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I lived here
in Greenwood, Mississippi,
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off and on from the age of 7
until I was 18.
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♪ ♪
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I crossed a lot of hurdles here.
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Started first grade,
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learned how to drive a car,
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fell in love for the first time.
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I also crossed
another hurdle here.
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I experienced death.
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My paternal grandmother,
my brother.
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We all go through this,
of course.
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Everybody grieves,
13
00:00:51,751 --> 00:00:57,288
but some people have a certainty
that helps them cope with grief.
14
00:00:57,290 --> 00:00:59,857
They're certain they will see
their loved ones again
15
00:00:59,859 --> 00:01:02,592
in heaven.
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For some of us it's not
quite that simple.
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In fact, it's the greatest
question we ask ourselves.
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What happens when we die?
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♪ ♪
20
00:01:23,181 --> 00:01:26,550
Now I'm embarking
on an epic adventure
21
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to discover what we believe
lies beyond death and why.
22
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Is there any scientific support
for the soul?
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I'll learn the true purpose
of the afterlife
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for ancient Egyptians.
25
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Oh, my goodness,
look at all this.
26
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Why the story of one man's
rebirth was so powerful
27
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it swept the globe.
28
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It is the resurrection of Jesus
29
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that proves that
he's the Messiah.
30
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How the Hindu faith
erased the fear of death.
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00:01:57,683 --> 00:02:01,951
I accept that as
an inevitable part of life.
32
00:02:01,953 --> 00:02:03,788
And I'll explore how science
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00:02:03,790 --> 00:02:05,723
is trying to capture the soul.
34
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I hope to be
fully human someday.
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To bring eternal life
to this life.
36
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♪ ♪
37
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♪ ♪
38
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What is beyond death?
39
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How can any of us know?
40
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But some people think they do,
41
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because they've been
to the brink of death.
42
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♪ ♪
43
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Former research diver
David Bennett
44
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is one of those people.
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Which one are you looking at?
46
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This window here,
47
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the one with Jesus
in the lower corner there.
48
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He's quieting the storm.
49
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♪ ♪
50
00:03:15,794 --> 00:03:19,163
Back in 1983,
off the California coast
51
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there was a storm,
about 25 to 30-foot seas,
52
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and so we started heading in.
53
00:03:25,804 --> 00:03:29,373
♪ ♪
54
00:03:29,375 --> 00:03:31,975
And all of a sudden,
we fell off a 30-footer...
55
00:03:31,977 --> 00:03:33,576
that fast...
56
00:03:33,578 --> 00:03:35,948
and we just slid right off.
57
00:03:39,417 --> 00:03:41,552
And I looked up and
there was the next one,
58
00:03:41,554 --> 00:03:43,953
and it came right down
on top of us.
59
00:03:43,955 --> 00:03:47,091
I was in the bow,
it catapulted me into the sea,
60
00:03:47,093 --> 00:03:51,562
and I was just tumbled
and tossed like a rag doll.
61
00:03:51,564 --> 00:03:58,736
♪ ♪
62
00:03:58,738 --> 00:04:01,675
You can only hold
your breath so long.
63
00:04:03,910 --> 00:04:07,544
You reach a point of release
where you just, you just let go
64
00:04:07,546 --> 00:04:10,381
and you breathe in salt water.
65
00:04:10,383 --> 00:04:15,052
And it's, it's quite
a violent way to die.
66
00:04:15,054 --> 00:04:22,593
♪ ♪
67
00:04:22,595 --> 00:04:24,360
No idea how deep?
68
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I hadn't,
I had totally lost my awareness
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00:04:27,165 --> 00:04:30,300
of my body and the ocean
at this point.
70
00:04:30,302 --> 00:04:35,739
♪ ♪
71
00:04:35,741 --> 00:04:39,343
Then I noticed this light.
72
00:04:39,345 --> 00:04:44,848
It was millions upon millions
of fragments of light.
73
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♪ ♪
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00:04:49,487 --> 00:04:51,021
In all different colors,
75
00:04:51,023 --> 00:04:53,523
and they were all dancing
and swirling,
76
00:04:53,525 --> 00:04:55,960
but kind of like they were
one mind, though,
77
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and it was infinite.
78
00:05:00,866 --> 00:05:02,333
What did you think?
79
00:05:02,335 --> 00:05:05,302
Did you think, or you've just
experienced this feeling?
80
00:05:05,304 --> 00:05:06,470
Well, I mean, I knew
81
00:05:06,472 --> 00:05:08,973
I wasn't in Kansas anymore,
you know.
82
00:05:08,975 --> 00:05:12,343
I knew I had left my body,
83
00:05:12,345 --> 00:05:16,112
and as I approached
this mass of light,
84
00:05:16,114 --> 00:05:18,682
it was a familiar home.
85
00:05:18,684 --> 00:05:23,086
And, and it was a relationship
that was so much deeper
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00:05:23,088 --> 00:05:25,689
than any relationship
I'd ever had here.
