All language subtitles for the.vietnam.war.2017.part06.720p.bluray.x264-brmp

This is 2-3 arriving.

We have them in sight and
we're engaging at present time.

Rogen.

Helicopters
are phenomenal machines.

You could float in the air.

You can be like God.

I flew below 500 feet.

Above 500 feet was a kill zone.

You better be below 200 feet,
the lower the better.

My job was to get shot at.

My job was to draw enemy fire.

I was a duck, a decoy.

I got shot at a lot.

I engaged the enemy a lot.

You're screaming as loud as you
can to try to cover up the sound

of the incoming bullets

because when they pass
by your ear

you could hear
the popping sound.

You don't hear the gunshot.

That a 50-caliber
just opened up on you,

shooting a half-inch
piece of lead flying at you...

And the aircraft was... vroom!

You're flying,
you're 90 degrees the other way

and you're-you're shooting
yourself down

because the rotor blades
are right in front of you

and you're trying
to keep the gun from jamming

because you're running around
like this.

And if your gun jams,
you're done.

Vietnam was the
first real helicopter war.

Helicopter pilots flew
more than 36 million sorties.

Their crews scattered propaganda
leaflets over the enemy

and poured lethal fire
into their positions;

carried troops and supplies
and artillery into battle;

and lifted the wounded off
the battlefield so swiftly

that most reached a field
hospital within 15 minutes.

Ron Ferrizzi, a policeman's son

from the Swampoodle neighborhood
of North Philadelphia,

got to Vietnam
in November of 1967.

He was a crew chief
in a scout helicopter

with the 1st Air Cavalry,

flying out of Landing Zone Two-
Bits in the Central Highlands.

One day, after returning
from a combat mission,

he was approached
by a journalist.

And there was this...

there was a beautiful woman.

You know, round eye woman...
statuesque, round eye woman

with nice hair
and she looked pretty.

Wow!

She said, "Can I ask you
a couple of questions?

"What was it like out there?

"How does it feel that
a SO-caliber just opened up

shooting a half-inch
piece of lead at you?"

When you... it's hard
to describe.

It's shitty.

I mean, isn't it... isn't it
apparent what it's like?

You want to know what it's like?

Go look at it.

Go out there.

Go see the bodies.

I was ready to whack her.

I wanted to blast her.

I was ready to... whoa!

"You want to know
what it's like?

"Boom! There it is.

"I'll give it to you right now!

"You want to feel it?
You want to see it?

"I'll give it to you
if that's what you want.

Is that what you want?"

I don't want to tell you
what it's like

because I don't want
to remember it.

That's the insanity
that it brings out.

The enemy has been
defeated in battle after battle.

He continues to hope that
America's will to persevere

can be broken.

Well, he is wrong.

# Summer... #

1968 would prove
to be a watershed year

in the history of the Vietnam
War and the United States.

As the year began,

there were 485,600
American troops in Vietnam

and American leaders promised

that victory was finally
in sight,

that there really was "light
at the end of the tunnel."

# Don't you cry... #

But then, North Vietnam
would mount a massive offensive

that would result in
a terrible defeat for them,

that in the long run
would turn out to have been

a still-greater victory.

America itself would be
convulsed by assassinations

and battles in the streets
over the war and civil rights.

An American president,

a master politician used
to getting things done,

would continue to find himself
besieged by problems

he could not solve.

# You're gonna rise... #

Robert Kennedy, the
brother of the slain president

who had escalated
American presence in Vietnam,

wrote an editorial that year
that seemed to speak for many.

"Mere anarchy is loosed upon
the world," he said,

quoting the poet
William Butler Yeats.

"Things fall apart;
the center cannot hold."

# No, no, no, don't you cry #

# Cry. #

General Westmoreland,
when you said

that you'd never been more
encouraged

in the four years
that you have been in Vietnam,

some critics, on the other hand,

have never been more
discouraged.

I wonder if you could detail
one or two or three things

that cause you
to be so encouraged.

I could quote a number
of meaningful statistics

such as the roads
that are being opened,

increasing number of enemy
that have been killed

and other statistical
information,

which suggests
that we are making progress

and we are winning.

And I find an attitude of
confidence and growing optimism.

It prevails
all over the country.

And, to me, this is the most
significant evidence

I can give you that constant,
real progress is being made.

On the evening
of January 1, 1968,

Ho Chi Minh broadcast
a poem over Radio Hanoi.

Communist
commanders took this to mean

that the ultimate battle,

the General Offensive
and General Uprising

they had been planning
for months, was imminent.

Party First Secretary Le Duan,

who had insisted
on the offensive

and had purged those opposed,

believed it would finally
bring about an end to the war.

Viet Cong units supported
by North Vietnamese troops

were to simultaneously
attack cities and bases

all over the South.

Le Duan promised those troops
that when the fighting started,

the people of South Vietnam
would rise up

and overthrow
the Saigon government,

just as the Vietnamese had risen
up against the Japanese

in August of 1945.

With Saigon defeated, the
Americans would have no choice

but to withdraw from Vietnam.

The surprise attacks would begin
at the end of the month,

at the start of the Lunar New
Year celebration called Tet.

The Viet Cong
were already infiltrating

scores of cities and towns.

Tens of thousands
of North Vietnamese troops

were now in place
in South Vietnam.

