Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:00,860 --> 00:00:11,160
[Music]
2
00:00:11,160 --> 00:00:13,870
the story of the kings and queens of
3
00:00:13,870 --> 00:00:16,000
England is more surprising than you
4
00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:20,470
might think it's a fine drama a thousand
5
00:00:20,470 --> 00:00:22,960
years of tales of lust and betrayal of
6
00:00:22,960 --> 00:00:26,500
heroism and cruelty of mysteries murders
7
00:00:26,500 --> 00:00:29,820
tragedies and triumphs
8
00:00:29,820 --> 00:00:32,890
if the Stuart is when you think about it
9
00:00:32,890 --> 00:00:35,620
the most surprising of all it's the
10
00:00:35,620 --> 00:00:37,960
story of a country deciding then it
11
00:00:37,960 --> 00:00:39,969
should abolish the monarchy and become a
12
00:00:39,969 --> 00:00:44,350
republic and then without any outside
13
00:00:44,350 --> 00:00:47,229
force or pressure overthrowing the
14
00:00:47,229 --> 00:00:49,300
Republic and making itself a monarchy
15
00:00:49,300 --> 00:00:52,120
again that never happened anywhere else
16
00:00:52,120 --> 00:00:55,359
why did it happen here James became King
17
00:00:55,359 --> 00:00:57,850
of Scotland when his mother Mary fled to
18
00:00:57,850 --> 00:01:01,329
England in 1567 he was one year old when
19
00:01:01,329 --> 00:01:04,569
he was crowned James the sixth he grew
20
00:01:04,569 --> 00:01:06,760
up learning how to steer a path between
21
00:01:06,760 --> 00:01:08,740
religious fanatics and the violent
22
00:01:08,740 --> 00:01:11,320
Scottish nobility and at the same time
23
00:01:11,320 --> 00:01:13,630
acquired a serious scholarly education
24
00:01:13,630 --> 00:01:16,140
he was very proud of that
25
00:01:16,140 --> 00:01:19,570
he pleaded for his mother's life but
26
00:01:19,570 --> 00:01:21,939
accepted the fact of her execution by
27
00:01:21,939 --> 00:01:24,820
the English Queen Elizabeth business was
28
00:01:24,820 --> 00:01:27,460
business and he had no memory of Mary
29
00:01:27,460 --> 00:01:30,189
he'd been taught that she was a Scarlet
30
00:01:30,189 --> 00:01:32,710
woman and she had after all murdered his
31
00:01:32,710 --> 00:01:35,740
father and taken a lover he was the
32
00:01:35,740 --> 00:01:38,109
recognised heir to the English crown and
33
00:01:38,109 --> 00:01:39,759
he wasn't going to put that in danger
34
00:01:39,759 --> 00:01:43,420
and so in 1603 when Elizabeth the Virgin
35
00:01:43,420 --> 00:01:45,039
Queen eventually died
36
00:01:45,039 --> 00:01:47,200
the oldest monarch England had ever had
37
00:01:47,200 --> 00:01:50,710
he came from Edinburgh to London for his
38
00:01:50,710 --> 00:01:53,219
coronation
39
00:01:53,320 --> 00:01:58,139
[Music]
40
00:01:59,890 --> 00:02:03,470
he was openly bisexual the word in
41
00:02:03,470 --> 00:02:05,420
London was that Elizabeth had been a
42
00:02:05,420 --> 00:02:09,560
king and now they had James the Queen in
43
00:02:09,560 --> 00:02:12,890
Latin of course by the accident of
44
00:02:12,890 --> 00:02:15,530
heredity England and Scotland were now
45
00:02:15,530 --> 00:02:20,530
United in a single Kingdom Britain
46
00:02:21,190 --> 00:02:23,540
everyone had high hopes of James
47
00:02:23,540 --> 00:02:25,700
especially the Roman Catholics who
48
00:02:25,700 --> 00:02:27,680
thought that his distaste for bossy
49
00:02:27,680 --> 00:02:30,170
Scottish Presbyterians would encourage
50
00:02:30,170 --> 00:02:32,209
him to lift Elizabeth's restraints on
51
00:02:32,209 --> 00:02:35,319
their worship they were wrong about that
52
00:02:35,319 --> 00:02:38,120
so a group of well-connected Roman
53
00:02:38,120 --> 00:02:40,430
Catholic terrorists planned to blow up
54
00:02:40,430 --> 00:02:42,470
the entire political structure at the
55
00:02:42,470 --> 00:02:46,340
opening of parliament in 1605 they
56
00:02:46,340 --> 00:02:48,260
brought over an explosives expert from
57
00:02:48,260 --> 00:02:50,480
the Low Countries he organised placing
58
00:02:50,480 --> 00:02:52,910
two and a half tons of gunpowder in a
59
00:02:52,910 --> 00:02:56,260
cellar under the Palace of Westminster
60
00:02:56,260 --> 00:02:59,269
it's a sign of how secure England became
61
00:02:59,269 --> 00:03:01,880
but for the last 200 years November the
62
00:03:01,880 --> 00:03:03,769
5th the anniversary of Guy Fawkes is
63
00:03:03,769 --> 00:03:06,230
capture has been simply an excuse for a
64
00:03:06,230 --> 00:03:10,700
fun night of pretty explosions today of
65
00:03:10,700 --> 00:03:14,120
course in the shadow of 9/11 511 has a
66
00:03:14,120 --> 00:03:18,470
more chilling resonance al-qaeda
67
00:03:18,470 --> 00:03:20,900
terrorism has tainted many people's idea
68
00:03:20,900 --> 00:03:23,930
of Muslims which perhaps makes it easier
69
00:03:23,930 --> 00:03:26,150
to understand how Fox's terrorism
70
00:03:26,150 --> 00:03:28,430
affected people's idea of Roman
71
00:03:28,430 --> 00:03:31,640
Catholics actually James himself was
72
00:03:31,640 --> 00:03:33,620
more sympathetic to high church than too
73
00:03:33,620 --> 00:03:35,930
low because the followers of Protestant
74
00:03:35,930 --> 00:03:38,090
sects did not want priests and bishops
75
00:03:38,090 --> 00:03:41,060
to do religion on their behalf in the
76
00:03:41,060 --> 00:03:43,700
Protestant view the godly man has his
77
00:03:43,700 --> 00:03:46,340
own Bible the devil's agent is a priest
78
00:03:46,340 --> 00:03:48,590
with a Catholic prayer book
79
00:03:48,590 --> 00:03:50,870
James felt the people who didn't have
80
00:03:50,870 --> 00:03:53,330
respect for hierarchy in church would be
81
00:03:53,330 --> 00:03:55,400
equally disrespectful of authority in
82
00:03:55,400 --> 00:03:59,150
general no bishop no King was his fear
83
00:03:59,150 --> 00:04:03,920
and the authority of the King was very
84
00:04:03,920 --> 00:04:06,470
dear to him he spelled out his ideology
85
00:04:06,470 --> 00:04:09,470
in masks theatrical balls in his new
86
00:04:09,470 --> 00:04:13,099
banqueting house in Whitehall his
87
00:04:13,099 --> 00:04:15,260
intellectual take on the job was that he
88
00:04:15,260 --> 00:04:17,899
was God's deputy and that he ruled by
89
00:04:17,899 --> 00:04:20,478
divine right as the absolute sovereign
90
00:04:20,478 --> 00:04:23,900
power in England having been raised in
91
00:04:23,900 --> 00:04:25,760
Scotland he was rather baffled by the
92
00:04:25,760 --> 00:04:28,550
idea of common law the notion that law
93
00:04:28,550 --> 00:04:30,410
was in the hearts and minds of the
94
00:04:30,410 --> 00:04:32,600
people expressed through the precedence
95
00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:34,639
of the courts and their juries of
96
00:04:34,639 --> 00:04:37,300
ordinary folk
97
00:04:38,030 --> 00:04:40,400
but this was the essence of the English
98
00:04:40,400 --> 00:04:43,070
system it had been essential for the
99
00:04:43,070 --> 00:04:45,410
Normans to operate that way as foreign
100
00:04:45,410 --> 00:04:48,080
rulers in a land they didn't know and it
101
00:04:48,080 --> 00:04:50,090
had become embedded in the fabric of
102
00:04:50,090 --> 00:04:54,800
English life Henry the eighth and
103
00:04:54,800 --> 00:04:57,080
Elizabeth had the position of tyrants
104
00:04:57,080 --> 00:04:59,420
but their tyranny required popular
105
00:04:59,420 --> 00:05:02,540
consent they had to be popular in order
106
00:05:02,540 --> 00:05:06,350
to rule James wasn't good at being
107
00:05:06,350 --> 00:05:10,010
popular he was head of a court a place
108
00:05:10,010 --> 00:05:12,560
of factions and favorites and was grand
109
00:05:12,560 --> 00:05:18,260
in a very private way one example of his
110
00:05:18,260 --> 00:05:20,570
sense of power and duty was in his
111
00:05:20,570 --> 00:05:24,560
treatment of tobacco it had been
112
00:05:24,560 --> 00:05:26,480
introduced from America by water Raleigh
113
00:05:26,480 --> 00:05:29,180
and Elizabeth had felt rather alarmed by
114
00:05:29,180 --> 00:05:33,560
it it made her feel ill she bet Raleigh
115
00:05:33,560 --> 00:05:35,990
that he couldn't way the smoke that came
116
00:05:35,990 --> 00:05:39,710
out of a pipe Raleigh knew how to
117
00:05:39,710 --> 00:05:40,370
perform
