that probably should be prosecuted in the Hague. 971 01:00:28,669 --> 01:00:32,752 DiCaprio: While climate deniers have succeeded in delaying action, 972 01:00:32,835 --> 01:00:36,168 a much more ominous problem has emerged. 973 01:00:36,251 --> 01:00:38,960 Very recently, scientists have recorded 974 01:00:39,043 --> 01:00:43,085 increasing levels of methane gas in the atmosphere. 975 01:00:43,168 --> 01:00:46,502 Methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, 976 01:00:46,585 --> 01:00:50,835 has the potential to increase temperatures even further. 977 01:00:50,919 --> 01:00:52,835 Increased methane is a sign 978 01:00:52,919 --> 01:00:56,001 that we are reaching a critical tipping point. 979 01:00:56,085 --> 01:00:58,001 But where is it coming from? 980 01:00:58,085 --> 01:01:02,335 And how much will it accelerate climate disruption? 981 01:01:02,418 --> 01:01:05,085 Scientists are racing to find out. 982 01:01:11,085 --> 01:01:13,293 Gabrielle Petron: So, we are in front of 983 01:01:13,377 --> 01:01:15,627 the University of Wyoming Mobile Laboratory. 984 01:01:15,710 --> 01:01:18,251 We have different instruments inside 985 01:01:18,335 --> 01:01:21,752 that measure what's in the air that we are breathing right now. 986 01:01:21,835 --> 01:01:23,669 It's doing that in real time. 987 01:01:23,752 --> 01:01:25,251 And we are able, like that, 988 01:01:25,335 --> 01:01:27,710 to chase emission sources and plumes, 989 01:01:27,794 --> 01:01:31,502 and understand where sources of pollutions are located, 990 01:01:31,585 --> 01:01:35,418 what activities are going on that lead to enhanced methane. 991 01:01:38,001 --> 01:01:40,251 Inside of our lab, we have a couple instruments. 992 01:01:40,335 --> 01:01:44,168 We have a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spec 993 01:01:44,251 --> 01:01:48,085 to measure volatile organics like benzene, toluene. 994 01:01:48,168 --> 01:01:51,168 And then we also have a Picarro cavity ring-down 995 01:01:51,251 --> 01:01:53,502 to measure methane concentrations. 996 01:01:53,585 --> 01:01:57,210 We can see data from these instruments in real time 997 01:01:57,293 --> 01:02:00,710 due to an inlet we have up on our mast above the van, 998 01:02:00,794 --> 01:02:04,043 which pulls air in and feeds into our instruments. 999 01:02:04,126 --> 01:02:08,251 Petron: So, we found with aerial and road mapping 1000 01:02:08,335 --> 01:02:11,543 that we have more sources of methane in areas 1001 01:02:11,627 --> 01:02:14,251 where we extract the gas than we expected. 1002 01:02:14,335 --> 01:02:17,794 And to really pinpoint where there are leaks of methane, 1003 01:02:17,877 --> 01:02:20,043 you need to be very close to the sources. 1004 01:02:20,126 --> 01:02:23,085 And the mobile lab gives us the flexibility 1005 01:02:23,168 --> 01:02:27,210 to pinpoint where we see the largest leaks. 1006 01:02:27,293 --> 01:02:30,960 The company has drilled brand-new megapad, 1007 01:02:31,043 --> 01:02:35,377 22 wells in the middle of renewed urban development 1008 01:02:35,460 --> 01:02:37,085 in western Greeley. 1009 01:02:37,168 --> 01:02:39,377 This is a site that had a lot of contention, 1010 01:02:39,460 --> 01:02:42,210 given its size and its location. 1011 01:02:45,877 --> 01:02:48,418 So the local community, from what I've heard, 1012 01:02:48,502 --> 01:02:50,919 is not really kept up to breadth 1013 01:02:51,001 --> 01:02:52,710 on what's going on at the site. 1014 01:02:52,794 --> 01:02:55,168 There's a huge sound wall around the operation, 1015 01:02:55,251 --> 01:02:58,919 and the state is not really maybe doing its best 1016 01:02:59,001 --> 01:03:01,293 at facilitating the communication. 1017 01:03:01,377 --> 01:03:03,919 We saw operations going on with a lot of flaring. 1018 01:03:04,001 --> 01:03:05,835 It seems very large volume of gas. 1019 01:03:05,919 --> 01:03:08,293 The yellow color of the flame 1020 01:03:08,377 --> 01:03:11,251 tells you it's not complete combustion. 1021 01:03:11,335 --> 01:03:13,001 So, we are going to continue 1022 01:03:13,085 --> 01:03:15,210 doing those drives to understand those sources, 1023 01:03:15,293 --> 01:03:19,877 but also to track what the local population may be exposed to. 1024 01:03:19,960 --> 01:03:22,418 So some oil- and gas-producing regions 1025 01:03:22,502 --> 01:03:25,293 have such a large concentration of methane 1026 01:03:25,377 --> 01:03:28,627 in the atmosphere above them that you can see it from space, 1027 01:03:28,710 --> 01:03:32,126 and that's something that was described a few years back 1028 01:03:32,210 --> 01:03:34,043 for the Four Corners region, 1029 01:03:34,126 --> 01:03:37,293 and that's really the key for us to be like detectives 1030 01:03:37,377 --> 01:03:41,377 and map where we see the largest sources of emissions. 1031 01:03:53,293 --> 01:03:56,293 Don Schreiber: So in 2014, 1032 01:03:56,377 --> 01:03:59,835 NASA scientists in cooperation with NOAA, 1033 01:03:59,919 --> 01:04:03,085 University of Michigan, and other scientists, 1034 01:04:03,168 --> 01:04:06,293 identified a methane hotspot the size of Delaware 1035 01:04:06,377 --> 01:04:08,085 in the Four Corners region. 1036 01:04:08,168 --> 01:04:09,585 That methane hotspot 1037 01:04:09,669 --> 01:04:12,001 is the largest accumulation of methane gases 1038 01:04:12,085 --> 01:04:14,168 in the United States. 1039 01:04:14,251 --> 01:04:17,877 This ranch, this spot that we're on, 1040 01:04:17,960 --> 01:04:20,210 is approximately ground zero. 1041 01:04:20,293 --> 01:04:22,835 If you were able to identify a middle 1042 01:04:22,919 --> 01:04:25,377 for that Delaware-shaped cloud, 1043 01:04:25,460 --> 01:04:28,335 it might very well be right here where we're standing. 1044 01:04:28,418 --> 01:04:30,502 And it's closely identified 1045 01:04:30,585 --> 01:04:32,877 the cause of that methane hotspot 1046 01:04:32,960 --> 01:04:37,377 to be predominantly the emissions from drilling, 1047 01:04:37,460 --> 01:04:38,835 such as this site, 1048 01:04:38,919 --> 01:04:42,460 as well as coal and other fossil fuels. 