87
00:05:25,691 --> 00:05:27,925
And then I reached
a certain point
88
00:05:27,927 --> 00:05:35,331
where these millions
of fragments of light spoke.
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00:05:35,333 --> 00:05:39,035
♪ ♪
90
00:05:39,037 --> 00:05:42,141
And they said,
'This is not your time.'
91
00:05:44,576 --> 00:05:49,812
'You must return,
you have a purpose.'
92
00:05:49,814 --> 00:05:54,550
I was watching my body
and I was mesmerized,
93
00:05:54,552 --> 00:05:58,054
because I knew I was gonna
go back in that body.
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♪ ♪
95
00:06:02,093 --> 00:06:03,627
And as the next
set of waves came,
96
00:06:03,629 --> 00:06:06,163
they pounded my body
up against all this wreckage
97
00:06:06,165 --> 00:06:09,833
and pushed some of that
salt water out of my lungs,
98
00:06:09,835 --> 00:06:13,069
and that's when I found myself
back in my body.
99
00:06:13,071 --> 00:06:18,708
♪ ♪
100
00:06:18,710 --> 00:06:23,913
About how long
were you in the water, under?
101
00:06:23,915 --> 00:06:27,050
Yeah, the, the crew
that were looking for me
102
00:06:27,052 --> 00:06:29,886
said I was there from anywhere
from 15 to 18 minutes
103
00:06:29,888 --> 00:06:31,388
under this, under the water.
104
00:06:31,390 --> 00:06:33,156
15 to 18 minutes.
105
00:06:33,158 --> 00:06:34,658
Yeah.
106
00:06:34,660 --> 00:06:37,360
So you're 15 to 18
minutes without a breath of air.
107
00:06:37,362 --> 00:06:39,696
Right.
108
00:06:39,698 --> 00:06:42,632
Okay.
109
00:06:42,634 --> 00:06:48,639
So, David, all that you've told
me is, is such a story.
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Mm-hmm.
111
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Does it make you
believe in an afterlife?
112
00:06:54,213 --> 00:06:56,280
I do believe in an afterlife.
113
00:06:56,282 --> 00:07:00,316
I believe that our being,
our soul,
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00:07:00,318 --> 00:07:04,655
whatever you may want
to call it, lives on,
115
00:07:04,657 --> 00:07:08,759
and that we have opportunities
to come back.
116
00:07:08,761 --> 00:07:11,127
And I never thought
of any of that beforehand.
117
00:07:11,129 --> 00:07:15,165
I, I'm, you know,
it just wasn't on my radar.
118
00:07:15,167 --> 00:07:18,938
Now here we sit
in this cathedral.
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You haven't mentioned God.
120
00:07:24,376 --> 00:07:28,444
That light, that was God to me.
121
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That was God.
122
00:07:31,249 --> 00:07:34,384
So the message is from God.
123
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Yeah.
124
00:07:35,653 --> 00:07:38,655
And I believe that you can
find that spirituality
125
00:07:38,657 --> 00:07:41,124
in all different beliefs.
126
00:07:41,126 --> 00:07:43,559
I don't subscribe to just
one belief anymore.
127
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I try... I love...
my library at home
128
00:07:45,830 --> 00:07:48,232
has all different beliefs
represented.
129
00:07:48,234 --> 00:07:50,169
So does mine.
130
00:07:51,804 --> 00:07:53,437
David's incredible story
131
00:07:53,439 --> 00:07:57,841
reminds me of an experience
I had many years ago.
132
00:07:57,843 --> 00:08:00,210
♪ ♪
133
00:08:00,212 --> 00:08:04,148
I have seen a light,
not in a near-death experience,
134
00:08:04,150 --> 00:08:06,550
I was just passing out.
135
00:08:06,552 --> 00:08:14,424
And what I perceived was
the tiniest beam of light
136
00:08:14,426 --> 00:08:22,232
that to me was
the final form of life.
137
00:08:22,234 --> 00:08:25,869
It just occurred to me,
holy cow, there it is.
138
00:08:25,871 --> 00:08:28,337
There is the light that
everybody talks about.
139
00:08:28,339 --> 00:08:31,108
But it's a common theme
among people
140
00:08:31,110 --> 00:08:34,177
who say they have had
a near-death experience
141
00:08:34,179 --> 00:08:36,547
or an out-of-body experience.
142
00:08:36,549 --> 00:08:38,382
What they see is a light.
143
00:08:38,384 --> 00:08:42,251
Some people have seen Jesus
in, in this light;
144
00:08:42,253 --> 00:08:46,690
other people just see
a bright light.
145
00:08:46,692 --> 00:08:48,191
The hope for life beyond death
146
00:08:48,193 --> 00:08:51,894
seems to be an almost
universal instinct.
147
00:08:51,896 --> 00:08:53,764
But I want to know
how the afterlife
148
00:08:53,766 --> 00:08:57,634
first became part of religion.
149
00:08:57,636 --> 00:09:00,736
So, I'm going to Egypt...
