Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:02,903 --> 00:00:04,503
Astronaut: 10, 9, 8...
2
00:00:04,571 --> 00:00:06,972
Narrator:
OUR FIRST STEPS INTO SPACE
3
00:00:06,974 --> 00:00:09,041
WERE LEAPS INTO THE UNKNOWN.
4
00:00:09,109 --> 00:00:11,643
WE KNEW LITTLE
OF WHAT LAY BEYOND THE BLUE.
5
00:00:11,712 --> 00:00:14,379
Man: ROGER,
THE CLOCK IS OPERATING.
6
00:00:14,448 --> 00:00:16,915
WE'RE UNDERWAY.
7
00:00:16,983 --> 00:00:19,718
Narrator: DESPITE
SOME BREATHTAKING SUCCESS,
8
00:00:19,786 --> 00:00:24,056
OUTER SPACE IS STILL THE MOST
HOSTILE PLACE EVER KNOWN.
9
00:00:24,124 --> 00:00:26,425
Astronaut:
HOUSTON, WE'VE HAD A PROBLEM.
10
00:00:26,493 --> 00:00:28,471
Narrator:
BUT WE MAY HAVE TO TAME SPACE
11
00:00:28,495 --> 00:00:30,562
IN ORDER TO SAVE OURSELVES.
12
00:00:30,630 --> 00:00:35,233
Man: THERE IS 100% CERTAINTY
THAT AT SOME FUTURE TIME,
13
00:00:35,302 --> 00:00:37,736
THIS PLANET WILL BE
UNINHABITABLE.
14
00:00:37,804 --> 00:00:40,839
Narrator: ANOTHER PLANET
MAY BE OUR ONLY OPTION.
15
00:00:40,907 --> 00:00:42,607
Man: THE HUMAN RACE
HAS A CHOICE.
16
00:00:42,610 --> 00:00:44,142
IT CAN EITHER SIT HERE
17
00:00:44,211 --> 00:00:46,845
TILL IT BECOMES
THE NEXT GREAT EXTINCTION,
18
00:00:46,913 --> 00:00:49,014
OR WE PRESERVE THE RACE
ELSEWHERE.
19
00:00:49,016 --> 00:00:51,917
Narrator: THIS MAY SEEM LIKE
THE STUFF OF SCIENCE FICTION,
20
00:00:51,985 --> 00:00:55,287
BUT NASA TEAMS ARE BUSY WORKING
TO MAKE IT A REALITY.
21
00:00:57,591 --> 00:01:00,158
JUST ONE BIG HURDLE REMAINS.
22
00:01:00,227 --> 00:01:02,272
Man: THE FRAGILENESS
OF THE HUMAN BODY
23
00:01:02,296 --> 00:01:04,363
IS SOMETHING
THAT WE TAKE WITH US
24
00:01:04,431 --> 00:01:06,765
WHEN WE GO INTO DEEP SPACE.
25
00:01:06,834 --> 00:01:09,835
Narrator: THE QUESTION NOW
IS WHETHER HUMAN INGENUITY
26
00:01:09,837 --> 00:01:12,704
CAN OVERCOME
THE HUMAN BODY'S LIMITATIONS.
27
00:01:24,684 --> 00:01:28,654
NASA HAS AN EPIC NEW CHALLENGE.
28
00:01:28,722 --> 00:01:30,366
President Obama:
BY THE MID-2030s,
29
00:01:30,390 --> 00:01:33,125
I BELIEVE WE CAN SEND HUMANS
TO ORBIT MARS
30
00:01:33,193 --> 00:01:35,393
AND RETURN THEM SAFELY TO EARTH.
31
00:01:35,462 --> 00:01:37,963
AND A LANDING ON MARS
WILL FOLLOW.
32
00:01:38,031 --> 00:01:40,799
AND I EXPECT TO BE
AROUND TO SEE IT.
33
00:01:40,868 --> 00:01:44,936
Narrator:
A TRIP TO MARS IS NO EASY FEAT.
34
00:01:44,939 --> 00:01:47,606
IT'S A 34-MILLION-MILE ODYSSEY
35
00:01:47,608 --> 00:01:49,585
THROUGH AN ENVIRONMENT
THAT WOULD KILL A HUMAN
36
00:01:49,609 --> 00:01:52,277
IN LESS THAN A MINUTE.
37
00:01:52,346 --> 00:01:54,112
Roger Launius: THE REALITY IS
38
00:01:54,181 --> 00:01:57,582
WE CAN BUILD THE TECHNOLOGIES
THAT WE NEED TO GO OTHER PLACES,
39
00:01:57,651 --> 00:01:59,584
BUT THE HUMAN BODY ITSELF
40
00:01:59,653 --> 00:02:03,288
IS THE MOST FRAGILE OF ANY
OF THESE TECHNOLOGIES.
41
00:02:03,356 --> 00:02:06,024
Narrator:
SPACE IS AN INFINITE VACUUM
42
00:02:06,026 --> 00:02:09,761
WITH FATALLY LOW
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE...
43
00:02:09,763 --> 00:02:11,997
AND LETHAL RADIATION LEVELS.
44
00:02:13,634 --> 00:02:15,734
IT SUPPORTS
NO FORMS OF LIFE...
45
00:02:15,802 --> 00:02:17,736
THAT WE KNOW OF.
46
00:02:19,907 --> 00:02:21,240
A TRIP TO MARS
47
00:02:21,308 --> 00:02:24,409
WILL BE THE RISKIEST JOURNEY
WE'VE EVER ATTEMPTED.
48
00:02:26,914 --> 00:02:28,291
Gene Kranz:
WHEN PRESIDENT KENNEDY
49
00:02:28,315 --> 00:02:29,915
ISSUED HIS CHALLENGE
TO GO TO THE MOON,
50
00:02:29,917 --> 00:02:31,783
WE'D NEVER BEEN TO ORBIT,
51
00:02:31,852 --> 00:02:35,187
AND NINE YEARS LATER, WE WERE
ON THE SURFACE OF THE MOON.
52
00:02:35,255 --> 00:02:37,289
RISK IS THE PRICE OF PROGRESS.
53
00:02:39,392 --> 00:02:40,703
Narrator:
REACHING THE MOON,
54
00:02:40,727 --> 00:02:43,094
250,000 MILES AWAY,
55
00:02:43,163 --> 00:02:45,931
WAS AN EPIC ACHIEVEMENT.
56
00:02:45,933 --> 00:02:49,935
BUT MARS IS MORE THAN
100 TIMES FARTHER.
57
00:02:50,003 --> 00:02:52,204
WE'LL NEED SOME HUGE
TECHNOLOGICAL LEAPS
58
00:02:52,272 --> 00:02:54,005
TO GET THERE.
59
00:02:54,074 --> 00:02:57,142
THE CREW MUST ENDURE
THREE YEARS OF MICROGRAVITY
60
00:02:57,144 --> 00:02:59,377
AND ITS IMPACT ON THE BODY:
61
00:02:59,446 --> 00:03:00,946
RADIATION SICKNESS,
62
00:03:01,014 --> 00:03:04,750
MUSCLE AND BONE LOSS.
63
00:03:04,818 --> 00:03:08,320
THEY WILL FACE A PUNISHING ENTRY
THROUGH THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE
64
00:03:08,388 --> 00:03:11,223
TO THEN LAND
ON A DUSTY, STORMY PLANET.
65
00:03:14,527 --> 00:03:17,829
HERE, THEY MUST
EKE OUT AN EXISTENCE,
66
00:03:17,831 --> 00:03:20,765
AND THAT WILL REQUIRE
THE ABILITY TO FUNCTION WELL
67
00:03:20,768 --> 00:03:23,702
IN A TOPSY-TURVY WORLD
OF MICROGRAVITY.
68
00:03:25,338 --> 00:03:30,609
CONQUERING WEIGHTLESSNESS
IS A PRIMARY SURVIVAL SKILL.
69
00:03:30,677 --> 00:03:32,388
Mike Fincke: YOU HAVE TO LEARN
HOW TO MOVE YOUR BODY
70
00:03:32,412 --> 00:03:34,112
TO GET IT IN THE RIGHT SPOT.
71
00:03:34,114 --> 00:03:36,381
FOR EXAMPLE, WE WANT TO PUT
A BOLT INTO A NUT.
72
00:03:36,450 --> 00:03:39,384
WELL, IF YOU TURN THIS DRILL,
BECAUSE YOU'RE NOT IN GRAVITY
73
00:03:39,452 --> 00:03:41,063
AND YOUR FEET
AREN'T ON THE GROUND,
74
00:03:41,087 --> 00:03:44,990
YOU'D SPIN AROUND
MORE THAN THE BOLT WOULD.
75
00:03:45,058 --> 00:03:48,237
Narrator:
OUR FIRST ATTEMPTS TO DO
EVEN SIMPLE THINGS IN SPACE
76
00:03:48,261 --> 00:03:50,629
POSED UNEXPECTED CHALLENGES.
77
00:03:57,337 --> 00:03:59,271
Announcer: LIFT-OFF.
78
00:03:59,339 --> 00:04:02,507
WE HAVE A ROLL PROGRAM
INITIATED.
79
00:04:02,575 --> 00:04:05,043
Narrator: IN 1965,
80
00:04:05,111 --> 00:04:08,113
NASA CHOSE ED WHITE
TO MAKE HISTORY.
81
00:04:08,181 --> 00:04:10,382
AS GEMINI 4 ORBITED EARTH,
82
00:04:10,450 --> 00:04:14,519
HE WAITED FOR THE COMMAND
TO LET GO.
83
00:04:14,587 --> 00:04:19,224
Jim McDivitt:
WELL, THE OBJECT WAS TO
GO OUTSIDE AND COME BACK IN
84
00:04:19,293 --> 00:04:21,493
AND NOT KILL ANYBODY
WHILE WE'RE DOING IT.
85
00:04:26,466 --> 00:04:28,433
HE FLOATED OUT
AND FLOATED AROUND
86
00:04:28,502 --> 00:04:29,702
ON THE END OF HIS TETHER.
87
00:04:32,605 --> 00:04:37,042
Narrator:
AMERICA'S FIRST SPACEWALK
WAS AN UTTER LEAP OF FAITH
88
00:04:37,110 --> 00:04:40,045
THAT THE TETHER WOULD HOLD...
89
00:04:40,047 --> 00:04:43,649
THAT THE OXYGEN SUPPLY
WOULD FUNCTION PROPERLY...
90
00:04:43,717 --> 00:04:46,284
AND THAT EVERY SINGLE ELEMENT
OF HIS SPACESUIT...
91
00:04:46,353 --> 00:04:48,453
EVERY LAYER, EVERY SEAL...
92
00:04:48,522 --> 00:04:51,356
WOULD KEEP WHITE ALIVE.
93
00:04:51,424 --> 00:04:55,260
IF IT FAILED, HE'D LOSE
CONSCIOUSNESS IN 15 SECONDS.
94
00:04:55,329 --> 00:04:59,331
WITHIN A MINUTE, THE ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE WOULD BOIL HIS BLOOD.
95
00:05:01,034 --> 00:05:04,703
Cathleen Lewis: GEMINI SUITS
WERE REALLY THAT FIRST FORAY
96
00:05:04,771 --> 00:05:06,204
IN DESIGNING A SUIT
97
00:05:06,273 --> 00:05:09,140
THAT PURPOSELY FUNCTIONED
OUTSIDE A SPACECRAFT.
98
00:05:09,143 --> 00:05:11,910
THEY WERE DESIGNED TO PROTECT
AGAINST RADIATION
99
00:05:11,978 --> 00:05:15,414
AND ALSO GREAT FLUCTUATIONS
IN TEMPERATURE.
100
00:05:15,482 --> 00:05:17,682
Narrator:
ALL OF THAT ESSENTIAL PROTECTION
101
00:05:17,685 --> 00:05:23,755
ADDED UP TO SOME 34 POUNDS OF
BULKY AND RESTRICTIVE LAYERS.
102
00:05:23,823 --> 00:05:25,824
McDivitt: THE GEMINI SPACESUIT,
103
00:05:25,892 --> 00:05:28,293
WHEN IT WAS INFLATED,
IT WAS IN ONE POSITION.
104
00:05:28,361 --> 00:05:29,794
TO MOVE YOUR ARMS OR ANYTHING,
105
00:05:29,863 --> 00:05:35,300
YOU HAD TO BEND THIS KNIT TUBE
THAT YOUR ARM OR LEG WAS IN.
106
00:05:39,306 --> 00:05:42,774
Narrator: FOR TWENTY
EXHILARATING MINUTES IN 1965,
107
00:05:42,776 --> 00:05:44,676
ED WHITE'S SUIT DID ITS JOB.
108
00:05:49,583 --> 00:05:52,384
Narrator: NASA THOUGHT THEY'D
CRACKED THE ART OF SPACEWALKING.
109
00:05:52,386 --> 00:05:53,985
Kranz: WE CAME TO THE CONCLUSION
110
00:05:53,987 --> 00:05:57,522
THAT SPACEWALKING
WAS A VERY NATURAL PROCESS.
111
00:05:57,590 --> 00:06:01,360
THE CREW ADAPTED
VERY EASILY AND VERY WELL.
112
00:06:03,229 --> 00:06:05,997
Narrator: BUT ASTRONAUTS
NEEDED TO WORK IN SPACE,
113
00:06:06,066 --> 00:06:08,133
NOT JUST FLOAT IN IT.
114
00:06:08,201 --> 00:06:10,635
SO NASA GAVE
THE NEXT GEMINI SPACEWALKERS
115
00:06:10,703 --> 00:06:13,438
SIMPLE JOBS
TO PUSH THE ENVELOPE.
116
00:06:13,506 --> 00:06:17,876
AND SPACE, QUITE LITERALLY,
PUSHED BACK.
117
00:06:17,878 --> 00:06:20,812
Launius:
DURING GENE CERNAN'S SPACEWALK,
118
00:06:20,881 --> 00:06:24,549
HE WAS OVERCOMPENSATING
FOR HIS MOVEMENTS,
119
00:06:24,618 --> 00:06:27,218
HE THRASHED AROUND
IN THE WEIGHTLESS ENVIRONMENT,
120
00:06:27,221 --> 00:06:30,021
COULDN'T GET TO WHERE
HE NEEDED TO GET,
121
00:06:30,023 --> 00:06:33,625
AND CAME CLOSE TO PASSING OUT.
122
00:06:33,693 --> 00:06:35,760
Narrator:
OVER THE NEXT 18 MONTHS,
123
00:06:35,763 --> 00:06:39,764
TWO MORE ASTRONAUTS
STRUGGLED AND FAILED.
124
00:06:39,767 --> 00:06:45,069
Lovell:
EVERY TIME SOMEONE GOT OUT,
THEY SEEMED TO FIGHT THE OUTSIDE
125
00:06:45,138 --> 00:06:48,173
AND EVERY TIME
THEY WENT TO THE SPACECRAFT,
126
00:06:48,175 --> 00:06:49,874
IT SEEMED TO REPEL THEM.
127
00:06:49,943 --> 00:06:54,179
AND FINALLY WE ALL FORGOT
NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION:
128
00:06:54,247 --> 00:06:55,514
TO EVERY ACTION
129
00:06:55,582 --> 00:06:58,917
THERE IS AN OPPOSITE
AND EQUAL REACTION.
130
00:06:58,985 --> 00:07:00,985
Narrator:
WHAT NASA FAILED TO REALIZE
131
00:07:00,988 --> 00:07:03,855
WAS THAT IF AN ASTRONAUT
TOUCHES ANYTHING IN SPACE,
132
00:07:03,923 --> 00:07:06,324
IT WILL PUSH HIM
IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION.
133
00:07:08,628 --> 00:07:11,930
THE SOLUTION
WAS TO TRAIN UNDERWATER,
134
00:07:11,932 --> 00:07:16,000
AND ROOKIE ASTRONAUT BUZZ ALDRIN
TOOK THE PLUNGE.