1049 01:04:45,293 --> 01:04:47,877 So the methane hotspot is identified 1050 01:04:47,960 --> 01:04:50,085 basically because of the technology 1051 01:04:50,168 --> 01:04:51,960 that NOAA and NASA had 1052 01:04:52,043 --> 01:04:54,752 following the advent of the FLIR cameras, 1053 01:04:54,835 --> 01:04:56,585 which are the infrared cameras 1054 01:04:56,669 --> 01:05:00,210 that let us identify the leaks and vents and flares 1055 01:05:00,293 --> 01:05:03,752 that cause the methane hotspot to accumulate. 1056 01:05:03,835 --> 01:05:06,960 You have to think of it in its full sense, 1057 01:05:07,043 --> 01:05:09,960 and that is 60 years and more 1058 01:05:10,043 --> 01:05:13,669 of leaking, venting, flaring, 1059 01:05:13,752 --> 01:05:16,627 and careless practices here in the San Juan basin, 1060 01:05:16,710 --> 01:05:20,543 over a million acres, in total 30,000 wells, 1061 01:05:20,627 --> 01:05:23,126 that have caused that methane hotspot 1062 01:05:23,210 --> 01:05:25,210 to finally accumulate 1063 01:05:25,293 --> 01:05:27,710 and stand as evidence 1064 01:05:27,794 --> 01:05:30,669 of what natural gas drilling 1065 01:05:30,752 --> 01:05:32,919 ultimately results in. 1066 01:05:33,001 --> 01:05:34,752 People lose sight of the fact 1067 01:05:34,835 --> 01:05:38,085 that the conventional wells created the methane hotspot, 1068 01:05:38,168 --> 01:05:41,794 and that they are a daily culprit. 1069 01:05:46,335 --> 01:05:49,919 So, this is a conventional natural gas well. 1070 01:05:50,001 --> 01:05:53,126 This is very typical equipment throughout the San Juan basin 1071 01:05:53,210 --> 01:05:55,251 and many gas fields across America. 1072 01:05:55,335 --> 01:05:57,627 This one is leaking pretty badly 1073 01:05:57,710 --> 01:06:00,251 from some of the standard equipment that's on it. 1074 01:06:00,335 --> 01:06:02,502 This just requires, honestly, 1075 01:06:02,585 --> 01:06:06,585 a crescent wrench, a little bit of Teflon tape-- 1076 01:06:06,669 --> 01:06:09,377 some attention will fix this leak. 1077 01:06:09,460 --> 01:06:11,126 If I had a single wish, 1078 01:06:11,210 --> 01:06:16,627 my wish would be to pull an investor in oil and gas here 1079 01:06:16,710 --> 01:06:20,168 and stand them where I'm standing, let them see that leak. 1080 01:06:20,251 --> 01:06:24,001 Let them see that times 18,000 in the San Juan basin, 1081 01:06:24,085 --> 01:06:27,377 and get them to stop obstructing a federal rule 1082 01:06:27,460 --> 01:06:29,835 that stays in place to protect my family, 1083 01:06:29,919 --> 01:06:32,335 to protect taxpayers across New Mexico, 1084 01:06:32,418 --> 01:06:36,001 and provide federal fair and equal protection 1085 01:06:36,085 --> 01:06:37,960 across the western states. 1086 01:06:38,043 --> 01:06:40,210 Let's get those guys out of the boardroom, 1087 01:06:40,293 --> 01:06:42,001 right here on this well location, 1088 01:06:42,085 --> 01:06:45,043 let 'em look at that leak that can be easily fixed. 1089 01:06:45,126 --> 01:06:50,126 And when I found out that the EPA administrator, Scott Pruitt, 1090 01:06:50,210 --> 01:06:53,460 knew that the data had come in 1091 01:06:53,543 --> 01:06:57,585 that methane leaks and the chemicals that come with them 1092 01:06:57,669 --> 01:07:01,710 harm children to a greater degree than they did to me, 1093 01:07:01,794 --> 01:07:05,543 I was just outraged that he would try again 1094 01:07:05,627 --> 01:07:08,251 to roll back the federal protections for us. 1095 01:07:08,335 --> 01:07:11,335 You know, if someone came onto my ranch 1096 01:07:11,418 --> 01:07:14,960 with the stated objective of harming my children, 1097 01:07:15,043 --> 01:07:17,585 it would be over my dead body. 1098 01:07:31,210 --> 01:07:33,669 Hartmann: 250 million years ago, 1099 01:07:33,752 --> 01:07:35,585 sudden releases of methane 1100 01:07:35,669 --> 01:07:38,085 produced kind of a secondary effect 1101 01:07:38,168 --> 01:07:42,001 that finished off large chunks of life on Earth. 1102 01:07:42,085 --> 01:07:44,001 And one of the debates right now 1103 01:07:44,085 --> 01:07:46,251 is whether the methane that is buried in the Arctic, 1104 01:07:46,335 --> 01:07:48,543 whether the methane that is, you know, in the permafrost, 1105 01:07:48,627 --> 01:07:50,210 in the seas all over the world, 1106 01:07:50,293 --> 01:07:53,877 how rapidly that will be mobilized, 1107 01:07:53,960 --> 01:07:56,627 and how destructive that mobilization will be. 1108 01:07:58,418 --> 01:08:00,710 DiCaprio: The release of this ancient methane 1109 01:08:00,794 --> 01:08:04,502 may lead to exponentially more warming. 1110 01:08:04,585 --> 01:08:08,168 Will this methane create an apocalyptic scenario? 1111 01:08:08,251 --> 01:08:12,794 This is a question scientists are desperately trying to answer. 1112 01:08:12,877 --> 01:08:14,960 Jurgen Mienert: I'm the director of the Center 1113 01:08:15,043 --> 01:08:18,251 for Gas Hydrate, Environment, and Climate. 1114 01:08:18,335 --> 01:08:21,627 Here we have a team of 50 to 60 scientists 1115 01:08:21,710 --> 01:08:24,460 working on understanding the impact of methane 1116 01:08:24,543 --> 01:08:26,502 on the global climate system. 1117 01:08:26,585 --> 01:08:31,001 This methane is stored beneath the Arctic Ocean floor 1118 01:08:31,085 --> 01:08:33,794 in huge reservoirs, 1119 01:08:33,877 --> 01:08:36,168 at locations we sometimes know, 1120 01:08:36,251 --> 01:08:38,585 but we often do not know very much about it. 1121 01:08:38,669 --> 01:08:42,001 So, we are applying here geophysical methods 1122 01:08:42,085 --> 01:08:45,919 to quantify the methane hydrate reservoirs, 1123 01:08:46,001 --> 01:08:47,919 and also to see how stable 1124 01:08:48,001 --> 01:08:51,585 those methane hydrates are today, but also in the future. 1125 01:08:53,627 --> 01:08:57,752 Methane is one of the most aggressive greenhouse gases. 