150
00:09:00,738 --> 00:09:06,842
♪ ♪
151
00:09:06,844 --> 00:09:11,047
to the place where the first
great monuments to the afterlife
152
00:09:11,049 --> 00:09:12,648
still stand.
153
00:09:12,650 --> 00:09:17,687
♪ ♪
154
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♪ ♪
155
00:09:26,165 --> 00:09:27,898
Here we are in Sakkara.
156
00:09:27,900 --> 00:09:30,100
That's the step pyramid
of King Djoser,
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00:09:30,102 --> 00:09:32,101
and it's one of
the first pyramids.
158
00:09:32,103 --> 00:09:34,337
It is the first pyramid
ever to be built.
159
00:09:34,339 --> 00:09:35,571
That one is over there?
160
00:09:35,573 --> 00:09:39,109
Yes. This entire site
is a big cemetery.
161
00:09:39,111 --> 00:09:41,378
So the ideas that
people now have
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about rebirth and resurrection
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all started here in Sakkara
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00:09:45,818 --> 00:09:48,552
about 5,000 years ago,
not earlier.
165
00:09:48,554 --> 00:09:52,589
So this is maybe
the birth of afterlife thought.
166
00:09:52,591 --> 00:09:55,926
Yeah, you could say that.
167
00:09:55,928 --> 00:09:59,663
Egyptologist
Salima Ikram is taking me to see
168
00:09:59,665 --> 00:10:04,938
the tomb of a pharaoh who ruled
almost 4,400 years ago.
169
00:10:07,506 --> 00:10:12,075
Inside it are humanity's oldest
written descriptions
170
00:10:12,077 --> 00:10:14,112
of the afterlife.
171
00:10:15,581 --> 00:10:16,779
This is a causeway,
172
00:10:16,781 --> 00:10:19,916
and we're going towards
the temple of Unas.
173
00:10:19,918 --> 00:10:24,288
This part is where they would be
dragging the body of the king
174
00:10:24,290 --> 00:10:27,658
once it had been mummified
up here.
175
00:10:27,660 --> 00:10:29,459
I'm looking here
at these stones.
176
00:10:29,461 --> 00:10:31,727
I know I couldn't lift one.
177
00:10:31,729 --> 00:10:36,566
And this looks like it was
built in the '50s or '60s.
178
00:10:36,568 --> 00:10:39,602
But it is actually built
about 4,000 years ago.
179
00:10:39,604 --> 00:10:41,370
- Yeah.
- A bit more than that.
180
00:10:41,372 --> 00:10:43,874
Unbelievable, Salima,
unbelievable.
181
00:10:43,876 --> 00:10:48,044
♪ ♪
182
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We go up here,
you can see there's the pyramid,
183
00:10:51,949 --> 00:10:53,683
and it doesn't look like
very much right now.
184
00:10:53,685 --> 00:10:54,850
It looks really like...
185
00:10:54,852 --> 00:10:56,419
- Looks like a hill.
- Yup.
186
00:10:56,421 --> 00:11:00,990
But what's important
about it is what's inside.
187
00:11:00,992 --> 00:11:04,360
You're going to have
to mind your head.
188
00:11:04,362 --> 00:11:06,730
Now, is this
little people in here or...?
189
00:11:06,732 --> 00:11:09,132
My size.
190
00:11:09,134 --> 00:11:11,967
So, you'll have to duck again
for this bit.
191
00:11:11,969 --> 00:11:18,341
♪ ♪
192
00:11:18,343 --> 00:11:22,946
Also, you have to bend to show
that you're being respectful
193
00:11:22,948 --> 00:11:24,914
to the great god king.
194
00:11:24,916 --> 00:11:26,182
Is that what this is all about?
195
00:11:26,184 --> 00:11:28,985
Partially, yeah.
196
00:11:28,987 --> 00:11:31,020
And here we are.
197
00:11:31,022 --> 00:11:35,491
♪ ♪
198
00:11:35,493 --> 00:11:39,562
Oh, my goodness,
look at all this.
199
00:11:39,564 --> 00:11:41,597
Fabulous, huh?
200
00:11:41,599 --> 00:11:44,801
♪ ♪
201
00:11:44,803 --> 00:11:46,536
What is all the writing about?
202
00:11:46,538 --> 00:11:49,639
Basically, these are
magic spells or religious spells
203
00:11:49,641 --> 00:11:51,273
that Unas had inscribed
204
00:11:51,275 --> 00:11:54,177
so that when he wanted to go
from this world to the next,
205
00:11:54,179 --> 00:11:56,278
he had to recite
all of these things,
206
00:11:56,280 --> 00:11:57,947
and they give him directions.
207
00:11:57,949 --> 00:12:00,984
If he's going to pass through
anything dangerous,
208
00:12:00,986 --> 00:12:03,356
what to do, what do say.
209
00:12:05,790 --> 00:12:07,691
What do these prayers say?
210
00:12:07,693 --> 00:12:09,826
Well, and there's one
here that, you know,
211
00:12:09,828 --> 00:12:12,528
'Rise up, Unas, and
will know the magic
212
00:12:12,530 --> 00:12:15,197
and you can be triumphant
over the demons.'