Tons of smuggled Chinese
and Soviet-made weapons

had been spirited towards
intended targets in sampans

and flower carts and
false-bottomed trucks,

and then buried in paddy fields
and garbage dumps and cemeteries

until the moment came
for them to be retrieved.

More than
10,000 American military

and civilian intelligence
officers were at work

in South Vietnam,

and here and there,
hints of what was to come

filtered up the chain
of command.

Enemy units were moving around
in inexplicable ways;

captured enemy reports described
coming attacks

on different cities;

11 agents were caught
in the city of Qui Nhon

carrying prerecorded tapes
calling on the local people

to rise up against
the Saigon government.

All of these things
were saying to us,

"Something's going to happen."

But we don't know exactly what.

General
Westmoreland thought he knew.

"I believe that the enemy
will attempt

a country-wide show of strength
just prior to Tet,"

he cabled Washington, "with Khe
Sanh being the main event."

Some 30,000 North Vietnamese
troops had gathered

near Khe Sanh, the westernmost
strongpoint below the DMZ

that was being held
by just 6,000 Marines.

Westmoreland believed North
Vietnam wanted to isolate

and annihilate
the U.S. forces there,

just as the Viet Minh had done
to the French at Dien Bien Phu

14 years earlier.

Enemy attacks elsewhere,
Westmoreland was sure,

would only be a diversion.

One American general, Frederick
C. Weyand, was not so sure.

He was able to persuade
Westmoreland to let him pull

half his troops back
from the Cambodian border

to take up defensive positions
outside Saigon just in case.

This is an
underground bunker at Khe Sanh,

one of two cement havens left

from the earlier days of the war

when the Special Forces
held this base.

It is dark, dank, dreary.

You feel something in the air,
about the buildup.

I don't know, you could...

you could almost feel them
working around you at night.

Who?

Uh, the NVA.

On January 21,

the North Vietnamese began
shelling Khe Sanh.

CAO XUAN DAY.

When he learned
of the attack on Khe Sanh,

Lyndon Johnson made
the Joint Chiefs sign a pledge

that the base would never fall.

"I don't want any damn
'Dinbinphoo,"' he said.

The president had a scale-model
of the battlefield installed

in the White House so that he
could follow the fighting there

hour by hour.

But Westmoreland's and
Johnson's basic assumption was wrong.

Khe Sanh was the sideshow;

the attacks on cities and towns
that were about to begin

throughout South Vietnam
would be the main event.

But First Secretary Le Duan's
basic assumptions

were about to be tested, too.

For the coming offensive
to succeed,

the South Vietnamese Army, the
ARVN, would have to collapse,

and the people of the South

would have to join
the revolution.

"All our thinking was
focused on finishing off the enemy,"

one North Vietnamese general
remembered.

"We were intoxicated
by that thought."

Okay, we've got our
three wounded GIs on board.

At least one of them
is hit pretty bad.

Medic's got a busy, busy few
minutes ahead of him

before we get back.

As the date for the
Tet Offensive approached,

the war continued for the
hundreds of thousands

of Americans in country.

I did see the reality of war,

a real education
for a young doctor.

The war seemed to be going very
well from our point of view.

The war seemed to be going
just fine, thank you.

Captain Hal Kushner was
a 26-year-old recent graduate

of medical school
from Danville, Virginia.

The father of
a three-year-old girl,

with another baby on the way,

he had volunteered to serve
in Vietnam

and became a flight surgeon
with the 1st Air Cavalry.

And I was supposed to give

a lecture on the dangers
of night flying, ironically.

And I did.

We had terrible
weather that night.

And it was dark and it was rainy
and it was windy.

As we were flying

I saw that we had drifted west
of the highway.

And I knew that was wrong.

In the fog and rain,

Kushner's helicopter slammed
into a mountain.

And the next thing I knew

I was hanging upside down
in a burning helicopter.

Major Porcella was dead.

I just jumped away
from the helicopter,

and it just went whoosh,
and it just burned up.

There was an M60 machine gun
on the helicopter

and the rounds had... cooking
off and it was exploding.

And one or several of the rounds
went through my shoulder,

my left shoulder.

On the ground I saw
Warrant Officer Bedworth.

And he was hurt very badly.

I took some branches
and splinted his leg.

So the rule is you wait with the
aircraft until you get rescued.

And we just sat there.

So we waited one day.

We waited two days.

We had no food or water.

On the morning of the
third day, Bedworth died.

And he just slipped away.

It was very, very sad.

And I thought that my best
choice was to leave the aircraft

and try to go down the mountain.

It took the
wounded Kushner four hours

to stagger down the hill.

When he finally reached level
ground, he looked back up

and saw two American helicopters
hovering above the crash site.

Their pilots did not see him.

And I saw this peasant
working in a rice paddy.

And he saw me.

And I had captain's bars and
a Caduceus, a medical symbol,

on my collar.

And he said.

Captain, doctor.

He took me about another mile to
a little hooch, a little house,

and he sat me down
on the front of it

and he brought out a can
of condensed milk.

And as I was eating the stuff...

it was just the best stuff I've
ever eaten in my whole life...

I hear another person say,.

"Surrender, no kill."

There was a squad
of Viet Cong there.

And I put my one arm up.

