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They ride the biggest rocket
ever built to the moon.
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It's the culmination
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00:00:22,606 --> 00:00:26,109
of more than 10 years
of space pioneering
4
00:00:26,193 --> 00:00:29,613
and a foundation
for more than four decades
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00:00:29,696 --> 00:00:31,990
of exploring worlds
beyond our own.
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This is the story
of our greatest adventure.
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NASA fulfills
John Kennedy's dream
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to land men on the moon
and bring them back alive.
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Neil, Buzz, and Mike,
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I want you to know
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that I think I'm
the luckiest man in the world
12
00:01:00,310 --> 00:01:02,980
in welcoming you back to Earth.
13
00:01:03,981 --> 00:01:06,191
But Neil Armstrong
and Buzz Aldrin
14
00:01:06,233 --> 00:01:10,028
clocked just 21/2 hours
walking on the surface.
15
00:01:11,446 --> 00:01:14,616
Their successful mission paves
the way for fellow astronauts
16
00:01:14,700 --> 00:01:18,161
to embark on more advanced
lunar exploration.
17
00:01:18,245 --> 00:01:20,414
The trainers came to us
one day and said,
18
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"We're gonna teach you
what you need to know
19
00:01:23,584 --> 00:01:24,710
when you get to the moon."
20
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We said, "Hey, we know.
We're gonna put up the flag.
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We're gonna talk
to the president.
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00:01:29,548 --> 00:01:30,716
We're gonna come home."
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He said,
"Yeah, that's what you think."
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Just four months
after the first landing,
25
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Apollo 12 carries
Pete Conrad, Richard Gordon,
26
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and Alan Bean to the moon.
27
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257 feet.
Coming down at 5.
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Unlike Apollo 11,
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Conrad and Bean
make a pinpoint landing.
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00:01:51,320 --> 00:01:54,031
Contact light.
Outstanding, man!
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The area is called
the Ocean of Storms,
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the site of an ancient volcano.
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They spend nearly eight hours
34
00:02:00,704 --> 00:02:04,333
collecting 75 pounds
of moon rocks.
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00:02:04,416 --> 00:02:06,585
Pete, you're 34 minutes
into the EVA
36
00:02:06,627 --> 00:02:09,421
and you're right
on the nominal timeline.
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00:02:09,463 --> 00:02:12,132
We were tired.
We were dirty.
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00:02:12,216 --> 00:02:14,718
It went by pretty quick,
but we did a lot of hard work.
39
00:02:18,138 --> 00:02:21,850
From an unmanned probe
that landed two years earlier,
40
00:02:21,934 --> 00:02:25,729
they retrieved parts that
contain a remarkable discovery.
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00:02:26,897 --> 00:02:29,274
Bacteria from Earth
seemed to have survived
42
00:02:29,358 --> 00:02:31,109
in the vacuum of space.
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00:02:31,193 --> 00:02:33,779
When you're
the only two people on the moon
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and everybody else is 240,000
miles some other direction,
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you're an explorer.
46
00:02:42,663 --> 00:02:44,289
For the next moon mission,
47
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NASA geologists choose
a more dangerous landing site --
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00:02:48,710 --> 00:02:51,380
the heavily cratered
lunar highlands.
49
00:02:51,463 --> 00:02:53,882
I've always thought
that our crew, Apollo 12,
50
00:02:53,966 --> 00:02:57,970
could have flown any mission as
good as anybody else, probably,
51
00:02:58,053 --> 00:02:59,555
except 13.
52
00:03:02,349 --> 00:03:04,226
NASA makes scientific research
53
00:03:04,309 --> 00:03:07,187
a primary mission objective.
54
00:03:07,271 --> 00:03:08,522
The crew of Apollo 13
55
00:03:08,605 --> 00:03:11,775
takes special training
in lunar geology.
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00:03:12,818 --> 00:03:14,695
The rocks astronauts bring back
57
00:03:14,778 --> 00:03:17,990
could begin to answer questions
about where the moon came from.
58
00:03:18,031 --> 00:03:20,993
The geology training
was really a lot of focus
59
00:03:21,034 --> 00:03:24,621
on the protocol of sampling.
60
00:03:24,705 --> 00:03:26,206
So when we got back,
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00:03:26,290 --> 00:03:28,667
they could understand
where they come from
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00:03:28,709 --> 00:03:32,171
and how they fit
into the context of the area.
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00:03:33,422 --> 00:03:36,967
The commander
of Apollo 13 is Jim Lovell,
64
00:03:37,050 --> 00:03:41,180
a veteran of two Gemini missions
and Apollo 8.
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00:03:41,221 --> 00:03:44,558
He's NASA's
most experienced astronaut.
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00:03:45,893 --> 00:03:48,687
One of the things I wanted to do
before I retired
67
00:03:48,729 --> 00:03:51,815
from active space flight
was to land on the moon.
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00:03:51,899 --> 00:03:55,694
That's the reason why I had got
into NASA in the first place.
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00:03:55,777 --> 00:03:58,197
That was the whole thing.
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00:03:58,280 --> 00:04:00,032
So I was looking forward to 13.
71
00:04:02,159 --> 00:04:04,369
Jim Lovell's crew
has been training together
72
00:04:04,453 --> 00:04:06,163
for almost a year,
73
00:04:06,246 --> 00:04:09,708
even before being assigned
to Apollo 13.
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00:04:09,791 --> 00:04:14,755
But the team is broken up
just three days before launch.
75
00:04:16,632 --> 00:04:19,593
Jack Swigert
is a last-minute replacement
76
00:04:19,676 --> 00:04:23,764
when the command-module pilot
is exposed to the measles.
77
00:04:23,847 --> 00:04:25,390
On every flight,
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00:04:25,474 --> 00:04:27,726
we ended up getting pressed
into the corner.
79
00:04:27,768 --> 00:04:29,394
There were a lot
of last-minute details.
80
00:04:29,478 --> 00:04:31,438
Changes were still being made.
81
00:04:31,522 --> 00:04:34,149
Swigert joins
the two lunar landers,
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00:04:34,233 --> 00:04:36,151
Jim Lovell and Fred Haise.
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00:04:36,235 --> 00:04:38,237
Their destination --
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a difficult landing site
in the moon's Fra Mauro Hills.
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00:04:44,076 --> 00:04:45,744
You know,
when you're an astronaut,
86
00:04:45,786 --> 00:04:48,664
you've got to buy into
a lot of risk.
87
00:04:49,623 --> 00:04:52,459
Nobody's gonna save you
if the hardware doesn't work.
88
00:04:54,169 --> 00:04:56,588
You buy into that stuff
if you're gonna be an astronaut.
89
00:04:56,672 --> 00:05:00,092
If you can't buy into it,
don't be an astronaut.
90
00:05:00,133 --> 00:05:05,305
T-minus 25 seconds and
counting, and Apollo 13 is go.
91
00:05:05,389 --> 00:05:07,182
You know,
you're sort of relaxed
92
00:05:07,266 --> 00:05:09,351
because there's only two things
that are gonna happen.
93
00:05:09,434 --> 00:05:13,397
Either it's gonna go as planned
or something is gonna go wrong.
94
00:05:13,480 --> 00:05:15,774
This was my last chance
to get to the moon.
95
00:05:15,816 --> 00:05:17,609
Mission sequence has started.
96
00:05:17,693 --> 00:05:23,991
6... 5... 4... 3... 2... 1... 0.
97
00:05:24,074 --> 00:05:27,452
We have commit,
and we have lift-off at 2:13.
98
00:05:28,745 --> 00:05:32,457
The Saturn V building up
to 7.6 million pounds of thrust.
99
00:05:32,541 --> 00:05:34,710
And it has cleared the tower.
100
00:05:37,713 --> 00:05:39,339
This is Mission Control,
Houston.
101
00:05:39,423 --> 00:05:42,050
We appear to have a good
first stage at this point.
102
00:05:43,135 --> 00:05:45,554
Flight dynamics officer says
the trajectory looks good.
103
00:05:45,637 --> 00:05:47,973
We show 1/2 mile in altitude
at this time.
104
00:05:49,391 --> 00:05:51,935
Apollo 13
is just the eighth launch
105
00:05:52,019 --> 00:05:55,105
of the most powerful rocket
ever built.
106
00:05:57,232 --> 00:05:59,484
Roll complete,
and we're pitching.
107
00:05:59,526 --> 00:06:02,613
Roger that.