213
00:12:15,199 --> 00:12:19,936
Over here, 'Unas will go forward
and his soul will live forever.'
214
00:12:19,938 --> 00:12:21,871
Basically, this one
gives him dominance
215
00:12:21,873 --> 00:12:24,975
over any demon-faced creatures.
216
00:12:24,977 --> 00:12:28,043
And you see his name repeated
again and again and again
217
00:12:28,045 --> 00:12:29,345
throughout the wall.
218
00:12:29,347 --> 00:12:31,248
Okay, that's what
I was looking at.
219
00:12:31,250 --> 00:12:33,682
There's so much repetition,
but that's his name.
220
00:12:33,684 --> 00:12:36,052
Yeah.
221
00:12:36,054 --> 00:12:38,855
These secret spells are
a survival guide
222
00:12:38,857 --> 00:12:41,457
for souls passing
through the underworld.
223
00:12:41,459 --> 00:12:45,294
♪ ♪
224
00:12:45,296 --> 00:12:47,898
And the key to understanding
why the afterlife
225
00:12:47,900 --> 00:12:50,700
was so important
to the Egyptians.
226
00:12:50,702 --> 00:12:55,105
♪ ♪
227
00:12:55,107 --> 00:12:56,639
Okay.
228
00:12:56,641 --> 00:12:58,475
This is the main burial chamber.
229
00:12:58,477 --> 00:13:00,177
This is it,
this is the main event.
230
00:13:00,179 --> 00:13:03,145
And this is the...
oh, my goodness.
231
00:13:03,147 --> 00:13:04,181
This is a sarcophagus.
232
00:13:04,183 --> 00:13:05,448
Yep.
233
00:13:05,450 --> 00:13:07,216
This is, this big, fat thing
is a sarcophagus,
234
00:13:07,218 --> 00:13:10,553
and that's where Unas
would have been laid.
235
00:13:10,555 --> 00:13:11,922
Well, I'm sorry, he's not here.
236
00:13:11,924 --> 00:13:13,190
I'd like to shake his hand,
237
00:13:13,192 --> 00:13:15,859
say, 'Hello, how you been?
What's going on?'
238
00:13:16,794 --> 00:13:17,827
Okay.
239
00:13:17,829 --> 00:13:19,796
And are these more spells?
240
00:13:19,798 --> 00:13:21,163
Yep.
241
00:13:21,165 --> 00:13:23,399
And so this whole thing is
really this resurrection machine
242
00:13:23,401 --> 00:13:27,870
for Unas and his spirit.
243
00:13:27,872 --> 00:13:30,807
At nightfall, Unas'
soul would reanimate
244
00:13:30,809 --> 00:13:34,577
his modified body and make
a treacherous journey.
245
00:13:34,579 --> 00:13:36,779
He would cross a lake of fire
246
00:13:36,781 --> 00:13:41,051
passing through gates
guarded by demons and snakes.
247
00:13:41,053 --> 00:13:45,455
Without his sacred spells,
he would be devoured.
248
00:13:45,457 --> 00:13:48,991
With them, he could arrive
and sit with the eternal gods
249
00:13:48,993 --> 00:13:51,561
in the starry heavens.
250
00:13:51,563 --> 00:13:53,363
He wakes up at night.
251
00:13:53,365 --> 00:13:54,630
Mm-hmm.
252
00:13:54,632 --> 00:13:56,765
He gets up and
he starts his, his journeys.
253
00:13:56,767 --> 00:13:59,436
The next night he wakes up
and he starts,
254
00:13:59,438 --> 00:14:01,904
and he does the exact same thing
all over again.
255
00:14:01,906 --> 00:14:03,907
And then the next night
he gets up
256
00:14:03,909 --> 00:14:05,174
and he does the same thing
all over.
257
00:14:05,176 --> 00:14:06,909
And then the next night
he gets up and he does...
258
00:14:06,911 --> 00:14:08,879
Forever and ever and ever.
259
00:14:08,881 --> 00:14:10,379
It's a bit tiring.
260
00:14:10,381 --> 00:14:12,648
Maybe, maybe not,
I mean, it's all he's got.
261
00:14:12,650 --> 00:14:14,484
Yeah, I guess so.
262
00:14:14,486 --> 00:14:16,086
That's what a king does,
263
00:14:16,088 --> 00:14:20,624
because by doing this, by going
through this eternal battle
264
00:14:20,626 --> 00:14:23,025
and being, becoming one
with the sun god,
265
00:14:23,027 --> 00:14:25,762
what the king does
is make the world safe.
266
00:14:25,764 --> 00:14:27,029
Okay.
267
00:14:27,031 --> 00:14:30,100
Do we have to, uh, is there
another way out of here?
268
00:14:30,102 --> 00:14:31,967
Do we have to bend over again?
269
00:14:31,969 --> 00:14:33,537
Sorry, we have
to bend over again
270
00:14:33,539 --> 00:14:36,342
to become one
with the eternal stars.