And he shot me
with an M2 carbine.

And I think he was more nervous
than I was.

And he shot me right
where the M60 had shot me.

And it went right through
my neck and came out the back.

And they tied my arms
very tightly in commo wire.

He went through my wallet and he
took my Geneva Convention card,

which was white
with a red cross.

And he tore it up.

And he said, in English,
"No P.O.W.

Criminal.
Criminal."

So then they took my boots.

And we started marching.

And then we walked for a month.

30 days, almost always at night.

And my feet were just lacerated.

I didn't think
I could possibly survive.

By January 30,

an informal 36-hour truce
for Tet was in effect.

Thousands of ARVN troops had
gone home for the holiday.

The enemy had not.

That same day,
Marine Corporal Roger Harris

was scheduled
to fly out of Vietnam.

His 13-month tour was over.

But he and his unit were
still hunkered down

under constant shelling at Camp
Carroll, just south of the DMZ.

Well, once I had
my orders, you know,

I said goodbye
to all my friends.

And then I went over
to the landing zone.

So when the helicopters come in,

I put the body bags
on the helicopter.

And I got on with the bodies.

We landed in Dong Ha,
which was division headquarters.

And we got about 200 meters
from the airstrip,

the airstrip started
getting hit.

I'm just thinking
personally that God realizes

that he made a mistake because
some of the guys that got killed

that were with me were good
Christians that never had sex,

didn't swear, you know.

And, you know,
I had been this sinner.

And I'm thinking
God realized he made a mistake.

He killed the Christians
and I got away.

And so now
Death is following me.

And they told us
that in another hour or so

a plane was going to come in.

When it came in, then the
artillery started coming in.

And we jumped on and took off.

And it landed in Danang.

And then the sun came up
and we went to the airstrip

and we boarded airplanes.

And we were sitting there.

Everybody's giving each other
pounds and slapping five.

We made it.

And then all of a sudden...

Danang airstrip starts getting
hit, artillery's coming in.

And I'm thinking,
"It's all coming after me."

It's all about me, you know.

God doesn't want me to make it
out of here.

In the early morning
hours of January 31, 1968,

84,000 Viet Cong and North
Vietnamese troops attacked

36 of South Vietnam's
44 provincial capitals,

dozens of American and ARVN
military bases

and the six largest cities
in the country,

including Hue, Danang,
and Saigon.

Their goal, their commanders
told them,

was to "crack the sky
and shake the earth."

In Saigon, General Westmoreland
mistook the first explosions

as holiday firecrackers.

His deputy commander,
General Creighton W. Abrams,

was asleep, and his aides did
not bother to wake him.

Not a single top commander was
present at "Pentagon East,"

the sprawling MACV headquarters
at Tan Son Nhut Air Base

on the outskirts of Saigon,

when mortars and rockets began
cratering the runways.

It's moving.

Viet Cong soldiers spread
out to attack specific targets

in and around the capital.

The war had come to the streets
of Saigon.

Had General Weyand not insisted
on stationing troops

around the city,

Saigon itself would have been
in far greater danger.

We heard gunfire

and our first reaction was,
"Must be another coup d'état."

And then we heard that the
Viet Cong had attacked Saigon

and were still attacking.

It came as a total shock
because we always thought

Saigon was safe, the safest
place in all of South Vietnam.

One Viet Cong squad made it

all the way to the
Presidential Palace,

but was stopped by
South Vietnamese tanks.

The survivors holed up in
a building across the street

and were shot by ARVN troops
and American MPs.

All over Saigon, nothing was
going according to plan.

Viet Cong units were taking
heavy losses from U.S. troops

and determined South Vietnamese
forces.

This is the main
Vietnamese language radio station

in Saigon.

And right now there are an
undisclosed number of VC inside

occupying the station.

The Viet Cong managed to seize

South Vietnam's national
radio station

and prepared to broadcast a
taped message from Ho Chi Minh

calling upon the people
to rise up.

But a technician radioed
to the transmitting tower

to cut them off and broadcast
Viennese waltzes

and Beatles songs instead.

# Turn off your mind, relax,
and float downstream #

# It is not dying #

# But listen to the color
of your dreams #

# It is not living,
it is not living #

The Saigon suburb of
Bien Hoa was under attack, too.

Enemy forces were assaulting
both the airbase there

and Long Binh,

the largest American
installation in Vietnam.

There were VC moving on
the house, moving everywhere.

A lot of shooting,
a lot of confusion going on.

And we were shooting
out the window.

And my wife was reloading.

When we ran out of ammunition,
we'd sli...

slide the magazine
down the tiles

and she was down there
at the other end

filling 'em up
and sliding 'em back.

Viet Cong commandos
managed to slip through the wire

at Long Binh and blow up
a huge ammunition dump.

A mushroom cloud rose above
the airfield,

so vast that some of the
Americans thought there had been

a nuclear explosion.

The blast blew off the door
of Brady's building.

They went up against
the wire in Long Binh

and paid a frightful price.

There were just layers
of bodies.

The Americans
just cut them down.

Hi, this is Johnny Carson.

As you know, this is
the usual starting time

for the Tonight Show.

But because of the critical
war situation in Vietnam,

especially around Saigon,
NBC, for the next 15 minutes,

is going to bring you a special
news program via satellite.