118
00:05:40,370 --> 00:05:43,520
he weighed an ounce of tobacco smoked it
119
00:05:43,520 --> 00:05:46,310
weighed the ash and the missing weight
120
00:05:46,310 --> 00:05:49,270
was the smoke
121
00:05:49,310 --> 00:05:52,230
Elizabeth laughed and paid up saying
122
00:05:52,230 --> 00:05:54,330
she'd seen men turn their gold into
123
00:05:54,330 --> 00:05:56,400
smoke but this was the first time she'd
124
00:05:56,400 --> 00:06:00,150
seen smoke turned to gold James's whole
125
00:06:00,150 --> 00:06:03,120
approach was different he disliked
126
00:06:03,120 --> 00:06:05,700
smoking and felt it was his duty to
127
00:06:05,700 --> 00:06:08,160
protect his subjects but he was a
128
00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:10,890
rational man a teacher so he wrote a
129
00:06:10,890 --> 00:06:13,460
pamphlet counterblast to tobacco
130
00:06:13,460 --> 00:06:16,500
explaining that it was loathsome to the
131
00:06:16,500 --> 00:06:19,110
eye hateful to the nose harmful to the
132
00:06:19,110 --> 00:06:21,240
brain dangerous to the lungs and in the
133
00:06:21,240 --> 00:06:24,000
black stinking fume thereof nearest
134
00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:26,640
resembling the horrible Stygian smoke of
135
00:06:26,640 --> 00:06:31,080
the pit that is bottomless he wanted to
136
00:06:31,080 --> 00:06:32,730
persuade people by the force of his
137
00:06:32,730 --> 00:06:35,670
argument so he published it anonymously
138
00:06:35,670 --> 00:06:40,250
of course no one took any notice
139
00:06:40,460 --> 00:06:43,950
so as the wise and kindly father of his
140
00:06:43,950 --> 00:06:46,950
people he banned the growing of tobacco
141
00:06:46,950 --> 00:06:49,170
in England and increased the customs
142
00:06:49,170 --> 00:06:51,270
duty on tobacco by four thousand one
143
00:06:51,270 --> 00:06:53,770
hundred percent
144
00:06:53,770 --> 00:06:57,069
and reissued the pamphlet with his name
145
00:06:57,069 --> 00:06:58,020
on it
146
00:06:58,020 --> 00:07:01,330
his whole approach was based on rational
147
00:07:01,330 --> 00:07:04,900
thought not an English habit and what he
148
00:07:04,900 --> 00:07:07,949
saw as the absolute authority of a king
149
00:07:07,949 --> 00:07:11,740
also rather foreign to them and his
150
00:07:11,740 --> 00:07:14,410
authority was not backed by any army and
151
00:07:14,410 --> 00:07:16,630
his income was too small to run both the
152
00:07:16,630 --> 00:07:19,120
court and the government the regular
153
00:07:19,120 --> 00:07:21,190
royal income came from rents on lands
154
00:07:21,190 --> 00:07:25,349
feudal Jews and customs duties
155
00:07:25,390 --> 00:07:28,360
but the flood of gold and silver coming
156
00:07:28,360 --> 00:07:30,970
to Europe from the New World had created
157
00:07:30,970 --> 00:07:33,820
inflation reducing the real value of
158
00:07:33,820 --> 00:07:35,250
that income
159
00:07:35,250 --> 00:07:37,570
medieval government was designed for
160
00:07:37,570 --> 00:07:40,450
rather static farming economies and vast
161
00:07:40,450 --> 00:07:45,640
estates towns run by common folk with
162
00:07:45,640 --> 00:07:47,950
special liberties granted in charges had
163
00:07:47,950 --> 00:07:52,020
been useful little add-ons but now
164
00:07:52,020 --> 00:07:54,730
international and intercontinental trade
165
00:07:54,730 --> 00:07:57,790
had blossomed the nobles had declined
166
00:07:57,790 --> 00:08:00,520
the towns had become major financial
167
00:08:00,520 --> 00:08:04,690
centres inflation the growth of
168
00:08:04,690 --> 00:08:07,180
Protestantism a lack of respect for
169
00:08:07,180 --> 00:08:09,550
traditional authority the emergence of
170
00:08:09,550 --> 00:08:11,830
assertive members of parliament none of
171
00:08:11,830 --> 00:08:15,130
this was restricted to England but in
172
00:08:15,130 --> 00:08:16,450
England it had a slightly different
173
00:08:16,450 --> 00:08:19,960
flavour everywhere else the ruler made
174
00:08:19,960 --> 00:08:22,420
the law he was the law but not in
175
00:08:22,420 --> 00:08:26,070
England kingship existed under the law
176
00:08:26,070 --> 00:08:28,690
James simply didn't understand this he
177
00:08:28,690 --> 00:08:30,310
was certain that the job of King meant
178
00:08:30,310 --> 00:08:33,250
being above the law and being James he
179
00:08:33,250 --> 00:08:35,080
not only understood this was the problem
180
00:08:35,080 --> 00:08:39,630
but said so as a matter of principle and
181
00:08:39,630 --> 00:08:42,669
when the Lord Chief Justice disagreed
182
00:08:42,669 --> 00:08:45,900
the Lord Chief Justice got the sack
183
00:08:45,900 --> 00:08:49,660
James was people said the wisest fool in
184
00:08:49,660 --> 00:08:54,550
Christendom he needed to raise taxes but
185
00:08:54,550 --> 00:08:56,470
taxation was always regarded as a
186
00:08:56,470 --> 00:08:59,860
special event taxes might be levied if
187
00:08:59,860 --> 00:09:02,170
there was an emergency need for cash but
188
00:09:02,170 --> 00:09:03,790
the law said that this could not be done
189
00:09:03,790 --> 00:09:05,580
without the agreement of Parliament
190
00:09:05,580 --> 00:09:08,260
which gave the Commons the chance to
191
00:09:08,260 --> 00:09:11,500
present demands to him they expected
192
00:09:11,500 --> 00:09:13,300
what was called redress of grievances
193
00:09:13,300 --> 00:09:16,120
before granting him supplies and these
194
00:09:16,120 --> 00:09:17,920
were exactly the kind of people who
195
00:09:17,920 --> 00:09:21,040
tended to be Puritans low church with no
196
00:09:21,040 --> 00:09:23,410
real sense of proper deference to people
197
00:09:23,410 --> 00:09:27,460
better borne than themselves so he
198
00:09:27,460 --> 00:09:30,310
avoided that as much as possible his way
199
00:09:30,310 --> 00:09:32,970
of life didn't help either
200
00:09:32,970 --> 00:09:36,490
his diversions were hunting an obsession
201
00:09:36,490 --> 00:09:40,830
and pretty young men another obsession
202
00:09:40,830 --> 00:09:43,420
right at the start of his reign he took
203
00:09:43,420 --> 00:09:45,790
up with a pretty young Scot who'd been
204
00:09:45,790 --> 00:09:48,610
his page Robert Carr was given the
205
00:09:48,610 --> 00:09:50,560
estate of the executed Walter Raleigh
206
00:09:50,560 --> 00:09:53,680
and quickly became a vacant and a privy
207
00:09:53,680 --> 00:09:56,620
councillor when Carr decided to Wed the
208
00:09:56,620 --> 00:09:59,320
married 17 year old Countess of Essex
209
00:09:59,320 --> 00:10:02,050
who hated her husband James helped to
210
00:10:02,050 --> 00:10:04,030
sort out the divorce the countess's
211
00:10:04,030 --> 00:10:06,400
family the Howards detested car but
212
00:10:06,400 --> 00:10:08,110
realised this was the best way to get
213
00:10:08,110 --> 00:10:11,140
into favorite court cars close friend
214
00:10:11,140 --> 00:10:14,230
Sir Thomas / burry tried to warn him off
215
00:10:14,230 --> 00:10:17,890
that filthy base woman which annoyed the
216
00:10:17,890 --> 00:10:21,600
countess so the sweet young couple
217
00:10:21,600 --> 00:10:22,780
poisoned
218
00:10:22,780 --> 00:10:25,150
Sir Thomas which opened the door
219
00:10:25,150 --> 00:10:27,400
eventually to the Howards enemies who
220
00:10:27,400 --> 00:10:30,010
exposed the murder plot to James while
221
00:10:30,010 --> 00:10:32,020
providing him with another very
222
00:10:32,020 --> 00:10:34,870
beautiful young man George Villiers to
223
00:10:34,870 --> 00:10:37,240
take cars place car and his wife was
224
00:10:37,240 --> 00:10:39,730
sentenced to death and Villiers whose
225
00:10:39,730 --> 00:10:42,760
legs were wonderful became the Duke of
226
00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:45,460
Buckingham and the murderous couple were
227
00:10:45,460 --> 00:10:49,720
pardoned James wasn't exactly a Puritans
228
00:10:49,720 --> 00:10:52,930
role model the time King James died aged
229
00:10:52,930 --> 00:10:57,010
58 in 1625 the king of the Puritans were
230
00:10:57,010 --> 00:10:59,380
set on course for a direct collision and
231
00:10:59,380 --> 00:11:02,230
his son Charles wasn't going to change
232
00:11:02,230 --> 00:11:06,490
direction the new king was 25 years old