Stand by for mode one-bravo.
108
00:06:02,696 --> 00:06:05,699
Gene Kranz monitors
all aspects of the launch
109
00:06:05,782 --> 00:06:08,368
from his desk at Mission Control
in Houston.
110
00:06:08,452 --> 00:06:10,829
The flight director's
job description is very simple.
111
00:06:10,913 --> 00:06:12,664
It's only one sentence long.
112
00:06:12,748 --> 00:06:15,584
It says to take any actions
needed for crew safety
113
00:06:15,667 --> 00:06:17,711
and mission success.
114
00:06:17,794 --> 00:06:21,340
Crew safety is number one.
Mission success is number two.
115
00:06:22,382 --> 00:06:24,676
Fred, one more thing on the TV.
116
00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:27,679
If you could come down
to F-22 again.
117
00:06:30,015 --> 00:06:33,185
I was pretty busy
getting equipment out
118
00:06:33,268 --> 00:06:34,895
and occasionally
getting a chance
119
00:06:34,978 --> 00:06:36,813
to sneak a peek out the window.
120
00:06:38,273 --> 00:06:40,984
Even though you've seen
pictures and footage
121
00:06:41,068 --> 00:06:43,612
from previous flights,
122
00:06:43,695 --> 00:06:46,532
it's unbelievable
when you're there looking out.
123
00:06:51,078 --> 00:06:52,955
More than halfway to the moon,
124
00:06:53,038 --> 00:06:55,707
the crew broadcasts live
from the spaceship
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00:06:55,791 --> 00:06:58,126
for television viewers on Earth.
126
00:06:58,210 --> 00:07:04,216
Okay, a couple square packages
I now have my hand on here
127
00:07:04,299 --> 00:07:07,678
are our emergency
oxygen supplies.
128
00:07:11,306 --> 00:07:13,016
The astronauts don't know
129
00:07:13,100 --> 00:07:15,644
the networks aren't carrying
their broadcasts.
130
00:07:16,603 --> 00:07:19,565
Missions to the moon
are becoming routine.
131
00:07:20,357 --> 00:07:21,817
And not just for the public.
132
00:07:21,900 --> 00:07:24,403
The controllers said
they're bored to death
133
00:07:24,486 --> 00:07:25,988
because, really, it was --
134
00:07:26,071 --> 00:07:31,201
Everything was going right down
to flight plan perfectly.
135
00:07:32,494 --> 00:07:35,330
The shift rotations
at Mission Control
136
00:07:35,414 --> 00:07:38,167
had come off very smoothly.
137
00:07:38,250 --> 00:07:39,585
Everything was on track.
138
00:07:39,626 --> 00:07:40,711
We're just about ready
139
00:07:40,794 --> 00:07:43,088
to close out our inspection
of Aquarius
140
00:07:43,130 --> 00:07:46,550
and get back for
a pleasant evening at Odyssey.
141
00:07:46,633 --> 00:07:47,926
Good night.
142
00:07:50,470 --> 00:07:54,558
As the crew prepares
for seven hours of sleep,
143
00:07:54,641 --> 00:07:58,478
Mission Control makes
one last routine request.
144
00:08:07,154 --> 00:08:11,533
This is where we turn on
some fans in the oxygen tanks
145
00:08:11,617 --> 00:08:14,328
to basically stir them up
to make them uniform
146
00:08:14,411 --> 00:08:16,038
so we can measure them.
147
00:08:16,121 --> 00:08:19,666
Jack Swigert acknowledged
our request for the stir.
148
00:08:19,750 --> 00:08:22,336
Okay. Stand by.
149
00:08:23,337 --> 00:08:25,380
Swigert then threw two switches.
150
00:08:32,763 --> 00:08:35,390
A light came on that said
there was something wrong
151
00:08:35,474 --> 00:08:37,434
with your electrical system.
152
00:08:38,519 --> 00:08:41,522
But before we could digest
that information,
153
00:08:41,605 --> 00:08:44,149
two more lights came on
that said two out of three
154
00:08:44,233 --> 00:08:46,985
of your fuel cells
had just died.
155
00:08:48,987 --> 00:08:51,990
It was now 55 hours, 55 minutes,
156
00:08:52,032 --> 00:08:54,201
and 4 seconds from launch.
157
00:08:54,284 --> 00:08:57,037
My voice slips come -- "Flight,
we've had a computer restart."
158
00:08:57,120 --> 00:08:58,121
Roger. Reset.
159
00:08:58,205 --> 00:09:00,833
Another one says
"Antenna switch."
160
00:09:00,874 --> 00:09:03,669
Another one says
"Main bus interval."
161
00:09:03,752 --> 00:09:06,088
And then down from the
spacecraft, Lovell calls.
162
00:09:23,188 --> 00:09:25,607
Lights were coming on,
noise all over.
163
00:09:25,691 --> 00:09:28,944
Jets were firing.
I had no idea what was going on.
164
00:09:29,027 --> 00:09:30,112
I looked up at Fred Haise.
165
00:09:30,195 --> 00:09:33,156
I could tell from his expression
he had no idea.
166
00:09:33,198 --> 00:09:36,535
RCS system, cryogenics,
167
00:09:36,618 --> 00:09:40,539
electrical power,
A.C. power, D.C. power.
168
00:09:40,622 --> 00:09:44,418
I quickly looked
at Jack Swigert.
169
00:09:44,501 --> 00:09:47,212
His eyes were as wide
as saucers.
170
00:09:47,254 --> 00:09:48,714
He didn't know
what was occurring.
171
00:09:54,511 --> 00:09:56,930
I thought that we've had
another power glitch.
172
00:09:57,014 --> 00:09:58,891
We had had two
earlier in my shift.
173
00:09:58,932 --> 00:10:01,018
And we're gonna solve
this problem quickly
174
00:10:01,101 --> 00:10:02,477
and get back on track.
175
00:10:02,561 --> 00:10:04,271
Mission Control, of course,
176
00:10:04,354 --> 00:10:06,773
being a couple hundred thousand
miles away,
177
00:10:06,857 --> 00:10:09,359
was a little bit slower
in realizing what was happening.
178
00:10:09,443 --> 00:10:11,528
They were chasing down a trail
179
00:10:11,612 --> 00:10:13,822
that said it was
an instrumentation problem.
180
00:10:13,906 --> 00:10:16,033
Voice communications were solid,
181
00:10:16,074 --> 00:10:18,744
but our telemetry
made absolutely no sense.
182
00:10:18,785 --> 00:10:22,289
But the real impact came
183
00:10:22,372 --> 00:10:25,083
when Jim Lovell
was looking out the hatch window
184
00:10:25,125 --> 00:10:26,585
and says, "Hey, Houston..."
185
00:10:26,627 --> 00:10:28,420
Yeah, that's the tip of the A.C.
186
00:10:40,641 --> 00:10:43,977
I could see
a sea of debris around us
187
00:10:44,061 --> 00:10:49,149
of little twinkly things moving
out away from the spacecraft,
188
00:10:49,233 --> 00:10:51,443
which I'm assuming
is frozen oxygen.
189
00:10:57,783 --> 00:10:59,743
I was in Mission Control.
190
00:10:59,826 --> 00:11:02,412
And Jim Lovell said,
"We got a problem."
191
00:11:02,496 --> 00:11:03,956
And he was right.
192
00:11:03,997 --> 00:11:05,040
I thought we'd lost them
193
00:11:05,123 --> 00:11:07,709
when I saw that second
oxygen tank leaking out.
194
00:11:08,836 --> 00:11:11,880
We were in serious,
serious trouble.
195
00:11:13,507 --> 00:11:15,300
From then on,
it was survival mode.
196
00:11:16,301 --> 00:11:18,679
Okay, now,
let's everybody keep cool.
197
00:11:18,762 --> 00:11:21,056
Let's solve the problem,
but let's not make it any worse
198
00:11:21,139 --> 00:11:22,599
by guessing.
199
00:11:22,683 --> 00:11:25,394
What they do know is bad enough.
200
00:11:25,477 --> 00:11:29,523
Both oxygen tanks
are losing pressure quickly.
201
00:11:29,606 --> 00:11:32,359
Two of three fuel cells
are dead.
202
00:11:33,944 --> 00:11:38,824
Without oxygen, the remaining
fuel cell won't last long.
203
00:11:38,907 --> 00:11:42,744
The quantity indicator
on the second oxygen tank
204
00:11:42,828 --> 00:11:44,663
was moving downward.