1126 01:08:57,835 --> 01:09:01,210 Methane has, fortunately, a shorter lifetime. 1127 01:09:01,293 --> 01:09:07,085 The Earth has a natural system for regulating input of methane 1128 01:09:07,168 --> 01:09:10,251 from the ocean into the atmosphere. 1129 01:09:10,335 --> 01:09:12,794 And this system is working quite efficiently. 1130 01:09:12,877 --> 01:09:17,335 But this system is also changing, because the ocean current system is changing, 1131 01:09:17,418 --> 01:09:19,460 the ocean temperature is changing, 1132 01:09:19,543 --> 01:09:22,502 the ocean chemistry is changing. 1133 01:09:22,585 --> 01:09:26,543 So, methane was in a kind of equilibrium for some time, 1134 01:09:26,627 --> 01:09:31,960 and during the last couple of years, we see quite a distinct increase in methane. 1135 01:09:32,043 --> 01:09:35,126 Do not know where this signal is coming from, 1136 01:09:35,210 --> 01:09:37,835 and at the present time, that, of course, 1137 01:09:37,919 --> 01:09:40,502 is putting a pressure on the scientific community 1138 01:09:40,585 --> 01:09:42,877 to give an answer to the politicians: 1139 01:09:42,960 --> 01:09:45,794 what is going on with the methane in the atmosphere? 1140 01:09:45,877 --> 01:09:47,752 Where is the methane coming from? 1141 01:09:47,835 --> 01:09:51,627 What is presently becoming more unstable? 1142 01:09:51,710 --> 01:09:54,168 Lund Myhre: We have done some very comprehensive 1143 01:09:54,251 --> 01:09:56,293 measurement campaigns where we have measured 1144 01:09:56,377 --> 01:09:59,210 at the sea floor, in the ocean, 1145 01:09:59,293 --> 01:10:02,460 at the sea surface, and in the air at the same time 1146 01:10:02,543 --> 01:10:08,168 to understand how methane is regulated in this whole system. 1147 01:10:08,251 --> 01:10:11,168 There is a lot of methane stored at the sea floor, 1148 01:10:11,251 --> 01:10:14,543 and this is so much that only a small change 1149 01:10:14,627 --> 01:10:18,960 might impact the ocean, or the atmosphere. 1150 01:10:22,377 --> 01:10:25,335 The balance here needs a lot more focus, 1151 01:10:25,418 --> 01:10:28,752 a lot more observations, and combining atmosphere, 1152 01:10:28,835 --> 01:10:32,293 ocean, climate, different kind of components together. 1153 01:10:34,752 --> 01:10:36,543 Pavel Serov: In my profession, 1154 01:10:36,627 --> 01:10:40,669 I'm interested in studying methane cold seeps in the ocean, 1155 01:10:40,752 --> 01:10:43,752 in the Russian Arctic, and also in the Barents Sea. 1156 01:10:43,835 --> 01:10:45,335 It's, well, basically, 1157 01:10:45,418 --> 01:10:47,543 streams of gas bubbles rising from the sea floor, 1158 01:10:47,627 --> 01:10:52,043 and those gas bubbles are mostly composed of methane gas. 1159 01:10:52,126 --> 01:10:54,835 First, it's gas hydrates, that's solid form. 1160 01:10:54,919 --> 01:10:57,710 It's basically ice-like structures. 1161 01:10:59,710 --> 01:11:03,919 Also, the gas can be present as free gas, which is gas bubbles. 1162 01:11:04,001 --> 01:11:07,502 Plumes of methane bubbles can vary. 1163 01:11:07,585 --> 01:11:09,168 In some areas in the Arctic, 1164 01:11:09,251 --> 01:11:13,293 we find gas seeps as tall as 800, 900 meters. 1165 01:11:15,335 --> 01:11:16,794 And the water depth in these areas, 1166 01:11:16,877 --> 01:11:19,418 a little more than 1,200 meters. 1167 01:11:19,502 --> 01:11:22,293 In shallower areas, we often find gas seeps 1168 01:11:22,377 --> 01:11:24,710 that are almost reaching the sea surface. 1169 01:11:24,794 --> 01:11:29,210 East Siberian Sea is definitely an area of concern for guys studying methane, 1170 01:11:29,293 --> 01:11:31,585 in particular because it's so shallow there. 1171 01:11:31,669 --> 01:11:36,960 So, those methane bubbles have really high potential to get to the sea surface. 1172 01:11:37,043 --> 01:11:39,126 Some areas, Spitzbergen, 1173 01:11:39,210 --> 01:11:43,251 we find the methane flares that are almost reaching the sea surface. 1174 01:11:50,418 --> 01:11:53,794 DiCaprio: We have warmed the atmosphere to such a degree 1175 01:11:53,877 --> 01:11:57,126 that we have hit the tipping point of a melting Arctic. 1176 01:11:57,210 --> 01:12:00,085 We now face the potential 1177 01:12:00,168 --> 01:12:02,960 for an abrupt climate change scenario. 1178 01:12:03,043 --> 01:12:07,335 Current models predict we will shoot way past the Paris Agreement, 1179 01:12:07,418 --> 01:12:10,377 to five degrees and more, 1180 01:12:10,460 --> 01:12:16,043 causing even more catastrophic tipping points to be activated. 1181 01:12:16,126 --> 01:12:17,960 Rothman: Warming might lead 1182 01:12:18,043 --> 01:12:21,460 to large injections of methane into the atmosphere. 1183 01:12:21,543 --> 01:12:24,168 It's something we need to be concerned about. 1184 01:12:24,251 --> 01:12:29,168 I would only add that it's one of many possible stressors. 1185 01:12:29,251 --> 01:12:31,835 We move into a high-risk situation 1186 01:12:31,919 --> 01:12:35,085 where we don't really have any experience 1187 01:12:35,168 --> 01:12:38,877 and we don't know how to deal with it. 1188 01:12:59,752 --> 01:13:02,669 Guobrandsson: The permafrost, and methane in general, 1189 01:13:02,752 --> 01:13:04,710 is of a great concern. 1190 01:13:04,794 --> 01:13:08,710 And I think that this is something 1191 01:13:08,794 --> 01:13:13,126 perhaps we need to pay more attention to methane in general, 1192 01:13:13,210 --> 01:13:16,001 in relation to the climate issue. 1193 01:13:16,085 --> 01:13:18,794 My concerns are that 1194 01:13:18,877 --> 01:13:23,085 there are great reservoirs of methane in the world, 1195 01:13:23,168 --> 01:13:24,877 in particular in the Arctic. 1196 01:13:24,960 --> 01:13:27,919 It is the risk of going beyond the tipping point 1197 01:13:28,001 --> 01:13:30,293 where it will be difficult to go back 1198 01:13:30,377 --> 01:13:33,168 and reverse the problem. 1199 01:13:42,251 --> 01:13:47,543 Tans: It's a very plausible feedback mechanism that in Arctic soils, 1200 01:13:47,627 --> 01:13:49,293 permafrost soils, 1201 01:13:49,377 --> 01:13:52,335 there's an enormous amount of organic material frozen. 