135
00:07:16,069 --> 00:07:20,205
Lovell: WE HAD BUZZ ALDRIN
PUT ON A SPACESUIT,
136
00:07:20,207 --> 00:07:22,118
AND WE PUT WEIGHTS
AROUND HIS WAIST
137
00:07:22,142 --> 00:07:24,209
TO MAKE HIM NEUTRALLY BUOYANT,
138
00:07:24,211 --> 00:07:28,079
AND THEN WE BUILT A SERIES
OF FOOTHOLDS AND HANDHOLDS
139
00:07:28,148 --> 00:07:29,814
ON THE MOCK UP,
140
00:07:29,817 --> 00:07:31,149
AND HE THEN TRIED TO SEE
141
00:07:31,218 --> 00:07:36,621
HOW HE COULD WORK COMFORTABLY
OUTSIDE THE SPACECRAFT.
142
00:07:38,892 --> 00:07:42,293
Narrator: NOVEMBER 11, 1966.
143
00:07:42,362 --> 00:07:46,631
ALDRIN MAKES A LAST-DITCH EFFORT
ON GEMINI 12.
144
00:07:46,633 --> 00:07:51,302
IT'S THE FINAL GEMINI MISSION,
AND THE PRESSURE IS ON.
145
00:07:51,305 --> 00:07:53,305
NO SUCCESSFUL SPACEWALK,
146
00:07:53,373 --> 00:07:56,374
NO MOONWALK
BY THE END OF THE DECADE.
147
00:07:56,376 --> 00:07:59,410
BUT WITH HOURS OF NEUTRAL
BUOYANCY TRAINING BEHIND HIM,
148
00:07:59,479 --> 00:08:02,514
ALDRIN MAKES IT LOOK EASY.
149
00:08:02,516 --> 00:08:04,783
Buzz Aldrin:
IT WAS A KIND OF SIMPLE-MINDED
150
00:08:04,851 --> 00:08:07,785
"MONKEY, DO THIS
AND SCREW THIS."
151
00:08:07,854 --> 00:08:12,924
SPACEWALKING IS SOMETHING THAT
SHOULD BE DONE SLOW, GRADUAL,
152
00:08:12,993 --> 00:08:17,929
WITH JUST THE SLIGHTEST
MOVEMENTS AND PRESSURES.
153
00:08:17,997 --> 00:08:19,998
IT WAS A BUNCH OF LITTLE TASKS.
154
00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:23,935
BUT THEY WERE ALL SO SIMPLE
THAT EVERYTHING GOT DONE.
155
00:08:25,739 --> 00:08:27,539
Narrator: BUZZ TRIUMPHED.
156
00:08:27,607 --> 00:08:29,941
THE SPACEWALKING HURDLE
WAS JUMPED.
157
00:08:30,009 --> 00:08:32,810
EVERY ASTRONAUT SINCE
TRAINS MANEUVERS IN SPACE
158
00:08:32,813 --> 00:08:35,046
IN NASA'S GIANT SWIMMING POOL:
159
00:08:35,114 --> 00:08:36,915
THE NEUTRAL BUOYANCY LAB.
160
00:08:36,983 --> 00:08:39,351
Fincke: WE'VE HAD
AN EXCELLENT RUN HERE.
161
00:08:39,419 --> 00:08:43,154
WE SIMULATED A SPACEWALK
THAT WE HADN'T DONE BEFORE.
162
00:08:43,222 --> 00:08:45,334
AND WE'RE GOING TO SEND UP
WHAT WE LEARNED TODAY
163
00:08:45,358 --> 00:08:46,758
TO THE CREW WHO'S IN ORBIT
164
00:08:46,826 --> 00:08:48,960
SO THEY CAN GO OUTSIDE
IN JUST A WEEK OR TWO
165
00:08:48,962 --> 00:08:50,295
TO FIX THE SPACE STATION.
166
00:08:50,363 --> 00:08:53,498
Narrator: MIKE FINCKE
IS ONE OF 200 MEN AND WOMEN
167
00:08:53,567 --> 00:08:57,235
WHO HAVE SINCE STEPPED OUT
INTO THE INKY VOID.
168
00:08:57,237 --> 00:08:59,638
Fincke: YOU CAN PREPARE
TO A CERTAIN DEGREE,
169
00:08:59,706 --> 00:09:02,140
BUT THERE'S NOTHING LIKE
THAT FIRST FEELING THAT YOU HAVE
170
00:09:02,208 --> 00:09:03,686
WHEN ALL OF A SUDDEN
YOU'RE WEIGHTLESS,
171
00:09:03,710 --> 00:09:05,176
YOUR BODY STARTS SHIFTING,
172
00:09:05,244 --> 00:09:07,378
ALL THE FLUIDS INSIDE THAT ARE
NORMALLY DOWN IN YOUR LEGS
173
00:09:07,381 --> 00:09:08,680
WANT TO GO UP HIGHER,
174
00:09:08,748 --> 00:09:10,315
YOUR FACE FEELS PUFFY,
175
00:09:10,317 --> 00:09:12,183
AND YET YOU'RE EXHILARATED
IN YOUR HEART
176
00:09:12,185 --> 00:09:14,586
BECAUSE YOU'RE OUT IN SPACE AND
YOU LOOK DOWN AT PLANET EARTH,
177
00:09:14,588 --> 00:09:16,454
AND IT'S ALL SO EXCITING.
178
00:09:16,456 --> 00:09:18,289
Narrator: OVER FIVE DECADES,
179
00:09:18,358 --> 00:09:22,327
ASTRONAUTS WORKING IN SPACE HAVE
ACCOMPLISHED AMAZING MISSIONS:
180
00:09:22,329 --> 00:09:24,796
EVERYTHING
FROM THE AWE-INSPIRING REPAIR
181
00:09:24,864 --> 00:09:26,598
OF THE HUBBLE TELESCOPE
182
00:09:26,600 --> 00:09:30,101
TO BUILDING THE COLOSSAL
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION.
183
00:09:32,606 --> 00:09:34,650
BUT THESE MISSIONS
WERE ACCOMPLISHED
184
00:09:34,674 --> 00:09:36,207
OVER MULTIPLE TRIPS,
185
00:09:36,209 --> 00:09:37,542
WITH PEOPLE WORKING IN SPACE
186
00:09:37,544 --> 00:09:40,612
FOR RELATIVELY
SHORT PERIODS OF TIME.
187
00:09:40,614 --> 00:09:46,885
A NINE-MONTH JOURNEY TO MARS
IS A REAL LEAP INTO THE UNKNOWN.
188
00:09:46,953 --> 00:09:49,354
OUR BODIES
JUST AREN'T BUILT TO LIVE,
189
00:09:49,422 --> 00:09:50,755
MUCH LESS WORK
190
00:09:50,757 --> 00:09:55,160
IN THIS INCREDIBLY
UNFORGIVING ENVIRONMENT.
191
00:09:55,228 --> 00:09:58,697
NO ONE KNOWS WHAT WILL HAPPEN
TO PEOPLE UP THERE THAT LONG.
192
00:10:03,069 --> 00:10:06,638
IN 1973,
NASA SET OUT TO DISCOVER
193
00:10:06,706 --> 00:10:09,040
THE IMPACT OF LONG-TERM
SPACE MISSIONS
194
00:10:09,109 --> 00:10:11,676
ON THE HUMAN BODY.
195
00:10:11,744 --> 00:10:14,779
Gerald Carr:
THEY WERE AFRAID IF SOMEONE
STAYED IN SPACE TOO LONG,
196
00:10:14,781 --> 00:10:18,249
THEY MIGHT NOT COME BACK
IN GOOD ENOUGH SHAPE TO SURVIVE.
197
00:10:18,318 --> 00:10:21,052
Narrator: FIRST, NASA NEEDED
TO GIVE THE ASTRONAUTS
198
00:10:21,121 --> 00:10:22,754
MORE SPACE TO LIVE IN.
199
00:10:22,822 --> 00:10:26,090
SO THEY BUILT SKYLAB,
THE FIRST SPACE STATION,
200
00:10:26,159 --> 00:10:28,993
USING THE SHELL
OF AN OLD SATURN V ROCKET.
201
00:10:29,062 --> 00:10:31,996
Paul Ceruzzi:
AN UPPER STAGE OF SATURN V
202
00:10:31,999 --> 00:10:35,266
WAS CONVERTED INTO VERY, VERY
SPACIOUS LIVING QUARTERS,
203
00:10:35,334 --> 00:10:36,935
AT LEAST BY SPACE STANDARDS.
204
00:10:42,676 --> 00:10:45,210
Narrator: THE FIRST CREW,
NAMED SKYLAB 2,
205
00:10:45,278 --> 00:10:48,213
LAUNCHED ON MAY 25, 1973.
206
00:10:50,683 --> 00:10:54,419
THE ASTRONAUTS
SPEND 28 DAYS IN SPACE,
207
00:10:54,421 --> 00:10:56,821
DOUBLING NASA'S PREVIOUS RECORD.
208
00:10:58,558 --> 00:11:02,227
SKYLAB 3 ORBITED FOR 59 DAYS.
209
00:11:04,030 --> 00:11:07,565
AND ON NOVEMBER 16, 1973,
210
00:11:07,633 --> 00:11:11,569
SKYLAB 4 FINALLY APPROACHED
THE SPACE STATION.
211
00:11:11,637 --> 00:11:15,607
THEIR MISSION:
TO LAST OVER 80 DAYS INSIDE.
212
00:11:17,677 --> 00:11:20,712
Ed Gibson: IT WAS ABOUT THE SIZE
OF A 3-BEDROOM HOME,
213
00:11:20,714 --> 00:11:24,582
BUT WE WERE WORKING IN THREE
DIMENSIONS AS OPPOSED TO TWO.
214
00:11:24,651 --> 00:11:27,118
IF WE WERE TO TURN THIS
WHOLE ROOM INTO ZERO GRAVITY,
215
00:11:27,120 --> 00:11:29,520
WE'D FIND ALL OF A SUDDEN IT
WOULD BECOME MUCH MORE SPACIOUS,
216
00:11:29,523 --> 00:11:31,389
MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY TO YOU.
217
00:11:31,458 --> 00:11:32,991
AND THAT'S THE WAY SKYLAB WAS.
218
00:11:33,059 --> 00:11:35,627
IT WAS HUGE.
219
00:11:39,399 --> 00:11:42,834
Narrator: AT THE SMITHSONIAN
NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM,
220
00:11:42,902 --> 00:11:46,437
SKYLAB 4 COMMANDER GERALD CARR
VISITS THE DUPLICATE
221
00:11:46,506 --> 00:11:49,374
OF THE SPACECRAFT
HE ONCE CALLED HOME.
222
00:11:52,479 --> 00:11:54,323
Carr: I'M REMEMBERING
ALL OF THE MEALS
223
00:11:54,347 --> 00:11:57,281
WE HAD AROUND THIS TABLE
IN THE WARD ROOM.
224
00:11:57,284 --> 00:11:59,551
ONE OF THE THINGS WE ALWAYS DID
ON MY MISSION
225
00:11:59,619 --> 00:12:02,086
WAS WE ALWAYS ATE TOGETHER.
226
00:12:02,089 --> 00:12:04,455
Narrator:
WITH A FREEZER ON BOARD,
227
00:12:04,524 --> 00:12:07,291
SKYLAB'S MENU
WAS AS GOURMET AND LUXURIOUS
228
00:12:07,294 --> 00:12:10,228
AS SPACE FOOD EVER GOT.
229
00:12:10,230 --> 00:12:13,898
Carr: WE HAD
THREE TYPES OF FOOD.
230
00:12:13,966 --> 00:12:15,633
WE HAD FROZEN FOOD,
231
00:12:15,701 --> 00:12:19,304
AND THAT WAS THINGS LIKE
ICE CREAM, FILET MIGNON,
232
00:12:19,372 --> 00:12:24,041
LOBSTER NEWBERG,
ROAST PORK AND DRESSING.
233
00:12:24,110 --> 00:12:26,778
THE SECOND TYPE OF FOOD
WAS FREEZE DRIED,
234
00:12:26,780 --> 00:12:28,246
AND THAT'S KIND OF WHAT YOU GET
235
00:12:28,314 --> 00:12:30,426
IN A SPORTING GOODS STORE,
CAMPING FOOD.
236
00:12:30,450 --> 00:12:33,852
THE THIRD TYPE OF FOOD WE HAD
WAS CANNED FOOD.
237
00:12:33,920 --> 00:12:35,186
NASA HAD A FANCY TERM.
238
00:12:35,188 --> 00:12:37,321
THEY CALLED IT
THERMAL STABILIZED.
239
00:12:37,324 --> 00:12:39,557
BUT IT WAS JUST
PLAIN OLD CANNED FOOD,
240
00:12:39,625 --> 00:12:43,027
AND MOST OF THAT WAS OUR FRUITS.
241
00:12:43,095 --> 00:12:45,997
THE BATHROOM WAS OVER THERE.
242
00:12:45,999 --> 00:12:47,865
YOU COULD SEE THAT THE TOILET,
243
00:12:47,868 --> 00:12:50,268
THE ENGINEER WHO DESIGNED THAT
WAS A MASOCHIST,
244
00:12:50,336 --> 00:12:52,603
BECAUSE TO SIT ON THE TOILET
245
00:12:52,672 --> 00:12:55,339
YOU HAVE TO HANG ON THE WALL
LIKE A BAT.
246
00:12:55,342 --> 00:12:57,408
THEY EVEN PROVIDED US,
AS YOU CAN SEE,
247
00:12:57,476 --> 00:13:00,511
WITH SEATBELTS TO HOLD US ON.
248
00:13:00,580 --> 00:13:03,614
Narrator:
AS WELL AS BEING AT THE MERCY
249
00:13:03,617 --> 00:13:06,117
OF MASOCHISTIC
SPACECRAFT ENGINEERS,
250
00:13:06,185 --> 00:13:09,086
THE SKYLAB CREWS
WERE ALSO MEDICAL PIONEERS
251
00:13:09,089 --> 00:13:11,222
AND GUINEA PIGS.
252
00:13:11,291 --> 00:13:13,457
DOCTORS ON THE GROUND
KEPT A CLOSE EYE
253
00:13:13,526 --> 00:13:16,360
ON HOW WEIGHTLESSNESS
AFFECTED THEIR HEALTH.
254
00:13:16,429 --> 00:13:20,364
BODY FLUIDS
WERE THE FIRST TO CHANGE.
255
00:13:20,433 --> 00:13:23,167
Carr: WHEN A HUMAN GOES INTO
A WEIGHTLESS ENVIRONMENT,
256
00:13:23,236 --> 00:13:26,437
THE MOST COMMON THING IS
WHAT WE CALL A FLUID SHIFT.
257
00:13:26,439 --> 00:13:28,439
Gibson: YOU LOOK IN THE MIRROR,
AND THIS PUMPKIN LOOKS BACK,
258
00:13:28,441 --> 00:13:31,075
THIS ROUND RED HEAD
WITH BRIGHT RED EYEBALLS,
259
00:13:31,143 --> 00:13:33,377
BECAUSE NO LONGER
CHECKED BY GRAVITY,
260
00:13:33,380 --> 00:13:35,613
YOUR ARTERIES
AND YOUR VEINS AND YOUR HEART
261
00:13:35,681 --> 00:13:38,416
CONTINUE TO FORCE THE BLOOD
UP TOWARDS YOUR HEAD.
262
00:13:38,484 --> 00:13:42,587
Narrator: LUCKILY, BODILY FLUIDS
RESETTLE AFTER A FEW DAYS.
263
00:13:42,589 --> 00:13:47,125
BUT WITH IDLE LIMBS, MUSCLE TONE
RAPIDLY DETERIORATES.
264
00:13:47,193 --> 00:13:50,061
Gibson: YOU DON'T REALLY WORK
LIKE YOU DO DOWN HERE.