205
00:11:44,746 --> 00:11:48,250
Not very fast,
but nevertheless diminishing.
206
00:11:48,333 --> 00:11:50,085
And so it was apparent
207
00:11:50,169 --> 00:11:53,005
that we were gonna lose
that second oxygen tank.
208
00:11:55,507 --> 00:11:58,343
The command module is dying.
209
00:11:58,427 --> 00:12:01,972
Its fuel cells need oxygen
to produce electricity.
210
00:12:03,640 --> 00:12:06,643
And the crew needs oxygen
to breathe.
211
00:12:08,061 --> 00:12:10,522
Their only hope
is the lunar module.
212
00:12:10,606 --> 00:12:12,983
I realized we were
shortly gonna be out of oxygen
213
00:12:13,066 --> 00:12:15,319
and that we're gonna have to use
the lunar module
214
00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:16,695
as a lifeboat to get home.
215
00:12:16,737 --> 00:12:20,824
The lunar module
has its own oxygen and power.
216
00:12:20,908 --> 00:12:24,870
But it's only equipped to
support two people for two days.
217
00:12:24,912 --> 00:12:26,705
It's going to take four days
218
00:12:26,747 --> 00:12:29,875
to get three astronauts
back to Earth.
219
00:12:29,958 --> 00:12:33,003
Every minute is critical.
220
00:12:33,086 --> 00:12:34,338
We figure we've got
221
00:12:34,379 --> 00:12:36,798
about 15 minutes' worth of power
left in the command module,
222
00:12:36,882 --> 00:12:39,718
so we want you to start
getting over in the LEM
223
00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:41,220
and getting some power on that.
224
00:12:41,261 --> 00:12:43,514
Following standard procedure,
225
00:12:43,555 --> 00:12:46,725
it should take lunar-module
pilot Fred Haise two hours
226
00:12:46,808 --> 00:12:49,102
to activate the LEM.
227
00:12:49,186 --> 00:12:51,563
I drifted down.
228
00:12:51,647 --> 00:12:55,234
We had our activation checklist
that we used.
229
00:12:56,360 --> 00:12:59,154
As I went through the checklist,
draw a big "X"
230
00:12:59,238 --> 00:13:01,657
through whole sections
and move on.
231
00:13:02,491 --> 00:13:04,326
With just moments to spare,
232
00:13:04,409 --> 00:13:06,870
Haise powers up
the lunar module.
233
00:13:06,954 --> 00:13:08,997
But living in the LEM
means they can't fire
234
00:13:09,081 --> 00:13:10,958
the powerful
command-module rockets
235
00:13:11,041 --> 00:13:13,418
to reverse course back to Earth.
236
00:13:13,502 --> 00:13:16,755
They'll need to make
the longer trip around the moon.
237
00:13:16,839 --> 00:13:21,176
I made the decision
that we would go around the moon
238
00:13:21,260 --> 00:13:23,887
as opposed to use a direct abort
239
00:13:23,971 --> 00:13:26,431
because I would have to jettison
my lunar module.
240
00:13:27,599 --> 00:13:30,894
And I didn't want to lose
my lunar module,
241
00:13:30,978 --> 00:13:33,105
which I considered a lifeboat.
242
00:13:33,146 --> 00:13:36,650
We're looking -- now looking
towards an alternate mission.
243
00:13:37,484 --> 00:13:39,486
Swinging around the moon
244
00:13:39,570 --> 00:13:42,823
and using the lunar module
power systems.
245
00:13:45,158 --> 00:13:47,452
That sounds like good news.
246
00:13:47,494 --> 00:13:50,164
Lovell fires
the engine of the lunar module
247
00:13:50,247 --> 00:13:53,792
to set their course
around the moon and home again.
248
00:13:53,876 --> 00:13:56,170
The lightweight LEM
offers little protection
249
00:13:56,253 --> 00:13:59,173
against the extreme conditions
in deep space.
250
00:14:01,216 --> 00:14:02,634
To conserve power,
251
00:14:02,676 --> 00:14:06,096
only essential instruments
are turned on.
252
00:14:07,014 --> 00:14:08,473
It was flimsy,
253
00:14:08,557 --> 00:14:12,102
and it was not designed
for long habitation
254
00:14:12,186 --> 00:14:14,479
between the moon and the Earth,
which is pretty cold.
255
00:14:14,563 --> 00:14:16,440
The temperature kept dropping
256
00:14:16,481 --> 00:14:18,150
all the way down
to zero Celsius --
257
00:14:18,233 --> 00:14:20,485
you know, 34 degrees Fahrenheit.
258
00:14:21,486 --> 00:14:25,532
It was a pretty bad environment
259
00:14:25,616 --> 00:14:29,495
to be sitting in for the number
of days that we had to exist.
260
00:14:31,371 --> 00:14:34,249
77 hours into the mission,
261
00:14:34,333 --> 00:14:38,086
Apollo 13 circles
around the far side of the moon,
262
00:14:38,170 --> 00:14:42,591
using its gravity
for a slingshot back to Earth.
263
00:14:42,674 --> 00:14:45,969
We're out of communication with
the ground during that period.
264
00:14:48,180 --> 00:14:50,015
For 26 minutes,
265
00:14:50,098 --> 00:14:52,726
Mission Control hears nothing
but static.
266
00:14:54,937 --> 00:14:56,980
There was a point,
267
00:14:57,064 --> 00:15:02,236
call it a sort of a second point
of disappointment on my part,
268
00:15:02,319 --> 00:15:04,321
that we weren't gonna get
to go down there.
269
00:15:07,366 --> 00:15:09,826
The biggest question
for Mission Control
270
00:15:09,868 --> 00:15:11,870
is whether the limited supplies
in the LEM
271
00:15:11,912 --> 00:15:15,499
will keep the crew alive
long enough to reach Earth.
272
00:15:15,541 --> 00:15:19,002
Everybody was making
constant calculations.
273
00:15:19,086 --> 00:15:20,587
"Do we have enough
electrical power?
274
00:15:20,671 --> 00:15:22,881
Do we have enough water?
Do we have enough oxygen?"
275
00:15:24,466 --> 00:15:27,094
The answer is definitive.
276
00:15:28,679 --> 00:15:31,181
The crew won't survive.
277
00:15:31,265 --> 00:15:33,767
They have to get home faster.
278
00:15:33,851 --> 00:15:36,019
After we passed behind the moon,
279
00:15:36,103 --> 00:15:37,896
we had to come up
with a technique
280
00:15:37,980 --> 00:15:40,941
to accelerate
our return journey.
281
00:15:42,067 --> 00:15:43,694
We were gonna
have to use the engine
282
00:15:43,735 --> 00:15:48,115
of the lunar module the second
time to speed up to get back.
283
00:15:48,198 --> 00:15:49,992
Otherwise, we'd be out of power.
284
00:16:05,591 --> 00:16:07,092
The extra boost
285
00:16:07,134 --> 00:16:10,304
cuts nine hours
off the return journey.
286
00:16:11,763 --> 00:16:14,266
With careful rationing
of water and power,
287
00:16:14,308 --> 00:16:16,935
their supplies should last.
288
00:16:17,019 --> 00:16:19,813
Should nothing else go wrong,
289
00:16:19,897 --> 00:16:21,815
we had a shot
at getting back to an entry.
290
00:16:29,198 --> 00:16:31,950
While conditions
in the LEM are miserable,
291
00:16:32,034 --> 00:16:34,328
the low temperatures
won't kill them.
292
00:16:34,411 --> 00:16:38,123
But every breath they take
produces a poison that can.
293
00:16:38,165 --> 00:16:40,501
Carbon dioxide
was beginning to build up
294
00:16:40,584 --> 00:16:42,920
in the lunar-module atmosphere.
295
00:16:42,961 --> 00:16:45,297
The canisters
to remove carbon dioxide
296
00:16:45,339 --> 00:16:46,381
in the lunar module --
297
00:16:46,465 --> 00:16:48,675
there are only enough of them
for two people.
298
00:16:48,759 --> 00:16:49,718
We were three.
299
00:16:50,844 --> 00:16:53,263
And as the CO2 level
in the blood goes up,
300
00:16:53,347 --> 00:16:55,766
your muscle function
is gonna stop.
301
00:16:57,476 --> 00:16:59,811
And you're gonna lose
consciousness and die.