233
00:11:06,490 --> 00:11:09,850
Ghosh with a nervous stammer but deeply
234
00:11:09,850 --> 00:11:12,279
conscious of his place as God's anointed
235
00:11:12,279 --> 00:11:14,560
ruler of Britain the new father figure
236
00:11:14,560 --> 00:11:17,800
and he played the part of absolute ruler
237
00:11:17,800 --> 00:11:31,120
as well as he possibly could of course
238
00:11:31,120 --> 00:11:33,430
it was not the part of the Puritan
239
00:11:33,430 --> 00:11:36,430
merchants and Gentry wanted played they
240
00:11:36,430 --> 00:11:38,589
refused to grant taxes without being
241
00:11:38,589 --> 00:11:41,020
allowed a role in government so Charles
242
00:11:41,020 --> 00:11:42,520
tried to manage on the sources of
243
00:11:42,520 --> 00:11:44,440
revenue that didn't need parliamentary
244
00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:47,170
approval the most celebrated example was
245
00:11:47,170 --> 00:11:50,380
when he levied ship money an ancient law
246
00:11:50,380 --> 00:11:52,690
was unearthed obliging seaports to
247
00:11:52,690 --> 00:11:55,720
provide ships in times of war true there
248
00:11:55,720 --> 00:11:57,940
was no war but there were pirates
249
00:11:57,940 --> 00:12:01,750
weren't there in 1630 for Charles made
250
00:12:01,750 --> 00:12:04,270
his demand and told the ports they could
251
00:12:04,270 --> 00:12:07,360
pay cash instead ship money this
252
00:12:07,360 --> 00:12:09,160
engraving was published to make people
253
00:12:09,160 --> 00:12:12,160
proud of paying up and then the next
254
00:12:12,160 --> 00:12:14,320
year he extended the demand to inland
255
00:12:14,320 --> 00:12:18,870
communities otherwise it would be unfair
256
00:12:18,870 --> 00:12:21,370
it was obvious that if he got away with
257
00:12:21,370 --> 00:12:23,440
this he'd have reinvented taxation under
258
00:12:23,440 --> 00:12:25,570
another name and would never need
259
00:12:25,570 --> 00:12:29,020
Parliament at all the entire nation had
260
00:12:29,020 --> 00:12:32,920
steam coming out of its ears one wealthy
261
00:12:32,920 --> 00:12:35,170
Buckinghamshire man John handin MP
262
00:12:35,170 --> 00:12:37,720
refused to pay and was hauled into the
263
00:12:37,720 --> 00:12:40,270
court of Exchequer hundreds of people
264
00:12:40,270 --> 00:12:42,450
tried to jam into the court to watch of
265
00:12:42,450 --> 00:12:45,490
the 12 judges seven found for the king
266
00:12:45,490 --> 00:12:48,579
and five for Hamden since the King had
267
00:12:48,579 --> 00:12:50,740
thought he controlled the judiciary this
268
00:12:50,740 --> 00:12:54,970
was a moral victory for Hamden things
269
00:12:54,970 --> 00:12:57,160
were made worse by Charles's actions as
270
00:12:57,160 --> 00:13:00,459
head of the church he regarded
271
00:13:00,459 --> 00:13:02,860
Puritanism as fundamentally seditious
272
00:13:02,860 --> 00:13:04,810
which made many people think he was
273
00:13:04,810 --> 00:13:06,970
really at closeted Roman Catholic he
274
00:13:06,970 --> 00:13:09,850
wasn't but he was determined to impose a
275
00:13:09,850 --> 00:13:12,370
uniform system of worship which was
276
00:13:12,370 --> 00:13:15,610
decidedly high church and that simply
277
00:13:15,610 --> 00:13:17,980
added to the anger of a growing Puritan
278
00:13:17,980 --> 00:13:19,190
class
279
00:13:19,190 --> 00:13:24,069
Scotland it was met by direct rebellion
280
00:13:24,129 --> 00:13:26,540
without the money to hire reliable
281
00:13:26,540 --> 00:13:28,790
troops and with popular hostility in
282
00:13:28,790 --> 00:13:31,089
London making life positively dangerous
283
00:13:31,089 --> 00:13:33,649
Charles had to accept restrictions on
284
00:13:33,649 --> 00:13:36,410
his power which were to him intolerable
285
00:13:36,410 --> 00:13:40,579
in 1641 he agreed acts at Parliament
286
00:13:40,579 --> 00:13:42,139
which took many powers from him
287
00:13:42,139 --> 00:13:44,029
including the right to dissolve
288
00:13:44,029 --> 00:13:45,920
Parliament and the right to raise
289
00:13:45,920 --> 00:13:49,930
customs duties without its consent in
290
00:13:49,930 --> 00:13:53,660
January 1642 in a state of confused
291
00:13:53,660 --> 00:13:56,449
desperation he tried to arrest five
292
00:13:56,449 --> 00:13:58,069
members of the Commons by actually
293
00:13:58,069 --> 00:14:00,529
turning up there with armed guards he
294
00:14:00,529 --> 00:14:03,230
failed and faced with violent anger in
295
00:14:03,230 --> 00:14:05,589
the streets he fled from London in
296
00:14:05,589 --> 00:14:08,509
November the now inevitable civil war
297
00:14:08,509 --> 00:14:13,459
began people were called upon to choose
298
00:14:13,459 --> 00:14:15,649
between their Kings determination to
299
00:14:15,649 --> 00:14:17,980
break the pretensions of Parliament and
300
00:14:17,980 --> 00:14:20,600
Parliament's determination to limit the
301
00:14:20,600 --> 00:14:24,259
power of the King most people actually
302
00:14:24,259 --> 00:14:26,259
didn't think they wanted to get involved
303
00:14:26,259 --> 00:14:29,300
but the war grew with a murderous logic
304
00:14:29,300 --> 00:14:31,310
of its own and gradually became more
305
00:14:31,310 --> 00:14:36,829
bitter and more inescapable it's now
306
00:14:36,829 --> 00:14:38,990
reckoned that possibly a quarter of a
307
00:14:38,990 --> 00:14:41,410
million people died in battle of
308
00:14:41,410 --> 00:14:45,079
starvation of disease as a result of the
309
00:14:45,079 --> 00:14:48,529
fighting out of a population of about 5
310
00:14:48,529 --> 00:14:51,529
million that's a far higher death rate
311
00:14:51,529 --> 00:14:54,490
than in the First World War
312
00:14:54,490 --> 00:14:57,190
when the war ended in 1646 with the
313
00:14:57,190 --> 00:14:59,680
defeat of Charles's forces an attempt
314
00:14:59,680 --> 00:15:02,230
was made to negotiate a settlement but
315
00:15:02,230 --> 00:15:04,390
Charles was a dishonest negotiator
316
00:15:04,390 --> 00:15:07,330
simply using this opportunity to try and
317
00:15:07,330 --> 00:15:09,730
organize the conquest of England from
318
00:15:09,730 --> 00:15:14,020
Ireland and Scotland and then something
319
00:15:14,020 --> 00:15:19,000
quite new happened in the brief and
320
00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:21,790
decisive second war the parliamentary
321
00:15:21,790 --> 00:15:24,430
army developed a revolutionary will of
322
00:15:24,430 --> 00:15:29,380
its own when Charles was recaptured in
323
00:15:29,380 --> 00:15:32,470
1647 Parliament tried to disband its
324
00:15:32,470 --> 00:15:35,080
forces but general Fairfax and his men
325
00:15:35,080 --> 00:15:37,420
proclaimed that they were not a mere
326
00:15:37,420 --> 00:15:40,630
mercenary army and flatly refused to go
327
00:15:40,630 --> 00:15:46,420
home their job wasn't finished the
328
00:15:46,420 --> 00:15:49,510
revolution had to be completed they said
329
00:15:49,510 --> 00:15:51,310
it had to be established that the House
330
00:15:51,310 --> 00:15:53,500
of Commons was the supreme authority of
331
00:15:53,500 --> 00:15:56,140
England and the king was but at the most
332
00:15:56,140 --> 00:15:58,720
the chief public officer of this kingdom
333
00:15:58,720 --> 00:16:02,530
and accountable to this house that was
334
00:16:02,530 --> 00:16:06,280
in September 1648 the common said to be
335
00:16:06,280 --> 00:16:06,970
so silly
336
00:16:06,970 --> 00:16:10,390
you are exceedingly deceived for God
337
00:16:10,390 --> 00:16:14,320
gives the king his authority the army
338
00:16:14,320 --> 00:16:16,960
wasn't happy with that so it crushed
339
00:16:16,960 --> 00:16:20,530
Parliament it occupied London you
340
00:16:20,530 --> 00:16:22,570
suppose as the cavalry stables and
341
00:16:22,570 --> 00:16:25,740
looted the Treasury
342
00:16:26,010 --> 00:16:29,040
45 MPs were arrested a hundred and
343
00:16:29,040 --> 00:16:31,290
forty-six were barred the romp that
344
00:16:31,290 --> 00:16:33,420
remained were in effect the members
345
00:16:33,420 --> 00:16:35,790
chosen by the Army who would do what it
346
00:16:35,790 --> 00:16:38,310
wanted which was to put Charles on trial
347
00:16:38,310 --> 00:16:40,770
for treason for levying war against the