1202 01:13:52,418 --> 01:13:55,794 And the amount that is available there, potentially, 1203 01:13:55,877 --> 01:14:00,251 to turn into CO2 and methane is maybe three times, four times 1204 01:14:00,335 --> 01:14:04,001 all of the fossil fuels that we have burned. 1205 01:14:10,919 --> 01:14:15,919 If we take all this material out of the deep freeze... 1206 01:14:16,001 --> 01:14:20,293 you very likely get large CO2 and methane emissions 1207 01:14:20,377 --> 01:14:22,794 on a huge scale, 1208 01:14:22,877 --> 01:14:25,585 over which we have no control. 1209 01:14:29,251 --> 01:14:32,794 Katey Walter Anthony: I study methane emissions from lakes. 1210 01:14:32,877 --> 01:14:35,043 We are in interior Alaska, 1211 01:14:35,126 --> 01:14:38,502 and we are in discontinuous permafrost. 1212 01:14:40,043 --> 01:14:41,418 The thing that we're looking at 1213 01:14:41,502 --> 01:14:43,126 is microbial methane. 1214 01:14:43,210 --> 01:14:45,502 This methane bubbling here behind me, 1215 01:14:45,585 --> 01:14:48,085 it's dead plant and animal remains 1216 01:14:48,168 --> 01:14:49,835 that were locked up in permafrost 1217 01:14:49,919 --> 01:14:51,794 for tens of thousands of years. 1218 01:14:51,877 --> 01:14:53,794 And as that permafrost is thawing, 1219 01:14:53,877 --> 01:14:57,293 the microbes eat that soil carbon, 1220 01:14:57,377 --> 01:14:59,335 and they turn it into methane. 1221 01:15:00,877 --> 01:15:03,460 This process of permafrost thawing, 1222 01:15:03,543 --> 01:15:07,502 and that thawing permafrost fueling methane production, 1223 01:15:07,585 --> 01:15:10,460 and then methane escapes into the atmosphere, 1224 01:15:10,543 --> 01:15:12,627 causes climate warming, 1225 01:15:12,710 --> 01:15:14,710 which causes more permafrost to thaw, 1226 01:15:14,794 --> 01:15:16,877 we call that a permafrost carbon feedback. 1227 01:15:16,960 --> 01:15:18,502 It is a natural process. 1228 01:15:18,585 --> 01:15:20,335 Our concern, though, 1229 01:15:20,418 --> 01:15:22,752 is that as climate warms 1230 01:15:22,835 --> 01:15:26,627 at a faster rate than it has in the last 10,000 years, 1231 01:15:26,710 --> 01:15:29,043 that permafrost is going to respond 1232 01:15:29,126 --> 01:15:30,835 by thawing a lot more quickly 1233 01:15:30,919 --> 01:15:33,585 and releasing, at a faster rate, methane gas. 1234 01:15:33,669 --> 01:15:36,335 Now every time I go to a new lake, 1235 01:15:36,418 --> 01:15:38,585 I attempt to light these gas pockets. 1236 01:15:38,669 --> 01:15:40,502 Because it's a very high concentration of methane, 1237 01:15:40,585 --> 01:15:42,168 it's highly flammable, 1238 01:15:42,251 --> 01:15:44,835 we see a positive flame test when they contain methane. 1239 01:15:44,919 --> 01:15:47,335 So it's a quick gas chromatograph on the lake 1240 01:15:47,418 --> 01:15:49,043 to tell us do we have a methane lake, 1241 01:15:49,126 --> 01:15:52,210 or are we dealing with a different kind of lake? 1242 01:15:52,293 --> 01:15:55,168 There are many new lakes forming that were not here 1243 01:15:55,251 --> 01:15:57,877 30 or 60 years ago... 1244 01:15:57,960 --> 01:16:03,335 and those lakes have 10 to 100 to 1,000 times more methane than the rest of the lakes. 1245 01:16:05,585 --> 01:16:08,418 They are a picture of the type of methane emissions 1246 01:16:08,502 --> 01:16:13,001 we expect to see in the next 10 to 50 years 1247 01:16:13,085 --> 01:16:16,418 as permafrost warms and thaws, 1248 01:16:16,502 --> 01:16:18,877 and that permafrost feedback cycle kicks in 1249 01:16:18,960 --> 01:16:20,502 and really accelerates. 1250 01:16:23,460 --> 01:16:26,543 Rothman: Now, is it methane, is it permafrost, 1251 01:16:26,627 --> 01:16:31,627 is it the dissolved organic carbon in the ocean which is suddenly remobilized? 1252 01:16:31,710 --> 01:16:35,418 These things are all intertwined with each other. 1253 01:16:35,502 --> 01:16:39,043 So, really what one needs to ask is: 1254 01:16:39,126 --> 01:16:41,877 are there positive feedbacks within the system? 1255 01:16:41,960 --> 01:16:43,585 The answer is yes. 1256 01:16:43,669 --> 01:16:47,251 So, it just stands to reason, purely by common sense, 1257 01:16:47,335 --> 01:16:51,502 the less you disturb it, the better off things will be. 1258 01:17:03,502 --> 01:17:09,085 DiCaprio: We have the solutions at hand, but the question still remains. 1259 01:17:09,168 --> 01:17:14,960 Can we mobilize and take collective action before it's too late? 1260 01:17:15,043 --> 01:17:18,126 Wadhams: There isn't the oomph in the world to do this. 1261 01:17:18,210 --> 01:17:21,585 They talk about, with the Paris Agreement, 1262 01:17:21,669 --> 01:17:24,877 how we must reduce our carbon emissions 1263 01:17:24,960 --> 01:17:28,460 and to keep temperature rise at some low level, 1264 01:17:28,543 --> 01:17:31,877 but in fact, of course, we won't be able to do that. 1265 01:17:33,794 --> 01:17:35,877 The technology that can save us is something 1266 01:17:35,960 --> 01:17:39,210 that would take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. 1267 01:17:41,418 --> 01:17:43,293 So it ought to be obvious 1268 01:17:43,377 --> 01:17:46,710 that the biggest research effort that man is involved in 1269 01:17:46,794 --> 01:17:50,877 should be to develop direct air capture methods that work. 1270 01:17:52,960 --> 01:17:55,335 If we do that, then we can save the world, 1271 01:17:55,418 --> 01:17:57,794 and so why don't we do it? 1272 01:18:08,960 --> 01:18:11,460 Christof Gebald: Direct air capture is machines 1273 01:18:11,543 --> 01:18:15,168 which take in ambient air and extract the CO2 from this air. 1274 01:18:15,251 --> 01:18:18,669 For the last ten years, we have been working on direct air capture, 1275 01:18:18,752 --> 01:18:22,794 with the goal of making it with the least possible energy impact, 1276 01:18:22,877 --> 01:18:24,960 and ultimately with the best economics. 