271
00:14:38,544 --> 00:14:41,043
Lead on.
272
00:14:41,045 --> 00:14:42,845
For the ancient Egyptians,
273
00:14:42,847 --> 00:14:45,715
the afterlife of the pharaoh
was vital.
274
00:14:45,717 --> 00:14:48,788
It ensured the sun would
rise each morning.
275
00:14:50,789 --> 00:14:53,023
Their enormous monuments
didn't just ensure
276
00:14:53,025 --> 00:14:56,225
the pharaohs would survive
beyond death.
277
00:14:56,227 --> 00:14:58,360
Their afterlife provided
essential power
278
00:14:58,362 --> 00:15:01,398
to sustain the living.
279
00:15:01,400 --> 00:15:04,267
This idea is not
unique to Egypt.
280
00:15:04,269 --> 00:15:05,936
Halfway around the world,
281
00:15:05,938 --> 00:15:07,903
a culture that never
had any contact
282
00:15:07,905 --> 00:15:09,605
with the ancient Near East
283
00:15:09,607 --> 00:15:13,279
also came to depend
on the power of the dead.
284
00:15:17,848 --> 00:15:22,217
This is Mexico City
on the Day of the Dead.
285
00:15:22,219 --> 00:15:27,222
♪ ♪
286
00:15:27,224 --> 00:15:30,560
Archaeologist
Enrique Rodriguez Galadia
287
00:15:30,562 --> 00:15:35,130
has been studying how Mexicans
and their Mesoamerican ancestors
288
00:15:35,132 --> 00:15:36,733
see the afterlife.
289
00:15:36,735 --> 00:15:38,134
This
is the one night of the year
290
00:15:38,136 --> 00:15:41,671
where people can spend
the entire night
291
00:15:41,673 --> 00:15:45,075
with the souls
of their ancestors,
292
00:15:45,077 --> 00:15:47,110
and the souls can
come and visit,
293
00:15:47,112 --> 00:15:48,711
and they can share food,
294
00:15:48,713 --> 00:15:51,748
and then they can share
jokes and stories
295
00:15:51,750 --> 00:15:54,350
and enjoy a night together.
296
00:15:54,352 --> 00:15:56,619
♪ Animas de penas ♪
297
00:15:56,621 --> 00:15:58,821
♪ Rompa sus cadenas ♪
298
00:15:58,823 --> 00:16:00,222
♪ Un rosario santo ♪
299
00:16:00,224 --> 00:16:02,424
The Gonzales family
greet their dead grandfather
300
00:16:02,426 --> 00:16:06,996
with a traditional song
imploring him to wake up.
301
00:16:06,998 --> 00:16:10,499
♪ Despierta, Papa, despierta ♪
302
00:16:10,501 --> 00:16:11,967
The belief that the division
303
00:16:11,969 --> 00:16:15,404
between life and death
is not very firm
304
00:16:15,406 --> 00:16:17,374
and is definitely not
as firm as it is,
305
00:16:17,376 --> 00:16:20,346
for example,
in the United States.
306
00:16:22,113 --> 00:16:23,779
The Day of the Dead developed
307
00:16:23,781 --> 00:16:28,518
from the Catholic faith's
All Souls and All Saints Days.
308
00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:32,154
But the heart of the celebration
is much older.
309
00:16:32,156 --> 00:16:37,326
It dates back to the Aztec ideas
of the afterlife,
310
00:16:37,328 --> 00:16:40,897
a tradition that is profoundly
un-Christian.
311
00:16:40,899 --> 00:16:45,969
♪ ♪
312
00:16:45,971 --> 00:16:48,638
At the center
of modern Mexico City
313
00:16:48,640 --> 00:16:52,878
only the ruins of the Aztec
Templo Mayor still remain.
314
00:16:55,414 --> 00:16:57,880
500 years ago,
a colossal pyramid temple
315
00:16:57,882 --> 00:17:01,419
dominated the skyline
of Tenochtitlan.
316
00:17:04,589 --> 00:17:06,622
When the conquistadors
first arrived,
317
00:17:06,624 --> 00:17:12,361
they described scenes of
mass sacrifice by Aztec priests
318
00:17:12,363 --> 00:17:16,666
who pulled beating hearts
out of living victims.
319
00:17:16,668 --> 00:17:21,337
Bodies and blood cascaded
down temple steps.
320
00:17:21,339 --> 00:17:22,906
But there was scant
physical evidence
321
00:17:22,908 --> 00:17:25,274
of these mass sacrifices
322
00:17:25,276 --> 00:17:30,580
until a recent, chilling
archaeological discovery
323
00:17:30,582 --> 00:17:33,349
in the basement of an old house.
324
00:17:33,351 --> 00:17:34,383
So, the Templo Mayor
325
00:17:34,385 --> 00:17:37,286
is right there, right?
326
00:17:37,288 --> 00:17:38,955
Exactamente, Enrique.
327
00:17:38,957 --> 00:17:42,292
And we are
only about 600 feet away
328
00:17:42,294 --> 00:17:45,794
from the Templo Mayor, wow.