348
00:16:40,770 --> 00:16:43,680
Parliament in kingdom of England the
349
00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:45,510
rump Parliament as people called it
350
00:16:45,510 --> 00:16:47,430
resolved that they could make laws
351
00:16:47,430 --> 00:16:49,320
without the consent of the king or of
352
00:16:49,320 --> 00:16:51,810
the House of Lords and then passed a law
353
00:16:51,810 --> 00:16:55,280
setting up a court to try the King
354
00:16:55,520 --> 00:16:57,870
Charles Ed that he didn't recognize the
355
00:16:57,870 --> 00:16:59,880
court but someone needed to explain to
356
00:16:59,880 --> 00:17:03,000
him what authority a possessed on the
357
00:17:03,000 --> 00:17:06,140
27th of January 1649 this court
358
00:17:06,140 --> 00:17:10,920
condemned him to death Charles was taken
359
00:17:10,920 --> 00:17:13,470
to the banqueting house that theatrical
360
00:17:13,470 --> 00:17:16,200
set built by his father for dramatic
361
00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:18,030
presentations in which the scripts were
362
00:17:18,030 --> 00:17:20,940
all about the glory of royal power it
363
00:17:20,940 --> 00:17:22,980
was no longer used for those masks
364
00:17:22,980 --> 00:17:25,109
Charles had commissioned Rubens to make
365
00:17:25,109 --> 00:17:26,910
paintings for the ceilings and they were
366
00:17:26,910 --> 00:17:28,890
too precious to be damaged by candle
367
00:17:28,890 --> 00:17:31,620
smoke the ideology of the performances
368
00:17:31,620 --> 00:17:33,810
had now been put on permanent display by
369
00:17:33,810 --> 00:17:36,630
Rubens the painting celebrated James's
370
00:17:36,630 --> 00:17:39,360
absolute rule casting out war and
371
00:17:39,360 --> 00:17:42,090
discord bringing peace harmony order and
372
00:17:42,090 --> 00:17:46,100
prosperity to a grateful people
373
00:17:46,960 --> 00:17:49,880
Charles the small dignified stuttering
374
00:17:49,880 --> 00:17:51,560
man who'd commissioned the work and
375
00:17:51,560 --> 00:17:53,900
presided over the reality that flowed
376
00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:56,570
from it was marched out through a window
377
00:17:56,570 --> 00:18:02,000
onto a specially constructed platform he
378
00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:03,920
wore a thick vest so that he would not
379
00:18:03,920 --> 00:18:06,320
shiver with cold which might be mistaken
380
00:18:06,320 --> 00:18:10,370
for terror and on that stage he knelt
381
00:18:10,370 --> 00:18:13,250
with calm dignity and his head was cut
382
00:18:13,250 --> 00:18:15,280
off
383
00:18:16,580 --> 00:18:32,660
Britain no longer had the king a week
384
00:18:32,660 --> 00:18:35,480
after the execution charles ii was
385
00:18:35,480 --> 00:18:38,480
proclaimed king in scotland but charles
386
00:18:38,480 --> 00:18:40,520
the first eighteen year old son wasn't
387
00:18:40,520 --> 00:18:43,790
there he was in the netherlands he'd
388
00:18:43,790 --> 00:18:45,230
fled to france with a group of
389
00:18:45,230 --> 00:18:47,330
supporters four years earlier and his
390
00:18:47,330 --> 00:18:49,250
one brief attempt to provide military
391
00:18:49,250 --> 00:18:51,290
help to his father in the second civil
392
00:18:51,290 --> 00:18:53,030
war had been a failure
393
00:18:53,030 --> 00:18:55,220
his object now was to find a way of
394
00:18:55,220 --> 00:18:57,680
recovering his Father's throne and to
395
00:18:57,680 --> 00:18:59,390
hell with that stuff about being an
396
00:18:59,390 --> 00:19:02,150
absolute monarch he landed in Scotland
397
00:19:02,150 --> 00:19:04,730
in 1651 and was prepared to sign up to
398
00:19:04,730 --> 00:19:07,040
whatever was asked of him including
399
00:19:07,040 --> 00:19:09,290
agreeing to his father's blood guilt and
400
00:19:09,290 --> 00:19:12,410
his mother's idolatry and becoming
401
00:19:12,410 --> 00:19:14,780
Presbyterian if that's what it took to
402
00:19:14,780 --> 00:19:19,190
be proclaimed king do it the new English
403
00:19:19,190 --> 00:19:21,290
public wasn't going to stand for this of
404
00:19:21,290 --> 00:19:23,450
course the army commanded by Cromwell
405
00:19:23,450 --> 00:19:26,750
took over Scotland Charles's forces were
406
00:19:26,750 --> 00:19:29,420
finally defeated at Worcester if he'd
407
00:19:29,420 --> 00:19:31,160
been caught he would probably have been
408
00:19:31,160 --> 00:19:33,890
killed the story of his escape
409
00:19:33,890 --> 00:19:35,930
disguised as a Worcestershire yokel
410
00:19:35,930 --> 00:19:40,160
became a famous legend at one point he
411
00:19:40,160 --> 00:19:42,320
spent all day hiding with a companion in
412
00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:44,270
an oak tree while the Roundheads
413
00:19:44,270 --> 00:19:46,850
searched for him below it became a
414
00:19:46,850 --> 00:19:49,220
celebrated story in a way that didn't
415
00:19:49,220 --> 00:19:51,710
bode well for the Republic Charles
416
00:19:51,710 --> 00:19:54,140
looked dashing and daring while the
417
00:19:54,140 --> 00:19:56,270
Roundheads looked ridiculous incompetent
418
00:19:56,270 --> 00:20:01,820
in heavy-handed throughout his six weeks
419
00:20:01,820 --> 00:20:04,010
flight he remained cheery polite and
420
00:20:04,010 --> 00:20:06,530
very resourceful ending up in the George
421
00:20:06,530 --> 00:20:09,380
Inn at Brighton it's interesting that
422
00:20:09,380 --> 00:20:11,360
none of the three or four dozen people
423
00:20:11,360 --> 00:20:13,490
who recognized him were moved to betray
424
00:20:13,490 --> 00:20:15,800
him either by the potential death
425
00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:18,590
penalty they faced or the thousand pound
426
00:20:18,590 --> 00:20:21,500
reward they could collect he got away to
427
00:20:21,500 --> 00:20:23,870
France then to Germany and Brussels
428
00:20:23,870 --> 00:20:26,300
living in a kind of limbo short of money
429
00:20:26,300 --> 00:20:29,590
and with no coherent plan of return
430
00:20:29,590 --> 00:20:32,860
so how did he do it after the execution
431
00:20:32,860 --> 00:20:35,080
of Charles the first England was a
432
00:20:35,080 --> 00:20:37,750
republic look at what happened to the
433
00:20:37,750 --> 00:20:40,030
design of the Great Seal the official
434
00:20:40,030 --> 00:20:42,130
mark on statutes and proclamations
435
00:20:42,130 --> 00:20:45,550
here's Charles's seal the seal of a king
436
00:20:45,550 --> 00:20:47,980
he Canter's on horseback with his
437
00:20:47,980 --> 00:20:50,050
greyhound running alongside and the
438
00:20:50,050 --> 00:20:52,330
Latin motto means Charles by the grace
439
00:20:52,330 --> 00:20:54,580
of God King of Great Britain France and
440
00:20:54,580 --> 00:20:57,460
Scotland defender of the faith after his
441
00:20:57,460 --> 00:21:00,280
execution the New Republic was in theory
442
00:21:00,280 --> 00:21:03,010
ruled by the House of Commons so instead
443
00:21:03,010 --> 00:21:05,500
of a king's seal the Great Seal was the
444
00:21:05,500 --> 00:21:06,880
seal of the House of Commons
445
00:21:06,880 --> 00:21:09,910
it shows the Commonwealth a map of
446
00:21:09,910 --> 00:21:12,520
Britain and on the other side are the
447
00:21:12,520 --> 00:21:15,250
Commons themselves and the motto simply
448
00:21:15,250 --> 00:21:18,940
says 1651 in the third year of freedom
449
00:21:18,940 --> 00:21:22,110
by God's blessing restored in English
450
00:21:22,110 --> 00:21:24,850
didn't last though because the real
451
00:21:24,850 --> 00:21:27,760
power wasn't the House of Commons it was
452
00:21:27,760 --> 00:21:30,430
the army for a while the army was too
453
00:21:30,430 --> 00:21:32,920
busy to take much notice of England it
454
00:21:32,920 --> 00:21:34,510
was occupied with the destruction of
455
00:21:34,510 --> 00:21:36,370
Ireland where a large part of the
456
00:21:36,370 --> 00:21:38,470
population were irredeemably loyal to
457
00:21:38,470 --> 00:21:41,860
Catholicism and the monarchy but when it
458
00:21:41,860 --> 00:21:44,050
finally turned round and looked at
459
00:21:44,050 --> 00:21:46,510
England it found that there still hadn't
460
00:21:46,510 --> 00:21:50,250