265
00:13:50,129 --> 00:13:51,773
YOU TEND TO LOSE
MUSCLE MASS,
266
00:13:51,797 --> 00:13:53,497
ESPECIALLY IN YOUR LEGS.
267
00:13:53,566 --> 00:13:55,066
AND MORE IMPORTANTLY,
268
00:13:55,134 --> 00:13:59,804
BECAUSE YOUR HEART
DOESN'T WORK AS HARD,
269
00:13:59,873 --> 00:14:05,009
Narrator:
RUDIMENTARY EXERCISE EQUIPMENT
HELPED MAINTAIN SOME MUSCLE.
270
00:14:05,078 --> 00:14:06,544
BUT THE FIRST SKYLAB CREWS
271
00:14:06,612 --> 00:14:08,880
STILL LOST 20%
OF THEIR MUSCLE MASS
272
00:14:08,882 --> 00:14:12,416
IN A FEW SHORT WEEKS.
273
00:14:12,485 --> 00:14:14,752
SO NASA ORDERED THE CREW
TO HIT THE GYM
274
00:14:14,821 --> 00:14:18,456
FOR AN HOUR AND A HALF
EVERY DAY.
275
00:14:18,524 --> 00:14:21,792
Carr: THIS IS
THE EXERCISE BICYCLE HERE.
276
00:14:21,861 --> 00:14:24,862
WE TOOK THE SEAT OFF OF IT
BECAUSE THE SEAT WAS A BOTHER.
277
00:14:24,931 --> 00:14:26,898
WE PUT A FEW TOWELS UP HERE,
278
00:14:26,900 --> 00:14:28,900
AND YOU COULD
STAND UP AND BICYCLE
279
00:14:28,902 --> 00:14:30,768
WITH YOUR HEAD ON THE PAD
280
00:14:30,837 --> 00:14:33,082
AND THAT WAY YOU COULD
STRESS YOUR WHOLE SKELETON
281
00:14:33,106 --> 00:14:35,540
RATHER THAN JUST
THE LOWER PART OF YOUR BODY.
282
00:14:37,243 --> 00:14:40,878
Gibson:
I PERSONALLY REALLY ENJOYED IT
BECAUSE I MISSED EXERCISE,
283
00:14:40,947 --> 00:14:43,181
BUT ALSO, IT TENDED
TO PULL THE FLUIDS
284
00:14:43,249 --> 00:14:45,560
FROM THE UPPER PART OF YOUR BODY
DOWN INTO YOUR LEGS,
285
00:14:45,584 --> 00:14:47,619
AND YOUR HEAD FELT CLEAR AGAIN.
286
00:14:50,022 --> 00:14:52,256
Narrator:
IN ADDITION TO EXERCISE,
287
00:14:52,259 --> 00:14:54,492
MISSION CONTROL
SCHEDULES EVERY MOMENT
288
00:14:54,560 --> 00:14:56,661
OF ASTRONAUTS' LIVES IN SPACE,
289
00:14:56,663 --> 00:14:59,664
WHICH HAS A HUGE IMPACT
ON CREW MORALE...
290
00:14:59,732 --> 00:15:03,868
SOMETHING MADE CRYSTAL CLEAR
ON SKYLAB 4.
291
00:15:03,937 --> 00:15:05,970
Gibson:
ONE OF THE MAJOR FEATURES
292
00:15:06,038 --> 00:15:08,116
THAT YOU WANT
FOR A LONG-DURATION SPACE FLIGHT
293
00:15:08,140 --> 00:15:10,675
IS, NUMBER ONE,
SOME WORK TO DO
294
00:15:10,677 --> 00:15:14,211
WHICH IS INTERESTING
AND INTELLECTUALLY CHALLENGING.
295
00:15:14,280 --> 00:15:15,479
AND THE SECOND THING YOU WANT
296
00:15:15,482 --> 00:15:18,082
IS NOT TO HAVE TO
MARCH BY THE NUMBERS.
297
00:15:18,150 --> 00:15:19,795
Narrator: SKYLAB'S AGENDA
WAS SCHEDULED
298
00:15:19,819 --> 00:15:21,686
AS RIGIDLY AND RELENTLESSLY
299
00:15:21,754 --> 00:15:23,888
AS IF THEY WERE ON
A ONE-DAY MERCURY TRIP,
300
00:15:23,957 --> 00:15:26,424
NOT A THREE-MONTH-LONG MISSION.
301
00:15:26,492 --> 00:15:28,359
THE CREW HAD A DIZZYING ARRAY
302
00:15:28,427 --> 00:15:31,095
OF MEDICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL
EXPERIMENTS,
303
00:15:31,097 --> 00:15:34,398
PLUS SEVERAL SPACEWALKS
TO ACCOMPLISH.
304
00:15:34,467 --> 00:15:36,100
Carr: WE WERE OVER-SCHEDULED.
305
00:15:36,168 --> 00:15:37,813
WHEN YOU'RE HAVING TO RUSH
FROM ONE THING TO ANOTHER,
306
00:15:37,837 --> 00:15:40,004
YOU START MAKING MISTAKES,
307
00:15:40,072 --> 00:15:41,312
AND WE STARTED MAKING MISTAKES
308
00:15:41,374 --> 00:15:44,575
FROM THE BEGINNING
OF THE MISSION.
309
00:15:44,577 --> 00:15:45,509
Gibson: IF YOU EVER TRIED
TO FIGURE OUT
310
00:15:45,512 --> 00:15:47,378
WHAT YOU WERE GONNA DO TOMORROW
311
00:15:47,447 --> 00:15:49,391
AND PUT IT ON A LIST
DOWN TO EVERY FIVE MINUTES,
312
00:15:49,415 --> 00:15:51,226
AND THEN TRY TO
WORK THAT WAY TOMORROW,
313
00:15:51,250 --> 00:15:53,184
YOU'D FIND
IT WOULD BE AWFUL HARD.
314
00:15:53,252 --> 00:15:56,687
Carr: WE WERE JUST BEING PUSHED
TOO FAST TO DO THINGS.
315
00:15:56,756 --> 00:15:58,876
THAT CAUSED
A PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEM FOR US.
316
00:15:58,925 --> 00:16:01,793
WE DIDN'T LIKE FAILING.
317
00:16:01,861 --> 00:16:04,929
Vance Brand:
I THINK THE CREW FELT
318
00:16:04,997 --> 00:16:07,665
THEY PROBABLY DID
HAVE A VERY HEAVY WORKLOAD.
319
00:16:07,734 --> 00:16:10,568
WE WERE SITTING IN CHAIRS
IN MISSION CONTROL,
320
00:16:10,636 --> 00:16:15,806
SO IT WAS HARD TO FEEL WHAT
THEY WERE FEELING UP THERE.
321
00:16:15,809 --> 00:16:17,720
THE MEDIA WAS GETTING WIND
OF THE FACT
322
00:16:17,744 --> 00:16:21,012
THAT THE CREW
WAS LESS THAN HAPPY.
323
00:16:21,080 --> 00:16:23,814
Journalist: THERE HAVE BEEN
REPORTS OFF AND ON
324
00:16:23,817 --> 00:16:26,717
ABOUT THIS CREW BEING
SOMEWHAT LESS ENTHUSIASTIC
325
00:16:26,786 --> 00:16:28,353
THAN PREVIOUS SKYLAB CREWS.
326
00:16:28,421 --> 00:16:30,399
COULD YOU COMMENT
ON THIS, PLEASE, SIR?
327
00:16:30,423 --> 00:16:32,401
Man: YEAH, THEY'RE YOUR REPORTS,
NOT OURS.
328
00:16:32,425 --> 00:16:33,869
THIS CREW IS
VERY ENTHUSIASTIC.
329
00:16:33,893 --> 00:16:36,961
WE HAVE NO PROBLEM WITH THEM.
330
00:16:37,029 --> 00:16:39,831
Narrator:
BUT THAT ENTHUSIASM SOON WANED,
331
00:16:39,899 --> 00:16:42,600
AND EVENTUALLY THE ISSUE
OF WORKLOAD CAME TO A HEAD
332
00:16:42,668 --> 00:16:44,735
IN WHAT HAS FAMOUSLY
BEEN REFERRED TO
333
00:16:44,804 --> 00:16:48,639
AS THE FIRST MUTINY IN SPACE.
334
00:16:48,708 --> 00:16:52,076
Carr: I TOLD THE PEOPLE, "WE'RE
GONNA TAKE OUR SUNDAY OFF,"
335
00:16:52,144 --> 00:16:53,544
AND WE REALLY TOOK IT OFF.
336
00:16:53,612 --> 00:16:58,482
IN FACT, ON ONE OCCASION,
AS WE WERE GOING OVER A STATION,
337
00:16:58,551 --> 00:17:01,419
WE HAD FORGOTTEN
TO RECONFIGURE OUR RADIOS.
338
00:17:01,487 --> 00:17:03,454
THE PEOPLE ON THE GROUND
CALLED US.
339
00:17:03,456 --> 00:17:05,189
Mission control:
SKYLAB, THIS IS HOUSTON,
340
00:17:05,191 --> 00:17:07,859
THROUGH CORPUS CHRISTI,
MERRITT ISLAND AND BERMUDA
341
00:17:07,927 --> 00:17:09,960
FOR 14.5 MINUTES, OVER.
342
00:17:10,029 --> 00:17:13,197
[SILENCE]
343
00:17:13,199 --> 00:17:15,466
Carr: AND WE DIDN'T ANSWER,
344
00:17:15,468 --> 00:17:19,070
SO THEY HAD TO SEND UP
AN EMERGENCY PULSE SIGNAL
345
00:17:19,138 --> 00:17:20,771
TO HIT AN ALARM
346
00:17:20,840 --> 00:17:23,741
AND GET US TO PAY ATTENTION
AND GET WITH THEM AGAIN.
347
00:17:23,743 --> 00:17:26,010
Mission control:
OK, THANK YOU, SKYLAB 4.
348
00:17:26,012 --> 00:17:28,546
Skylab astronaut:
OK... SO LONG.
349
00:17:28,614 --> 00:17:31,215
Gibson: THEY CALLED IT
A STRIKE IN SPACE,
350
00:17:31,217 --> 00:17:33,717
I MEAN, STRIKE?
WHERE WERE WE GONNA GO?
351
00:17:33,786 --> 00:17:36,487
Narrator:
SOMETHING HAD TO GIVE.
352
00:17:36,555 --> 00:17:39,757
Carr: FINALLY,
ON ABOUT DAY 40 OR SO,
353
00:17:39,826 --> 00:17:43,761
AS WE CAME ACROSS A U.S. PASS
FOR ABOUT 14 MINUTES,
354
00:17:43,830 --> 00:17:47,731
WE TOLD THE GROUND
WHAT WE DIDN'T LIKE.
355
00:17:47,800 --> 00:17:50,301
Carr, recording:
I THINK THAT A CREW,
356
00:17:50,303 --> 00:17:53,170
OR ANY MAN WHO IS
WORKING LONG HOURS
357
00:17:53,239 --> 00:17:55,773
NEEDS SOME PERIOD OF TIME
AT THE END OF THE DAY
358
00:17:55,842 --> 00:17:59,644
WHERE HE CAN BE QUIET
AND WIND DOWN AND RELAX
359
00:17:59,712 --> 00:18:01,378
AND GATHER YOUR THOUGHTS
360
00:18:01,381 --> 00:18:02,991
IN ORDER TO KIND OF
GET YOURSELF READY
361
00:18:03,015 --> 00:18:04,982
FOR THE NEXT DAY'S ACTIVITY.
362
00:18:05,051 --> 00:18:07,985
Carr: SO ON THE NEXT PASS,
THEY HAD THEIR TURN TO TELL US
363
00:18:08,053 --> 00:18:10,955
WHAT WE WERE DOING
TO MAKE THEIR LIFE MISERABLE.
364
00:18:11,023 --> 00:18:12,567
Gibson:
WE WORKED WITH THE GROUND
365
00:18:12,591 --> 00:18:14,302
AND CAME UP WITH A BETTER WAY
TO GO AT IT,
366
00:18:14,326 --> 00:18:17,361
AND I THINK WE ALL WERE
MUCH BETTER FOR IT...
367
00:18:17,429 --> 00:18:19,130
NOT JUST OURSELVES
ON THAT FLIGHT,
368
00:18:19,132 --> 00:18:23,000
BUT SUBSEQUENT FLIGHTS,
THE SPACE STATION, AND SO FORTH.
369
00:18:23,002 --> 00:18:25,369
Narrator: WORK SCHEDULING
ON SPACE STATIONS
370
00:18:25,437 --> 00:18:27,872
IS NOW MUCH MORE FLEXIBLE...
371
00:18:27,940 --> 00:18:30,541
A CHANGE THAT HAS HAD
A HUGELY POSITIVE IMPACT
372
00:18:30,609 --> 00:18:35,146
ON BOTH CREW MORALE
AND PRODUCTIVITY.
373
00:18:35,214 --> 00:18:37,949
Carr: IT REALLY
LOOSENED UP THE DAY,
374
00:18:38,017 --> 00:18:39,951
AND WE WERE
FAR MORE PRODUCTIVE.
375
00:18:40,019 --> 00:18:42,487
IT'S INTERESTING
THAT GOT PICKED UP
376
00:18:42,555 --> 00:18:44,622
IN A LOT OF MANAGEMENT REVIEWS.
377
00:18:44,624 --> 00:18:48,359
HARVARD MANAGEMENT REVIEWS
AND PEOPLE USED THIS EVENT
378
00:18:48,427 --> 00:18:50,060
AS AN EXAMPLE
379
00:18:50,129 --> 00:18:53,697
OF WHY YOU SHOULD NOT
OVERSCHEDULE YOUR EMPLOYEES.
380
00:18:53,700 --> 00:18:56,167
Narrator:
ON FEBRUARY 8, 1974,
381
00:18:56,235 --> 00:18:58,903
CARR, GIBSON, AND POGUE
RETURNED HOME
382
00:18:58,905 --> 00:19:02,840
AFTER 84 DAYS,
1 HOUR, AND 16 MINUTES
383
00:19:02,908 --> 00:19:04,575
IN SPACE ORBIT.
384
00:19:04,643 --> 00:19:06,244
Carr: IT WAS SAID BY SOME
385
00:19:06,312 --> 00:19:08,089
THAT WE WERE PROBABLY
IN BETTER SHAPE WHEN WE GOT BACK
386
00:19:08,113 --> 00:19:10,381
THAN WHEN WE LEFT.
387
00:19:10,449 --> 00:19:12,527
Mike Barratt:
SKYLAB WAS AN AMAZING PROGRAM
388
00:19:12,551 --> 00:19:13,984
IN A LOT OF WAYS.
389
00:19:13,987 --> 00:19:16,320
FROM THERE WE LEARNED
HOW TO EXERCISE IN SPACE,
390
00:19:16,388 --> 00:19:18,122
HOW TO FEED PEOPLE IN SPACE...
391
00:19:18,124 --> 00:19:20,357
JUST THE BASICS
OF LIVING IN SPACE
392
00:19:20,426 --> 00:19:22,193
FOR LONG PERIODS OF TIME.
393
00:19:22,261 --> 00:19:26,230
SKYLAB WAS REALLY
A LANDMARK PROGRAM FOR US.
394
00:19:26,298 --> 00:19:28,532
Narrator:
SKYLAB WAS A MAJOR STEP
395
00:19:28,535 --> 00:19:30,935
TOWARDS HUMAN HABITATION
OF SPACE.
396
00:19:30,937 --> 00:19:35,106
IT ALSO LED TO SOME SURPRISING
INNOVATIONS ON EARTH.
397
00:19:37,610 --> 00:19:41,612
FOR EXAMPLE, INFANT FORMULA
NOW USED AROUND THE WORLD
398
00:19:41,614 --> 00:19:44,615
CONTAINS A SPECIFIC NUTRIENT
IDENTIFIED BY NASA
399
00:19:44,683 --> 00:19:47,185
FOR LONG DURATION SPACEFLIGHT.