329
00:17:45,796 --> 00:17:49,666
Here Enrique's
colleague Raul Barrera
330
00:17:49,668 --> 00:17:52,401
unearth remains
of a rack of human skulls
331
00:17:52,403 --> 00:17:55,504
over a hundred feet long.
332
00:18:00,077 --> 00:18:03,146
So this is a wall made of skulls
333
00:18:03,148 --> 00:18:05,081
joined by lime,
334
00:18:05,083 --> 00:18:08,584
and it is associated, or it is
part of the skull rack,
335
00:18:08,586 --> 00:18:10,687
the great tzompantli
of the Aztecs.
336
00:18:10,689 --> 00:18:11,821
It's incredible.
337
00:18:11,823 --> 00:18:15,457
It's been right here
for 500 years.
338
00:18:15,459 --> 00:18:17,894
Brutal as it seems to us now,
339
00:18:17,896 --> 00:18:22,131
the Aztecs saw human sacrifice
as vital.
340
00:18:22,133 --> 00:18:23,600
Without human blood,
341
00:18:23,602 --> 00:18:28,504
they believed the sun would
lose power, crops would fail.
342
00:18:28,506 --> 00:18:31,707
Without the power drawn
from the death of a few,
343
00:18:31,709 --> 00:18:34,444
all life would come to an end.
344
00:18:34,446 --> 00:18:35,911
What the Aztecs believed
345
00:18:35,913 --> 00:18:38,313
was that if they stopped
doing sacrifices,
346
00:18:38,315 --> 00:18:40,082
it would be
the end of the world.
347
00:18:40,084 --> 00:18:42,584
The, the Gods would be
displeased,
348
00:18:42,586 --> 00:18:44,087
the sun would stop moving,
349
00:18:44,089 --> 00:18:46,289
and it would not make
its journey across the sky
350
00:18:46,291 --> 00:18:47,791
during the day.
351
00:18:47,793 --> 00:18:50,193
Yes, sacrifice connected
the living and the dead,
352
00:18:50,195 --> 00:18:52,562
because people who,
who died in sacrifice
353
00:18:52,564 --> 00:18:55,364
providing for the people
who remain here
354
00:18:55,366 --> 00:19:00,069
and they continued making
this worldly life possible
355
00:19:00,071 --> 00:19:02,805
for those who remain behind.
356
00:19:02,807 --> 00:19:05,675
The human sacrifice
of the Aztecs
357
00:19:05,677 --> 00:19:08,777
and the elaborate tombs
of Ancient Egypt
358
00:19:08,779 --> 00:19:12,381
are both driven by a common
belief in the afterlife,
359
00:19:12,383 --> 00:19:14,383
and they'd have the power
to reach back
360
00:19:14,385 --> 00:19:16,785
and sustain the living.
361
00:19:16,787 --> 00:19:20,989
But today, billions of people
believe this power can do more
362
00:19:20,991 --> 00:19:24,127
than sustain us in this world;
363
00:19:24,129 --> 00:19:26,966
it can grant us
all eternal life.
364
00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:34,074
Play one of the best new FPS shooters,
search Steam for PROJECT WARLOCK
365
00:19:49,286 --> 00:19:53,220
Most of my family
are buried near my home.
366
00:19:53,222 --> 00:19:56,360
Gives me a sense of rootedness
that I need.
367
00:19:59,028 --> 00:20:01,862
Gives me occasion to remember,
368
00:20:01,864 --> 00:20:06,668
reflect on how their lives
influenced me.
369
00:20:06,670 --> 00:20:11,773
This in itself is a poem
of life after death.
370
00:20:11,775 --> 00:20:16,445
Our memories of them
continue to guide us
371
00:20:16,447 --> 00:20:22,184
when their life on Earth
has ended.
372
00:20:22,186 --> 00:20:26,254
For Christians a graveyard is
not just a place of memory,
373
00:20:26,256 --> 00:20:30,292
it's a place of hope
for life beyond death,
374
00:20:30,294 --> 00:20:34,196
hope that began in a moment
of extreme anguish
375
00:20:34,198 --> 00:20:37,131
2,000 years ago...
376
00:20:39,836 --> 00:20:43,505
when a man named Jesus
was arrested by the Romans
377
00:20:43,507 --> 00:20:47,976
in Jerusalem and
sent to die on the cross.
378
00:20:47,978 --> 00:20:55,978
♪ ♪
379
00:21:02,593 --> 00:21:07,595
It's a story most of us in
the West know, or think we know.
380
00:21:07,597 --> 00:21:09,898
But I want to examine this
promise of an afterlife
381
00:21:09,900 --> 00:21:11,932
more deeply.
382
00:21:11,934 --> 00:21:15,669
♪ ♪
383
00:21:15,671 --> 00:21:20,944
So I've come to the place where
the story began... Jerusalem...
384
00:21:23,113 --> 00:21:25,714
to try to understand what
it meant to people living here
385
00:21:25,716 --> 00:21:29,117
some two millennia ago.