been a thoroughgoing Puritan revolution
461
00:21:50,250 --> 00:21:54,550
so in 1653 Cromwell the Army's most
462
00:21:54,550 --> 00:21:57,100
powerful general cleared the Commons of
463
00:21:57,100 --> 00:21:59,380
swordpoint and installed a new
464
00:21:59,380 --> 00:22:01,300
parliament which he thought would be
465
00:22:01,300 --> 00:22:02,860
more capable of bringing about a
466
00:22:02,860 --> 00:22:06,430
revolutionary transformation of society
467
00:22:06,430 --> 00:22:09,890
his own chamber of righteous Puritans
468
00:22:09,890 --> 00:22:12,530
the so-called nominated Parliament
469
00:22:12,530 --> 00:22:14,750
turned out to be no more to his liking
470
00:22:14,750 --> 00:22:17,930
and he dismissed that to installing
471
00:22:17,930 --> 00:22:21,320
himself as the Lord Protector
472
00:22:21,320 --> 00:22:24,380
and the Great Seal was now his own
473
00:22:24,380 --> 00:22:26,840
it shows Oliver Cromwell on horseback
474
00:22:26,840 --> 00:22:30,260
just like Charles but stepping out very
475
00:22:30,260 --> 00:22:32,390
stately rather than cantering with a
476
00:22:32,390 --> 00:22:36,980
gray hand and the motto says by the
477
00:22:36,980 --> 00:22:38,900
grace of God the Republic of England
478
00:22:38,900 --> 00:22:41,270
Scotland and Ireland and the protector
479
00:22:41,270 --> 00:22:45,680
Oliver in Latin in what sense was this a
480
00:22:45,680 --> 00:22:47,020
republic
481
00:22:47,020 --> 00:22:49,610
however unwillingly and he kept
482
00:22:49,610 --> 00:22:51,830
protesting his unwillingness Cromwell
483
00:22:51,830 --> 00:22:53,780
was driven by his own belief in the
484
00:22:53,780 --> 00:22:56,840
divine right of revolution to run the
485
00:22:56,840 --> 00:22:58,970
country as a militarized kingdom for
486
00:22:58,970 --> 00:23:03,620
Puritan Saints there were now 11
487
00:23:03,620 --> 00:23:06,260
districts each run not by the people but
488
00:23:06,260 --> 00:23:09,440
by major generals these military
489
00:23:09,440 --> 00:23:12,110
ayatollahs collected taxes ran the
490
00:23:12,110 --> 00:23:14,920
courts and controlled public morality
491
00:23:14,920 --> 00:23:17,660
theaters were closed along with brothels
492
00:23:17,660 --> 00:23:20,210
and gambling dens horse racing and
493
00:23:20,210 --> 00:23:22,910
fights were banned everyone had to go to
494
00:23:22,910 --> 00:23:26,230
church stay sober and morally upright
495
00:23:26,230 --> 00:23:29,870
pagan festivities like Christmas were
496
00:23:29,870 --> 00:23:33,410
banned mince pies were forbidden oh it
497
00:23:33,410 --> 00:23:38,270
must have been great in 1656 a newly
498
00:23:38,270 --> 00:23:40,250
elected parliament made it clear they
499
00:23:40,250 --> 00:23:42,880
wanted to return to the old constitution
500
00:23:42,880 --> 00:23:45,620
they reopened the House of Lords and
501
00:23:45,620 --> 00:23:49,040
offered Cromwell the title of king
502
00:23:49,040 --> 00:23:52,290
he seriously considered it and although
503
00:23:52,290 --> 00:23:53,370
he turned it down
504
00:23:53,370 --> 00:23:55,260
perhaps because the army would have
505
00:23:55,260 --> 00:23:57,750
turned against him two years later on
506
00:23:57,750 --> 00:24:00,690
his deathbed he nominated his eldest
507
00:24:00,690 --> 00:24:03,780
surviving son as his successor like any
508
00:24:03,780 --> 00:24:04,890
other king
509
00:24:04,890 --> 00:24:06,550
[Music]
510
00:24:06,550 --> 00:24:09,490
very few people cheered Lord Protector
511
00:24:09,490 --> 00:24:13,240
Richard Cromwell who was he not proud
512
00:24:13,240 --> 00:24:16,350
not acclaimed not the leader of an army
513
00:24:16,350 --> 00:24:19,150
people called him tumbledown dick and
514
00:24:19,150 --> 00:24:23,200
that's pretty much what happened early
515
00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:25,750
in 1660 one of his father's commanders
516
00:24:25,750 --> 00:24:28,690
general monk seized London and summoned
517
00:24:28,690 --> 00:24:30,580
a special Parliament to invite Charles
518
00:24:30,580 --> 00:24:33,790
the second to return to the throne if
519
00:24:33,790 --> 00:24:35,230
you're going to have a king it might as
520
00:24:35,230 --> 00:24:37,770
well be one with the right credentials
521
00:24:37,770 --> 00:24:40,630
tumbledown dick became a private citizen
522
00:24:40,630 --> 00:24:42,910
he changed his name and became a lodger
523
00:24:42,910 --> 00:24:46,270
in Cheshire 30 years later he wrote to
524
00:24:46,270 --> 00:24:48,460
his daughter that his safety was to be
525
00:24:48,460 --> 00:24:52,240
retired quiet and silent he would have
526
00:24:52,240 --> 00:24:55,840
made a good constitutional monarch but
527
00:24:55,840 --> 00:24:57,220
while the English may not have been
528
00:24:57,220 --> 00:24:59,920
quite sure what they did want they now
529
00:24:59,920 --> 00:25:02,370
knew exactly what they didn't want
530
00:25:02,370 --> 00:25:08,340
anything run by soldiers or Puritans
531
00:25:09,309 --> 00:25:12,019
no matter what else would happen in the
532
00:25:12,019 --> 00:25:15,049
world England would never again let a
533
00:25:15,049 --> 00:25:17,539
military man have any political power
534
00:25:17,539 --> 00:25:20,629
and a deep and abiding suspicion had
535
00:25:20,629 --> 00:25:22,549
been created of anyone who looks like a
536
00:25:22,549 --> 00:25:25,989
revolutionary or a religious enthusiast
537
00:25:25,989 --> 00:25:28,309
actually this explains a lot about
538
00:25:28,309 --> 00:25:30,949
English history most countries were at
539
00:25:30,949 --> 00:25:33,559
some time in the last 300 years infected
540
00:25:33,559 --> 00:25:35,749
by revolutionary fervor or ideological
541
00:25:35,749 --> 00:25:39,499
passion but England it seems has been
542
00:25:39,499 --> 00:25:42,529
vaccinated it's been pretty much immune
543
00:25:42,529 --> 00:25:45,949
to political feverishness still is I
544
00:25:45,949 --> 00:25:59,569
think Charles was really a very popular
545
00:25:59,569 --> 00:26:02,119
King his manner was light and easy his
546
00:26:02,119 --> 00:26:05,239
court dissolute and cheerful his sexual
547
00:26:05,239 --> 00:26:08,809
enthusiasm generous and very very unpure
548
00:26:08,809 --> 00:26:13,219
Aten as those great historians sellers
549
00:26:13,219 --> 00:26:15,649
in Yeatman put it in 1066 and all that
550
00:26:15,649 --> 00:26:21,079
not so much a king or a monarch the year
551
00:26:21,079 --> 00:26:23,119
since his father's execution were called
552
00:26:23,119 --> 00:26:25,039
the interregnum and the idea was to
553
00:26:25,039 --> 00:26:26,719
pretend that nothing much had really
554
00:26:26,719 --> 00:26:28,170
happened
555
00:26:28,170 --> 00:26:30,660
the parliamentary records for those
556
00:26:30,660 --> 00:26:34,650
years were torn up an act of Parliament
557
00:26:34,650 --> 00:26:36,630
gave the new king control of the Armed
558
00:26:36,630 --> 00:26:38,970
Forces and Parliament agreed to give him
559
00:26:38,970 --> 00:26:42,480
an inadequate annual revenue ten of the
560
00:26:42,480 --> 00:26:43,770
people who'd been involved in the
561
00:26:43,770 --> 00:26:45,780
execution and trial of Charles the first
562
00:26:45,780 --> 00:26:48,180
were themselves put on trial and then
563
00:26:48,180 --> 00:26:51,540
hanged drawn and quartered Cromwell and
564
00:26:51,540 --> 00:26:52,980
three other military commanders of the
565
00:26:52,980 --> 00:26:54,720
parliamentary army were also put on
566
00:26:54,720 --> 00:26:56,940
trial they didn't put up a very
567
00:26:56,940 --> 00:27:00,960
convincing defence being dead their
568
00:27:00,960 --> 00:27:03,270
bodies were dug up and hung in chains at
569
00:27:03,270 --> 00:27:05,490
Tyburn it was all good popular
570
00:27:05,490 --> 00:27:07,920
entertainment and theatres reopened the
571
00:27:07,920 --> 00:27:09,810
may polls were back in business
572
00:27:09,810 --> 00:27:14,760
Mary England had been restored Charles
573
00:27:14,760 --> 00:27:16,680
had given a written promise of pardons
574
00:27:16,680 --> 00:27:19,230
arrears of Army pay and what was called
575
00:27:19,230 --> 00:27:21,300
liberty of tender consciences in
576
00:27:21,300 --> 00:27:26,220
religious matters he also confirmed land