400
00:19:50,055 --> 00:19:52,823
IN ADDITION
TO ADVANCING NUTRITION,
401
00:19:52,825 --> 00:19:55,893
SKYLAB 4 HIGHLIGHTED HOW MUCH
THE WORKING RELATIONSHIP
402
00:19:55,962 --> 00:20:01,599
BETWEEN CREW AND MISSION CONTROL
CAN ENHANCE OR DERAIL A MISSION.
403
00:20:01,667 --> 00:20:03,100
Gary Beven:
THERE ARE UPS AND DOWNS
404
00:20:03,102 --> 00:20:04,179
DURING LONG DURATION MISSIONS.
405
00:20:04,203 --> 00:20:05,903
THERE MIGHT BE A DAY IN WHICH
406
00:20:05,972 --> 00:20:07,749
THE ASTRONAUTS
AND THE GROUND TEAM
407
00:20:07,773 --> 00:20:09,373
DON'T SEE EYE-TO-EYE.
408
00:20:09,442 --> 00:20:12,042
BUT IF EVERYBODY UNDERSTANDS
409
00:20:12,045 --> 00:20:14,223
THAT THEY'RE WORKING
TOGETHER AS PROFESSIONALS,
410
00:20:14,247 --> 00:20:15,247
THEY MOVE ON.
411
00:20:18,651 --> 00:20:20,891
Narrator: WORKING TOGETHER
FROM THAT DISTANCE
412
00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:23,754
ALWAYS POSES CHALLENGES.
413
00:20:23,822 --> 00:20:26,390
BUT NOTHING COMPARES
TO A FULL-BLOWN CRISIS
414
00:20:26,458 --> 00:20:30,427
WHEN THAT DYNAMIC BECOMES VITAL
IN THE FLIP OF A SWITCH.
415
00:20:30,496 --> 00:20:33,464
APRIL 14, 1970.
416
00:20:33,532 --> 00:20:36,133
ROOKIE ASTRONAUTS
FRED HAISE AND JACK SWIGERT
417
00:20:36,201 --> 00:20:37,534
AND COMMANDER JIM LOVELL,
418
00:20:37,537 --> 00:20:39,737
A VETERAN
OF THREE NASA MISSIONS,
419
00:20:39,805 --> 00:20:42,273
ARE TWO DAYS INTO
THE THIRD MOON LANDING ATTEMPT
420
00:20:42,341 --> 00:20:45,542
ON APOLLO 13.
421
00:20:45,545 --> 00:20:47,811
200,000 MILES FROM EARTH,
422
00:20:47,814 --> 00:20:50,414
AS THE CREW PREPARES
FOR A NIGHT OF SLEEP,
423
00:20:50,482 --> 00:20:54,985
HOUSTON HAS ONE FINAL ROUTINE
REQUEST FOR THE ASTRONAUTS.
424
00:20:55,054 --> 00:20:57,821
Kranz: WE HAVE A FIVE-PAGE
PRE-SLEEP CHECKLIST.
425
00:20:57,824 --> 00:21:02,860
WE GOT DOWN TO THE FINAL ITEM:
"DO WE REQUIRE A CRYO-STIR?"
426
00:21:02,928 --> 00:21:05,129
Narrator:
A CRYO-STIR TURNS ON FANS
427
00:21:05,197 --> 00:21:07,164
TO MAKE THE OXYGEN TANKS UNIFORM
428
00:21:07,233 --> 00:21:10,367
SO MISSION CONTROL
CAN MEASURE THEM.
429
00:21:10,370 --> 00:21:15,439
Kranz: JACK SWIGERT INITIATED
THIS CRYO-STIR.
430
00:21:15,441 --> 00:21:18,575
Fred Haise:
THIS LOUD BANG OCCURRED.
431
00:21:18,644 --> 00:21:19,844
I COULD HEAR AND SAW
432
00:21:19,912 --> 00:21:23,514
SOME WARPING OF THE METAL
IN THE TUNNEL.
433
00:21:23,582 --> 00:21:26,822
Lovell:
THESE LIGHTS STARTED TO FLASH
AND JETS STARTED TO FIRE,
434
00:21:26,852 --> 00:21:28,319
AND I LOOKED UP AT FRED
435
00:21:28,387 --> 00:21:30,699
TO SEE IF HE KNEW WHAT WAS
CAUSING ALL THIS COMMOTION,
436
00:21:30,723 --> 00:21:33,057
AND I COULD TELL HE DIDN'T KNOW.
437
00:21:33,059 --> 00:21:34,569
Narrator:
WARNING LIGHTS INDICATE
438
00:21:34,593 --> 00:21:36,927
SOMETHING IS WRONG
WITH THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM.
439
00:21:36,929 --> 00:21:38,662
THEN MORE LIGHTS.
440
00:21:38,665 --> 00:21:41,365
TWO OUT OF THE THREE FUEL CELLS
HAVE JUST DIED.
441
00:21:49,809 --> 00:21:51,319
Narrator:
MISSION CONTROL GET BUSY
442
00:21:51,343 --> 00:21:53,188
TRYING TO RESOLVE
WHAT THEY THINK
443
00:21:53,212 --> 00:21:55,846
IS A MINOR COMPUTER PROBLEM...
444
00:21:55,914 --> 00:21:58,616
UNTIL JIM LOVELL
CALLS DOWN AGAIN.
445
00:22:07,659 --> 00:22:09,859
Haise: THERE WAS
A SEA OF DEBRIS AROUND US.
446
00:22:09,895 --> 00:22:12,029
SOME WAS JUST SHINY THINGS
447
00:22:12,098 --> 00:22:14,231
OUT A LITTLE WAYS
FROM THE SPACECRAFT;
448
00:22:14,299 --> 00:22:17,902
CLOSE IN SOME THINGS LOOKED LIKE
LITTLE KERNELS OF POPCORN.
449
00:22:17,970 --> 00:22:19,503
Narrator:
WHAT THE ASTRONAUTS SAW
450
00:22:19,505 --> 00:22:23,140
WAS FROZEN OXYGEN SPILLING OUT
OF THEIR OWN AIR SUPPLY.
451
00:22:25,544 --> 00:22:27,244
Kranz: AT THAT MOMENT,
452
00:22:27,313 --> 00:22:30,314
EVERYBODY RECOGNIZED
THAT THIS WAS SURVIVAL,
453
00:22:30,316 --> 00:22:34,585
AND WE STARTED MOVING IN
AN ENTIRELY DIFFERENT FASHION.
454
00:22:34,587 --> 00:22:37,922
Narrator:
MISSION CONTROL HAS BEEN HANDED
THE JOB OF THEIR LIVES.
455
00:22:37,990 --> 00:22:41,726
WITHOUT INVENTIVE SOLUTIONS,
THE CREW WILL PERISH.
456
00:22:48,868 --> 00:22:51,201
Narrator:
THEIR CRISIS IS IMMEDIATE.
457
00:22:51,270 --> 00:22:52,536
IN THE COMMAND MODULE,
458
00:22:52,604 --> 00:22:56,140
BOTH OXYGEN AND POWER
ARE DWINDLING FAST.
459
00:23:03,416 --> 00:23:05,416
Narrator:
THE ASTRONAUTS' ONLY HOPE
460
00:23:05,418 --> 00:23:07,684
IS TO MOVE INTO
THE LUNAR LANDING MODULE,
461
00:23:07,687 --> 00:23:09,787
WHICH HAS
AIR AND POWER OF ITS OWN,
462
00:23:09,855 --> 00:23:13,824
AND USE IT AS A LIFEBOAT
TO FERRY THEM BACK TO EARTH.
463
00:23:13,826 --> 00:23:15,959
Lovell: THE LUNAR MODULE
WAS NEVER DESIGNED FOR THAT.
464
00:23:15,962 --> 00:23:18,362
IT WAS ONLY DESIGNED
TO LAST 45 HOURS,
465
00:23:18,364 --> 00:23:21,832
AND WE WERE AT LEAST
90 HOURS FROM HOME.
466
00:23:21,834 --> 00:23:25,436
Narrator:
NOW MISSION CONTROL MUST DECIDE
HOW TO GET THEM HOME.
467
00:23:25,504 --> 00:23:28,016
Glynn Lunney:
THE IMMEDIATE REACTION
IN THE CONTROL CENTER
468
00:23:28,040 --> 00:23:30,707
WAS TO TURN AROUND
AND COME BACK HOME.
469
00:23:30,776 --> 00:23:31,976
AND THAT WAS UNDERSTANDABLE,
470
00:23:32,044 --> 00:23:34,378
BUT IN THE END
IT BECAME CLEAR
471
00:23:34,380 --> 00:23:37,514
THAT WE JUST DIDN'T
HAVE ENOUGH ENERGY
472
00:23:37,583 --> 00:23:39,450
TO TURN THE VEHICLE AROUND.
473
00:23:39,518 --> 00:23:41,986
Narrator: MISSION CONTROL
PICKS THE ALTERNATIVE:
474
00:23:42,054 --> 00:23:44,655
FLY AROUND THE MOON
AND USE ITS GRAVITY
475
00:23:44,723 --> 00:23:47,158
TO SLINGSHOT THE CREW
BACK TO EARTH.
476
00:23:49,061 --> 00:23:52,062
77 HOURS INTO THE MISSION,
477
00:23:52,130 --> 00:23:56,867
APOLLO 13 CIRCLES AROUND
THE FAR SIDE OF THE MOON...
478
00:23:56,935 --> 00:23:58,402
AND VANISHES...
479
00:23:58,404 --> 00:24:03,340
OUT OF CONTACT WITH EARTH
FOR 45 MINUTES.
480
00:24:03,342 --> 00:24:06,276
THE WORLD IS RIVETED.
481
00:24:06,279 --> 00:24:10,281
Ceruzzi: AROUND THE WORLD
PEOPLE SUDDENLY BECAME
482
00:24:10,349 --> 00:24:13,083
VERY MUCH INVOLVED
WITH THIS STORY.
483
00:24:13,085 --> 00:24:18,155
EVEN THE SOVIET UNION,
484
00:24:18,224 --> 00:24:21,558
THEY OFFERED THEIR HELP
IN ANY WAY THEY COULD.
485
00:24:21,627 --> 00:24:23,227
Narrator:
ON THE STRICKEN SPACECRAFT,
486
00:24:23,229 --> 00:24:26,630
ENERGY IS IN SHORT SUPPLY.
487
00:24:26,698 --> 00:24:29,066
SO ALL SUPERFLUOUS
LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEMS
488
00:24:29,134 --> 00:24:31,835
ARE SHUT OFF.
489
00:24:31,904 --> 00:24:33,815
BUT EVEN WITH
EVERYTHING POWERED DOWN,
490
00:24:33,839 --> 00:24:38,242
THE AIR SUPPLY WILL NOT HOLD OUT
LONG ENOUGH.
491
00:24:38,310 --> 00:24:41,078
THE THREE ASTRONAUTS
ARE EXHALING DEADLY CO2
492
00:24:41,146 --> 00:24:44,181
INTO THE TINY LUNAR MODULE.
493
00:24:44,183 --> 00:24:46,316
Lunney: THE LUNAR MODULE
CANISTERS WERE LIMITED
494
00:24:46,319 --> 00:24:49,186
BECAUSE THEY WERE BUILT
TO SCRUB THE OXYGEN
495
00:24:49,254 --> 00:24:50,721
FOR TWO PEOPLE FOR TWO DAYS.
496
00:24:50,789 --> 00:24:54,391
SO NOW WE HAD THREE PEOPLE
FOR FIVE DAYS.
497
00:24:54,459 --> 00:24:56,727
Lovell: THE AMOUNT OF PRESSURE
OF CARBON DIOXIDE
498
00:24:56,729 --> 00:25:00,163
WAS BUILDING UP
IN THE LUNAR MODULE.
499
00:25:00,232 --> 00:25:02,533
Narrator: SPARE CANISTERS
IN THE COMMAND MODULE
500
00:25:02,601 --> 00:25:04,668
COULD SAVE THE CREW,
501
00:25:04,736 --> 00:25:06,470
BUT THESE SPARES ARE SQUARE,
502
00:25:06,539 --> 00:25:09,773
AND THE LUNAR MODULE
CARBON SCRUBBER IS ROUND.
503
00:25:09,841 --> 00:25:14,278
MISSION CONTROL NEEDS TO
FIGURE SOMETHING OUT.
504
00:25:14,346 --> 00:25:16,680
Kranz: SO ENGINEERING
COMES UP WITH THE IDEA
505
00:25:16,748 --> 00:25:18,482
TO FABRICATE AN ADAPTER
506
00:25:18,551 --> 00:25:20,791
TO FIT THE SQUARE SCRUBBER
INTO THE ROUND HOLE,
507
00:25:20,819 --> 00:25:22,586
TEST IT IN THE LABORATORIES,
508
00:25:22,654 --> 00:25:24,988
AND VOICE THE INSTRUCTIONS
UP TO THE CREW.
509
00:25:25,057 --> 00:25:27,758
Lovell:
AND THEY USED DUCT TAPE,
510
00:25:27,826 --> 00:25:29,827
A PIECE OF CARDBOARD,
511
00:25:29,895 --> 00:25:32,229
AND A PIECE OF PLASTIC,
512
00:25:32,298 --> 00:25:33,897
AND AN OLD SOCK.
513
00:25:33,966 --> 00:25:36,500
Kranz:
IT LITERALLY WAS IN MINUTES
514
00:25:36,502 --> 00:25:39,102
THE CREW COULD SEE
THE CARBON DIOXIDE PRESSURE
515
00:25:39,171 --> 00:25:42,072
STARTING TO DROP.
516
00:25:42,140 --> 00:25:44,641
Narrator: QUICK THINKING
AT MISSION CONTROL
517
00:25:44,644 --> 00:25:46,743
HAS FORESTALLED DISASTER.
518
00:25:46,812 --> 00:25:49,780
BUT ANOTHER LIFE-THREATENING
ORDEAL LIES AHEAD...
519
00:25:49,848 --> 00:25:52,616
THE PUNISHING HEAT OF RE-ENTRY.
520
00:25:54,787 --> 00:25:57,120
Lovell:
WELL, OUR ONLY CONCERN WAS
521
00:25:57,189 --> 00:26:00,857
DID THAT EXPLOSION
CRACK THE HEAT SHIELD
522
00:26:00,926 --> 00:26:04,328
OF THE COMMAND MODULE
SOMEPLACE IN THE BACK?
523
00:26:04,396 --> 00:26:05,796
Narrator: DURING RE-ENTRY
524
00:26:05,864 --> 00:26:08,131
THE COMMAND MODULE WOULD BE
EXPOSED TO TEMPERATURES
525
00:26:08,134 --> 00:26:11,468
AS HOT AS THE SURFACE
OF THE SUN.
526
00:26:11,470 --> 00:26:12,936
Lovell: IF THERE WAS A CRACK,
527
00:26:12,939 --> 00:26:15,339
THE HEAT WOULD GO
RIGHT THROUGH THERE
528
00:26:15,341 --> 00:26:17,741
AND OF COURSE
TOAST EVERYTHING INSIDE.
529
00:26:17,810 --> 00:26:19,876
NO WAY WE COULD SURVIVE.
530
00:26:19,879 --> 00:26:23,714
Narrator: RE-ENTRY IONIZES
THE GAS AROUND ANY SPACECRAFT,
531
00:26:23,782 --> 00:26:27,885
MAKING ALL RADIO CONTACT
IMPOSSIBLE FOR THREE MINUTES.
532
00:26:33,025 --> 00:26:34,691
Kranz:
MY SPACECRAFT COMMUNICATOR
533
00:26:34,694 --> 00:26:37,060
CALLS, "ODYSSEY,
HOUSTON STANDING BY."
534
00:26:37,129 --> 00:26:39,096
AND THERE'S NO RESPONSE.