302
00:17:00,812 --> 00:17:03,941
There are spare
canisters in the command module,
303
00:17:04,024 --> 00:17:07,486
but a basic design error
renders them useless.
304
00:17:07,528 --> 00:17:11,657
The command module carbon
dioxide scrubber was square.
305
00:17:11,698 --> 00:17:14,284
But the lunar module was round.
306
00:17:15,160 --> 00:17:17,162
So we had to rig up a deal
307
00:17:17,246 --> 00:17:21,208
that would work this square deal
in this round hole.
308
00:17:22,668 --> 00:17:25,087
The crew was faced
with suffocation.
309
00:17:25,170 --> 00:17:28,841
So engineering came up with the
idea to fabricate an adapter.
310
00:17:29,675 --> 00:17:31,176
They brought it in.
311
00:17:31,260 --> 00:17:32,803
We got down
on our hands and knees,
312
00:17:32,845 --> 00:17:35,097
and they made me build it.
313
00:17:36,390 --> 00:17:38,225
And once I had built it,
they said,
314
00:17:38,308 --> 00:17:40,185
"Okay, now you know
how to build it.
315
00:17:40,269 --> 00:17:42,145
Now go tell Jack Swigert
how to build it."
316
00:17:44,356 --> 00:17:47,192
We did it with duct tape...
317
00:17:47,234 --> 00:17:49,945
with a piece of plastic...
318
00:17:50,028 --> 00:17:52,698
a piece of cardboard,
and an old sock.
319
00:17:56,285 --> 00:17:57,703
And then he plugged it in,
320
00:17:57,744 --> 00:18:00,914
and, lo and behold, that CO2
level just came down so slick.
321
00:18:00,998 --> 00:18:01,999
It was great.
322
00:18:05,794 --> 00:18:07,921
As they approach Earth,
323
00:18:08,005 --> 00:18:10,716
the crew prepares for one
of the most dangerous parts
324
00:18:10,757 --> 00:18:14,011
of their mission -- reentry.
325
00:18:15,387 --> 00:18:17,764
They need to get back
in the command module
326
00:18:17,848 --> 00:18:21,101
and jettison the LEM
that's kept them alive.
327
00:18:21,185 --> 00:18:22,603
We were concerned
328
00:18:22,686 --> 00:18:26,857
because this command module had
not been powered up for days.
329
00:18:26,899 --> 00:18:30,152
And so it had gotten
very cold inside.
330
00:18:30,235 --> 00:18:32,571
And how was the heat shield
going to respond?
331
00:18:32,654 --> 00:18:36,074
And is it gonna work through
the heat of the reentry?
332
00:18:37,326 --> 00:18:40,245
They're not gonna be able
to do anything about it,
333
00:18:40,329 --> 00:18:43,290
and we got to get
through the entry.
334
00:18:43,373 --> 00:18:45,250
It's the only way to get home.
335
00:19:13,779 --> 00:19:15,405
We lost communications.
336
00:19:15,489 --> 00:19:20,786
There was what we call blackout
due to the ionized atmosphere.
337
00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:26,166
The blackout
should last three minutes.
338
00:19:27,876 --> 00:19:29,002
Apollo 13.
339
00:19:29,086 --> 00:19:31,713
Apollo 13. Over.
340
00:19:31,797 --> 00:19:34,299
"Hello", you know, "Aquarius".
341
00:19:34,383 --> 00:19:36,802
"Hello, Apollo 13."
And no response.
342
00:19:36,885 --> 00:19:41,139
It's been two minutes now
from time of drogue deployment.
343
00:19:41,181 --> 00:19:44,268
After four minutes,
still nothing.
344
00:19:44,309 --> 00:19:45,769
You just had to sit there
345
00:19:45,811 --> 00:19:48,105
and listen
through all that static,
346
00:19:48,146 --> 00:19:50,816
waiting for somebody
to say "Houston".
347
00:20:08,959 --> 00:20:11,253
Okay, Joe.
348
00:20:35,903 --> 00:20:37,863
This is recovery. Over.
349
00:20:37,905 --> 00:20:41,408
Photo one
splashed down at this time.
350
00:20:41,492 --> 00:20:43,577
And when we finally
hit the water,
351
00:20:43,660 --> 00:20:47,372
then we knew
that we were 100% safe.
352
00:20:47,456 --> 00:20:50,292
They landed right where
they were supposed to land.
353
00:20:50,375 --> 00:20:51,793
It was awesome.
354
00:21:04,348 --> 00:21:07,309
There was a big, big celebration
at Mission Control.
355
00:21:08,894 --> 00:21:12,439
We were all very joyful
and all very tired,
356
00:21:12,523 --> 00:21:15,984
and there didn't seem to be
anything else to say, you know?
357
00:21:17,945 --> 00:21:22,074
Any mission that you can bring
your crew back home from
358
00:21:22,115 --> 00:21:23,242
is a success.
359
00:21:36,129 --> 00:21:39,591
The men of Apollo 13,
360
00:21:39,633 --> 00:21:41,802
by their poise and skill
361
00:21:41,885 --> 00:21:44,596
under the most intense kind
of pressure,
362
00:21:44,680 --> 00:21:50,686
epitomize the character that
accepts danger and surmounts it.
363
00:21:52,229 --> 00:21:56,733
Theirs is the spirit
that built America.
364
00:22:00,529 --> 00:22:03,824
NASA is determined to
maintain an aggressive schedule
365
00:22:03,907 --> 00:22:05,826
of lunar exploration.
366
00:22:06,827 --> 00:22:08,328
Nine months later...
367
00:22:08,412 --> 00:22:09,538
And we're free.
368
00:22:09,621 --> 00:22:12,708
...Apollo 14
is racing to the moon.
369
00:22:13,458 --> 00:22:18,505
The commander is Alan Shepard,
the first American in space.
370
00:22:20,757 --> 00:22:25,220
Their destination --
Apollo 13's landing site.
371
00:22:25,304 --> 00:22:26,805
Good show.
Thank you.
372
00:22:26,889 --> 00:22:29,516
The Fra Mauro Highlands.
373
00:22:30,434 --> 00:22:31,602
We're on the surface.
374
00:22:31,643 --> 00:22:33,687
Okay, we made a good landing.
375
00:22:40,319 --> 00:22:42,321
Scientists think this region
376
00:22:42,362 --> 00:22:46,617
could hold clues from the time
the moon was just being formed.
377
00:22:47,534 --> 00:22:49,203
The astronauts bring a handcart
378
00:22:49,286 --> 00:22:52,998
to haul 90 pounds of rocks
back to the LEM.
379
00:22:53,999 --> 00:22:56,210
And Alan Shepard even finds time
380
00:22:56,293 --> 00:22:59,129
to convert the rock sampler
into a golf club.
381
00:23:12,059 --> 00:23:15,187
Once again,
large audiences are watching
382
00:23:15,270 --> 00:23:18,106
when astronauts
broadcast from the moon.
383
00:23:22,361 --> 00:23:24,780
With the success of Apollo 14,
384
00:23:24,863 --> 00:23:28,200
NASA plans to expand
its lunar explorations
385
00:23:28,283 --> 00:23:31,328
with a bold new series
of missions.
386
00:23:31,411 --> 00:23:34,873
The whole objective
was to put out a whole suite
387
00:23:34,915 --> 00:23:40,379
of geological experiments
and scientific experiments.
388
00:23:40,963 --> 00:23:42,464
We wanted to collect
enough data
389
00:23:42,548 --> 00:23:45,008
so that we can analyze the moon
and see what it's made of.
390
00:23:45,592 --> 00:23:47,511
What is the structure
of the moon?
391
00:23:47,553 --> 00:23:50,097
Is it like the Earth?
Is it like an asteroid?
392
00:23:50,180 --> 00:23:51,890
You know, what's the structure
of the moon?
393
00:23:51,932 --> 00:23:53,517
For the new missions,
394
00:23:53,600 --> 00:23:56,645
astronauts will spend more time
on the lunar surface
395
00:23:56,728 --> 00:23:59,940
and bring back heavier payloads
of moon rocks.
396
00:24:00,732 --> 00:24:03,068
For more ambitious explorations,
397
00:24:03,151 --> 00:24:05,696
they'll have to cover
a lot more territory.
398
00:24:05,779 --> 00:24:08,699
NASA develops
a revolutionary vehicle.
399
00:24:08,740 --> 00:24:12,536
The lunar rover was
a very, very creative effort.