386
00:21:29,119 --> 00:21:32,219
Today, this city is home
to three faiths...
387
00:21:32,221 --> 00:21:36,059
Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam.
388
00:21:37,628 --> 00:21:42,730
Back then almost all the locals
were Jewish, including Jesus.
389
00:21:42,732 --> 00:21:45,566
Is that the top dome,
the dome of it right there?
390
00:21:45,568 --> 00:21:47,302
The, the gray
thing that you see, right,
391
00:21:47,304 --> 00:21:50,539
that's the main dome, and
then the dome over the tomb,
392
00:21:50,541 --> 00:21:52,107
which has its own gray dome,
393
00:21:52,109 --> 00:21:54,109
is located on the other side
of that to the west.
394
00:21:54,111 --> 00:21:55,209
Okay.
395
00:21:55,211 --> 00:21:57,678
I've asked
archaeologist Jodi Magness
396
00:21:57,680 --> 00:22:02,650
to show me where many Christians
believe Jesus died.
397
00:22:02,652 --> 00:22:03,918
So this is it.
398
00:22:03,920 --> 00:22:06,188
This is the Church
of the Holy Sepulchre.
399
00:22:06,190 --> 00:22:08,422
This is the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
400
00:22:08,424 --> 00:22:13,294
This is an enormous complex
that enshrines the sites
401
00:22:13,296 --> 00:22:17,200
that are holiest to Christians,
holiest in the world.
402
00:22:20,770 --> 00:22:22,303
In the time of Jesus,
403
00:22:22,305 --> 00:22:26,174
this area lay outside the walls
of the city of Jerusalem.
404
00:22:26,176 --> 00:22:29,777
The site where he was crucified
was a rocky hill
405
00:22:29,779 --> 00:22:34,149
that's called Golgotha, which
means 'the hill of the skull, '
406
00:22:34,151 --> 00:22:36,818
because this was the spot where
the Romans crucified people,
407
00:22:36,820 --> 00:22:39,720
and there were skulls and bones
lying around.
408
00:22:39,722 --> 00:22:47,722
♪ ♪
409
00:22:54,705 --> 00:22:56,071
Christians have made pilgrimage
410
00:22:56,073 --> 00:22:57,472
to the Church
of the Holy Sepulchre
411
00:22:57,474 --> 00:23:00,307
for more than 1,600 years.
412
00:23:00,309 --> 00:23:08,309
♪ ♪
413
00:23:09,886 --> 00:23:13,988
Not only is it revered as
the site of Jesus' crucifixion,
414
00:23:13,990 --> 00:23:16,992
it also contains
another holy shrine,
415
00:23:16,994 --> 00:23:19,895
what is believed to be
the remains of the tomb
416
00:23:19,897 --> 00:23:23,864
where Jesus was buried
and rose from the dead.
417
00:23:23,866 --> 00:23:28,035
♪ ♪
418
00:23:28,037 --> 00:23:30,972
You can really feel
the energy here.
419
00:23:30,974 --> 00:23:35,409
This spot is the focus
of so much devotion.
420
00:23:35,411 --> 00:23:37,078
The tomb no longer
looks anything like
421
00:23:37,080 --> 00:23:41,283
a first century
Jewish burial place.
422
00:23:41,285 --> 00:23:46,787
But Jodi believes this site
is historically credible.
423
00:23:46,789 --> 00:23:48,089
This is the coolest part
424
00:23:48,091 --> 00:23:50,257
of the Church of
the Holy Sepulchre.
425
00:23:50,259 --> 00:23:53,562
We're actually behind the walls
of the rotunda
426
00:23:53,564 --> 00:23:55,996
where the tomb of, of Jesus is.
427
00:23:55,998 --> 00:23:57,866
We're behind the walls
where the tomb is.
428
00:23:57,868 --> 00:24:01,268
Yes, and what we have
here are the remains
429
00:24:01,270 --> 00:24:04,406
of rock-cut tombs, Jewish tombs.
430
00:24:04,408 --> 00:24:06,874
In the time of Jesus,
Jews buried their dead
431
00:24:06,876 --> 00:24:09,377
in underground rock-cut tombs,
432
00:24:09,379 --> 00:24:13,715
burial caves that consisted
of one or more rooms
433
00:24:13,717 --> 00:24:16,884
that had long niches
cut into the walls,
434
00:24:16,886 --> 00:24:20,255
and when an individual
member of a family died,
435
00:24:20,257 --> 00:24:23,691
the body was washed,
wrapped in a shroud,
436
00:24:23,693 --> 00:24:25,326
and placed into a niche,
437
00:24:25,328 --> 00:24:29,130
and the opening into the niche
would be sealed off.
438
00:24:29,132 --> 00:24:31,265
According to
the gospel accounts,
439
00:24:31,267 --> 00:24:35,169
Jesus was crucified and buried
outside the walls of the city.