1277 01:18:25,043 --> 01:18:28,835 This machine consists of four 40-foot shipping containers, 1278 01:18:28,919 --> 01:18:31,543 and can be any size, there is no limit to it. 1279 01:18:31,627 --> 01:18:33,543 So we take in the ambient air here. 1280 01:18:33,627 --> 01:18:37,126 And inside, we have our filter structure. 1281 01:18:39,335 --> 01:18:41,960 We get the waste heat of the waste incinerated 1282 01:18:42,043 --> 01:18:43,293 to drive this plant. 1283 01:18:44,335 --> 01:18:46,043 Once the CO2 is captured, 1284 01:18:46,126 --> 01:18:48,710 this gas is then going to a greenhouse, 1285 01:18:48,794 --> 01:18:51,043 and this greenhouse is using the CO2 1286 01:18:51,126 --> 01:18:53,085 to increase the CO2 concentration 1287 01:18:53,168 --> 01:18:55,418 in the atmosphere of the greenhouse. 1288 01:18:55,502 --> 01:18:58,543 Which is done already nowadays, but with fossil CO2, 1289 01:18:58,627 --> 01:19:01,960 and from tomorrow on, they're going to use atmospheric CO2. 1290 01:19:05,919 --> 01:19:08,710 This plant will allow to close a carbon cycle. 1291 01:19:08,794 --> 01:19:11,710 So, of course, the CO2 goes into the greenhouse, 1292 01:19:11,794 --> 01:19:14,460 and goes to the tomatoes and cucumbers, 1293 01:19:14,543 --> 01:19:17,502 and once we eat them, the CO2 goes back to the atmosphere. 1294 01:19:17,585 --> 01:19:20,418 But since we recapture the CO2 from the atmosphere, 1295 01:19:20,502 --> 01:19:21,877 it's a closed cycle. 1296 01:19:21,960 --> 01:19:25,418 So, this can be a missing piece of the pie 1297 01:19:25,502 --> 01:19:28,919 in order to close a global carbon cycle 1298 01:19:29,001 --> 01:19:31,502 in the energy or transportation sector. 1299 01:19:34,627 --> 01:19:37,794 So, besides using CO2 in a greenhouse like this, 1300 01:19:37,877 --> 01:19:40,919 we can take CO2, we can take water, 1301 01:19:41,001 --> 01:19:42,627 and we can take renewable energy. 1302 01:19:42,710 --> 01:19:46,835 We can again produce fuels-- for example, jet fuel. 1303 01:19:46,919 --> 01:19:51,627 In order to capture 1% of global CO2 emissions, 1304 01:19:51,710 --> 01:19:55,543 we would need roughly 300,000 of the plants behind me, 1305 01:19:55,627 --> 01:19:57,585 which is of course a very high number. 1306 01:19:57,669 --> 01:20:00,627 But if you compare this to existing infrastructures, 1307 01:20:00,710 --> 01:20:03,126 it's a scale which humanity can handle. 1308 01:20:03,210 --> 01:20:07,001 So, it's definitely an achievable goal. 1309 01:20:12,085 --> 01:20:15,835 The next project is to bring a plant to Iceland 1310 01:20:15,919 --> 01:20:18,043 to capture CO2 from the air 1311 01:20:18,126 --> 01:20:22,418 and sequester the CO2 underground. 1312 01:20:22,502 --> 01:20:26,460 And in two hours, you literally turn CO2 into a stone, 1313 01:20:26,543 --> 01:20:30,085 which stores it in a permanent and safe manner. 1314 01:20:32,835 --> 01:20:36,710 In order to run the plant, we would use geothermal heat. 1315 01:20:38,502 --> 01:20:40,669 There's an abundance of it on Iceland, 1316 01:20:40,752 --> 01:20:43,752 therefore we would have low carbon footprint energy 1317 01:20:43,835 --> 01:20:46,168 available to drive the machine. 1318 01:20:46,251 --> 01:20:48,085 Jan Wurzbacher: So, today is a very special day. 1319 01:20:48,168 --> 01:20:52,168 We have brought CO2 capture plant up here to Iceland. 1320 01:20:52,251 --> 01:20:54,669 And we are taking CO2 out of the air, 1321 01:20:54,752 --> 01:20:56,960 and then pumping it underground, 1322 01:20:57,043 --> 01:20:59,752 storing it in the basalt rock formation 1323 01:20:59,835 --> 01:21:01,293 within the CarbFix project. 1324 01:21:01,377 --> 01:21:03,043 So, we extract CO2 from the air 1325 01:21:03,126 --> 01:21:06,377 and permanently remove it by turning it into rock. 1326 01:21:06,460 --> 01:21:08,669 And yesterday night was the first time 1327 01:21:08,752 --> 01:21:12,377 that atmospheric CO2 was injected into the ground. 1328 01:21:12,460 --> 01:21:14,835 We can go up to thousands, ten thousands, 1329 01:21:14,919 --> 01:21:18,293 hundred thousands, and even up to millions of tons of CO2 1330 01:21:18,377 --> 01:21:21,585 per year that can be extracted from the atmosphere. 1331 01:21:21,669 --> 01:21:23,210 That is actually, to our knowledge, 1332 01:21:23,293 --> 01:21:25,001 the first time ever in the world 1333 01:21:25,085 --> 01:21:26,835 that direct air capture of CO2 1334 01:21:26,919 --> 01:21:29,919 has been combined with underground safe 1335 01:21:30,001 --> 01:21:32,085 and permanent storage of CO2. 1336 01:21:35,335 --> 01:21:38,710 Benyus: Yeah, it's a new relationship with carbon. 1337 01:21:38,794 --> 01:21:40,210 Why can't we find a way 1338 01:21:40,293 --> 01:21:42,001 to make it an ingredient for something? 1339 01:21:42,085 --> 01:21:43,877 Why can't we put it in our plastics 1340 01:21:43,960 --> 01:21:45,418 or in our building materials? 1341 01:21:45,502 --> 01:21:48,043 Or through the help of carbon dioxide chemistry, 1342 01:21:48,126 --> 01:21:51,502 turning carbon dioxide into the things that we need every day? 1343 01:22:07,168 --> 01:22:12,418 I'm Daniel Nocera, the Patterson-Rockwood professor of energy at Harvard University. 1344 01:22:12,502 --> 01:22:16,418 These are my labs, the labs where we invented 1345 01:22:16,502 --> 01:22:18,835 the artificial leaf and the bionic leaf. 1346 01:22:18,919 --> 01:22:23,835 And what they do is a complete photosynthesis. 1347 01:22:23,919 --> 01:22:28,835 Sunlight, air and water, to fuels and food. 1348 01:22:30,335 --> 01:22:32,377 Think about photosynthesis. 1349 01:22:32,460 --> 01:22:35,585 If you think about what it really does, 1350 01:22:35,669 --> 01:22:38,001 it's the building block of life, 1351 01:22:38,085 --> 01:22:40,085 and its building blocks, literally, 1352 01:22:40,168 --> 01:22:44,627 are CO2, water, and sunlight. 1353 01:22:44,710 --> 01:22:47,877 And we build all of this, like this, 1354 01:22:47,960 --> 01:22:53,210 wood and food, and starch, and biomass. 