400
00:24:13,662 --> 00:24:17,583
We knew we wanted a vehicle that
could roll along on that very --
401
00:24:17,624 --> 00:24:20,711
what seemed like sandy
kind of a surface.
402
00:24:20,752 --> 00:24:22,004
And it had to be operable
403
00:24:22,087 --> 00:24:25,215
by people in suits
that were very, very stiff
404
00:24:25,257 --> 00:24:27,593
and without
a whole lot of mobility.
405
00:24:27,634 --> 00:24:31,722
The lunar rover is
a four-wheel-drive two-seater.
406
00:24:31,805 --> 00:24:35,392
It has a top speed
of 8 miles per hour.
407
00:24:35,475 --> 00:24:38,896
A magnetic compass
won't work on the moon,
408
00:24:38,937 --> 00:24:43,400
so a computer constantly plots
a straight line back to the LEM
409
00:24:43,442 --> 00:24:45,944
Charlie and I worked
on the lunar-rover vehicle
410
00:24:45,986 --> 00:24:47,863
over at the
Marshall Space Flight Center.
411
00:24:47,946 --> 00:24:50,574
And it was
a great driving machine.
412
00:24:50,616 --> 00:24:54,786
We had the car to broaden
our exploration base.
413
00:24:54,828 --> 00:24:57,331
Before the car,
we had no ability
414
00:24:57,414 --> 00:25:00,083
to walk more than 300
or 400 yards.
415
00:25:00,125 --> 00:25:04,463
But with a car, we could cover
a radius of about 5 miles.
416
00:25:13,305 --> 00:25:14,890
Apollo 16.
417
00:25:14,973 --> 00:25:18,227
John Young, Charlie Duke,
and Ken Mattingly
418
00:25:18,310 --> 00:25:21,146
blast off into the Florida sky.
419
00:25:32,991 --> 00:25:35,369
Young and Duke use
the lunar rover
420
00:25:35,452 --> 00:25:39,373
to explore an area known
as the Descartes Mountains.
421
00:25:55,556 --> 00:25:58,767
We had trained that
John Young would be the driver,
422
00:25:58,851 --> 00:26:00,269
and I would navigate.
423
00:26:01,770 --> 00:26:03,689
Yow! Whoo!
424
00:26:16,618 --> 00:26:19,830
Well, just to see how fast
the thing would go downhill,
425
00:26:19,872 --> 00:26:21,582
and it would do pretty good.
426
00:26:28,839 --> 00:26:30,048
Huh?
427
00:26:34,636 --> 00:26:36,555
It was fun riding the rover.
428
00:26:36,597 --> 00:26:38,599
It was a lot of fun.
Bounced a lot.
429
00:26:42,895 --> 00:26:46,481
That moon dust was pouring down
on us like rain.
430
00:26:46,565 --> 00:26:50,777
And so after a half
of a moonwalk,
431
00:26:50,861 --> 00:26:53,488
our white suits turned gray.
432
00:26:56,700 --> 00:26:58,076
I spent a lot of time saying,
433
00:26:58,160 --> 00:27:00,078
"Charlie, don't bump my arm."
434
00:27:00,120 --> 00:27:02,080
'Cause he was sitting
right next to me,
435
00:27:02,164 --> 00:27:04,124
and so any time he moved
his hand,
436
00:27:04,208 --> 00:27:07,294
it would make my wrist
turn the steering wheel.
437
00:27:07,377 --> 00:27:10,380
Not a good thing when
you're heading for big blocks.
438
00:27:22,559 --> 00:27:25,729
Okay, Tony.
439
00:27:25,771 --> 00:27:27,272
The rover's TV camera
440
00:27:27,314 --> 00:27:30,901
beams pictures
to a team of scientists.
441
00:27:48,252 --> 00:27:49,962
Okay, we copy that.
442
00:27:51,713 --> 00:27:53,465
Working from the rover,
443
00:27:53,549 --> 00:27:57,010
they collect a record
209 pounds of moon rocks.
444
00:27:57,094 --> 00:27:59,596
We could collect
a lot more rocks,
445
00:27:59,638 --> 00:28:02,891
and we could see
a lot of variety of rocks
446
00:28:02,975 --> 00:28:05,853
as we journeyed
across this landing area
447
00:28:05,936 --> 00:28:09,439
that was selected
for its geological significance.
448
00:28:09,481 --> 00:28:13,068
So it really revolutionized
the lunar surface exploration.
449
00:28:25,539 --> 00:28:28,125
Duke and Young
drive the rover hard
450
00:28:28,208 --> 00:28:32,337
for nearly 17 miles
over rugged terrain.
451
00:28:33,380 --> 00:28:35,716
Parked at the landing site,
452
00:28:35,799 --> 00:28:40,179
it documents Apollo 16 blasting
off from the lunar surface.
453
00:28:40,220 --> 00:28:42,514
What a ride.
What a ride.
454
00:28:50,898 --> 00:28:54,985
Apollo 17 targets
another geologically rich area
455
00:28:55,068 --> 00:28:56,445
of the moon.
456
00:28:57,362 --> 00:29:00,699
But this will be Project
Apollo's final lunar landing.
457
00:29:01,658 --> 00:29:03,494
Budget cuts force NASA
458
00:29:03,535 --> 00:29:06,330
to scrub three more missions
already scheduled.
459
00:29:06,371 --> 00:29:09,708
We were disappointed 'cause
they canceled 18, 19, and 20.
460
00:29:11,001 --> 00:29:13,003
We had the hardware.
461
00:29:13,086 --> 00:29:16,381
We had crews picked.
462
00:29:16,465 --> 00:29:21,303
And all it was
was operational money.
463
00:29:26,058 --> 00:29:28,477
NASA wants
the last moon mission
464
00:29:28,560 --> 00:29:30,395
to be their greatest.
465
00:29:33,190 --> 00:29:35,901
The landing site demands
the first night launch
466
00:29:35,943 --> 00:29:38,862
of the giant Saturn V rocket.
467
00:29:38,904 --> 00:29:43,575
On board, Ron Evans
is command-module pilot.
468
00:29:44,117 --> 00:29:48,664
Harrison Schmitt is NASA's
first scientist in space.
469
00:29:48,747 --> 00:29:52,709
And the commander of Apollo 17
is Gene Cernan,
470
00:29:52,793 --> 00:29:55,879
a veteran of Gemini 9
and Apollo 10.
471
00:29:55,921 --> 00:30:01,051
Apollo 17 was a...
was a real goal of mine.
472
00:30:02,636 --> 00:30:04,096
I knew before we launched
473
00:30:04,179 --> 00:30:07,724
that Apollo 17 was gonna be
the last flight to the moon.
474
00:30:07,766 --> 00:30:09,476
And I knew I would be the guy
475
00:30:09,560 --> 00:30:11,937
to make the final steps
on the moon.
476
00:30:14,815 --> 00:30:18,110
There were a lot of people,
I think,
477
00:30:18,151 --> 00:30:21,071
in positions of responsibility
within NASA
478
00:30:21,113 --> 00:30:25,117
who, being the last flight, just
wanted me to get back alive.
479
00:30:26,618 --> 00:30:28,620
More than half a million people
480
00:30:28,662 --> 00:30:32,457
come from all over the world
to watch the final lunar launch.
481
00:30:34,376 --> 00:30:37,129
Rog. We're go
for lift-off here, Cap Com.
482
00:31:30,516 --> 00:31:33,644
Apollo 17
is Gene Cernan's second trip
483
00:31:33,685 --> 00:31:35,062
to the moon.
484
00:31:35,145 --> 00:31:37,606
On Apollo 10, he flew a lander
485
00:31:37,689 --> 00:31:41,652
to within 47,000 feet
of the lunar surface.
486
00:31:41,693 --> 00:31:44,321
This time, he's cleared to land.
487
00:31:44,404 --> 00:31:46,865
I needed to go back
on Apollo 17.
488
00:31:46,949 --> 00:31:51,453
I wanted to cover
the last 47,000 feet.
489
00:31:57,668 --> 00:32:00,546
I've been to the moon, folks.
490
00:32:00,629 --> 00:32:02,798
I'm not going back again
not to land.
491
00:32:02,881 --> 00:32:04,716
And I think people knew that.
492
00:32:12,391 --> 00:32:14,726
Obviously, I was
not gonna do something dumb,
493
00:32:14,810 --> 00:32:15,894
but I was gonna land.