535
00:26:39,098 --> 00:26:42,566
AND WE CALL AGAIN,
AND WE CALL AGAIN.
536
00:26:42,568 --> 00:26:46,170
Narrator: IT'S BEEN FOUR MINUTES
WITH NO REPLY.
537
00:26:46,238 --> 00:26:48,839
Lunney: THAT WAS
A SINKING FEELING TIME.
538
00:26:48,841 --> 00:26:51,041
Kranz: ALL THE CONTROLLERS
ARE STANDING,
539
00:26:51,109 --> 00:26:52,542
STARING AT THOSE CLOCKS,
540
00:26:52,611 --> 00:26:54,731
AND THEY'RE WONDERING
WHAT WENT WRONG.
541
00:27:08,060 --> 00:27:10,861
Kranz: THE EMOTIONAL RELEASE
AT THAT TIME IS SO INTENSE
542
00:27:10,863 --> 00:27:13,664
THAT LITERALLY EVERY
CONTROLLER IS STANDING CRYING,
543
00:27:13,666 --> 00:27:16,600
AND YOU'RE FRANKLY EMBARRASSED
BY YOUR LOSS OF COMPOSURE.
544
00:27:16,669 --> 00:27:18,268
Lovell: WE HIT THE WATER,
545
00:27:18,336 --> 00:27:20,537
AND THE WATER
SPLASHED OVER THE WINDOWS,
546
00:27:20,605 --> 00:27:23,240
AND WE DIDN'T CONTINUE
TO SINK INTO THE OCEAN.
547
00:27:23,308 --> 00:27:26,443
THEN I KNEW
WE WERE SAFELY ON BOARD.
548
00:27:26,511 --> 00:27:29,557
Charlie Duke:
WHEN THEY SPLASHED DOWN,
WE JUST ERUPTED WITH CHEERS,
549
00:27:29,581 --> 00:27:31,014
AND THE CIGARS CAME OUT,
550
00:27:31,017 --> 00:27:32,883
AND WE STARTED WAVING OUR FLAGS,
551
00:27:32,951 --> 00:27:36,820
AND PEOPLE WERE
VERY, VERY THANKFUL.
552
00:27:36,888 --> 00:27:39,489
Narrator: THE HARROWING ORDEAL
OF APOLLO 13
553
00:27:39,558 --> 00:27:44,161
WAS A STARK REMINDER
THAT WE HAD NOT TAMED SPACE.
554
00:27:44,229 --> 00:27:45,829
Ceruzzi: APOLLO 13 SHOWED
555
00:27:45,831 --> 00:27:48,499
THAT JUST THE FAILURE
OF ONE LITTLE WIRE
556
00:27:48,567 --> 00:27:52,102
COULD CAUSE
SUCH A POTENTIAL TRAGEDY.
557
00:27:52,104 --> 00:27:54,571
Narrator: ULTIMATELY IT WAS
THE HIGHLY SKILLED TEAMWORK
558
00:27:54,639 --> 00:27:58,909
OF MISSION CONTROL
THAT SAVED THE DAY.
559
00:27:58,911 --> 00:28:01,311
Ceruzzi: YOU REALLY DO NEED
PEOPLE ON THE GROUND
560
00:28:01,313 --> 00:28:04,614
TO MANAGE HUMAN BEINGS
IN SPACE.
561
00:28:04,683 --> 00:28:07,184
THE ASTRONAUTS,
AS WELL-TRAINED AS THEY WERE
562
00:28:07,186 --> 00:28:08,930
AND AS EXPERT THEY WERE
IN FLYING,
563
00:28:08,954 --> 00:28:12,790
REALLY COULD NOT GET THEIR HANDS
AROUND THE PROBLEM.
564
00:28:12,858 --> 00:28:15,959
Duke: THE ADVANTAGE OF APOLLO
WAS IT'S CLOSE...
565
00:28:16,027 --> 00:28:17,461
YOU KNOW, "HELLO, HOUSTON."
566
00:28:17,463 --> 00:28:19,830
YOU'VE GOT
A SECOND AND A HALF DELAY,
567
00:28:19,898 --> 00:28:22,265
AND THEN HOUSTON
RESPONDS IMMEDIATELY.
568
00:28:22,268 --> 00:28:24,267
IF YOU WERE OUT AT MARS
AND YOU HAD A SIMILAR PROBLEM,
569
00:28:24,270 --> 00:28:26,804
YOU'RE ON YOUR OWN.
570
00:28:26,872 --> 00:28:29,539
Narrator:
A 34-MILLION-MILE VOID
571
00:28:29,608 --> 00:28:32,142
LIES BETWEEN MARS AND EARTH.
572
00:28:32,144 --> 00:28:34,811
NO LIFELINE IS THAT LONG.
573
00:28:34,814 --> 00:28:37,081
SO THE CRAFT AND CREW
WOULD HAVE TO BE ROBUST
574
00:28:37,149 --> 00:28:39,616
AND READY
FOR JUST ABOUT ANYTHING.
575
00:28:39,618 --> 00:28:41,485
IN A JOURNEY LASTING YEARS,
576
00:28:41,553 --> 00:28:44,254
A CRISIS COULD UNFOLD
IN MERE SECONDS.
577
00:28:47,526 --> 00:28:50,160
ON THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION,
578
00:28:50,229 --> 00:28:52,429
CREWS ARE TESTING
HOW BOTH MAN AND MACHINE
579
00:28:52,464 --> 00:28:55,499
COULD SURVIVE THE TRIP.
580
00:28:55,501 --> 00:28:58,668
Barratt: WE WOULD LIKE TO USE
THE INTERNATIONAL STATION
581
00:28:58,737 --> 00:29:00,704
AS A LOW EARTH ORBIT
WIND TUNNEL, IF YOU WILL,
582
00:29:00,706 --> 00:29:02,706
TO REALLY TEST THINGS IN SPACE
583
00:29:02,708 --> 00:29:05,142
THAT WILL ALLOW US
TO FLY FURTHER.
584
00:29:06,711 --> 00:29:08,490
Ken Bowersox:
THERE'S A LOT OF WORK
585
00:29:08,514 --> 00:29:10,247
WITH THE LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS.
586
00:29:10,315 --> 00:29:13,617
MACHINES THAT SCRUB THE
CARBON DIOXIDE OUT OF THE AIR,
587
00:29:13,685 --> 00:29:15,252
THAT CIRCULATE THE AIR,
588
00:29:15,320 --> 00:29:16,987
THAT SWITCH
THE ELECTRICAL POWER...
589
00:29:16,989 --> 00:29:20,858
ALL THOSE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS
NEED TO BE EXTREMELY RELIABLE
590
00:29:20,926 --> 00:29:23,460
WHEN YOU'RE GONNA GO AWAY
FROM EARTH, WITHOUT A WAY BACK,
591
00:29:23,528 --> 00:29:26,196
FOR YEARS AT A TIME.
592
00:29:26,265 --> 00:29:29,633
Barratt: USING AS LITTLE
RESOURCES AS YOU CAN
593
00:29:29,701 --> 00:29:31,579
AND MAKING
A TRULY CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM,
594
00:29:31,603 --> 00:29:34,337
WE HAVE TO HAVE
A TEST BED FOR THAT.
595
00:29:34,340 --> 00:29:36,072
IT HAS TO BE IN SPACE,
596
00:29:36,075 --> 00:29:38,975
AND THE ISS GIVES US THAT.
597
00:29:39,044 --> 00:29:41,344
Narrator:
THE ISS LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM
598
00:29:41,413 --> 00:29:44,614
TURNS WASTEWATER FROM
RESPIRATION, SWEAT, AND URINE
599
00:29:44,617 --> 00:29:46,483
INTO DRINKABLE WATER
600
00:29:46,485 --> 00:29:49,953
AND HAS DIRECTLY INSPIRED
A WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM
601
00:29:50,022 --> 00:29:51,421
THAT PROVIDES
SAFE DRINKING WATER
602
00:29:51,423 --> 00:29:53,223
AROUND THE WORLD.
603
00:29:59,965 --> 00:30:03,500
[RADIO CHATTER]
604
00:30:10,141 --> 00:30:13,276
Narrator: SOMEONE WHO CAN VOUCH
FOR THE LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM
605
00:30:13,345 --> 00:30:16,780
IS MIKE LOPEZ-ALEGRIA.
606
00:30:16,782 --> 00:30:20,116
HE SPENT 215 DAYS
ON BOARD THE ISS...
607
00:30:20,119 --> 00:30:24,054
THE LONGEST SPACEFLIGHT
OF ANY AMERICAN.
608
00:30:24,122 --> 00:30:25,989
Mike L
609
00:30:25,991 --> 00:30:28,491
"WOW. SEVEN MONTHS. YOU KNOW,
WEREN'T YOU GOING STIR-CRAZY?"
610
00:30:28,560 --> 00:30:30,794
AND I HAVE TO SAY
THAT STATION MISSION
611
00:30:30,863 --> 00:30:32,796
IS NOT LIKE THAT AT ALL.
612
00:30:32,798 --> 00:30:34,642
THERE WAS ALWAYS
SOMETHING TO DO,
613
00:30:34,666 --> 00:30:38,235
AND THE SEVEN MONTHS
WENT BY VERY QUICKLY.
614
00:30:38,303 --> 00:30:41,037
Narrator: THE WORLD RECORD
FOR THE LONGEST STAY IN SPACE
615
00:30:41,106 --> 00:30:44,675
GOES TO COSMONAUT
DR. VALERI POLYAKOV,
616
00:30:44,743 --> 00:30:47,477
WHO FROM 1994 TO 1995
617
00:30:47,479 --> 00:30:49,880
STAYED ABOARD
THE RUSSIAN MIR STATION
618
00:30:49,882 --> 00:30:53,350
FOR A COLOSSAL 14 MONTHS,
619
00:30:53,418 --> 00:30:57,187
WITH NO DISCERNIBLE LONG-TERM
EFFECTS ON HIS HEALTH.
620
00:30:57,255 --> 00:31:00,523
Barratt: I ACTUALLY SAW
DR. POLYAKOV THE DAY HE LANDED.
621
00:31:00,592 --> 00:31:02,960
I WOULD NEVER HAVE GUESSED,
HAD I NOT KNOWN,
622
00:31:03,028 --> 00:31:05,295
THAT THIS MAN HAD BEEN IN SPACE
FOR THAT LONG,
623
00:31:05,363 --> 00:31:10,033
BECAUSE WHEN I SAW HIM,
624
00:31:10,102 --> 00:31:12,302
Narrator:
BUT THESE CURRENT RECORD HOLDERS
625
00:31:12,371 --> 00:31:15,338
WERE PARKED IN LOW EARTH ORBIT
THE WHOLE TIME.
626
00:31:15,407 --> 00:31:17,107
ON A TRIP TO MARS,
627
00:31:17,109 --> 00:31:20,043
ASTRONAUTS WOULD FACE
AN INVISIBLE BUT FATAL THREAT...
628
00:31:20,045 --> 00:31:22,812
DEEP SPACE RADIATION.
629
00:31:22,881 --> 00:31:24,982
SOLAR FLARES AND RADIATION BELTS
630
00:31:25,050 --> 00:31:27,651
FLING HIGH-ENERGY PROTONS
THROUGH SPACE.
631
00:31:27,719 --> 00:31:30,287
TO HUMANS,
IT'S A DEADLY COCKTAIL.
632
00:31:30,355 --> 00:31:33,657
Gibson:
A SHORT BURST OF RADIATION
CAN GIVE YOU RADIATION SICKNESS,
633
00:31:33,659 --> 00:31:38,662
PRETTY MUCH LIKE YOU WOULD SEE
IN THE BOMB BLAST OVER IN JAPAN.
634
00:31:38,730 --> 00:31:40,330
ON THE LONG TERM,
635
00:31:40,399 --> 00:31:43,733
EVEN A GRADUAL AMOUNT OF
RADIATION CAN CAUSE CANCER.
636
00:31:43,802 --> 00:31:46,870
SO WE GOT TO FIND
RADIATION PROTECTION.
637
00:31:46,939 --> 00:31:50,573
Narrator:
RADIATION IS NOT A BIG THREAT
TO ASTRONAUTS CIRCLING IN ORBIT.
638
00:31:50,642 --> 00:31:53,810
Al Drew: EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD
SHIELDS US FROM A LOT OF THAT
639
00:31:53,812 --> 00:31:55,323
BECAUSE IT'S VERY THICK
AND IT'S FAIRLY POWERFUL
640
00:31:55,347 --> 00:31:57,414
AND IT BENDS IT AWAY FROM US.
641
00:31:57,416 --> 00:31:59,683
AND ONCE YOU GET OUT
OF THAT MAGNETIC FIELD,
642
00:31:59,751 --> 00:32:01,195
YOU'RE EXPOSED
TO THAT SHOOTING GALLERY,
643
00:32:01,219 --> 00:32:03,520
SO YOU'RE GETTING IRRADIATED.
644
00:32:03,588 --> 00:32:05,666
Narrator: DURING A JOURNEY
TO MARS AND BACK,
645
00:32:05,690 --> 00:32:07,123
ASTRONAUTS COULD BE HIT
646
00:32:07,192 --> 00:32:12,362
WITH SIX TIMES A PERSON'S NORMAL
LIFETIME RADIATION EXPOSURE.
647
00:32:12,431 --> 00:32:14,631
BUT THERE ARE SOME SOLUTIONS,
648
00:32:14,700 --> 00:32:15,966
SUCH AS TIMING A MISSION
649
00:32:16,034 --> 00:32:19,402
TO COINCIDE
WITH LOW SOLAR ACTIVITY.
650
00:32:19,471 --> 00:32:22,739
Frank Cucinotta: COSMIC RAYS ARE
A STEADY BACKGROUND RADIATION
651
00:32:22,807 --> 00:32:25,019
SINCE THEY'RE PRODUCED BY
ALL THE STARS IN OUR GALAXY.
652
00:32:25,043 --> 00:32:27,544
BUT THERE IS A MODULATION
BY OUR SUN THAT OCCURS,
653
00:32:27,612 --> 00:32:29,690
SO IF WE CAN PLAN MISSIONS
AT SOLAR MINIMUM,
654
00:32:29,714 --> 00:32:32,882
WE CAN REDUCE THE EXPOSURES
MAYBE AS MUCH AS TWO TIMES.
655
00:32:32,951 --> 00:32:36,619
Narrator:
ASTRONAUTS COULD TAKE DRUGS
TO MINIMIZE THE EFFECT.
656
00:32:36,688 --> 00:32:38,532
Cucinotta:
THE SECOND THING WE CAN DO
657
00:32:38,556 --> 00:32:40,991
IS TO LOOK AT BIOLOGICAL
COUNTERMEASURES
658
00:32:41,059 --> 00:32:47,197
THAT IMPROVE A PERSON'S ABILITY
TO REPAIR DNA DAMAGE.
659
00:32:47,265 --> 00:32:49,076
Narrator: THE SPACECRAFT
COULD EVEN BE ENCASED
660
00:32:49,100 --> 00:32:53,169
IN A PROTECTIVE SHIELD
OF WATER OR LIQUID HYDROGEN.
661
00:32:53,238 --> 00:32:54,938
Launius:
WE KNOW HOW TO DO THAT,
662
00:32:54,940 --> 00:32:57,307
BUT THE PROBLEM WITH IT IS
IT'S VERY HEAVY,
663
00:32:57,375 --> 00:32:58,953
AND FLIGHT IS ALL ABOUT
REDUCING THE WEIGHT.
664
00:32:58,977 --> 00:33:01,144
SO HOW DO WE DO IT
IN A LIGHTWEIGHT MANNER
665
00:33:01,212 --> 00:33:03,357
THAT'S SUSTAINABLE
OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME?
666
00:33:03,381 --> 00:33:04,881
IT'S A CHALLENGE.