1355 01:22:53,293 --> 01:22:56,335 That's a remarkable transformation. 1356 01:22:56,418 --> 01:23:00,502 This photosynthetic process, it's very complex, 1357 01:23:00,585 --> 01:23:02,794 but we really listen to nature. 1358 01:23:02,877 --> 01:23:05,627 And that, we finally ended up doing in 30 years. 1359 01:23:05,710 --> 01:23:08,335 And something that makes us really happy, 1360 01:23:08,418 --> 01:23:11,835 not only can I say yes, we can do it artificially, 1361 01:23:11,919 --> 01:23:15,794 I can do it ten times better than photosynthesis. 1362 01:23:15,877 --> 01:23:19,919 We made special catalysts that coated the artificial leaf, 1363 01:23:20,001 --> 01:23:23,752 and then they would split water to hydrogen and oxygen. 1364 01:23:23,835 --> 01:23:27,502 The second part of the invention is the bionic leaf. 1365 01:23:27,585 --> 01:23:30,835 It takes the hydrogen from the bacteria 1366 01:23:30,919 --> 01:23:32,669 and then it makes fuels. 1367 01:23:32,752 --> 01:23:36,210 And so, depending on what genes I put into the bacteria, 1368 01:23:36,293 --> 01:23:39,585 I could have the bacteria make materials, 1369 01:23:39,669 --> 01:23:41,335 they could make drugs. 1370 01:23:41,418 --> 01:23:44,460 We've shown they can make fertilizer. 1371 01:23:44,543 --> 01:23:47,669 We can work out of any water source, 1372 01:23:47,752 --> 01:23:51,460 including natural waters, sea water. 1373 01:23:51,543 --> 01:23:53,460 As long as you have my artificial leaf, 1374 01:23:53,543 --> 01:23:55,835 you can do it in your backyard. 1375 01:23:55,919 --> 01:24:00,919 We don't need to dig what's been down there and release more CO2. 1376 01:24:01,001 --> 01:24:03,960 The artificial leaf, working with the bionic leaf, 1377 01:24:04,043 --> 01:24:06,418 takes the CO2 out of the atmosphere, 1378 01:24:06,502 --> 01:24:08,877 uses sunlight and water, and we make fuel. 1379 01:24:09,001 --> 01:24:14,293 So, we don't add any more to the atmosphere, any more CO2. 1380 01:24:14,377 --> 01:24:18,543 And it's another issue, because the cost I'm up against, 1381 01:24:18,627 --> 01:24:22,919 the developed world has spent tens of trillions of dollars 1382 01:24:23,001 --> 01:24:24,418 to build what they now use. 1383 01:24:24,502 --> 01:24:26,168 It's kind of hard to walk away from 1384 01:24:26,251 --> 01:24:28,627 a multi-trillion dollar investment 1385 01:24:28,710 --> 01:24:29,877 that you've paid off. 1386 01:24:29,960 --> 01:24:31,752 So, that's what it's all about. 1387 01:24:31,835 --> 01:24:37,001 Therefore, you need policy and you need good partnership. 1388 01:24:37,085 --> 01:24:42,460 And the public informing them that they have options, 1389 01:24:42,543 --> 01:24:46,293 and that there can be this different world. 1390 01:24:50,335 --> 01:24:53,043 DiCaprio: This new world can be sustainable, 1391 01:24:53,126 --> 01:24:55,335 innovative, and profitable. 1392 01:24:55,418 --> 01:24:58,877 The green economy is creating millions of jobs, 1393 01:24:58,960 --> 01:25:01,085 and will create millions more. 1394 01:25:01,168 --> 01:25:03,210 It matches and will surpass 1395 01:25:03,293 --> 01:25:06,460 the economy of the fossil fuel industry. 1396 01:25:06,543 --> 01:25:09,418 The challenge to reverse climate disruption 1397 01:25:09,502 --> 01:25:12,585 opens up opportunity for everyone. 1398 01:25:12,669 --> 01:25:17,293 It is now more profitable than ever to be green. 1399 01:25:21,293 --> 01:25:22,919 Hawken: Up until recently, 1400 01:25:23,001 --> 01:25:27,251 the profit you could make from creating the problem 1401 01:25:27,335 --> 01:25:30,210 was greater than the profit 1402 01:25:30,293 --> 01:25:31,835 you could make from the solutions. 1403 01:25:31,960 --> 01:25:34,377 So, the solutions had to be done with subsidies, 1404 01:25:34,460 --> 01:25:36,752 which were rare and non-existent, 1405 01:25:36,835 --> 01:25:40,085 or altruism, or faith. 1406 01:25:40,168 --> 01:25:42,627 But people who are making the problems were raking it in, 1407 01:25:42,710 --> 01:25:44,293 raking it in, raking it in. 1408 01:25:44,377 --> 01:25:46,418 And I think we're at a crossover 1409 01:25:46,502 --> 01:25:49,710 where actually the profit you can make from the solutions 1410 01:25:49,794 --> 01:25:52,210 is greater than the profit from the problems. 1411 01:25:52,293 --> 01:25:54,543 And that is not well understood. 1412 01:25:54,627 --> 01:25:57,085 So it's not that altruism need not apply, 1413 01:25:57,168 --> 01:25:58,460 it's a great thing. 1414 01:25:58,543 --> 01:26:01,251 But actually, altruism will not be needed 1415 01:26:01,335 --> 01:26:04,835 in order to move towards a world where we reverse global warming, 1416 01:26:04,919 --> 01:26:07,877 because in fact, it's less expensive. 1417 01:26:07,960 --> 01:26:12,168 It's more profitable, more beneficial, more jobs. 1418 01:26:12,251 --> 01:26:14,794 It's the most amazing thing that's happened 1419 01:26:14,877 --> 01:26:16,460 in the last few years, 1420 01:26:16,543 --> 01:26:19,001 and it's going to do nothing but increase 1421 01:26:19,085 --> 01:26:20,335 as the years go by, 1422 01:26:20,418 --> 01:26:22,710 because engineers and designers, 1423 01:26:22,794 --> 01:26:25,043 and basically who are unknown and unnamed, 1424 01:26:25,126 --> 01:26:28,168 have been working diligently, and are working diligently 1425 01:26:28,251 --> 01:26:32,168 to reinvent a new way of being a human being 1426 01:26:32,251 --> 01:26:34,085 relating to this planet. 1427 01:26:53,126 --> 01:26:56,794 James Murray: In Orkney, we have a really strong maritime tradition. 