494
00:32:19,106 --> 00:32:21,692
You're looking real good, Gene,
right down the line.
495
00:32:30,742 --> 00:32:32,035
Stand by for touchdown.
496
00:32:32,077 --> 00:32:33,620
Stand by.
497
00:32:33,704 --> 00:32:36,582
25 feet, down at 2.
498
00:32:36,623 --> 00:32:38,125
Fuel's good.
499
00:32:38,208 --> 00:32:40,711
20 feet.
500
00:32:40,752 --> 00:32:42,379
Going down at 2.
501
00:32:42,421 --> 00:32:43,881
10 feet.
502
00:32:45,382 --> 00:32:46,925
10 feet.
503
00:32:47,009 --> 00:32:49,511
Got contact.
504
00:32:49,595 --> 00:32:50,929
Stop, push.
505
00:32:50,971 --> 00:32:52,055
Engine stop.
506
00:32:52,139 --> 00:32:54,725
Okay, Houston.
The Challenger has landed.
507
00:32:56,101 --> 00:32:58,604
Gene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt
508
00:32:58,687 --> 00:33:00,856
join an elite fraternity.
509
00:33:00,939 --> 00:33:04,651
Only 12 men have landed
on the moon.
510
00:33:19,082 --> 00:33:20,959
Over the next three days,
511
00:33:21,043 --> 00:33:24,588
Cernan and Schmitt spend
more time walking on the moon
512
00:33:24,630 --> 00:33:26,131
than any other astronauts.
513
00:33:26,215 --> 00:33:30,719
I was strolling
on the moon one day
514
00:33:30,802 --> 00:33:33,138
In the merry,
merry month of
515
00:33:33,222 --> 00:33:34,973
...December.
No. May.
516
00:33:35,015 --> 00:33:37,768
- May. May the month is.
- That's right.
517
00:33:37,809 --> 00:33:39,478
May is the month.
518
00:33:40,312 --> 00:33:42,940
A team of scientists
monitors their work.
519
00:33:42,981 --> 00:33:44,816
Hey!
520
00:33:44,900 --> 00:33:47,486
There is orange soil.
521
00:33:47,569 --> 00:33:50,614
Well, don't move it
until I see it.
522
00:33:50,697 --> 00:33:52,741
It's all over.
523
00:33:52,825 --> 00:33:54,284
Orange!
524
00:33:54,326 --> 00:33:55,953
Don't move it until I see it.
525
00:33:55,994 --> 00:33:57,830
I've stirred it up
with my feet.
526
00:33:57,913 --> 00:33:58,956
Hey, it is!
527
00:33:59,039 --> 00:34:02,501
I can see it from here.
It's orange!
528
00:34:02,543 --> 00:34:04,002
Let's think about this
logically.
529
00:34:04,044 --> 00:34:05,671
They're up against
a constraint anyways,
530
00:34:05,754 --> 00:34:07,798
so they got to leave
at a certain time
531
00:34:07,840 --> 00:34:09,174
regardless of what we got.
532
00:34:11,343 --> 00:34:13,595
We'd like you
to leave immediately.
533
00:34:15,097 --> 00:34:16,974
Okay.
534
00:34:17,015 --> 00:34:20,060
My golly,
this time goes fast!
535
00:34:21,895 --> 00:34:24,189
Three years after Neil Armstrong
536
00:34:24,273 --> 00:34:27,526
became the first man
to walk on the moon,
537
00:34:27,568 --> 00:34:30,529
Gene Cernan prepares to be
the last.
538
00:34:30,612 --> 00:34:32,865
When I crawled up the ladder,
539
00:34:32,948 --> 00:34:36,118
I knew I wasn't gonna be
coming this way again.
540
00:34:36,201 --> 00:34:38,829
And I just wanted to stop time.
541
00:34:38,871 --> 00:34:41,707
I wanted to freeze time.
542
00:34:41,790 --> 00:34:44,209
I want to take advantage
of this moment.
543
00:34:44,251 --> 00:34:45,335
Hey, one minute, Houston.
544
00:34:45,419 --> 00:34:47,504
We're 50 seconds now,
and we're go.
545
00:34:47,546 --> 00:34:49,047
You're looking good here.
546
00:34:49,089 --> 00:34:52,009
It's only 11 years
since Alan Shepard
547
00:34:52,050 --> 00:34:54,303
became the first American
in space
548
00:34:54,386 --> 00:34:57,848
and John Kennedy challenged
the U.S. to go to the moon.
549
00:34:57,931 --> 00:35:02,144
Now Apollo 17
is the end of an era.
550
00:35:03,687 --> 00:35:06,690
It's like breaking off
a love affair.
551
00:35:06,732 --> 00:35:09,818
You've had a marvelous time,
552
00:35:09,902 --> 00:35:13,989
but now it's time to bring
that relationship to an end.
553
00:35:14,072 --> 00:35:17,201
3... 2... 1.
554
00:35:17,242 --> 00:35:19,077
Ignition.
555
00:35:20,162 --> 00:35:21,538
We're on our way, Houston.
556
00:35:21,580 --> 00:35:23,332
Rates are good.
557
00:35:23,415 --> 00:35:24,583
AGS saw it.
558
00:35:28,754 --> 00:35:30,547
Pitch over.
559
00:35:30,589 --> 00:35:32,716
Okay.
You have good thrust.
560
00:35:39,264 --> 00:35:42,809
Cernan and Schmitt
start the long journey home.
561
00:35:42,893 --> 00:35:46,271
The camera on the rover will
transmit pictures back to Earth
562
00:35:46,313 --> 00:35:48,982
for another 27 hours --
563
00:35:49,066 --> 00:35:53,195
the final images from man's
last trip to the moon.
564
00:35:55,781 --> 00:35:58,200
Having explored
the lunar surface,
565
00:35:58,283 --> 00:36:01,954
NASA shifts gears to learn
to live long-term in space.
566
00:36:02,037 --> 00:36:04,998
You know, engineers
want to do something different.
567
00:36:05,082 --> 00:36:06,708
They said,
"Hey, we've been there.
568
00:36:06,792 --> 00:36:09,002
We've done that.
And let's do something else."
569
00:36:10,170 --> 00:36:11,338
We proved to ourselves
570
00:36:11,421 --> 00:36:13,549
that we can go somewhere
and survive.
571
00:36:13,632 --> 00:36:16,301
So now the next step's
gonna be a much bigger one.
572
00:36:16,385 --> 00:36:19,012
If we're ever gonna go to Mars,
573
00:36:19,096 --> 00:36:23,267
we've got to understand what
happens to humans and machinery
574
00:36:23,308 --> 00:36:26,103
when they spend
a year or two in space.
575
00:36:29,398 --> 00:36:32,609
NASA develops
a radical new spacecraft
576
00:36:32,651 --> 00:36:34,236
using a Saturn V rocket
577
00:36:34,319 --> 00:36:36,905
left over from the scrubbed
Apollo missions.
578
00:36:36,989 --> 00:36:39,783
It was a good use
of the hardware we had
579
00:36:39,825 --> 00:36:41,660
to develop Skylab.
580
00:36:41,702 --> 00:36:42,911
It was a space station.
581
00:36:44,997 --> 00:36:46,373
The big insight
582
00:36:46,456 --> 00:36:50,043
was that you could use
the third stage
583
00:36:50,127 --> 00:36:54,506
of the great big Saturn V rocket
as a habitable place to live.
584
00:36:55,883 --> 00:36:57,843
Launching Skylab into orbit
585
00:36:57,926 --> 00:37:01,346
won't demand the rocket power
that sent men to the moon.
586
00:37:01,430 --> 00:37:04,099
NASA converts
the top of a Saturn V
587
00:37:04,183 --> 00:37:06,894
into the first
American space station.
588
00:37:06,977 --> 00:37:08,353
It's been compared to the size
589
00:37:08,395 --> 00:37:11,064
of a small three-bedroom house.
590
00:37:11,148 --> 00:37:12,691
Each had our own bedroom.
591
00:37:12,774 --> 00:37:16,570
Each bedroom was about the size
of a telephone booth,
592
00:37:16,653 --> 00:37:19,364
and the beds
were fastened to the wall.
593
00:37:21,033 --> 00:37:23,619
The commander
of Skylab's first crew
594
00:37:23,702 --> 00:37:24,912
is Pete Conrad,
595
00:37:24,995 --> 00:37:28,207
who flew two Gemini missions
and Apollo 12.