577
00:27:26,220 --> 00:27:28,020
purchases made during the interregnum
578
00:27:28,020 --> 00:27:30,870
which helped maintain stability but was
579
00:27:30,870 --> 00:27:33,120
a bit of a blow to Cavaliers who'd lost
580
00:27:33,120 --> 00:27:34,980
their wealth of their land by being on
581
00:27:34,980 --> 00:27:39,450
the wrong side in a way the sense of a
582
00:27:39,450 --> 00:27:41,220
new beginning was strengthened by the
583
00:27:41,220 --> 00:27:44,010
destruction of the capital by plague and
584
00:27:44,010 --> 00:27:46,140
Fire
585
00:27:46,140 --> 00:27:48,750
plague was a swift and grotesque disease
586
00:27:48,750 --> 00:27:51,870
which had erupted frequently before but
587
00:27:51,870 --> 00:27:55,169
in 1665 it took a firm grip and killed
588
00:27:55,169 --> 00:27:58,560
about 20% of the city's population
589
00:27:58,560 --> 00:28:01,020
London was largely turned into a ghost
590
00:28:01,020 --> 00:28:04,610
city as the survivors fled
591
00:28:06,629 --> 00:28:08,459
the King who'd moved to Hampton Court
592
00:28:08,459 --> 00:28:10,889
gave a thousand pounds a week to London
593
00:28:10,889 --> 00:28:17,239
charity and then London began to burn
594
00:28:17,239 --> 00:28:19,889
the king returned to the city with his
595
00:28:19,889 --> 00:28:22,229
brother James the Duke of York to take
596
00:28:22,229 --> 00:28:24,419
personal charge of firefighting in the
597
00:28:24,419 --> 00:28:27,839
streets everyone knew that the mayor had
598
00:28:27,839 --> 00:28:30,179
been too timid to pull down houses that
599
00:28:30,179 --> 00:28:32,639
might have created fire breaks until he
600
00:28:32,639 --> 00:28:35,070
was directly ordered to do so by Charles
601
00:28:35,070 --> 00:28:37,349
it certainly helped the Royal image
602
00:28:37,349 --> 00:28:39,359
though it didn't help
603
00:28:39,359 --> 00:28:42,809
London much the old rotting diseased
604
00:28:42,809 --> 00:28:45,599
structure was purified by an inferno
605
00:28:45,599 --> 00:28:47,909
that simply burned the place away as
606
00:28:47,909 --> 00:28:49,799
thoroughly as if it had been blasted by
607
00:28:49,799 --> 00:28:52,930
a nuclear weapon and a lot more cleanly
608
00:28:52,930 --> 00:28:55,309
[Music]
609
00:28:55,309 --> 00:28:58,019
and the new city that arose was a
610
00:28:58,019 --> 00:28:59,849
classic image of the political
611
00:28:59,849 --> 00:29:03,899
settlement of the restored monarchy the
612
00:29:03,899 --> 00:29:06,569
old medieval structures had gone but
613
00:29:06,569 --> 00:29:08,279
Christopher Wren's planned for a brand
614
00:29:08,279 --> 00:29:10,889
new city of piazzas and arcades was
615
00:29:10,889 --> 00:29:15,239
rejected that was the sort of
616
00:29:15,239 --> 00:29:17,819
Renaissance princely city that existed
617
00:29:17,819 --> 00:29:20,190
on the continent they were the stages on
618
00:29:20,190 --> 00:29:21,659
which state ceremonies could be
619
00:29:21,659 --> 00:29:24,149
impressively performed by grand leaders
620
00:29:24,149 --> 00:29:29,399
not needed yet Wren was allowed to build
621
00:29:29,399 --> 00:29:31,499
a new modern cathedral and a swathe of
622
00:29:31,499 --> 00:29:33,599
churches in which altar pulpit and
623
00:29:33,599 --> 00:29:35,069
congregation are positioned to be
624
00:29:35,069 --> 00:29:37,709
equally important not to Roman Catholic
625
00:29:37,709 --> 00:29:41,089
not to Puritan
626
00:29:41,130 --> 00:29:44,240
but the old street plan was retained
627
00:29:44,240 --> 00:29:46,740
everyone could rebuild their own place
628
00:29:46,740 --> 00:29:49,140
on their own plot and the narrow streets
629
00:29:49,140 --> 00:29:51,090
and little alleys of medieval London
630
00:29:51,090 --> 00:29:52,740
that still existed in everyone's
631
00:29:52,740 --> 00:29:58,050
memories re grew from the ashes even now
632
00:29:58,050 --> 00:29:59,880
neither German bombs nor modern
633
00:29:59,880 --> 00:30:01,700
developers have quite destroyed them
634
00:30:01,700 --> 00:30:04,830
there mustn't be another fire laws would
635
00:30:04,830 --> 00:30:07,500
insist on flat fronts no overhangs more
636
00:30:07,500 --> 00:30:10,230
brick but the old city that had no
637
00:30:10,230 --> 00:30:12,680
overall plan not even a basic map
638
00:30:12,680 --> 00:30:15,030
reappeared with modern improvements
639
00:30:15,030 --> 00:30:18,120
designed not for a new life but for a
640
00:30:18,120 --> 00:30:19,790
better continuation of the old one
641
00:30:19,790 --> 00:30:23,670
exactly there was a general desire to
642
00:30:23,670 --> 00:30:25,950
better continue things as they had once
643
00:30:25,950 --> 00:30:29,690
been rather than invent something new or
644
00:30:29,690 --> 00:30:33,840
imitate something foreign there was one
645
00:30:33,840 --> 00:30:36,060
other marker in the rebuilt London that
646
00:30:36,060 --> 00:30:39,140
showed what kind of country this now was
647
00:30:39,140 --> 00:30:45,750
this fine column it marks the site where
648
00:30:45,750 --> 00:30:47,820
the fire had begun it shows the
649
00:30:47,820 --> 00:30:50,370
destruction of the city there's Charles
650
00:30:50,370 --> 00:30:52,830
surrounded by liberty genius and science
651
00:30:52,830 --> 00:30:54,930
giving directions for its restoration
652
00:30:54,930 --> 00:30:58,460
and there was originally an inscription
653
00:30:58,460 --> 00:31:00,360
explaining that the fire had been
654
00:31:00,360 --> 00:31:04,020
deliberately begun by Papists in order
655
00:31:04,020 --> 00:31:06,240
to the carrying on their horrid plot for
656
00:31:06,240 --> 00:31:08,280
extirpating the protestant religion and
657
00:31:08,280 --> 00:31:10,620
our english Liberty and the introducing
658
00:31:10,620 --> 00:31:15,330
potpourri and slavery it was nonsense
659
00:31:15,330 --> 00:31:18,060
but a French watchmaker was hanged for
660
00:31:18,060 --> 00:31:21,420
his part in the non-existent plot Robert
661
00:31:21,420 --> 00:31:22,260
boo-bear
662
00:31:22,260 --> 00:31:26,780
he wasn't in London when it happened
663
00:31:27,090 --> 00:31:30,960
there was a pathological fear of papists
664
00:31:30,960 --> 00:31:33,580
awkward Charles had a pension from the
665
00:31:33,580 --> 00:31:35,559
King of France given when he'd promised
666
00:31:35,559 --> 00:31:39,730
to convert to Roman Catholicism the
667
00:31:39,730 --> 00:31:41,649
trick to being a king in this situation
668
00:31:41,649 --> 00:31:44,740
was Charles understood very well not to
669
00:31:44,740 --> 00:31:50,140
say exactly what his job was there was a
670
00:31:50,140 --> 00:31:52,419
parliament and it was beginning to form
671
00:31:52,419 --> 00:31:55,510
parties one pro monarch one ante but
672
00:31:55,510 --> 00:31:57,370
Parliament didn't actually rule the
673
00:31:57,370 --> 00:31:59,980
country that was done by the Kings
674
00:31:59,980 --> 00:32:01,870
ministers a kind of cabinet government
675
00:32:01,870 --> 00:32:05,230
referred to as a cabal which meant that
676
00:32:05,230 --> 00:32:07,240
Charles wasn't seen as entirely
677
00:32:07,240 --> 00:32:10,179
responsible for things going wrong which
678
00:32:10,179 --> 00:32:14,529
they quite often did the Earl of
679
00:32:14,529 --> 00:32:16,539
Rochester wrote a mock epitaph on
680
00:32:16,539 --> 00:32:19,450
Charles's bedchamber door here lies our
681
00:32:19,450 --> 00:32:22,000
Sovereign Lord the king whose words no
682
00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:24,880
man relies on who never said a foolish
683
00:32:24,880 --> 00:32:29,950
thing nor ever did a wise one Charles
684
00:32:29,950 --> 00:32:32,230
saw it next morning and said quite right
685
00:32:32,230 --> 00:32:35,200
my words are my own but my acts are the
686
00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:38,020
acts of my ministers Charles died in
687
00:32:38,020 --> 00:32:42,279
1685 54 years old on his deathbed he
688
00:32:42,279 --> 00:32:44,370
converted to Roman Catholicism
689
00:32:44,370 --> 00:32:47,230
he had no legitimate child left alive
690
00:32:47,230 --> 00:32:49,029
the next in line to the throne was his
691
00:32:49,029 --> 00:32:51,700
brother James who was already a Roman
692
00:32:51,700 --> 00:32:56,289