Just after midnight their time,

a band of Viet Cong raiders
blew up a power installation

and attacked two police stations
in Saigon.

It all amounts to the most
ambitious series

of communist attacks
yet mounted,

spreading violence into at least
ten provincial capitals,

plus American air bases
and civilian installations

stretching the entire
length of the country.

None had greater
psychological impact

than the assault on the
American embassy in Saigon.

In the first few
hours of the fighting,

19 specially trained commandos
had blasted their way

into the sprawling compound
of the United States embassy.

There's a... there's a
rush, they're rushing the embassy.

That's fire coming from the
other side of the street now,

outside the embassy.

They're exchanging
across the street.

You can see the tracer
bullets going past.

That's outside the embassy.

Uh, this is Waco, roger.

Uh, can you get in
the gates now?

Are the gates open and
can you take a force in there

and clean out
that embassy right now?

Apparently the Viet Cong
are trapped in the basement

of this side building,
an incredible situation.

Heavy firing,
incoming and outgoing.

Don North, ABC News,
at the U.S. embassy, in Saigon.

All of the intruders were
eventually killed or captured.

What a sight.

A small frog hopping through
a pool of blood

that's issuing from the head
of a Viet Cong,

lying on the green grassy lawn
of the U.S. embassy.

An American Marine
and four Army MPs were killed

at the embassy.

General, how would you assess

yesterday's activities
and today's?

What is the enemy doing?
Are these major attacks?

Or...

That's E.O.D. setting off a
couple of M-79 duds, I believe.

The enemy, very deceitfully,

has taken advantage
of the Tet truce,

in order to, uh... create
maximum consternation.

In my opinion,
this is diversionary...

Early wire service
dispatches reported incorrectly

that the Viet Cong had made it
inside the embassy itself.

Embassy ID cards were
found on some of the Viet Cong.

And the first
television footage did little

to reassure the American public.

Is Saigon secure right now?

Saigon's secure
as far as I know.

There's no more
fighting in the streets?

There may be some
in the outskirts still.

I'm not sure, don't know.

I'm not sure about that, no.

Saigon was far from secure.

Viet Cong assassination squads,

some guided by
North Vietnamese spies,

moved through the streets with
orders to kill what they called

"blood" enemies of the people...

bureaucrats, intelligence
officers, ARVN commanders,

and ordinary soldiers home on
leave, and their families.

I went home to visit my parents

and I found them kind of huddled
in their house, the doors shut,

the windows shut, very dark.

They were very afraid because
our house was located

near a slum.

And we always assumed that there
were a lot of Viet Cong agents

living among the poor where
they could hide very easily,

and that they were
going to come out

and look for
government officials,

military personnel to kill.

So my parents were very afraid.

NGUYEN TAX'.

On the second
day of the fighting,

a Viet Cong agent named
Nguyen Van Lem

was brought before
Nguyen Ngoc Loan,

the head of the South Vietnamese
National Police.

As an AP photographer
and an NBC cameraman watched,

Loan ordered another officer
to shoot the captive.

When he hesitated,
Loan did the job himself.

The Chief of South
Vietnam's National Police Force,

Brigadier General Nguyen Ngoc
Loan, was waiting for him.

Good morning, Mr.
President.

Hi, Jack.

Uh, we need guidance
this morning, sir.

Guidance?
Uh, is that all you want?

Yes, sir.
No quotation?

That's right.
No attribution.

No connection.

Give it absolutely none.

Absolutely none.

Your press is lying
like drunken sailors every day.

Uh, first thing I wake up this
morning was trying to figure out

after seeing CBS,
watching the networks,

reading the morning papers,
was how can we win...

possibly win...
and survive as a nation

and have to fight
the press's lies.

Yes, sir.

I'm trying
to protect my country,

and they're all whipping me.

Not a son of a bitch said
a word about Ho Chi Minh.

They talk about us bombing,
yet these sons of bitches

come in and bomb our embassy
and 19 of them try a raid on it.

All 19 get killed and
yet they blame the embassy.

I don't understand it.

We think we've killed 20,000;
we think we lost 400.

We think that of course
it's bad to lose anybody,

any one of the 400,

but we think that the Good Lord
has been so good to us

that it is a major,
dramatic victory.

And I think what
would have happened

if I'd lost 20,000
and they'd lost 400?

I ask you that.

Oh, it would've been terrible.

It appears that a mortar
or a rocket shell came in

and, well,
there's blood on my pants.

And I guess I'm... I'm hit.

Well, this is
the streets of Saigon,

and that's where the war is now.

Howard Tuckner, NBC News.

The American press
focused almost entirely

on the fighting in Saigon.

But the Tet Offensive was
happening almost everywhere.

Most assaults were being quickly
beaten back by ARVN

and American forces.

Everywhere the enemy was
suffering terrible losses.

The Americans called in
massive air and artillery firepower

to dislodge a Viet Cong regiment
from the city of Ben Tre

in the Mekong Delta.

Afterwards, a reporter quoted an
American major as having said,

"It became necessary
to destroy the town to save it."

Right now, the Navy and the Army
boats that also bring supplies

up the Perfume River are having
to undergo heavy small arms

and mortar fire as they turn
the bend in the river

here around Hue itself.