667
00:33:06,685 --> 00:33:09,019
Narrator: IF WE CAN
OVERCOME THE CHALLENGE
668
00:33:09,087 --> 00:33:10,387
AND GET TO MARS,
669
00:33:10,455 --> 00:33:13,857
IT OFFERS A MEASURE OF RELIEF.
670
00:33:13,925 --> 00:33:16,626
THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE PROVIDES
SOME RADIATION PROTECTION
671
00:33:16,694 --> 00:33:20,030
FOR ANY VISITOR
THAT ROAMS THE SURFACE.
672
00:33:20,032 --> 00:33:23,767
BUT THIS ATMOSPHERIC BLANKET
IS ALSO A DANGEROUS BARRIER
673
00:33:23,835 --> 00:33:26,436
TO INCOMING SPACECRAFT.
674
00:33:26,438 --> 00:33:27,871
IT'S RAZOR-THIN
675
00:33:27,939 --> 00:33:31,241
AND LADEN WITH DUST STORMS.
676
00:33:31,309 --> 00:33:34,044
TWO-THIRDS
OF ALL UNMANNED PROBE LANDINGS
677
00:33:34,046 --> 00:33:38,048
HAVE ENDED
AS DISINTEGRATING FIREBALLS.
678
00:33:38,116 --> 00:33:42,685
THE FIRST HUMAN CREW
WOULD HAVE TO BEAT THE ODDS.
679
00:33:42,754 --> 00:33:44,187
IF THEY SUCCEED,
680
00:33:44,256 --> 00:33:47,624
THEIR SURVIVAL SKILLS WILL BE
PUT TO THE ULTIMATE TEST.
681
00:33:47,692 --> 00:33:52,462
STEP ONE:
SET UP CAMP FOR UP TO 18 MONTHS.
682
00:33:52,531 --> 00:33:54,442
Drew: THIS IS
THE DEEP SPACE HABITAT.
683
00:33:54,466 --> 00:33:56,644
THIS IS MEANT TO MOCK UP
SIMULATED MISSIONS
684
00:33:56,668 --> 00:33:59,335
OUT INTO DEEP SPACE
BEYOND LUNAR ORBIT,
685
00:33:59,404 --> 00:34:01,538
SO IF WE'RE GOING
TO A NEAR-EARTH ASTEROID,
686
00:34:01,540 --> 00:34:04,007
IF WE'RE GOING TO MARS...
687
00:34:04,075 --> 00:34:06,609
ANYTHING WHERE MISSIONS
GO BEYOND SIX MONTHS.
688
00:34:06,612 --> 00:34:09,646
Narrator: THE DEEP SPACE HABITAT
SHOULD PROTECT THE CREW
689
00:34:09,714 --> 00:34:13,683
FROM 250-DEGREE
TEMPERATURE SWINGS,
690
00:34:13,752 --> 00:34:15,885
NOT TO MENTION
A NOXIOUS ATMOSPHERE
691
00:34:15,954 --> 00:34:18,088
OF DEADLY CARBON DIOXIDE.
692
00:34:18,090 --> 00:34:19,522
IT HAS TO.
693
00:34:19,591 --> 00:34:24,094
THE NEAREST HELP
IS 34 MILLION MILES AWAY.
694
00:34:24,096 --> 00:34:25,562
Drew: ONE OF THE BIG ISSUES
WE'RE DEALING WITH
695
00:34:25,564 --> 00:34:26,996
IS TIME DELAY.
696
00:34:27,065 --> 00:34:28,331
IF WE'RE AT MARS,
697
00:34:28,399 --> 00:34:30,111
WE MAY BE 20 LIGHT MINUTES AWAY
FROM EARTH,
698
00:34:30,135 --> 00:34:34,204
SO IF YOU JUST HIT "SEND"
ON YOUR TEXT MESSAGE,
699
00:34:34,272 --> 00:34:35,683
AND THEY DON'T ANSWER YOU
FOR ANOTHER 40 MINUTES.
700
00:34:35,707 --> 00:34:37,551
WE'RE USED TO HAVING
REAL-TIME CONTROL
701
00:34:37,575 --> 00:34:39,620
ON BOARD THINGS LIKE
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
702
00:34:39,644 --> 00:34:42,913
WHERE THEY HAVE REAL-TIME VIDEO,
THEY HAVE REAL-TIME AUDIO.
703
00:34:42,981 --> 00:34:44,358
HOW DO THOSE THINGS WORK
WHEN YOU'RE IN DEEP SPACE?
704
00:34:44,382 --> 00:34:45,622
THIS IS WHERE WE WORK THAT OUT
705
00:34:45,650 --> 00:34:47,730
IS RIGHT HERE
AT JOHNSON SPACE CENTER.
706
00:34:49,521 --> 00:34:52,589
Narrator:
THE SEVEN LANDERS AND ROVERS
ALREADY ON MARS
707
00:34:52,657 --> 00:34:56,059
ARE MARVELS OF EXPLORATION.
708
00:34:56,127 --> 00:34:57,560
THEIR IMAGES AND DATA
709
00:34:57,629 --> 00:35:02,132
HAVE INSPIRED BREAKTHROUGH
SCIENCE AND WIDE-EYED WONDER.
710
00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:06,536
BUT THE STORY OF MARS
IS STILL LOCKED IN THE ROCKS.
711
00:35:06,538 --> 00:35:09,206
ITS HISTORY,
ITS POTENTIAL FOR LIFE...
712
00:35:09,274 --> 00:35:12,142
WE ARE LITERALLY
DIGGING FOR ANSWERS.
713
00:35:12,210 --> 00:35:16,646
AND DIGGING WITH ROBOTIC PROXIES
ISN'T EASY.
714
00:35:16,714 --> 00:35:18,281
A HUMAN PICKING UP A ROCK
715
00:35:18,350 --> 00:35:20,617
AND ANALYZING IT
WITH A GEOLOGIST'S EYE
716
00:35:20,685 --> 00:35:23,686
WOULD BE FAR MORE EFFICIENT.
717
00:35:23,755 --> 00:35:25,332
Drew: OF COURSE IF WE'RE
GOING TO GO EXPLORING,
718
00:35:25,356 --> 00:35:27,268
A BIG PART OF THAT
IS THE SCIENCE.
719
00:35:27,292 --> 00:35:28,692
PHYSICAL SCIENCE IS HERE,
720
00:35:28,760 --> 00:35:31,628
WHAT WE CALL THE GEO LAB
WORK STATION.
721
00:35:31,630 --> 00:35:34,564
Narrator: THE WORK STATION
HAS THREE VACUUM-SEALED PORTS
722
00:35:34,633 --> 00:35:36,966
WHERE COLLECTED ROCKS
CAN PASS THROUGH.
723
00:35:36,969 --> 00:35:39,102
Drew: WHAT WE'RE
TRYING TO FIGURE OUT
724
00:35:39,104 --> 00:35:41,771
IS WHICH ROCKS ARE WORTH
BRINGING BACK TO EARTH.
725
00:35:41,773 --> 00:35:45,975
THINGS COST ON THE ORDER OF
ABOUT $100,000 A KILOGRAM
726
00:35:46,044 --> 00:35:48,378
TO TRANSPORT TO AND FROM SPACE,
727
00:35:48,446 --> 00:35:51,514
AND SO WE CAN'T, OF COURSE,
BRING BACK A TON OF ROCKS.
728
00:35:51,517 --> 00:35:54,317
WE CAN BRING THEM HERE
AND LOOK AT THEM AND DO TRIAGE.
729
00:35:54,319 --> 00:35:55,385
WE HAVE CAMERAS OVERHEAD
730
00:35:55,387 --> 00:35:56,586
WHERE OUR GEOLOGISTS
BACK ON EARTH
731
00:35:56,588 --> 00:35:57,921
CAN LOOK OVER OUR SHOULDER
732
00:35:57,923 --> 00:35:59,800
AND GO, "OH, THAT ROCK
LOOKS VERY INTERESTING.
733
00:35:59,824 --> 00:36:02,592
CAN YOU TAKE
A CLOSER LOOK AT IT?"
734
00:36:02,661 --> 00:36:05,995
HERE WE'VE GOT AN OPERATING
TABLE THAT WE CAN PULL OUT.
735
00:36:06,064 --> 00:36:07,730
WE'VE GOT ULTRASOUND,
736
00:36:07,799 --> 00:36:11,467
WHICH SEEMS TO BE ONE OF OUR
BEST DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS ON ORBIT.
737
00:36:11,536 --> 00:36:13,047
WE CAN LOOK INSIDE
A PERSON'S BODY
738
00:36:13,071 --> 00:36:15,772
WITHOUT HAVING TO CUT THEM OPEN,
WE CAN FIND TUMORS.
739
00:36:15,840 --> 00:36:17,051
AND AGAIN THAT INFORMATION
GOES BACK TO THE EARTH
740
00:36:17,075 --> 00:36:19,809
WHERE WE HAVE SURGEONS WHO WOULD
LOOK AT THIS INFORMATION
741
00:36:19,878 --> 00:36:21,945
AND USE THAT
TO MAKE DIAGNOSES.
742
00:36:22,013 --> 00:36:24,091
Narrator: EVERYTHING
THE ASTRONAUTS MAY NEED
743
00:36:24,115 --> 00:36:27,684
MUST FIT INTO
THE 10-FOOT-TALL HABITAT.
744
00:36:27,686 --> 00:36:30,487
THEY PLAN FOR EVERY CONTINGENCY.
745
00:36:30,555 --> 00:36:32,622
Drew: IF SOMETHING
BREAKS IN SPACE,
746
00:36:32,691 --> 00:36:35,292
YOU CAN'T GO TO YOUR LOCAL
HARDWARE STORE AND REPLACE IT.
747
00:36:35,360 --> 00:36:38,428
DO YOU REALLY WANT TO TAKE ALONG
A HUNDRED SPARES OF EVERYTHING?
748
00:36:38,496 --> 00:36:41,631
BECAUSE YOU DON'T WANT TO TAKE
DOWN ONE MORE OUNCE OF MATERIAL
749
00:36:41,699 --> 00:36:43,033
THAN YOU NEED.
750
00:36:43,101 --> 00:36:44,434
BY THE SAME TOKEN,
751
00:36:44,502 --> 00:36:46,547
YOU DON'T WANT TO TAKE
ONE OUNCE LESS THAN YOU NEED
752
00:36:46,571 --> 00:36:48,811
BECAUSE THAT MIGHT CAUSE
YOUR MISSION TO FAIL,
753
00:36:48,840 --> 00:36:51,407
SO YOU'VE GOT
A VERY NARROW SWEET SPOT.
754
00:36:51,476 --> 00:36:52,909
Announcer: LIFT-OFF!
755
00:36:52,911 --> 00:36:57,180
WE HAVE LIFT-OFF AT 9:34 A.M.
EASTERN DAYLIGHT TIME.
756
00:36:59,851 --> 00:37:01,585
Narrator: IT'S BEEN 40 YEARS
757
00:37:01,653 --> 00:37:05,655
SINCE NASA SIZED UP WHAT TO PACK
FOR AN EXTENDED TRIP.
758
00:37:07,459 --> 00:37:11,861
TO THIS DAY,
APOLLO MISSIONS 15, 16 AND 17...
759
00:37:11,863 --> 00:37:14,197
THE SO-CALLED J MISSIONS...
760
00:37:14,265 --> 00:37:16,533
PROVIDE US WITH
THE LAST AND ONLY EXAMPLE
761
00:37:16,601 --> 00:37:19,736
OF WHAT LIVING ON ANOTHER
CELESTIAL BODY IS LIKE.
762
00:37:21,506 --> 00:37:24,073
THE CREWS STAYED
ON THE MOON'S SURFACE
763
00:37:24,142 --> 00:37:26,376
FOR TWO TO THREE DAYS AT A TIME
764
00:37:26,444 --> 00:37:30,146
IN ORDER TO COLLECT
GEOLOGICAL DATA.
765
00:37:30,215 --> 00:37:31,714
Kranz: THE J SERIES OF MISSIONS
766
00:37:31,783 --> 00:37:35,218
WAS ABSOLUTELY
A BLAST TO WORK ON.
767
00:37:35,220 --> 00:37:37,086
THERE WASN'T A SECOND
768
00:37:37,089 --> 00:37:40,623
DURING THE TIME WE GOT
IN THE VICINITY OF THE MOON
769
00:37:40,692 --> 00:37:44,227
THAT WE WEREN'T ACCOMPLISHING
SOMETHING USEFUL.
770
00:37:46,464 --> 00:37:47,942
Narrator:
YEARS OF INTENSIVE TRAINING
771
00:37:47,966 --> 00:37:50,433
ATTEMPTED TO TURN
THE FORMER TEST PILOTS
772
00:37:50,435 --> 00:37:54,504
INTO HIGHLY COMPETENT
GEOLOGISTS.
773
00:37:54,572 --> 00:37:56,239
Duke: WHEN I GOT TO NASA,
774
00:37:56,307 --> 00:37:59,909
I SAID, WELL, THAT'S A PIECE
OF DIRT AND THAT'S A ROCK"
775
00:37:59,911 --> 00:38:02,412
BUT BY THE TIME
WE FLEW ON APOLLO 16,
776
00:38:02,480 --> 00:38:05,315
WE HAD SIX YEARS
OF GEOLOGY TRAINING,
777
00:38:05,383 --> 00:38:10,854
AND WE'D GOTTEN PRETTY GOOD
AT WHAT I CALL FIELD GEOLOGY.
778
00:38:10,922 --> 00:38:14,824
Narrator: THE CREWS HAD A PACKED
AGENDA OF SAMPLES TO GATHER.
779
00:38:14,892 --> 00:38:20,196
Duke:
WE HAD DIVIDED OUR 72 HOURS UP
INTO THREE 24-HOUR PERIODS,
780
00:38:20,198 --> 00:38:24,300
SO IT WAS LIKE
GOING TO WORK AT HOME.
781
00:38:24,369 --> 00:38:27,503
YOU GOT HUNGRY OUTSIDE BECAUSE
YOU WERE OUTSIDE EIGHT HOURS,
782
00:38:27,572 --> 00:38:30,012
SO WE HAD A LITTLE CANDY BAR
THAT CAME UP INSIDE THE HELMET
783
00:38:30,074 --> 00:38:32,008
THAT WE COULD NIBBLE ON.
784
00:38:32,076 --> 00:38:33,476
THEN WE GOT BACK INSIDE,
785
00:38:33,544 --> 00:38:35,778
TOOK OFF THE SPACESUIT,
ATE A MEAL,
786
00:38:35,847 --> 00:38:38,881
AND PUT OUR HAMMOCKS BACK UP
AND WENT TO SLEEP.
787
00:38:38,884 --> 00:38:40,924
Narrator:
THE J MISSION ASTRONAUTS
788
00:38:40,952 --> 00:38:45,088
WERE EXPLORING
ROUGH, UNEVEN TERRAIN.
789
00:38:45,156 --> 00:38:47,068
SO THEIR SPACESUITS
HAD TO BE ROBUST
790
00:38:47,092 --> 00:38:48,758
TO PROTECT THEM
FROM THE HAZARDS
791
00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:50,493
OF THIS ALIEN LANDSCAPE,
792
00:38:50,562 --> 00:38:54,497
BUT FLEXIBLE ENOUGH TO ALLOW
THEM TO GET ON WITH THEIR JOB.
793
00:38:54,499 --> 00:38:56,243
Lewis: THIS IS
DAVID SCOTT'S SPACESUIT
794
00:38:56,267 --> 00:38:58,635
THAT HE WORE
ON HIS APOLLO 15 MISSION.
795
00:38:58,703 --> 00:39:00,770
THIS SUIT IS VERY, VERY DIRTY,
796
00:39:00,839 --> 00:39:03,840
AND IT'S GOOD DIRT,
IT'S LUNAR DIRT.
797
00:39:03,908 --> 00:39:07,810
THAT IS REALLY WHAT THIS SUIT
WAS MEANT TO WORK FOR...