596
00:37:28,248 --> 00:37:31,043
Rookie Paul Weitz is the pilot.
597
00:37:32,211 --> 00:37:34,129
And another rookie,
Joseph Kerwin,
598
00:37:34,213 --> 00:37:36,381
is the science pilot.
599
00:37:37,841 --> 00:37:39,927
We could stuff it
with experiments.
600
00:37:40,010 --> 00:37:43,514
We could put the food and water
up there for three missions.
601
00:37:43,555 --> 00:37:45,474
We could do it all,
and it was great.
602
00:37:47,434 --> 00:37:51,522
Skylab and crew
will launch on separate rockets.
603
00:37:52,564 --> 00:37:54,358
This beautiful big Saturn V
604
00:37:54,399 --> 00:37:58,529
with the workshop on it
was to launch on May 14th,
605
00:37:58,612 --> 00:38:02,699
and it would get
into the correct orbit.
606
00:38:02,741 --> 00:38:04,243
The next day, we would launch.
607
00:38:05,911 --> 00:38:08,247
Not since Gemini 6 and 7
608
00:38:08,288 --> 00:38:12,251
has NASA attempted two launches
so close together.
609
00:38:26,765 --> 00:38:29,810
The unmanned Skylab flies first.
610
00:38:34,439 --> 00:38:38,443
The Skylab lifting
off the pad now, moving up.
611
00:38:48,287 --> 00:38:50,831
Skylab has cleared the tower.
612
00:38:54,751 --> 00:38:57,045
It looked like a great launch.
613
00:38:57,129 --> 00:38:58,964
Went up into the sky
as far as we could see it
614
00:38:59,006 --> 00:39:00,549
and was on its way successfully.
615
00:39:03,093 --> 00:39:06,388
Pretty soon,
the news from Mission Control
616
00:39:06,471 --> 00:39:07,890
began to get bad.
617
00:39:07,973 --> 00:39:11,935
There had been a "G" shock,
a sudden acceleration,
618
00:39:11,977 --> 00:39:13,562
on the way up.
619
00:39:14,396 --> 00:39:15,647
They didn't know what caused it.
620
00:39:15,689 --> 00:39:18,650
Skylab space station
now in orbit.
621
00:39:18,734 --> 00:39:20,652
Still some doubt in the minds
622
00:39:20,694 --> 00:39:22,488
of flight controllers
here in Mission Control
623
00:39:22,529 --> 00:39:27,326
as to whether the main
solar panels on the workshop
624
00:39:27,409 --> 00:39:29,620
have indeed deployed.
625
00:39:29,661 --> 00:39:32,080
One of them
didn't respond at all.
626
00:39:32,164 --> 00:39:36,752
The other one, just a trickle
of current that they could see.
627
00:39:37,377 --> 00:39:39,755
The planned 28-day mission
628
00:39:39,838 --> 00:39:44,676
is not possible without
the workshop main solar panels.
629
00:39:44,718 --> 00:39:46,428
Meanwhile, the temperatures
630
00:39:46,512 --> 00:39:51,600
both outside and inside
of the workshop began to rise.
631
00:39:51,683 --> 00:39:54,102
We have insufficient
electrical power,
632
00:39:54,186 --> 00:39:56,313
we have temperatures
that are out of control,
633
00:39:56,396 --> 00:39:58,190
and it looks like
the heat shield is gone.
634
00:39:58,982 --> 00:40:03,028
We just had to sit around
and wait and worry and wonder
635
00:40:03,111 --> 00:40:05,364
whether or not we were going to
end up getting a mission
636
00:40:05,405 --> 00:40:07,991
or whether we were gonna lose
the whole mission.
637
00:40:08,033 --> 00:40:12,996
People in Mission Control were
about ready to give up, I think.
638
00:40:14,206 --> 00:40:16,708
The second response
five minutes later was,
639
00:40:16,792 --> 00:40:18,001
"Come on, we're engineers.
640
00:40:18,085 --> 00:40:20,504
Let's get to work on this thing
and see what we can do."
641
00:40:24,591 --> 00:40:26,093
They stopped the next launch,
642
00:40:26,176 --> 00:40:27,845
and they said,
"Now, your job has changed
643
00:40:27,928 --> 00:40:31,598
from activating the workshop
to saving the workshop
644
00:40:31,682 --> 00:40:33,308
and then activating it."
645
00:40:35,477 --> 00:40:39,022
Skylab's biggest
problem is heat from the sun.
646
00:40:40,482 --> 00:40:44,027
Engineers quickly design
a giant parasol.
647
00:40:45,946 --> 00:40:48,240
They not only had to
understand the problem,
648
00:40:48,323 --> 00:40:50,200
they then had to design
the hardware,
649
00:40:50,242 --> 00:40:52,744
they had to built the hardware,
test the hardware,
650
00:40:52,786 --> 00:40:55,747
package it for flight,
and get it to the spacecraft.
651
00:40:57,624 --> 00:40:59,668
After a 10-day delay,
652
00:40:59,751 --> 00:41:03,005
Kerwin, Conrad, and Weitz
finally launch --
653
00:41:03,088 --> 00:41:05,507
NASA's first repairmen in space.
654
00:41:05,591 --> 00:41:09,845
T-minus 7... 6... 5... 4... 3...
655
00:41:09,928 --> 00:41:11,388
Engine sequence start.
656
00:41:11,430 --> 00:41:13,473
... 2... 1... 0.
657
00:41:13,557 --> 00:41:16,894
We have launch commit,
and we have lift-off.
658
00:41:17,603 --> 00:41:21,607
The clock is running, and
Skylab has cleared the tower.
659
00:41:26,028 --> 00:41:27,738
Eight hours after launch,
660
00:41:27,779 --> 00:41:30,991
they rendezvous with Skylab
and see the damage close-up.
661
00:41:31,074 --> 00:41:32,826
Houston is now controlling.
662
00:41:32,910 --> 00:41:35,120
Pete flew our
command-service module around,
663
00:41:35,204 --> 00:41:39,124
and we took not only photographs
but also television,
664
00:41:39,208 --> 00:41:42,711
whose images could be dumped
to the ground.
665
00:41:44,296 --> 00:41:45,631
And that was priceless
666
00:41:45,672 --> 00:41:47,841
because it gave the engineers
working on the ground
667
00:41:47,925 --> 00:41:49,426
a good look at what was wrong.
668
00:41:49,510 --> 00:41:51,261
Roger. Copy.
669
00:41:56,642 --> 00:42:00,938
The crew has to enter
Skylab to repair it.
670
00:42:00,979 --> 00:42:03,857
270 miles above the Earth...
671
00:42:05,359 --> 00:42:09,571
...traveling at more
than 17,000 miles an hour,
672
00:42:09,655 --> 00:42:13,075
Pete Conrad must perform
a precise hard dock.
673
00:42:13,158 --> 00:42:17,287
We went to dock,
and the soft dock failed.
674
00:42:17,329 --> 00:42:19,665
There were little
capture latches
675
00:42:19,706 --> 00:42:21,625
in the nose
of the docking probe,
676
00:42:21,667 --> 00:42:24,002
and for some reason
they were stuck shut,
677
00:42:24,044 --> 00:42:25,712
and they never came open.
678
00:42:26,713 --> 00:42:28,674
We're sitting there
contemplating the fact
679
00:42:28,757 --> 00:42:31,468
that if we can't dock,
the mission is over.
680
00:42:31,510 --> 00:42:33,303
They'll bring us home tomorrow.
681
00:42:33,846 --> 00:42:37,266
But there was
one final backup procedure
682
00:42:37,349 --> 00:42:39,476
that had never been used.
683
00:42:41,687 --> 00:42:45,148
If you got in there tight,
they would go.
684
00:42:45,190 --> 00:42:47,693
So Pete gets all set
for one more go,
685
00:42:47,734 --> 00:42:51,655
and he bumps in, and
he's applying the rocket thrust.
686
00:42:51,697 --> 00:42:53,740
Ground said it would take
about 10 seconds.
687
00:42:53,824 --> 00:42:56,326
If it doesn't work in
10 seconds, it's not gonna work.
688
00:42:57,494 --> 00:43:01,081
And the probe
nestles into the drogue.
689
00:43:04,501 --> 00:43:11,592
And we're counting --
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
690
00:43:15,387 --> 00:43:16,680
Rat-a-tat-tat!