Catholic this really wasn't going him ii
693
00:32:56,289 --> 00:32:57,730
was only three years younger than
694
00:32:57,730 --> 00:33:00,429
charles ii he was the oldest man ever to
695
00:33:00,429 --> 00:33:03,760
have succeeded to the throne to start
696
00:33:03,760 --> 00:33:05,679
with nothing much seemed to have changed
697
00:33:05,679 --> 00:33:07,779
both brothers had led quite similar
698
00:33:07,779 --> 00:33:10,360
lives both were enthusiastic womanisers
699
00:33:10,360 --> 00:33:13,990
both seemed reasonably pragmatic but the
700
00:33:13,990 --> 00:33:16,659
way James handled his first big crisis
701
00:33:16,659 --> 00:33:20,520
began to create alarm
702
00:33:20,670 --> 00:33:25,509
[Music]
703
00:33:31,740 --> 00:33:34,120
the restoration of the monarchy had
704
00:33:34,120 --> 00:33:36,220
obviously not been welcomed by everyone
705
00:33:36,220 --> 00:33:38,679
in the southwest especially Puritan
706
00:33:38,679 --> 00:33:40,690
religious feeling remained strong and
707
00:33:40,690 --> 00:33:43,059
suspicious especially with a Roman
708
00:33:43,059 --> 00:33:47,500
Catholic King Charles a second had an
709
00:33:47,500 --> 00:33:49,120
illegitimate son the Duke of Monmouth
710
00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:52,270
who was a Protestant rumors began to
711
00:33:52,270 --> 00:33:54,850
spread that he was actually legitimate
712
00:33:54,850 --> 00:33:58,230
the true heir to the throne
713
00:33:58,230 --> 00:34:00,220
mammoth came over from the Low Countries
714
00:34:00,220 --> 00:34:02,710
and began a rising in the southwest
715
00:34:02,710 --> 00:34:06,490
where he was proclaimed king mammoth the
716
00:34:06,490 --> 00:34:08,280
rebellion was crushed
717
00:34:08,280 --> 00:34:10,929
James determined to make an example of
718
00:34:10,929 --> 00:34:12,730
the rebels ordered the arrest and
719
00:34:12,730 --> 00:34:17,500
punishment of everyone involved at each
720
00:34:17,500 --> 00:34:20,679
centre Dorchester Taunton Exeter Bristol
721
00:34:20,679 --> 00:34:22,929
Wells people were rounded up for a
722
00:34:22,929 --> 00:34:24,849
special court known as the bloodiest
723
00:34:24,849 --> 00:34:27,699
sighs punishing not just rebels but
724
00:34:27,699 --> 00:34:29,980
anyone who was accused of even helping
725
00:34:29,980 --> 00:34:32,580
the wounded
726
00:34:35,750 --> 00:34:39,989
around 230 people were executed some
727
00:34:39,989 --> 00:34:44,610
hanged drawn and quartered and about 850
728
00:34:44,610 --> 00:34:46,230
were sent to labor in the West Indies
729
00:34:46,230 --> 00:34:49,290
for 10 years and many more of course
730
00:34:49,290 --> 00:34:51,510
were fined and had property confiscated
731
00:34:51,510 --> 00:34:55,770
and James did not disband the army that
732
00:34:55,770 --> 00:34:57,590
had been formed to put down the rebels
733
00:34:57,590 --> 00:35:00,720
England had a standing army again just
734
00:35:00,720 --> 00:35:04,170
as it had under Cromwell and he
735
00:35:04,170 --> 00:35:06,270
appointed Roman Catholic officers to run
736
00:35:06,270 --> 00:35:10,350
it people began to murmur and when the
737
00:35:10,350 --> 00:35:13,410
House of Lords expressed discontent he
738
00:35:13,410 --> 00:35:16,460
dissolved parliament
739
00:35:17,390 --> 00:35:19,910
and as he continued to appoint Roman
740
00:35:19,910 --> 00:35:22,190
Catholics to public and church offices
741
00:35:22,190 --> 00:35:25,130
public support began to ebb away from
742
00:35:25,130 --> 00:35:27,799
him at his instigation for instance all
743
00:35:27,799 --> 00:35:29,750
the fellows of maudling College Oxford
744
00:35:29,750 --> 00:35:32,059
were dismissed and the college was
745
00:35:32,059 --> 00:35:35,480
turned into a Catholic seminary James
746
00:35:35,480 --> 00:35:37,309
had two daughters who were both
747
00:35:37,309 --> 00:35:40,490
Protestants the elder girl Mary was
748
00:35:40,490 --> 00:35:42,230
married to William of Orange ruler of
749
00:35:42,230 --> 00:35:45,039
the Dutch a Protestant head of state the
750
00:35:45,039 --> 00:35:48,859
heir to the throne would reverse James's
751
00:35:48,859 --> 00:35:53,930
whole policy but early in 1688 James's
752
00:35:53,930 --> 00:35:56,900
Queen gave birth to a son who would be
753
00:35:56,900 --> 00:36:00,289
raised as a Catholic this was he thought
754
00:36:00,289 --> 00:36:02,559
excellent news it made him more secure
755
00:36:02,559 --> 00:36:07,760
he was wrong it sealed his fate well
756
00:36:07,760 --> 00:36:09,890
that and the fact that he seemed to be
757
00:36:09,890 --> 00:36:12,140
preparing for a joint war with Catholic
758
00:36:12,140 --> 00:36:14,599
France against the Protestant Dutch and
759
00:36:14,599 --> 00:36:17,329
now it became evident that the civil war
760
00:36:17,329 --> 00:36:19,880
really had changed the place of the king
761
00:36:19,880 --> 00:36:22,640
in England he ruled by permission of
762
00:36:22,640 --> 00:36:25,819
Parliament and Parliament wasn't going
763
00:36:25,819 --> 00:36:29,450
to put up with this one a group of
764
00:36:29,450 --> 00:36:31,160
leading members of parliament sent a
765
00:36:31,160 --> 00:36:33,079
secret invitation to William of Orange
766
00:36:33,079 --> 00:36:35,390
to save the country from a Catholic
767
00:36:35,390 --> 00:36:38,029
takeover by bringing the military
768
00:36:38,029 --> 00:36:39,279
assistance
769
00:36:39,279 --> 00:36:41,930
William brought over a fleet carrying a
770
00:36:41,930 --> 00:36:44,509
large professional army James tried to
771
00:36:44,509 --> 00:36:46,460
block it with his own fleet but the
772
00:36:46,460 --> 00:36:48,319
winds were against him and William
773
00:36:48,319 --> 00:36:51,049
landed unopposed in November 1688 at
774
00:36:51,049 --> 00:36:54,319
Torbay the West Country had its own
775
00:36:54,319 --> 00:36:57,970
score to settle with James and James
776
00:36:57,970 --> 00:37:00,369
simply panicked
777
00:37:00,369 --> 00:37:03,380
the army wasn't behind him Parliament
778
00:37:03,380 --> 00:37:06,079
wasn't London wasn't he was going the
779
00:37:06,079 --> 00:37:10,189
same way as tumbled and dick in the
780
00:37:10,189 --> 00:37:11,900
middle of the night he scurried out of
781
00:37:11,900 --> 00:37:14,630
Whitehall palace by a secret passage he
782
00:37:14,630 --> 00:37:16,849
got down to Sheerness throwing the Great
783
00:37:16,849 --> 00:37:19,609
Seal into the Thames on the way ha that
784
00:37:19,609 --> 00:37:23,420
wolf oxen didn't Fox anyone he was
785
00:37:23,420 --> 00:37:26,839
captured by local fishermen eventually
786
00:37:26,839 --> 00:37:29,029
William gave him permission to go to
787
00:37:29,029 --> 00:37:31,939
France and no one had the faintest idea
788
00:37:31,939 --> 00:37:34,299
what to do next
789
00:37:34,299 --> 00:37:37,189
William hadn't come to depose James but
790
00:37:37,189 --> 00:37:39,079
to give military backing to Parliament
791
00:37:39,079 --> 00:37:41,119
in their quarrel with him James had
792
00:37:41,119 --> 00:37:43,609
quite obviously quit abdicated gone
793
00:37:43,609 --> 00:37:46,609
taking his son with him England having
794
00:37:46,609 --> 00:37:48,890
failed to be a republic at failed to be
795
00:37:48,890 --> 00:37:52,989
a monarchy it was a bit of a puzzler
796
00:37:53,859 --> 00:37:56,150
perhaps William should declare himself
797
00:37:56,150 --> 00:37:59,029
king by right of conquest he didn't
798
00:37:59,029 --> 00:38:02,029
think so Parliament wanted Mary to take
799
00:38:02,029 --> 00:38:04,849
the crown James's daughter after all but
800
00:38:04,849 --> 00:38:06,799
she insisted that her husband was boss
801
00:38:06,799 --> 00:38:09,199
and he didn't intend to play the Duke of
802
00:38:09,199 --> 00:38:11,390
Edinburgh role two paces behind the
803
00:38:11,390 --> 00:38:15,469
ruling raid this short stooping
804
00:38:15,469 --> 00:38:17,839
asthmatic man with bad teeth was tough
805
00:38:17,839 --> 00:38:21,529
and shrewd he was himself a grandson of
806
00:38:21,529 --> 00:38:23,179
Charles the first and wouldn't make a
807
00:38:23,179 --> 00:38:27,229
humble consort in the end a deal was
808
00:38:27,229 --> 00:38:30,199
struck they would both be sovereigns mr.