And the landing zone on this
the south side of the river

has been under almost constant
mortar and small arms fire.

And today, at any rate,
Hue is cut off.

The longest, bloodiest
battle of the Tet Offensive

was being fought in the streets

of one of the country's
loveliest cities,

the former imperial capital Hue.

The Perfume River
divided Hue in two.

The enemy...
North Vietnamese regulars

and Viet Cong guerrillas...

had taken over both sides
of the city.

Only the American advisers'
compound on the south bank

and the 1st ARVN division
headquarters

within the thick-walled Citadel
on the north side

held out against them.

Marine Corporal Bill
Ehrhart was at the end of his tour

and was preparing to go home.

But when his company was ordered

to relieve the besieged
American compound in Hue,

he chose to go
with his comrades.

I had spent 12 months in Vietnam
looking for somebody to shoot at

and there was nobody there.

And then all of a sudden

it seemed like here's
every NVA in the world

trying to kill me and my pals.

It was an entirely different
kind of fight.

Ehrhart and his
unit endured a bloody ambush,

finally fought their way through
to the MACV compound,

and then began days of
brutal block-by-block battle

to retake the surrounding
neighborhoods.

Every house became
a battlefield.

"It was exhilarating,"
Ehrhart remembered.

"1 was scared utterly witless,

"but it was the greatest
adrenaline high

I'd ever experienced."

It was ugly, ugly fighting.

You literally have to clear
houses a room at a time,

a floor at a time,
a house at a time.

And then you go to the next one.

February 5, I was wounded
by a B40 rocket.

I was utterly stone deaf.

Under any other circumstances
I would have been evacuated.

But I could see, I could walk,
and I could shoot.

So I stayed.

The fighting continued.

"We had to blow our way through
every wall of every house,"

one Marine remembered.

"It's a shame we had to damage
such a beautiful city."

Of course, all these
civilians have been herded

into the university.

They had all gone there
to get the hell away

from having grenades
thrown in their living rooms.

And one of the guys
comes in and says,

"I found this-this girl who will
fuck us all for C rations."

And I'm thinking,

"Wait, we're in the middle
of this big battle

and I'm gonna go and..."

But I'm 19 years old and my
buddies are gonna, and I just...

I demonstrated to myself how
little courage I actually had.

I've lived with it ever since,
but I-I-I did it

because I wasn't gonna say,

"You guys, we shouldn't do
something like this."

Even more than the killings,

the thing I think I'm most
ashamed of

when I think back on the time
I spent there.

I think it's because my mother's
a woman, my wife's a woman,

my daughter's a woman.

Somebody gets shot,
not a good thing.

You see somebody running away,

I don't know,
it could've been a VC.

But that woman?

Nah.

I had every opportunity
to say no.

The next day, in the
midst of still another firefight,

a lieutenant in a jeep pulled up
in front of the building

from which Ehrhart and five
fellow Marines were firing

at the enemy.

"Come on, Ehrhart!" he shouted.

"Chopper's on the LZ right now.

You want to go home or not?"

From the helicopter that lifted
him up and away

from the ruined, smoking city,

he could see a farmer
and his water buffalo

working a flooded field

and women in conical hats
carrying twin baskets

hurrying along between the
paddies as if there were no war.

Back in Hue, the Viet Cong
and North Vietnamese troops

now found themselves
trapped inside the city.

It would take two weeks

for the Marines to fight
their way across the river

to support the ARVN,

who had stubbornly
kept the enemy

from overwhelming their division
headquarters in the Citadel.

What's the hardest part of it?

Not knowing where they are,
that's the worst of it.

Riding around and running
in the sewers, in the gutters,

anywhere.

Could be anywhere.

Just hoping to stay alive
and day to day.

Everybody just wants to go back
home and go to school.

That's about it.

Have you lost any friends?

Quite a few.

We lost one the other day,
good buddy of mine.

The whole thing stinks, really.

He's still alive.

After 26 days of
bitter, bloody fighting,

the flag of South Vietnam
flew again above the Citadel.

The surviving North Vietnamese
and Viet Cong

were finally permitted
by their commanders

to pull out of the city.

Some 6,000 civilians
had died in the rubble.

Of the city's 135,000 citizens,
110,000 had lost their homes.

All that was left of Hue,
one reporter wrote,

was "ruins divided by a river."

The biggest fact is

that the stated purposes
of the General Uprising...

a military victory
or a psychological victory...

have failed.

The attack on the radio station

started at 2:30 in the morning.

Night after night for weeks,

American television screens had
been filled with images

of blood and violence
and devastation

the public had
rarely seen before.

The enemy
was nowhere and everywhere.

But it was one
photograph that for many people

would come to define
the Tet Offensive.

I remember he was
wearing a checked shirt.

And the photographer
had come up very close

and had pressed his shutter

just as the officer
pulled his trigger.

So camera and gun
went off together

and you could see the man's head
bulging at the side

where the bullet was
about to come out.

We were there, face-to-face
with this man who was dying,

right now, dead.

It's a devastating thing to see.

And I think many Americans began
to ask themselves,

"Are we supporting
the wrong guys here?"

And it sort of brings home,
I think to, to the dinner table,

or the breakfast table if you
see it in the papers,

the brutality of this war

and the fact that it looks like
it's never going to end.