691
00:43:16,722 --> 00:43:18,724
Man, and all the latches
latched.
692
00:43:18,765 --> 00:43:20,767
It was like an explosion
up there.
693
00:43:23,729 --> 00:43:26,648
We got a hard dock out of it!
694
00:43:26,732 --> 00:43:29,067
Hey, way to go!
695
00:43:29,109 --> 00:43:31,528
And, oh, we were so relieved.
696
00:43:45,250 --> 00:43:46,710
It didn't smell very good.
697
00:43:46,752 --> 00:43:49,338
It had a sort of a burned smell
to it.
698
00:43:50,047 --> 00:43:54,092
The crew gets to work
in Skylab's searing heat.
699
00:43:54,176 --> 00:43:57,638
The astronauts take turns
trying to deploy the parasol.
700
00:43:57,721 --> 00:43:59,264
They put out this parasol,
701
00:43:59,348 --> 00:44:04,353
which was extended out through
a little 10x10-inch aperture.
702
00:44:06,772 --> 00:44:09,066
Okay, Houston,
we had a clean deployment
703
00:44:09,107 --> 00:44:12,194
as far the rods clearing
and everything.
704
00:44:12,277 --> 00:44:16,365
And then a spring was released,
and the fishing rods pulled up.
705
00:44:16,448 --> 00:44:21,119
...oscillated the rod in
and out, stroke-wise, rapidly.
706
00:44:21,203 --> 00:44:23,121
It was successful,
707
00:44:23,205 --> 00:44:25,374
and the temperatures
began to come down.
708
00:44:25,457 --> 00:44:28,585
They came down from the 130s
to the mid-80s.
709
00:44:35,467 --> 00:44:38,637
But Skylab has
an even bigger problem.
710
00:44:38,720 --> 00:44:41,473
One solar panel had been damaged
during launch
711
00:44:41,557 --> 00:44:43,308
and still isn't working.
712
00:44:43,392 --> 00:44:45,352
The problem
with the solar panel
713
00:44:45,435 --> 00:44:48,188
was out where there were
no handholds, no footholds,
714
00:44:48,272 --> 00:44:52,651
no lighting -- where no
crew member was supposed to go.
715
00:44:56,363 --> 00:44:59,158
Yet it had to be done, so
let's figure out ways to do it.
716
00:45:01,034 --> 00:45:04,496
A backup team works
with a full-size model of Skylab
717
00:45:04,538 --> 00:45:07,416
in a neutral-buoyancy tank.
718
00:45:07,499 --> 00:45:11,336
Their solution is unprecedented
in manned space flight.
719
00:45:11,378 --> 00:45:12,838
For the first time,
720
00:45:12,880 --> 00:45:17,176
crews going outside in their
space suits to repair problems.
721
00:45:17,217 --> 00:45:18,969
That had never been done before.
722
00:45:29,354 --> 00:45:30,856
The other solar panel
723
00:45:30,939 --> 00:45:33,358
is jammed by a small piece
of metal
724
00:45:33,442 --> 00:45:34,985
preventing it from opening.
725
00:45:35,068 --> 00:45:38,864
If they can cut it,
the panel should unfold.
726
00:45:49,291 --> 00:45:51,001
We had a limb lop,
727
00:45:51,043 --> 00:45:54,129
the kind of thing that they use
to trim tree limbs
728
00:45:54,213 --> 00:45:55,672
away from power lines.
729
00:45:55,714 --> 00:45:57,716
It had two brown ropes
attached to it.
730
00:45:57,799 --> 00:46:01,011
One would close the jaws, and
the other would open the jaws.
731
00:46:01,053 --> 00:46:03,055
That's it.
You got it right there.
732
00:46:03,138 --> 00:46:05,641
I pulled
on the close-the-jaws rope...
733
00:46:06,808 --> 00:46:09,478
...and completed cutting
the aluminum scrap.
734
00:46:13,440 --> 00:46:15,818
We did it.
735
00:46:15,901 --> 00:46:19,321
The best sight
of the entire mission --
736
00:46:19,404 --> 00:46:23,450
that solar-panel cover
all the way up at 90 degrees.
737
00:46:23,534 --> 00:46:26,245
And the people on the ground
were so pleased, too,
738
00:46:26,328 --> 00:46:28,330
because we were gonna get
our power back.
739
00:46:28,413 --> 00:46:30,958
We were gonna be able
to complete the mission.
740
00:46:31,041 --> 00:46:33,710
That was a good day.
That was a very good day.
741
00:46:36,046 --> 00:46:39,716
The space station
is open for business.
742
00:46:44,680 --> 00:46:48,725
Over the next eight months,
Skylab is home to three crews,
743
00:46:48,767 --> 00:46:50,352
each setting new records
744
00:46:50,435 --> 00:46:54,022
for astronauts living
and working in space.
745
00:46:54,106 --> 00:46:56,942
You fly from one side
to the other.
746
00:46:57,025 --> 00:47:00,487
We had erected handrails
in there to move along.
747
00:47:00,571 --> 00:47:02,948
You don't do that.
You don't use any of that stuff.
748
00:47:02,990 --> 00:47:07,578
I can remember the first week
or so I'd do flips on the way.
749
00:47:08,412 --> 00:47:10,455
The feeling of being Peter Pan,
750
00:47:10,539 --> 00:47:12,916
of being your own spacecraft
flying around the Earth
751
00:47:12,958 --> 00:47:15,836
is awesome and incredible.
752
00:47:16,545 --> 00:47:18,422
We were zipping around there
753
00:47:18,463 --> 00:47:21,508
as if we had never been
other than weightless.
754
00:47:21,592 --> 00:47:24,928
Skylab crews log
more than 3,000 hours
755
00:47:24,970 --> 00:47:26,805
of scientific experiments
756
00:47:26,847 --> 00:47:29,683
and transform our understanding
of the sun.
757
00:47:29,766 --> 00:47:31,768
The work itself was fun.
758
00:47:31,852 --> 00:47:34,313
This is a kind of work
that had never been done before.
759
00:47:36,064 --> 00:47:38,484
Skylab is the first step
760
00:47:38,525 --> 00:47:41,320
toward the human habitation
of space.
761
00:47:42,946 --> 00:47:46,575
Jerry Carr, William Pogue,
and Edward Gibson
762
00:47:46,658 --> 00:47:48,744
are Skylab's last crew.
763
00:47:49,828 --> 00:47:51,955
They went for 84 days.
764
00:47:51,997 --> 00:47:57,044
Came back with less weight loss,
less loss in muscle strength,
765
00:47:57,127 --> 00:48:01,256
in better shape all around than
either of the first two crews.
766
00:48:01,340 --> 00:48:03,383
When we returned
from the mission,
767
00:48:03,467 --> 00:48:07,262
the doctors opined that maybe
we were in better condition
768
00:48:07,346 --> 00:48:09,181
when we got back
than when we left.
769
00:48:09,223 --> 00:48:12,142
We demonstrated that you
could go three months in space
770
00:48:12,184 --> 00:48:13,769
and come back in good shape.
771
00:48:13,852 --> 00:48:15,103
That was a triumph.
772
00:48:17,648 --> 00:48:20,192
The technology
of the Apollo program
773
00:48:20,275 --> 00:48:23,946
not only carries astronauts
to the moon and back,
774
00:48:24,029 --> 00:48:26,657
but allows humans
to live and work in space
775
00:48:26,740 --> 00:48:29,076
longer than ever before.
776
00:48:29,159 --> 00:48:33,163
Space is basically
a test of survival --
777
00:48:33,205 --> 00:48:35,707
our ability to invent things
778
00:48:35,791 --> 00:48:38,836
that will allow us
to use very limited resources.
779
00:48:38,919 --> 00:48:41,088
You have to use everything.
780
00:48:41,171 --> 00:48:42,339
And you have to use it
781
00:48:42,422 --> 00:48:44,591
as most efficiently
and effectively as possible.
782
00:48:45,175 --> 00:48:47,344
Skylab provides the foundation
783
00:48:47,386 --> 00:48:50,472
for a permanent human presence
in space
784
00:48:50,556 --> 00:48:54,226
and the exploration of worlds
deep into the solar system.
785
00:48:54,309 --> 00:48:58,772
The power of space
was to raise our aspirations
786
00:48:58,856 --> 00:49:03,610
to those things that
are possible if we will commit.
60982
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