798
00:39:07,879 --> 00:39:11,314
TO ALLOW THE ASTRONAUT TO REALLY
GET DOWN INTO THE LUNAR DIRT
799
00:39:11,316 --> 00:39:13,983
AND ALSO TO MOVE AROUND
WITH GREATER EASE
800
00:39:13,985 --> 00:39:16,786
AND MORE FLEXIBILITY.
801
00:39:16,855 --> 00:39:18,221
Narrator: APOLLO SPACESUITS
802
00:39:18,289 --> 00:39:21,057
WEIGHED A HEFTY 180 POUNDS,
803
00:39:21,059 --> 00:39:22,992
BUT THE MOON'S ONE-SIXTH GRAVITY
804
00:39:23,060 --> 00:39:26,529
HELPED THEM FEEL
MORE LIKE 30 POUNDS.
805
00:39:26,598 --> 00:39:29,432
Lewis: WHEN YOU LOOK AT FILMS
OF THE APOLLO ASTRONAUTS
806
00:39:29,500 --> 00:39:31,868
WALKING ON THE SURFACE
OF THE MOON,
807
00:39:31,936 --> 00:39:34,137
THEY'RE DOING THAT
SORT OF BUNNY HOP,
808
00:39:34,139 --> 00:39:36,672
AND IT SEEMS AS THOUGH THEY'RE
TAKING TINY LITTLE STEPS,
809
00:39:36,675 --> 00:39:38,508
BUT THAT'S WHAT THEY HAD TO DO
810
00:39:38,576 --> 00:39:41,043
TO CONTROL THAT MASS
FROM MOVING FORWARD.
811
00:39:41,112 --> 00:39:44,948
YOU DON'T WANT TO GET THAT SUIT
OUT OF YOUR CONTROL.
812
00:39:45,016 --> 00:39:47,327
Duke: IT WAS EASY TO LOSE
YOUR BALANCE ON THE MOON
813
00:39:47,351 --> 00:39:50,086
BECAUSE THE BACKPACK
LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM
814
00:39:50,154 --> 00:39:53,322
WEIGHED MORE THAN I DID.
815
00:39:53,391 --> 00:39:56,492
BUT I FOUND THE SUITS
VERY COMFORTABLE
816
00:39:56,561 --> 00:39:58,528
ON THE LUNAR SURFACE.
817
00:39:58,596 --> 00:39:59,673
Narrator: UNLIKE THE MOON,
818
00:39:59,697 --> 00:40:02,098
WHICH IS ESSENTIALLY
A LARGE ROCK IN SPACE,
819
00:40:02,166 --> 00:40:05,902
MARS HAS ITS OWN ATMOSPHERE
AND SEASONS.
820
00:40:05,970 --> 00:40:10,706
Lewis: MARS HAS DUST STORMS
ON A PERIODIC BASIS.
821
00:40:10,709 --> 00:40:12,842
IT HAS A CHANGE OF SEASONS.
822
00:40:12,844 --> 00:40:17,781
SO A MARTIAN SUIT
WILL HAVE TO BE VERY RIGOROUS.
823
00:40:17,849 --> 00:40:20,183
Narrator:
A SMALL STEP ON MARTIAN SOIL
824
00:40:20,251 --> 00:40:24,020
WILL REQUIRE A GIANT LEAP
IN SPACESUIT DESIGN.
825
00:40:28,259 --> 00:40:30,426
BACK AT THE JOHNSON
SPACE CENTER,
826
00:40:30,495 --> 00:40:32,306
THE SPACESUIT LAB
IS CREATING A SUIT
827
00:40:32,330 --> 00:40:35,765
FIT FOR 21st CENTURY ASTRONAUTS.
828
00:40:35,833 --> 00:40:37,978
Amy Ross: WE REALLY NEED
TO MAKE THESE SUITS
829
00:40:38,002 --> 00:40:41,337
AS USABLE FOR THE CREW MEMBERS
AS WE CAN POSSIBLY DO,
830
00:40:41,405 --> 00:40:43,584
'CAUSE WE'VE ASKED THEM
TO DO A VERY DIFFICULT JOB
831
00:40:43,608 --> 00:40:45,608
IN A VERY DIFFICULT ENVIRONMENT.
832
00:40:45,676 --> 00:40:47,376
Narrator: IN 2012,
833
00:40:47,445 --> 00:40:52,482
NASA ANNOUNCED THE FIRST NEW
SPACESUIT DESIGN IN 20 YEARS.
834
00:40:52,550 --> 00:40:57,687
EVERY INCH IS GEARED TO MAKE
SURFACE EXPLORATION EASIER.
835
00:40:57,689 --> 00:40:59,833
Ross: THIS IS A PLANETARY
SPACESUIT PROTOTYPE.
836
00:40:59,857 --> 00:41:01,424
WE CALL IT THE Z1 SUIT.
837
00:41:01,426 --> 00:41:04,894
IT HAS A LOT OF MOBILITY
BUILT INTO THE LOWER TORSO,
838
00:41:04,963 --> 00:41:08,064
SO IT HAS A BEARING
HERE AT THE HIP.
839
00:41:08,132 --> 00:41:10,466
IT HAS ANOTHER BEARING
HERE AT THE THIGH.
840
00:41:10,535 --> 00:41:13,703
AND THEN IT ALSO HAS A BEARING
DOWN HERE AT THE ANKLE.
841
00:41:13,771 --> 00:41:15,816
YOU CAN SEE THE BOOTS
ARE VERY DIFFERENT.
842
00:41:15,840 --> 00:41:18,741
THEY'RE MUCH MORE LIKE
WORKING BOOTS OR HIKING BOOTS,
843
00:41:18,809 --> 00:41:20,510
SO IT ALLOWS YOU
TO GET IN THE BOOT,
844
00:41:20,512 --> 00:41:22,044
YOU HAVE AN ADJUSTMENT
845
00:41:22,113 --> 00:41:27,450
TO GET YOUR FOOT FITTED
TO THE BOOT BETTER,
846
00:41:27,519 --> 00:41:29,318
FOR WALKING OVER ROUGH TERRAIN.
847
00:41:29,321 --> 00:41:33,022
Narrator: AND A NEW HELMET
WILL ENHANCE THE VIEW.
848
00:41:33,090 --> 00:41:34,590
Ross: THIS HOPEFULLY,
849
00:41:34,659 --> 00:41:36,170
WITH THE ANGLE
AND THEN THE BUBBLE,
850
00:41:36,194 --> 00:41:37,727
THE HEMISPHERICAL BUBBLE,
851
00:41:37,795 --> 00:41:40,329
ALLOWS YOU
BETTER DOWNWARD VISIBILITY.
852
00:41:40,398 --> 00:41:43,299
YOU CAN SEE HERE, THIS VELCRO IS
WHERE WE'RE TRYING TO FIGURE OUT
853
00:41:43,367 --> 00:41:46,068
WHERE WE WANT TO PUT
CONTROLS ON THIS SUIT,
854
00:41:46,137 --> 00:41:47,481
BUT WE'RE TRYING
TO STILL KEEP THIS
855
00:41:47,505 --> 00:41:48,938
AS CLEAN AS WE CAN KEEP IT
856
00:41:48,940 --> 00:41:51,341
SO YOU CAN SEE DOWN.
857
00:41:51,409 --> 00:41:52,786
Narrator:
THE RIGHT SUIT IS ESSENTIAL
858
00:41:52,810 --> 00:41:56,946
TO GET THE MOST OUT OF YOUR TIME
ON ANOTHER PLANET.
859
00:41:56,948 --> 00:41:59,716
SO IS HAVING
THE RIGHT SET OF WHEELS.
860
00:42:01,485 --> 00:42:03,886
Duke: WE WERE
VERY, VERY FORTUNATE
861
00:42:03,889 --> 00:42:06,556
WHEN SOMEBODY HAD THE IDEA
FOR THE LUNAR ROVER
862
00:42:06,558 --> 00:42:10,293
BECAUSE IT REALLY REVOLUTIONIZED
LUNAR EXPLORATION.
863
00:42:10,295 --> 00:42:13,229
Narrator: THE LUNAR ROVER
WAS A TWO-SEAT ROADSTER
864
00:42:13,231 --> 00:42:16,832
WITH A TOP SPEED
OF 11 MILES PER HOUR...
865
00:42:16,835 --> 00:42:21,704
CLEVERLY STOWED AWAY AND FERRIED
TO THE MOON ON THE LUNAR LANDER.
866
00:42:21,772 --> 00:42:24,173
Carr: TO WATCH THE WAY
THEY FOLD THAT THING UP
867
00:42:24,242 --> 00:42:28,411
AND TUCK IT AWAY IN ONE OF
THE BAYS IN THE LUNAR MODULE
868
00:42:28,479 --> 00:42:30,313
WOULD WARM THE COCKLES
OF THE HEARTS
869
00:42:30,315 --> 00:42:33,516
OF MANY, MANY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.
870
00:42:33,518 --> 00:42:35,117
Duke: IT WAS A GREAT VEHICLE.
871
00:42:35,120 --> 00:42:36,964
EACH WHEEL HAD
ITS OWN ELECTRIC MOTOR,
872
00:42:36,988 --> 00:42:38,955
SO IT WAS 4-WHEEL DRIVE.
873
00:42:39,023 --> 00:42:42,191
THE TIRES WERE SORT OF WEIRD
BECAUSE THEY WERE WIRE,
874
00:42:42,260 --> 00:42:44,371
AND I FIRST SAW THAT,
AND I SAID, "GOD, WIRE TIRES...
875
00:42:44,395 --> 00:42:45,728
THAT DOESN'T LOOK RIGHT,"
876
00:42:45,796 --> 00:42:46,907
BUT THEY JUST
FILLED UP WITH DUST,
877
00:42:46,931 --> 00:42:48,776
AND IT GAVE IT
TREMENDOUS TRACTION
878
00:42:48,800 --> 00:42:51,867
SO IT WOULD GO UP
A 25-DEGREE SLOPE.
879
00:42:51,936 --> 00:42:56,839
Carr, recording:
MAN, WE ARE REALLY GOING UP
A HILL, I'LL TELL YA.
880
00:42:56,907 --> 00:42:59,241
Narrator: CHARLIE DUKE AND
HIS CREWMATE JOHN YOUNG
881
00:42:59,310 --> 00:43:03,646
SPENT THREE DAYS DRIVING AROUND
THE MOON ON APOLLO 16.
882
00:43:03,714 --> 00:43:06,215
John Young, recording: THIS IS
GONNA BE A GOOD DAY, CHARLIE.
883
00:43:06,217 --> 00:43:08,484
Duke: FIRST OFF,
JOHN WOULDN'T LET ME DRIVE.
884
00:43:08,553 --> 00:43:10,186
I WAS THE NAVIGATOR,
885
00:43:10,254 --> 00:43:11,688
SO I'VE GOT THE MAPS,
886
00:43:11,756 --> 00:43:14,757
AND I'VE GOT TO GET US
FROM POINT A TO POINT B
887
00:43:14,759 --> 00:43:18,227
WHICH MIGHT BE 2 MILES AWAY.
888
00:43:18,229 --> 00:43:19,829
BUT WE HAD SOME GOOD TIMES,
889
00:43:19,831 --> 00:43:21,797
FILMING WHAT WE CALL
THE GRAND PRIX.
890
00:43:21,866 --> 00:43:24,367
I GOT OFF WITH A MOVIE CAMERA,
AND I SAID,
891
00:43:24,435 --> 00:43:26,502
"COME ON, JOHN,
GIVE ME A SHARP TURN."
892
00:43:26,571 --> 00:43:28,215
HE SAID,
"I DON'T WANNA DO A SHARPY."
893
00:43:28,239 --> 00:43:29,572
I SAID, "COME ON, JOHN,
GIVE ME A SHARPY."
894
00:43:29,574 --> 00:43:31,574
HE SAID, "OK, HERE'S A SHARPY."
895
00:43:31,643 --> 00:43:34,076
Duke, recording:
MAN, YOU ARE REALLY BOUNCING!
896
00:43:34,145 --> 00:43:37,246
Narrator: DUKE AND YOUNG
DROVE THE ROVER 17 MILES,
897
00:43:37,314 --> 00:43:41,984
COLLECTING 213 POUNDS
OF LUNAR HIGHLAND ROCKS.
898
00:43:41,987 --> 00:43:43,386
Kranz: THE LUNAR ROVER
899
00:43:43,454 --> 00:43:46,255
ALLOWED THE CREW
TO EXTEND THE RANGE
900
00:43:46,257 --> 00:43:49,525
BEYOND THAT WHICH THEY COULD
WALK IN THEIR SPACESUITS.
901
00:43:49,593 --> 00:43:51,060
I WOULD SAY IT'S SORT OF LIKE
902
00:43:51,062 --> 00:43:53,295
THE EXPLORERS
IN THE UNITED STATES
903
00:43:53,364 --> 00:43:55,064
WHEN THEY MOVE
FROM WALKING ON LAND
904
00:43:55,066 --> 00:43:56,310
TO ALL OF A SUDDEN
THEY FIND A RIVER,
905
00:43:56,334 --> 00:43:57,600
AND THEY NOW GOT A CANOE.
906
00:43:57,602 --> 00:44:01,170
SO BASICALLY,
YOU EXPAND THE ABILITY
907
00:44:01,238 --> 00:44:03,239
TO SURVEY WHAT'S GOING ON.
908
00:44:05,410 --> 00:44:08,155
Narrator:
WITH A YEAR AND HALF
TO EXPLORE MARS,
909
00:44:08,179 --> 00:44:11,214
ASTRONAUTS WILL NEED A NEW ROVER
TO TRAVEL FARTHER
910
00:44:11,282 --> 00:44:14,917
AND KEEP THEM ALIVE FOR LONGER.
911
00:44:14,985 --> 00:44:16,519
AT JOHNSON SPACE CENTER,
912
00:44:16,587 --> 00:44:20,122
BILL BLUETHMANN SHOWS OFF
THE ROVER OF THE FUTURE.
913
00:44:20,191 --> 00:44:22,025
Bill Bluethmann: ALRIGHT.
914
00:44:22,093 --> 00:44:24,494
SO LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT
THE SPACE EXPLORATION VEHICLE.
915
00:44:26,031 --> 00:44:28,664
Narrator: THE BIGGEST CHANGE
IS THAT THE CREW WILL TREK
916
00:44:28,733 --> 00:44:31,701
IN THE SAFETY
OF A PRESSURIZED COCOON.
917
00:44:31,769 --> 00:44:33,080
Bluethmann:
INSIDE THIS CABIN
918
00:44:33,104 --> 00:44:34,970
YOU'D EXPLORE
IN YOUR SHIRTSLEEVES.
919
00:44:34,973 --> 00:44:36,672
WE THOUGHT IF WE TOOK THE CREW
920
00:44:36,741 --> 00:44:39,108
AND PUT THEM INSIDE
A PRESSURIZED AREA
921
00:44:39,177 --> 00:44:40,843
WHERE THEY COULD EXPLORE,
YOU KNOW, ONE DAY AT A TIME,
922
00:44:40,845 --> 00:44:42,545
3 DAYS, 14 DAYS,
923
00:44:42,613 --> 00:44:44,981
WE COULD REALLY SEE
THE SURFACE BETTER.
924
00:44:45,049 --> 00:44:46,716
Narrator:
THE SECOND NEW DESIGN FEATURE
925
00:44:46,718 --> 00:44:49,485
IS ITS ABILITY TO MOVE
IN ANY DIRECTION.
926
00:44:49,553 --> 00:44:54,423
Bluethmann:
IT HAS INFINITE STEERING
927
00:44:54,492 --> 00:44:57,627
WE SOMETIMES CALL IT OMNI DRIVE
OR CRAB DRIVE.