809
00:38:30,199 --> 00:38:32,059
and mrs. King and Queen by the
810
00:38:32,059 --> 00:38:35,310
invitation of parliament
811
00:38:35,310 --> 00:38:40,139
[Music]
812
00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:45,609
and they had to sign up to some basic
813
00:38:45,609 --> 00:38:48,130
rules no standing army and less
814
00:38:48,130 --> 00:38:50,589
Parliament agreed to it no raising of
815
00:38:50,589 --> 00:38:52,779
money without Parliament's approval no
816
00:38:52,779 --> 00:38:55,119
royal power to lay down the law the king
817
00:38:55,119 --> 00:38:56,980
and queen couldn't appoint or punish
818
00:38:56,980 --> 00:38:59,170
judges they couldn't make war without
819
00:38:59,170 --> 00:39:01,480
Parliament's consent and Parliament
820
00:39:01,480 --> 00:39:03,130
would decide who could have the crown
821
00:39:03,130 --> 00:39:07,599
and he wouldn't be a Roman Catholic all
822
00:39:07,599 --> 00:39:09,549
the questions posed by the Civil War
823
00:39:09,549 --> 00:39:11,920
were finally answered and it was called
824
00:39:11,920 --> 00:39:14,710
the Glorious Revolution because in the
825
00:39:14,710 --> 00:39:17,140
end the whole basis of royal power was
826
00:39:17,140 --> 00:39:19,960
redefined without anyone being killed at
827
00:39:19,960 --> 00:39:24,519
all except in Ireland of course James
828
00:39:24,519 --> 00:39:27,249
with French backing decided to make a
829
00:39:27,249 --> 00:39:29,650
comeback through Ireland it was after
830
00:39:29,650 --> 00:39:31,359
all one part of Britain where a Catholic
831
00:39:31,359 --> 00:39:33,749
King could expect some enthusiasm
832
00:39:33,749 --> 00:39:35,859
Protestant settlers had been brought
833
00:39:35,859 --> 00:39:38,529
into Ulster and they held Londonderry
834
00:39:38,529 --> 00:39:39,609
and Enniskillen
835
00:39:39,609 --> 00:39:42,210
against the Catholic regiments
836
00:39:42,210 --> 00:39:45,220
eventually in 1690 there was a showdown
837
00:39:45,220 --> 00:39:47,890
between Williams anglo-dutch Danish army
838
00:39:47,890 --> 00:39:51,099
and James's Franco Irish one at the
839
00:39:51,099 --> 00:39:55,390
River Boyne James was beaten in a battle
840
00:39:55,390 --> 00:39:57,549
which has cast a grotesquely long shadow
841
00:39:57,549 --> 00:40:00,549
over Ulster the annual celebration there
842
00:40:00,549 --> 00:40:03,160
of the Protestant victory has never lost
843
00:40:03,160 --> 00:40:06,400
its 17th century passion the irony is
844
00:40:06,400 --> 00:40:08,499
that this was not a religious war at all
845
00:40:08,499 --> 00:40:10,900
it was a war to contain the ambitions of
846
00:40:10,900 --> 00:40:13,569
France and the Pope was actually firmly
847
00:40:13,569 --> 00:40:15,269
on the side of William of Orange the
848
00:40:15,269 --> 00:40:17,829
Vatican was more anti French than it was
849
00:40:17,829 --> 00:40:20,380
anti Protestant the orange men at the
850
00:40:20,380 --> 00:40:22,059
Battle of the Boyne were actually
851
00:40:22,059 --> 00:40:23,650
fighting for the Pope as well as King
852
00:40:23,650 --> 00:40:26,230
Billy and Billy of course was not
853
00:40:26,230 --> 00:40:28,900
exactly English his native tongue was
854
00:40:28,900 --> 00:40:32,859
Dutch William a serious man ended up
855
00:40:32,859 --> 00:40:34,450
spending much of his time on the
856
00:40:34,450 --> 00:40:37,269
continent so in effect Mary did become
857
00:40:37,269 --> 00:40:40,180
the sovereign of England but at the end
858
00:40:40,180 --> 00:40:44,819
of 1694 she died of smallpox
859
00:40:45,310 --> 00:40:50,149
[Music]
860
00:40:55,399 --> 00:40:57,899
England was now in effect ruled by an
861
00:40:57,899 --> 00:41:00,119
oligarchy through Parliament the king
862
00:41:00,119 --> 00:41:02,789
had a role but by no means a commanding
863
00:41:02,789 --> 00:41:07,469
one part of that role as he saw it was
864
00:41:07,469 --> 00:41:10,049
to push forward religious tolerance in a
865
00:41:10,049 --> 00:41:13,669
fundamentally intolerant
866
00:41:14,220 --> 00:41:17,130
Florence does have its limits at his
867
00:41:17,130 --> 00:41:19,290
death in 1702 the question of the
868
00:41:19,290 --> 00:41:21,420
succession had already been agreed and
869
00:41:21,420 --> 00:41:24,180
settled the crown passed to Mary's
870
00:41:24,180 --> 00:41:41,220
sister Anne Anne was married as Mary had
871
00:41:41,220 --> 00:41:44,250
been to a foreign prince but her husband
872
00:41:44,250 --> 00:41:47,310
Prince George of Denmark was no William
873
00:41:47,310 --> 00:41:50,790
of Orange he was a lazy alcoholic and
874
00:41:50,790 --> 00:41:52,619
while Anne was willing to let him be
875
00:41:52,619 --> 00:41:54,380
naturalized as an Englishman and
876
00:41:54,380 --> 00:41:57,480
notional head of the Army and Navy she
877
00:41:57,480 --> 00:42:01,349
was queen and he was a subject no
878
00:42:01,349 --> 00:42:03,210
married queen had ever ruled alone
879
00:42:03,210 --> 00:42:05,490
before Anne and she played it very
880
00:42:05,490 --> 00:42:06,300
weakly
881
00:42:06,300 --> 00:42:08,940
she was very keen on the ceremonial and
882
00:42:08,940 --> 00:42:11,040
quasi magical position of royalty
883
00:42:11,040 --> 00:42:13,109
holding ceremonies where she touched
884
00:42:13,109 --> 00:42:15,660
people with scrofula swollen neck lands
885
00:42:15,660 --> 00:42:18,119
from tuberculosis it was called the
886
00:42:18,119 --> 00:42:20,670
Kings evil and the power to cure it was
887
00:42:20,670 --> 00:42:22,950
supposedly the magical sign of true
888
00:42:22,950 --> 00:42:25,980
royalty she was the last monarch to try
889
00:42:25,980 --> 00:42:27,500
it
890
00:42:27,500 --> 00:42:31,050
Kings had male favorites and had female
891
00:42:31,050 --> 00:42:33,990
favorites the first and closest was
892
00:42:33,990 --> 00:42:36,240
Sarah Churchill the wife of the Duke of
893
00:42:36,240 --> 00:42:38,369
Marlborough they called each other by
894
00:42:38,369 --> 00:42:41,300
pet names the Queen was mrs. Freeman
895
00:42:41,300 --> 00:42:45,359
Sarah was mrs. Morley mrs. mollies
896
00:42:45,359 --> 00:42:47,190
husband was England's leading military
897
00:42:47,190 --> 00:42:48,990
commander and the architect of a
898
00:42:48,990 --> 00:42:50,460
stunning victory at the Battle of
899
00:42:50,460 --> 00:42:51,900
Blenheim that placed England in a
900
00:42:51,900 --> 00:42:54,480
dominant position in Europe but
901
00:42:54,480 --> 00:42:57,330
England's Queen did not decide who to
902
00:42:57,330 --> 00:42:59,490
fight or when to fight or how to fight
903
00:42:59,490 --> 00:43:01,740
politics was no longer really her
904
00:43:01,740 --> 00:43:06,089
business even when in 1707 England and
905
00:43:06,089 --> 00:43:08,070
Scotland were formally and permanently
906
00:43:08,070 --> 00:43:10,890
united by the Act of Union it was not
907
00:43:10,890 --> 00:43:13,980
Anne's doing but Parliament's
908
00:43:13,980 --> 00:43:17,040
and did it was true refused to sign one
909
00:43:17,040 --> 00:43:18,750
act of parliament at around that time
910
00:43:18,750 --> 00:43:20,970
but it was a really minor technical
911
00:43:20,970 --> 00:43:22,830
issue not a real challenge to the power
912
00:43:22,830 --> 00:43:26,670
of the politicians her life was spent
913
00:43:26,670 --> 00:43:28,260
more playing cards
914
00:43:28,260 --> 00:43:30,960
chatting being ill and having nineteen
915
00:43:30,960 --> 00:43:34,230
pregnancies these pregnancies were
916
00:43:34,230 --> 00:43:36,450
watched with fascination by an elderly
917
00:43:36,450 --> 00:43:39,630
lady in Hanover Sofia the Electress
918
00:43:39,630 --> 00:43:42,840
Duchess of brunswick-lüneburg she was
919
00:43:42,840 --> 00:43:44,760
James the first granddaughter and
920
00:43:44,760 --> 00:43:46,920
because there were so few Protestants of
921
00:43:46,920 --> 00:43:49,619
the blood royal left alive she was by
922
00:43:49,619 --> 00:43:52,020
Act of Parliament next in line to the
923
00:43:52,020 --> 00:43:56,520
throne if and died childless and if she
924
00:43:56,520 --> 00:43:59,220
lived off one by one
925
00:43:59,220 --> 00:44:02,340
Anne's pregnancies came and went 14
926
00:44:02,340 --> 00:44:05,550
miscarriages and stillbirths five live
927
00:44:05,550 --> 00:44:08,040
births but by the time and was widowed
928
00:44:08,040 --> 00:44:12,150
in 1708 all of them were dead Sofia aged
929
00:44:12,150 --> 00:44:16,560
78 now just had to outlive the 43 year
930
00:44:16,560 --> 00:44:19,280
old and to become Queen of England and
931
00:44:19,280 --> 00:44:23,130
was a sick woman Sofia was tough as an
932
00:44:23,130 --> 00:44:26,760
old boot she knew she could do it but in
933
00:44:26,760 --> 00:44:29,760
1714 Sofia received an outrageous letter
934
00:44:29,760 --> 00:44:32,040
from an and had somehow got the
935
00:44:32,040 --> 00:44:34,380
impression that Sofia was going to
936
00:44:34,380 --> 00:44:36,960
secretly send her son George to England
937
00:44:36,960 --> 00:44:39,840
in some kind of plot and she told Sofia
938
00:44:39,840 --> 00:44:44,220
that would not be allowed Sofia now 84
939
00:44:44,220 --> 00:44:46,770
was shocked and the shock killed her
940
00:44:46,770 --> 00:44:50,119
just nine weeks before Queen Anne died
941
00:44:50,119 --> 00:44:53,310
Sofia had failed but her son George
942
00:44:53,310 --> 00:44:56,750
would now be king in theory a very weak
943
00:44:56,750 --> 00:44:59,460
constitutional monarch but that hardly
944
00:44:59,460 --> 00:45:02,340
explains why 65 years later English men
945
00:45:02,340 --> 00:45:04,619
launched a new war against royal tyranny
946
00:45:04,619 --> 00:45:07,100
and thousands were killed
947
00:45:07,100 --> 00:45:09,869
England's royalty hadn't exactly packed
948
00:45:09,869 --> 00:45:12,720
up and disappeared but the story of what
949
00:45:12,720 --> 00:45:14,970
they had done we'll have to wait for the
950
00:45:14,970 --> 00:45:16,990
next episode
951
00:45:16,990 --> 00:45:22,500
[Music]
952
00:45:22,500 --> 00:45:25,420
lust and madness loom large in the
953
00:45:25,420 --> 00:45:27,339
colorful reigns of the Georgians tonight
954
00:45:27,339 --> 00:45:29,349
at 10 o'clock and to do a quick
955
00:45:29,349 --> 00:45:31,569
historical quiz about the Stuart's sky
956
00:45:31,569 --> 00:45:34,270
digital viewers press red hardware
957
00:45:34,270 --> 00:45:36,069
coming up on UK TV history
958
00:45:36,069 --> 00:45:37,630
the Hawker hurricane and the aircraft
959
00:45:37,630 --> 00:00:00,000
carrier decisive weapons
105264
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.