But what we know is the
price that we pay for that picture.

It was the turning point.

Because that put the gov...
Americans to position and say,

"Hey, look,
we want to spend money

"and the lives
of our young people

to protect such a system?"

For a month, Hal Kushner's
captors had made him walk

deeper and deeper
into the Central Highlands,

always moving at night

so that they would not be
spotted from the air.

They took me to this place
that I assume was a hospital.

It was just a series of caves

but there were a lot
of wounded lying around.

And this female nurse came out
and inspected my wound.

And then she gave me
a bamboo stick to bite on.

She laid me down and she gave me
this bamboo stick to bite on.

And then she took this
rifle-cleaning rod

and she heated it up in a fire
until it was red hot.

And she took it and put it
through my wound

through and through.

And it really hurt.

It really, really, really hurt.

And then she put
Mercurochrome on the wound.

And she gave me
an aspirin tablet.

And I... I thought,
what else can they do to me?

Kushner would eventually
arrive at a remote jungle camp,

joining a handful of other
American prisoners.

And this Vietnamese officer
came to me and he spoke English.

And that was the first real
English speaker that I had seen.

And he had a little reel-to-reel
tape recorder,

battery-powered tape recorder.

And he asked me to make
a message to my family

to let them know
that I was safe.

And I could do that if I would
make a statement

against the war.

And I told... I told him
with great bravado

that I would rather die
than make a statement

against my country.

And he said to me,

"You will find
dying is very easy.

"Living will be
the difficult thing.

Living is the difficult thing."

In early March, two weeks
after Hue had finally been recaptured,

Second Lieutenant Phil Gioia
of the 82nd Airborne Division

led his platoon
along the Perfume River,

looking for weapons that might
have been buried

by the retreating enemy.

Gioia's sergeant, Reuben Torres,

saw something sticking up
from the sandy soil.

It was an elbow.

So to us it seemed as though
this was going to be a grave

where the enemy had buried
some of his own people

on the withdrawal from Hue.

Sergeant Torres said,
"You know, sir,

I think we better start
to dig here."

We found the first body
and it was a woman.

She was wearing a white blouse
and black trousers.

She had her hands tied
behind her back

and she'd been shot
in the back of the head.

Next to her was a child,
who'd also been shot.

The next person coming up
was another woman.

At that point it was clear
that this-this wasn't

enemy North Vietnamese
or Viet Cong.

Before they abandoned the city,

the communists had
systematically executed

at least 2,800 people
they called "hooligans"

and "reactionaries."

Hanoi would always deny

that any innocent civilians
had been killed.

President Johnson insisted
that the Tet Offensive had been

"a devastating defeat
for the communists."

Militarily, he was right.

The basic assumptions on which
the North Vietnamese mounted

their offensive had all
proved to be wrong.

Hanoi's leaders had assumed
the ARVN would crumble,

that South Vietnamese soldiers
would come over to their side.

Instead, not a single unit
defected.

The civilian populace
Hanoi expected to rise up

may have been unhappy
with their government,

but they had little sympathy
for communism,

and when the fighting began,
they had hidden in their homes

to escape the fury
in the streets.

North Vietnamese
general Vo Nguyen Giap,

who had opposed the offensive
from the beginning,

later remembered that Tet
had been a "costly lesson,

paid for in blood and bone."

Of the 84,000 enemy
troops who are estimated

to have taken part in the
Tet Offensive, more than half...

as many as 58,000 men and women,
most of them Viet Cong...

are thought to have been killed
or wounded or captured.

The American military
command celebrated the Tet Offensive

as a victory.

You know, "They finally came at
us, and we blew them away,"

which was basically true.

But the administration had been
telling the American public

for most of the end of '67 and
for the first month of 1968

that the war was being won;

that the NLF and the North
Vietnamese were ground down

to such an extent that we could
see the end of the war,

a victory.

The Tet Offensive has forced
our generals to re-evaluate...

So when Tet hit,
it contradicted everything

that the administration
and the Saigon country team

had been telling the American
public through its journalists

for the previous
four or five months.

John Laurence, CBS News, Saigon.

It broke the will of the
United States to fight that war.

It was such a shock that it
stripped away the last vestiges

of the fiction and fanciful
interpretations

that had led us down this
primrose path into disaster.

After that nobody
could be convinced.

And then the most ferocious
possible argument erupted

inside the U.S. government

because the hawks on the war
were saying,

"Tet was North Vietnam's
last gasp.

"It was their last shot
at winning the war,

"and they failed.

We beat them,
and that's the end of them."

And we said,
"After all these years of war,

"if that's what
they are able to do,

"we ought to learn some lesson
about their commitment

to this war as well
and the cost to us."

On March 10, the
New York Times reported

that the Army was requesting
206,000 additional troops

for Vietnam.

But if the United States had
been winning the war,

many Americans asked, if Tet had
in fact been a disaster

for the enemy,
why were still more men needed?

More and more members
of the president's own party

now felt free
to express their doubts.

"Our enemy has finally shattered
the mask of official illusion,"

Senator Robert Kennedy said.

"Unable to defeat him
or break his will,

we must actively seek
a peaceful settlement."

...can cope with its problems.

Walter Cronkite, the respected
anchor of the CBS Evening News,

had come home from covering
the Tet Offensive

convinced victory was
no longer possible.