1428 01:26:56,877 --> 01:27:01,043 And since the '70s, the oil and gas industry in Aberdeen 1429 01:27:01,126 --> 01:27:03,377 has been a major contributor to the local economy, 1430 01:27:03,460 --> 01:27:05,627 providing tens and thousands of jobs. 1431 01:27:05,710 --> 01:27:07,293 But really, in the last few years, 1432 01:27:07,377 --> 01:27:08,627 we've seen quite a big downturn 1433 01:27:08,710 --> 01:27:10,543 in terms of the oil and gas industry 1434 01:27:10,627 --> 01:27:12,085 and the price of oil. 1435 01:27:12,168 --> 01:27:14,752 But we've got lots of really experienced people 1436 01:27:14,835 --> 01:27:17,210 in offshore operations on our doorstep, 1437 01:27:17,293 --> 01:27:20,126 and they're finding new jobs in offshore renewables 1438 01:27:20,210 --> 01:27:22,001 and companies such as ourselves. 1439 01:27:25,293 --> 01:27:29,043 Tidal energy is almost an entirely untapped resource. 1440 01:27:29,126 --> 01:27:31,043 We think we have the potential around the world 1441 01:27:31,126 --> 01:27:34,669 for about 100 gigawatts of capacity, perhaps more. 1442 01:27:34,752 --> 01:27:37,835 And what that equates to is a low-carbon energy 1443 01:27:37,919 --> 01:27:40,669 for millions and millions of homes. 1444 01:27:43,001 --> 01:27:45,460 What we've got here is the world's most powerful 1445 01:27:45,543 --> 01:27:48,085 floating tidal energy generator. 1446 01:27:48,168 --> 01:27:49,919 We've got a floating platform 1447 01:27:50,001 --> 01:27:52,168 to which two rotors are mounted. 1448 01:27:57,043 --> 01:27:59,085 Worker: We start with the rotors turning, 1449 01:27:59,168 --> 01:28:00,669 which produces electricity, 1450 01:28:00,752 --> 01:28:02,377 which comes back up into the machine 1451 01:28:02,460 --> 01:28:03,752 where it's conditioned, 1452 01:28:03,835 --> 01:28:08,335 and then it gets transformed, and stepped up, 1453 01:28:08,418 --> 01:28:11,001 and fed back into the grid. 1454 01:28:11,085 --> 01:28:13,001 Murray: It's like a wind turbine on its side 1455 01:28:13,085 --> 01:28:15,418 with two rotors instead of one. 1456 01:28:15,502 --> 01:28:19,418 Chris Milne: Two weeks ago, we had great success. 1457 01:28:19,502 --> 01:28:23,418 First period of 24-hour continuous generation from the device. 1458 01:28:23,502 --> 01:28:27,126 It actually operated beyond expectations. 1459 01:28:27,210 --> 01:28:30,794 The device itself generated over 18 megawatt-hours of power 1460 01:28:30,877 --> 01:28:33,085 in that 24-hour period. 1461 01:28:33,168 --> 01:28:36,460 We're converging on more traditional methods 1462 01:28:36,543 --> 01:28:37,960 of renewable generation, 1463 01:28:38,043 --> 01:28:40,794 and really putting tidal out there 1464 01:28:40,877 --> 01:28:43,460 as a real competitive technology across the world 1465 01:28:43,543 --> 01:28:45,335 and the world's generation needs. 1466 01:28:47,377 --> 01:28:50,919 The tidal turbine is, it's 63 meters long in total. 1467 01:28:51,001 --> 01:28:53,627 We do all the power conversion within the device itself, 1468 01:28:53,710 --> 01:28:55,627 and it's ready, then, for export 1469 01:28:55,710 --> 01:28:57,794 right into the UK electricity grid. 1470 01:28:57,877 --> 01:29:01,835 So, you know, we're aiming for tens of thousands 1471 01:29:01,919 --> 01:29:03,919 of these tidal turbines, 1472 01:29:04,001 --> 01:29:05,669 but this, you know, fully integrated system 1473 01:29:05,752 --> 01:29:08,752 for producing low carbon energy, so we're very excited about it. 1474 01:29:11,919 --> 01:29:14,627 Neil Kermode: So, EMEC was set up as a testing laboratory, 1475 01:29:14,710 --> 01:29:17,168 because we know that there's a huge amount of energy 1476 01:29:17,251 --> 01:29:20,043 in the oceans all around the world, 1477 01:29:20,126 --> 01:29:22,669 and we're trying to find a way to harvest it. 1478 01:29:22,752 --> 01:29:25,835 And so, we realized that one of the most important things 1479 01:29:25,919 --> 01:29:28,251 was to have a test center which would allow us 1480 01:29:28,335 --> 01:29:30,335 to find out how to do this properly. 1481 01:29:30,418 --> 01:29:32,752 So, what we've got is a site here 1482 01:29:32,835 --> 01:29:34,835 where we've got cables that are out in the sea 1483 01:29:34,919 --> 01:29:37,669 that allow developers of these machines 1484 01:29:37,752 --> 01:29:39,877 to put these machines on to our cables, 1485 01:29:39,960 --> 01:29:43,377 and the electricity is then brought on to shore. 1486 01:29:43,460 --> 01:29:45,585 And that then feeds into our national grid. 1487 01:29:45,669 --> 01:29:47,085 So, this is real. 1488 01:29:47,168 --> 01:29:49,794 This is making electricity out of seawater. 1489 01:29:51,710 --> 01:29:54,126 So, at the moment, we've got a device called the Penguin, 1490 01:29:54,210 --> 01:29:56,335 and that's by a company called Wello Oy, 1491 01:29:56,418 --> 01:29:57,960 and their machine is effectively 1492 01:29:58,043 --> 01:30:01,293 a large pendulum inside a ship. 1493 01:30:01,377 --> 01:30:02,710 And as the ship moves, 1494 01:30:02,794 --> 01:30:04,543 this pendulum turns horizontally, 1495 01:30:04,627 --> 01:30:06,710 and that then generates electricity. 1496 01:30:06,794 --> 01:30:08,210 The sea is unrelenting, 1497 01:30:08,293 --> 01:30:10,377 and it will really try and damage equipment. 1498 01:30:10,460 --> 01:30:13,043 So, making the equipment as reliable, robust, 1499 01:30:13,126 --> 01:30:15,752 efficient, cost-effective, all these things 1500 01:30:15,835 --> 01:30:17,502 are the things that people are grappling with. 1501 01:30:17,585 --> 01:30:19,043 But the really clever thing is, 1502 01:30:19,126 --> 01:30:20,710 we have done that piece of alchemy. 1503 01:30:20,794 --> 01:30:22,960 We've actually turned seawater into electricity. 1504 01:30:23,043 --> 01:30:26,460 And that really is huge, because people are worried about 1505 01:30:26,543 --> 01:30:28,126 whether you can do this or not for years, 1506 01:30:28,210 --> 01:30:29,418 and we've just shown you can. 1507 01:30:29,502 --> 01:30:31,543 And that's a big step forward. 