928
00:44:59,430 --> 00:45:01,541
Narrator:
THE ABILITY TO DRIVE SIDEWAYS
929
00:45:01,565 --> 00:45:02,965
ALLOWS THE ROVER TO DOCK
930
00:45:03,033 --> 00:45:06,602
WITH THE HABITATION POD
AND OTHER ROVERS.
931
00:45:06,671 --> 00:45:09,138
BUT THE MOST DISTINCTIVE ELEMENT
OF THE NEW ROVER
932
00:45:09,140 --> 00:45:11,640
IS FOUND AT ITS REAR.
933
00:45:11,709 --> 00:45:13,275
Bluethmann:
SO ON THE BACKSIDE HERE
934
00:45:13,278 --> 00:45:16,078
WE HAVE REALLY A NEW CONCEPT,
935
00:45:16,081 --> 00:45:18,881
WHICH IS WHAT WE CALL
A SUIT PORT.
936
00:45:18,950 --> 00:45:20,316
Narrator: THE SUIT PORT MEANS
937
00:45:20,384 --> 00:45:23,819
THE SUITS NEVER COME IN
TO THE ROVER.
938
00:45:23,822 --> 00:45:27,256
INSTEAD, ASTRONAUTS WILL CLIMB
INTO THEM FROM INSIDE,
939
00:45:27,324 --> 00:45:29,025
SEAL THE BACKPACK ON,
940
00:45:29,093 --> 00:45:32,228
AND THEN DETACH FROM THE ROVER...
941
00:45:32,230 --> 00:45:35,431
A DESIGN FEATURE DIRECTLY
INSPIRED BY THE APOLLO MISSIONS,
942
00:45:35,433 --> 00:45:39,535
WHERE CONTAMINATION FROM
THE SURFACE WAS A REAL ISSUE.
943
00:45:39,603 --> 00:45:41,581
Duke: THE DUST OF THE MOON
IS SO FINE,
944
00:45:41,605 --> 00:45:43,706
IT GETS INTO YOUR SUIT,
IT GOT IN YOUR BOOTS,
945
00:45:43,708 --> 00:45:45,307
GETS ON YOUR HANDS
946
00:45:45,310 --> 00:45:46,776
AND YOU CAN'T BRUSH IT OFF,
947
00:45:46,844 --> 00:45:49,578
SO ALL OF THAT
TRACKS BACK INSIDE WITH YOU,
948
00:45:49,581 --> 00:45:51,981
AND IT WAS JUST EVERYWHERE.
949
00:45:52,049 --> 00:45:54,650
Narrator:
DUST CAN GET INTO THE LUNGS
950
00:45:54,719 --> 00:45:56,085
AND CORRUPT INSTRUMENTS.
951
00:45:56,153 --> 00:45:59,188
BUT WITH SUIT PORTS, THIS WILL
NO LONGER BE A PROBLEM.
952
00:46:01,392 --> 00:46:02,792
NOT ONLY THAT,
953
00:46:02,860 --> 00:46:04,671
BUT THESE NEW SUITS
WILL REMAIN PRESSURIZED,
954
00:46:04,695 --> 00:46:08,531
SAVING HOURS OF PREP TIME
WITH THE TRADITIONAL SUITS.
955
00:46:08,533 --> 00:46:10,933
Bluethmann: IF YOU'RE
EXPLORING ON THE SURFACE
956
00:46:11,002 --> 00:46:13,469
AND YOU SAW SOMETHING
YOU MIGHT NOT HAVE EXPECTED,
957
00:46:13,471 --> 00:46:15,249
IF IT TOOK YOU 4-6 HOURS
TO GET OUT
958
00:46:15,273 --> 00:46:17,473
AND PUT YOUR HANDS ON IT
AND DO A SAMPLE OF IT,
959
00:46:17,475 --> 00:46:20,543
IT MIGHT NOT BE
THE BEST APPROACH.
960
00:46:20,545 --> 00:46:22,945
WHEREAS IF YOU GET IN AND OUT
IN 15 MINUTES,
961
00:46:22,947 --> 00:46:25,581
REALLY YOU CAN GET BACK ON
YOUR EXPLORATION PATH.
962
00:46:27,351 --> 00:46:31,354
Narrator:
ALL OF THAT EXPLORATION
IS BOUND TO WORK UP AN APPETITE.
963
00:46:31,422 --> 00:46:33,088
FEEDING ASTRONAUTS ON MARS
964
00:46:33,091 --> 00:46:37,493
IS AN ENTIRELY NEW CHALLENGE
FOR NASA'S FOOD LAB.
965
00:46:37,562 --> 00:46:39,094
Vicki Kloeris:
WHEN THE MISSIONS WERE SHORT,
966
00:46:39,097 --> 00:46:40,696
THE CREW MEMBERS...
967
00:46:40,765 --> 00:46:43,632
REALLY, THE IMPORTANCE OF FOOD
WAS WAY AT THE...
968
00:46:43,635 --> 00:46:47,570
WAY DOWN THE LIST,
AS FAR AS THEY WERE CONCERNED.
969
00:46:47,638 --> 00:46:49,772
YOU KNOW, THEY CONSIDERED IT
A CAMPING TRIP.
970
00:46:49,774 --> 00:46:53,609
IT WAS, "I CAN FIND
SOMETHING I LIKE, NO BIG DEAL."
971
00:46:53,677 --> 00:46:55,845
BUT THEN, EARLY IN STATION,
972
00:46:55,913 --> 00:47:00,316
WE RAN INTO SOME SITUATIONS
WHERE FOOD SUPPLIES RAN LOW
973
00:47:00,318 --> 00:47:03,319
OR COFFEE SUPPLIES
RAN LOW ON ORBIT,
974
00:47:03,387 --> 00:47:05,120
AND IT BECAME VERY OBVIOUS
975
00:47:05,123 --> 00:47:08,290
THAT THIS WAS A BIG DEAL
FOR THE CREW MEMBERS.
976
00:47:08,359 --> 00:47:11,527
Barratt: WE ALL ENJOY OUR TIME
AROUND THE GALLEY TABLE.
977
00:47:11,529 --> 00:47:14,163
I BELIEVE I HOLD THE RECORD
FOR DAILY CALORIE INTAKE.
978
00:47:14,231 --> 00:47:15,798
I WAS OVER 5,000 CALORIES A DAY
979
00:47:15,867 --> 00:47:18,868
FOR THE FIRST SEVERAL WEEKS
I WAS UP THERE.
980
00:47:18,936 --> 00:47:23,739
WHEN YOU'RE EXERCISING HARD,
YOU SORT OF WANT MORE FOOD.
981
00:47:23,807 --> 00:47:27,209
Narrator:
BUT IT COSTS $50,000 IN FUEL
982
00:47:27,278 --> 00:47:31,147
TO LIFT THE WEIGHT OF A SMALL
BOTTLE OF WATER INTO SPACE.
983
00:47:31,215 --> 00:47:34,884
AND EACH ASTRONAUT WOULD REQUIRE
MORE THAN 4,000 POUNDS OF FOOD
984
00:47:34,886 --> 00:47:38,087
OVER A 3-YEAR TRIP TO MARS.
985
00:47:38,089 --> 00:47:43,025
THAT'S A $320 MILLION RESTAURANT
TAB PER PERSON.
986
00:47:43,027 --> 00:47:44,593
SO IT WON'T BE PRACTICAL
987
00:47:44,662 --> 00:47:47,563
TO CARRY ALL THEIR NUTRITION
WITH THEM.
988
00:47:47,565 --> 00:47:49,565
INSTEAD,
THEY'LL HAVE A HIGH-TECH
989
00:47:49,600 --> 00:47:51,400
INTERIOR "KITCHEN GARDEN"
990
00:47:51,468 --> 00:47:53,436
FOR GROWING THEIR OWN FOOD.
991
00:47:53,504 --> 00:47:56,171
Michele Perchenok: ONCE WE'RE
ON THE SURFACE OF MARS,
992
00:47:56,240 --> 00:47:58,507
WE'RE GOING TO BE USING
WHAT WE CALL
993
00:47:58,509 --> 00:48:00,175
A BIO-REGENERATIVE FOOD SYSTEM,
994
00:48:00,244 --> 00:48:02,111
SO THIS FOOD SYSTEM
WOULD INCLUDE
995
00:48:02,113 --> 00:48:04,113
GROWING VEGETABLES, FRUITS,
996
00:48:04,115 --> 00:48:07,416
AND MAYBE OTHER BASELINE CROPS.
997
00:48:07,484 --> 00:48:09,785
Narrator:
ASTRONAUTS ON THE ISS
998
00:48:09,853 --> 00:48:12,588
HAVE EXPERIMENTED WITH
SPACE GARDENING FOR YEARS.
999
00:48:12,656 --> 00:48:20,656
Perchenok: PLANTS GIVE OFF
OXYGEN AND USE CARBON DIOXIDE,
1000
00:48:22,466 --> 00:48:25,301
Narrator: SO THE MARS CREW
WILL HAVE A BOUNTIFUL GARDEN,
1001
00:48:25,369 --> 00:48:27,303
A COMFORTABLE HABITATION POD,
1002
00:48:27,371 --> 00:48:30,539
AND WHEELS TO EXPLORE.
1003
00:48:30,608 --> 00:48:33,209
WHAT SEEMED LIKE
THE STUFF OF SCIENCE FICTION
1004
00:48:33,277 --> 00:48:34,944
JUST 50 YEARS AGO
1005
00:48:35,012 --> 00:48:38,147
SLOWLY SEEMS MORE POSSIBLE.
1006
00:48:38,215 --> 00:48:41,216
AND WHILE ENGINEERS
REFINE THEIR PROTOTYPES,
1007
00:48:41,219 --> 00:48:43,986
ROCKET SCIENTISTS
ARE FOCUSING ON THE SINGLE THING
1008
00:48:44,054 --> 00:48:47,757
THAT COULD REVOLUTIONIZE
EVERYTHING IN ONE FELL SWOOP:
1009
00:48:47,825 --> 00:48:50,893
NEW PROPULSION METHODS.
1010
00:48:50,961 --> 00:48:52,962
Barratt: ADVANCED PROPULSION...
GETTING TO MARS
1011
00:48:52,964 --> 00:48:55,731
WITHIN A FEW WEEKS
INSTEAD OF A FEW MONTHS...
1012
00:48:55,799 --> 00:48:57,333
MAY BE THE ANSWER.
1013
00:48:57,401 --> 00:48:59,279
WE'LL LOSE LESS BONE,
LESS MUSCLE,
1014
00:48:59,303 --> 00:49:02,038
AND MOST IMPORTANTLY,
LESS RADIATION EFFECTS.
1015
00:49:02,106 --> 00:49:05,908
SO NOBODY GOES ON A SEA VOYAGE
FOR THREE YEARS ANYMORE.
1016
00:49:05,977 --> 00:49:07,955
OUR SHIPS ARE FASTER,
WE HAVE OTHER WAYS TO DO IT,
1017
00:49:07,979 --> 00:49:09,578
AND THAT'S WHAT WE NEED.
1018
00:49:09,646 --> 00:49:13,215
THAT'S THE QUANTUM LEAP WE NEED
IN SPACE EXPLORATION.
1019
00:49:13,283 --> 00:49:16,185
Narrator: NO MATTER HOW LONG
THE TRIP TO MARS TAKES
1020
00:49:16,253 --> 00:49:18,721
AND ALL THE CHALLENGES
TO OVERCOME,
1021
00:49:18,723 --> 00:49:20,567
THERE IS NO SHORTAGE
OF CURRENT ASTRONAUTS
1022
00:49:20,591 --> 00:49:23,459
EAGER TO BE SELECTED.
1023
00:49:23,527 --> 00:49:26,195
Fincke: IT WOULD BE
AN INCREDIBLE ADVENTURE.
1024
00:49:26,197 --> 00:49:28,564
WE WILL LEARN SO MANY THINGS
ALONG THE WAY.
1025
00:49:28,632 --> 00:49:31,333
IT'S A VERY IMPORTANT TRIP,
IT WOULD TAKE A LONG TIME,
1026
00:49:31,402 --> 00:49:34,136
I'D MISS MY FAMILY,
I'D BE FRIED BY RADIATION,
1027
00:49:34,204 --> 00:49:36,872
BUT I'D STILL TAKE THAT TRIP.
1028
00:49:36,941 --> 00:49:41,277
Barratt: GOING TO MARS
IS A HUGE LEAP OF DISCOVERY,
1029
00:49:41,345 --> 00:49:43,056
AND I DON'T KNOW
VERY MANY PEOPLE
1030
00:49:43,080 --> 00:49:45,914
WHO WOULDN'T SIGN UP TO GO.
1031
00:49:45,983 --> 00:49:47,416
Narrator:
THE NEXT GENERATION
1032
00:49:47,418 --> 00:49:52,187
MIGHT BE THE FIRST TO SEND
HUMANS MILLIONS OF MILES AWAY.
1033
00:49:52,256 --> 00:49:54,156
JUST 60 YEARS AGO,
1034
00:49:54,224 --> 00:49:56,359
WE WERE BARELY
GETTING OFF THE GROUND.
1035
00:49:56,427 --> 00:49:59,228
Kraft: WE DID NOT
UNDERSTAND ROCKETRY.
1036
00:49:59,296 --> 00:50:05,667
I'D SAY 50% OF THE ROCKETS THAT
WERE FLYING AT THAT TIME FAILED.
1037
00:50:05,736 --> 00:50:10,039
Narrator: BUT WE PERSEVERED...
ALL THE WAY TO THE MOON.
1038
00:50:10,107 --> 00:50:12,108
SINCE THEN,
WE'VE HONED OUR SKILLS
1039
00:50:12,176 --> 00:50:14,220
IN COUNTLESS ORBITS
AROUND THE EARTH,
1040
00:50:14,244 --> 00:50:16,779
IN EVER MORE ADVANCED
SPACECRAFT.
1041
00:50:16,847 --> 00:50:19,048
AND OUR PROBES,
ROVERS, AND TELESCOPES
1042
00:50:19,116 --> 00:50:21,183
ARE GLIMPSING
FARTHER AND FARTHER,
1043
00:50:21,252 --> 00:50:24,520
OFFERING TANTALIZING TARGETS
OF EXPLORATION.
1044
00:50:24,522 --> 00:50:27,022
Adam Steltzner: MY FAVORITE
THING ABOUT CURIOSITY
1045
00:50:27,091 --> 00:50:29,858
IS ALL OF THE FANTASTIC CAMERAS.
1046
00:50:29,861 --> 00:50:32,094
THOSE SUPER ZOOMED-IN IMAGES
1047
00:50:32,162 --> 00:50:35,664
PAINT A PICTURE OF MARS
THAT MAKES ME WANT TO GO THERE.
1048
00:50:35,732 --> 00:50:37,466
Narrator: HUMANS HAVE BEEN
EXPLORING THE EARTH
1049
00:50:37,468 --> 00:50:40,002
FOR A FEW
HUNDRED THOUSAND YEARS,
1050
00:50:40,004 --> 00:50:42,738
AND EXPLORING SPACE FOR ONLY 60.
1051
00:50:42,806 --> 00:50:44,940
WE'RE BARELY OUT OF THE GATE.
1052
00:50:44,942 --> 00:50:47,743
BUT WE ARE GAINING SPEED.
1053
00:50:47,745 --> 00:50:51,680
Gibson: IT TAKES LIGHT 4 YEARS
JUST TO REACH OUR NEAREST STAR,
1054
00:50:51,748 --> 00:50:53,527
SO WHEN IT COMES
TO REAL SPACE TRAVEL
1055
00:50:53,551 --> 00:50:56,785
WE HAVE BARELY NUDGED THE TIP
OF OUR TOE OUT THE FRONT DOOR.
1056
00:50:56,854 --> 00:50:58,598
BUT WE ALSO UNDERSTAND
WE'RE ON THE FRONT END
1057
00:50:58,622 --> 00:51:01,357
OF SOMETHING MUCH LARGER
THAN ANY OF US CAN IMAGINE.
84033
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.