We have been too often
disappointed by the optimism

of the American leaders,
both in Vietnam and Washington,

to have faith any longer
in the silver linings they find

in the darkest clouds.

To say that we are closer to
victory today is to believe,

in the face of the evidence,

the optimists who have been
wrong in the past.

To suggest we are
on the edge of defeat

is to yield
to unreasonable pessimism.

To say that we are mired
in stalemate

seems the only realistic if
unsatisfactory conclusion.

But it is increasingly clear
to this reporter

that the only rational way out
then will be to negotiate,

not as victors, but as an
honorable people who lived up

to their pledge
to defend democracy

and did the best they could.

This is Walter Cronkite.

Goodnight.

In 1966, in '67,

and again in '68,

most recently we hear the same
hollow claims of progress

and of advance toward victory.

The fact is, however, as we know
from events of recent weeks,

events which one is almost
saddened to report,

that the enemy has become
bolder than ever.

On the evening of March 12,

President Johnson watched
the returns come in

from the New Hampshire
Democratic presidential primary,

where he was facing
an unexpected challenge.

The most recent poll
had suggested

he would beat Eugene McCarthy
two to one.

But Johnson won
just 49.6% of the vote

against 41.9% for his opponent,

even though most of those who
voted against the president

actually wanted him to prosecute
the war more vigorously.

Johnson knew he was in trouble.

...for the
presidency of the United States...

And there was more to come.

I do not run for the presidency
merely to oppose any man...

Just four clays after
the New Hampshire primary,

Robert F. Kennedy declared his
candidacy for the presidency,

and polls suggested he was more
popular than Lyndon Johnson.

“About what must be done.

I run because it is now
unmistakably clear

that we can change these
disastrous, divisive policies

only by changing the men
who are now making them.

I think
what we've got to do, too,

is get out of the posture of
just being the war candidate

that McCarthy has put us in,
and Bobby's putting us in,

the kids are putting us in,

and the papers are
putting us in.

We've got to come up
with something.

What it is: we're out to win,

but we're not out to win
the war.

We're out to win the peace.

That's right.

And that's what we give them,

and what our slogan
could very well be...

win the peace with honor.

But we've got to have something
new and fresh that goes in there

along with the statement
that we're going to win.

Right.

But we have to be very careful

what it is we say
we're going to win.

That's right.

They think, well hell,
that means we're just going

to keep pouring men in
until we win militarily.

And that isn't what
we're after, really.

Uh, we're not
going to get these doves,

but we can neutralize
the country;

that way it won't follow them,

if we can come up
with something.

On March 26, the Wise Men,
a group of veteran cold warriors

who had earlier urged the
president to hold steady

in Vietnam, now advised him
to change course.

Dean Acheson, Harry Truman's
secretary of state,

spoke for the majority.

"We can no longer do the job
we set out to do

in the time we have left,"
he said,

"and we must begin to take steps
to disengage."

The president agreed to send
just 13,500 more troops,

not the 206,000
the generals had requested,

and decided to recall William
Westmoreland to Washington

as chief of staff of the Army,

replacing him with his deputy,
General Creighton W. Abrams.

His face was a... was
a mask of exhaustion and defeat.

It was very sad to see the man.

He-he was broken by it.

On March 30, Gallup reported

that 63% of the public
disapproved

of Johnson's handling
of the war,

the lowest point
of his presidency.

The following evening,
March 31, 1968,

the president asked for time
on all three networks.

Good evening,
my fellow Americans.

Tonight, I want to speak to you

of peace in Vietnam
and Southeast Asia.

Johnson announced that
he had decided to stop bombing

the densely populated areas
around Hanoi and Haiphong

in the hope that North Vietnam
would finally be willing

to come to the
negotiating table.

Only the southern half
of the country,

the staging areas
north of the DMZ,

would continue to be targeted.

Then he stunned the country
and the world.

I do not believe that
I should devote an hour

or a day of my time
to any personal partisan causes

or to any duties other than the
awesome duties of this office,

the presidency of your country.

Accordingly, I shall not seek,
and I will not accept,

the nomination of my party for
another term as your president.

I land in California and
take a plane from California to Boston.

And I'm feeling good because
I've survived

and, you know,
I fought for my country.

I got off the plane at Logan
and I stepped out there

and I'm just happy to be home.

And I had my uniform on
and walked out to the curb,

and the cabs just kept going
by me, kept going by me.

And there was a state trooper
that was standing there.

And I didn't realize
what was happening.

And then he stepped in the
street and he stopped a cab

and he says,
"You have to take this man.

You have to take this soldier."

And the driver looked over
at me and he said,

"I don't want to go to Roxbury."

They don't see me as a soldier.

You know, they see me
as a nigger coming home here

and I live in Roxbury.

You know?

I'm thinking, "I'm a Marine.

I'm a Marine," you know.

"I just fought for my country
13 months in the combat zone.

And I can't get a cab
to get home."

I have some
very sad news for all of you,

and, I think, sad news for all
of our fellow citizens,

and people who love peace
all over the world;

and that is that
Martin Luther King was shot

and was killed tonight
in Memphis, Tennessee.

In this difficult day,

in this difficult time
for the United States,

it's perhaps well to ask
what kind of a nation we are

and what direction
we want to move in.