1508 01:30:55,585 --> 01:30:58,460 Lund Myhre: No one can say that the scientist has not warned, 1509 01:30:58,543 --> 01:31:03,085 has not told that we have to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases. 1510 01:31:03,168 --> 01:31:04,835 That should be clear to many. 1511 01:31:04,919 --> 01:31:06,210 How much farther can we go? 1512 01:31:06,293 --> 01:31:07,752 How many more tipping points can we go 1513 01:31:07,835 --> 01:31:09,335 before we hit a tipping point 1514 01:31:09,418 --> 01:31:12,752 from which our civilization cannot recover, 1515 01:31:12,835 --> 01:31:15,418 or from which the life of this planet, 1516 01:31:15,502 --> 01:31:18,335 or a large portion of the life on this planet cannot recover? 1517 01:31:18,418 --> 01:31:21,460 We cannot allow ourselves to reach those points. 1518 01:31:21,543 --> 01:31:23,043 And we're so damn close to it. 1519 01:31:23,126 --> 01:31:24,960 Smith: We're at a turning point. 1520 01:31:25,043 --> 01:31:28,460 Either we can stay the course and drown, burn, 1521 01:31:28,543 --> 01:31:30,293 and starve ourselves to death 1522 01:31:30,377 --> 01:31:32,293 in the face of the climate crisis, 1523 01:31:32,377 --> 01:31:35,543 or we can come together, we can innovate. 1524 01:31:37,001 --> 01:31:38,251 Hawken: Where do we stand? 1525 01:31:38,335 --> 01:31:40,794 Is it possible? Is it game over? 1526 01:31:40,877 --> 01:31:42,418 Or is it, in fact, game on, 1527 01:31:42,502 --> 01:31:44,627 which is that we have at hand 1528 01:31:44,710 --> 01:31:47,627 the ability, capacity, and solutions 1529 01:31:47,710 --> 01:31:49,418 that can reverse global warming, 1530 01:31:49,502 --> 01:31:52,293 not mitigate, not reduce, not stabilize, 1531 01:31:52,377 --> 01:31:54,168 but reverse? 1532 01:31:54,251 --> 01:31:55,835 When you make your goals bigger, 1533 01:31:55,919 --> 01:31:57,335 it opens up possibility. 1534 01:31:57,418 --> 01:31:59,377 It opens up imagination. 1535 01:31:59,460 --> 01:32:02,502 It opens up innovation. It doesn't foreclose. 1536 01:32:02,585 --> 01:32:04,502 It actually does the opposite. 1537 01:32:04,585 --> 01:32:07,794 And so, it's not that there's one solution, 1538 01:32:07,877 --> 01:32:11,710 but together, you can achieve drawdown 1539 01:32:11,794 --> 01:32:14,585 by doing 80% of the solutions. 1540 01:32:14,669 --> 01:32:18,502 Every one of them has so many cascading benefits, 1541 01:32:18,585 --> 01:32:20,502 makes a better world for everybody. 1542 01:32:20,585 --> 01:32:25,085 So, we don't lose by understanding 1543 01:32:25,168 --> 01:32:26,835 that climate change is happening 1544 01:32:26,919 --> 01:32:30,251 and responding to it, so what's the problem? 1545 01:32:37,460 --> 01:32:39,210 DiCaprio: We are the first generation 1546 01:32:39,293 --> 01:32:41,960 to see the advance of climate disruption, 1547 01:32:42,043 --> 01:32:45,460 and the last with a chance to fix it. 1548 01:32:45,543 --> 01:32:47,585 In spite of all this evidence, 1549 01:32:47,669 --> 01:32:50,126 we are currently burning fossil fuels 1550 01:32:50,210 --> 01:32:52,710 at an ever-increasing rate. 1551 01:32:52,794 --> 01:32:54,543 We have heard from the scientists 1552 01:32:54,627 --> 01:32:59,210 who have told us the truth based on actual research. 1553 01:32:59,293 --> 01:33:02,919 It is time to end the delay, to listen, 1554 01:33:03,001 --> 01:33:06,377 and to implement the solutions at hand. 1555 01:33:06,460 --> 01:33:11,043 Time is running out. The ice is melting. 1556 01:33:11,126 --> 01:33:14,919 Decisive action must be taken now. 1557 01:33:15,001 --> 01:33:17,460 There is no other option. 1558 01:33:17,543 --> 01:33:21,001 This moment is within our reach. 1559 01:33:21,085 --> 01:33:23,126 Let us grasp it. 1560 01:33:23,210 --> 01:33:26,627 It is up to us, each one of us, 1561 01:33:26,710 --> 01:33:31,960 to save this unique blue planet for generations to come. 1562 01:34:02,377 --> 01:34:07,043 ♪ Lord, if you're not listening ♪ 1563 01:34:07,126 --> 01:34:09,210 ♪ I'll stop praying ♪ 1564 01:34:11,377 --> 01:34:13,418 ♪ If you're not watching ♪ 1565 01:34:13,502 --> 01:34:17,835 ♪ Will you see me fall to my knees? ♪ 1566 01:34:20,085 --> 01:34:23,377 ♪ Lose it all ♪ 1567 01:34:26,835 --> 01:34:31,502 ♪ Lord, if I can't see it ♪ 1568 01:34:31,585 --> 01:34:34,085 ♪ I can't feel it ♪ 1569 01:34:35,919 --> 01:34:37,710 ♪ If I can't feel it ♪ 1570 01:34:37,794 --> 01:34:40,418 ♪ It's not happening ♪ 1571 01:34:42,418 --> 01:34:46,251 ♪ Love is light but ice keeps burning ♪ 1572 01:34:48,418 --> 01:34:52,794 ♪ Love and hope are just a fall ♪ 1573 01:34:52,877 --> 01:34:55,669 ♪ From your hill ♪ 1574 01:34:55,752 --> 01:35:00,585 ♪ Can you hear us calling again? ♪ 1575 01:35:03,794 --> 01:35:08,293 ♪ Lord, we're all lost ♪ 1576 01:35:08,377 --> 01:35:10,877 ♪ Is life worth living? ♪ 1577 01:35:13,043 --> 01:35:17,293 ♪ If you're not watching I'm not doing wrong ♪ 1578 01:35:19,085 --> 01:35:23,126 ♪ Hope and rain and ice is burning ♪ 1579 01:35:26,627 --> 01:35:31,293 ♪ Then you see us turn on a friend ♪ 1580 01:35:32,919 --> 01:35:37,627 ♪ Will you hear them calling again? ♪ 1581 01:35:41,210 --> 01:35:45,210 ♪ Lord, the world went dark ♪ 1582 01:35:45,293 --> 01:35:47,669 ♪ The wave came crashing ♪ 1583 01:35:49,585 --> 01:35:54,085 ♪ If we're all gone will you still carry on? ♪ 1584 01:35:55,877 --> 01:36:00,210 ♪ Love is light but ice keeps burning ♪ 1585 01:36:03,877 --> 01:36:08,877 ♪ Will you see us ride to the edge? ♪ 1586 01:36:10,752 --> 01:36:14,335 ♪ One last fall from the hill ♪ 1587 01:36:17,585 --> 01:36:20,418 ♪ Dear Lord ♪ 1588 01:36:20,502 --> 01:36:24,835 ♪ If you don't want me I'm not staying ♪ 1589 01:36:26,669 --> 01:36:30,669 ♪ Love is light light keeps burning ♪ 1590 01:36:33,085 --> 01:36:37,168 ♪ Let me know if I'm worth saving ♪ 1591 01:36:38,960 --> 01:36:41,377 ♪ We're almost gone ♪ 1592 01:36:41,460 --> 01:36:45,502 ♪ So if we fall again ♪ 1593 01:36:48,251 --> 01:36:51,085 ♪ Will you carry on? ♪ 1594 01:36:53,418 --> 01:36:58,377 ♪ If we're falling in ♪ 1595 01:36:58,460 --> 01:37:04,502 ♪ Will you catch us all? ♪ 1596 01:37:19,377 --> 01:37:25,585 ♪ Lord, just let me know if I'm worth saving ♪ 131611

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