Over the next
week, African Americans-

grieving, frustrated, angry...

poured into the streets of more
than 100 towns and cities,

including New York and Oakland,
Newark and Nashville,

Chicago and Cincinnati
and Baltimore,

and in Washington, D.C.,

where fires came within
two blocks of the White House.

When they killed Dr.
King they just opened up the eyes

of a lot of black people
who were afraid to pick up guns.

Now they will pick up
those guns.

We're living in a sick world.

This racist society
in which we live

is that that really
pulled the trigger.

Violence breeds violence,
repression breeds retaliation,

and only a cleansing
of our whole society

can remove this sickness
from our souls.

Tens of thousands
of National Guardsmen,

regular Army troops
and the Marines,

including Roger Harris's
stateside unit,

were ordered to patrol
American streets.

And I was ready to go.

Until I saw what they
were giving out.

I thought they were going
to give us billy clubs

and I thought we were going to
stand in front of buildings,

you know, and protect,
you know, businesses.

And they were passing out
flak jackets, helmets,

M-16s with live ammunition.

You know, same things
we had in Vietnam.

And when I saw that I said...
I said, "I'm not going.

I'm not going."

I said, "I got family
in Washington, D.C."

And my company commander said,
"Get on the truck, Marine."

I said, "I'm not going."

I didn't make sergeant
because I refused to go.

Forty-six Americans
died, 2,600 were injured,

20,000 were arrested.

Later that same month,

antiwar students seized
several buildings

at Columbia University
in Manhattan.

The occupation lasted a week,

the first time in American
history that students forced

a major university to shut down.

Policemen eventually drove
the demonstrators

out of the buildings

and sent more than 100 students
to the hospital.

The United States now appeared
to be more divided

than at any time
since the Civil War.

That spring, protestors also
took to the streets of London,

Paris...

Berlin...

Prague...

Rio...

Jakarta.

The world seemed
to be coming apart.

President Johnson's
partial bombing halt

had had the desired effect.

Hanoi agreed, for the first
time, to talk with Washington.

Negotiators began meeting
at the Hotel Majestic in Paris.

But the communists had now
adopted a new double policy.

They called it

"talking while fighting,
fighting while talking."

Incoming!

On May 5, they
launched another offensive

that Le Duan hoped
would somehow achieve

what the Tet Offensive had not.

The enemy hit 119 targets in
what came to be called Mini-Tet.

There was new fighting
in the streets of Saigon.

Half the city was now leveled.

But the Viet Cong and the North
Vietnamese Army failed again.

They were still no closer

to overthrowing the
South Vietnamese government,

and they had suffered some
36,000 more casualties.

For the United States, May of
1968 proved the bloodiest month

of the Vietnam War.

2,416 Americans lost their lives

in places whose names
Americans back home

would have a hard time
remembering:

Dai Do, Phu Lam, Kham Duc,

Cholon, and the Plain of Reeds.

A total military
victory is not within sight

and is not around the corner;

that, in fact, it is probably
beyond our grasp.

For a time that spring,

it looked as if Robert Kennedy
might win

the Democratic nomination
for president.

He pledged to bring the war
to an end and seemed to embody

the hope of bridging
the growing gulf

between black
and white Americans.

But in June, after defeating
Eugene McCarthy

in the California primary,
he too was assassinated.

Oh, God damn! Why?

People were
stunned, and people were scared.

The people we'd looked up to
were being taken away from us.

It definitely put those of us
who were heading off on our own

on a path that felt uncertain.

When Martin Luther
King was assassinated

and Bobby Kennedy
was assassinated,

they made a big huge deal
about that.

They said that was part of the
struggle of the American people

against their government.

And that there
were riots in the streets.

And the camp commander
actually told us,

"You can kill ten of us
to one of you,

"but your people will turn
against this.

"And we will be here for ten
years or 20 years or 30 years,

"as long as it takes.

"And unless you kill
every one of us,

we're gonna win this war."

And on July the Fourth,

we recognized it was
July the Fourth.

And they would not let us sing
patriotic songs.

But sometimes we would softly
sing at night.

And...

we understood that despite
different backgrounds

and different socioeconomic
backgrounds,

different races,
different religions,

that we were Americans.

The American people
would be choosing new leadership

that fall,
and everyone seemed to agree,

a British correspondent wrote,

"that whoever captures the
presidency this November

"will be obliged
to end the conflict

"within a matter of months.

"How this is to be done or
what concessions are to be made

is very much a matter
of detail."

Before those details were
finally worked out,

almost seven more years
would pass.

And 27,184 more Americans,

and hundreds of thousands
more Laotians, Cambodians,

and Vietnamese... North and
South... would have to die.

# We skipped
the light fandango #

# Turned cartwheels
'cross the floor #

# I was feeling kinda seasick #

# But the crowd called out
for more #

# The room was humming harder #

# As the ceiling flew away #

# When we called out
for another drink #

# The waiter brought a tray #

# And so it was that later #

# As the miller told his tale #

# That her face,
at first just ghostly #

# Turned a whiter shade
of pale #

# And although
my eyes were open #

# They might just
as well've been closed #

# And so it was that later #

# As the miller told his tale #

# That her face,
at first just ghostly #

# Turned a whiter shade
of pale. #