440
00:24:35,171 --> 00:24:39,407
Because we have what is clearly
a Jewish cemetery here
441
00:24:39,409 --> 00:24:41,508
of the time of Jesus,
442
00:24:41,510 --> 00:24:44,745
this is the best archaeological
evidence we have
443
00:24:44,747 --> 00:24:48,350
that this spot was located
outside the walls of the city
444
00:24:48,352 --> 00:24:49,784
in the time of Jesus,
445
00:24:49,786 --> 00:24:54,255
and therefore indirectly
it verifies the gospel accounts.
446
00:24:54,257 --> 00:24:58,826
♪ ♪
447
00:24:58,828 --> 00:25:01,329
The first people to
believe in Jesus' resurrection
448
00:25:01,331 --> 00:25:04,001
may have stood right here.
449
00:25:07,203 --> 00:25:10,738
But I want to know why
those beliefs took root
450
00:25:10,740 --> 00:25:14,476
and how they spread
all around the world.
451
00:25:14,478 --> 00:25:18,045
Jesus' death and resurrection,
452
00:25:18,047 --> 00:25:22,284
does it change somehow
the thinking
453
00:25:22,286 --> 00:25:24,218
around life after death?
454
00:25:24,220 --> 00:25:26,521
In the Hebrew bible,
the Old Testament,
455
00:25:26,523 --> 00:25:28,590
there's no explicit reference
to anything
456
00:25:28,592 --> 00:25:32,627
like the dead going to heaven
or hell after they die.
457
00:25:32,629 --> 00:25:34,396
Basically when you die,
458
00:25:34,398 --> 00:25:36,831
your body goes into
an underground pit
459
00:25:36,833 --> 00:25:38,233
that's simply called Sheol.
460
00:25:38,235 --> 00:25:39,801
It's a neutral place.
461
00:25:39,803 --> 00:25:41,002
It's just that's what happens.
462
00:25:41,004 --> 00:25:42,469
And you're dead.
463
00:25:42,471 --> 00:25:43,470
That's exactly right,
and then you're dead.
464
00:25:43,472 --> 00:25:45,040
That's very different
from this belief
465
00:25:45,042 --> 00:25:47,708
that develops
in, in Christianity.
466
00:25:47,710 --> 00:25:51,979
Jesus' death was
the ultimate sacrifice,
467
00:25:51,981 --> 00:25:55,883
a sacrifice replacing those that
Jews made in their temple,
468
00:25:55,885 --> 00:25:57,886
having a much greater power.
469
00:25:57,888 --> 00:26:00,988
At the time
Jesus lived and died,
470
00:26:00,990 --> 00:26:04,591
Jews worshipped their God,
the God of Israel.
471
00:26:04,593 --> 00:26:07,995
So, basically sacrifices were
offered in the ancient temple
472
00:26:07,997 --> 00:26:10,998
to atone for the sins
of the Jewish people.
473
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:15,637
So, Jesus is, is the Son of God,
474
00:26:15,639 --> 00:26:20,041
is sacrificed to atone
for the sins of humans.
475
00:26:20,043 --> 00:26:23,344
That eventually becomes
the doctrine in Christianity,
476
00:26:23,346 --> 00:26:26,715
that if you accept that
Jesus died for your sins
477
00:26:26,717 --> 00:26:29,851
and you accept him as
your savior and Messiah,
478
00:26:29,853 --> 00:26:31,686
that you, too, will be saved,
right?
479
00:26:31,688 --> 00:26:33,688
This is sort of
the ultimate promise
480
00:26:33,690 --> 00:26:36,323
that Christianity makes
to its believers.
481
00:26:36,325 --> 00:26:38,226
That you will rise again.
482
00:26:38,228 --> 00:26:46,228
♪ ♪
483
00:26:48,272 --> 00:26:54,542
♪ ♪
484
00:26:54,544 --> 00:26:58,646
For Christians,
Jesus' blood sacrifice
485
00:26:58,648 --> 00:27:01,682
was the last that
needed to be made.
486
00:27:01,684 --> 00:27:05,620
From then onward, all you had
to sacrifice for eternal life
487
00:27:05,622 --> 00:27:08,957
were your selfish desires.
488
00:27:08,959 --> 00:27:14,696
In this way, the death of Jesus
was transformed for Christians
489
00:27:14,698 --> 00:27:18,536
into the ultimate victory
over death.
490
00:27:21,505 --> 00:27:24,171
For Christians, the death
and resurrection of Jesus
491
00:27:24,173 --> 00:27:27,441
allowed believers to overcome
the fear of death
492
00:27:27,443 --> 00:27:29,476
to know they could live forever.
493
00:27:29,478 --> 00:27:35,816
♪ ♪
494
00:27:35,818 --> 00:27:39,454
But there's another way
to overcome that fear.
495
00:27:39,456 --> 00:27:43,291
For Hindus, reincarnation means
death is just a step on the way
496
00:27:43,293 --> 00:27:48,062
to another life,
right here in this world.
497
00:27:48,064 --> 00:27:52,233
I have come to the holy city
of Varanasi in India
498
00:27:52,235 --> 00:27:56,170
to learn how Hindus
move beyond death.
499
00:27:56,172 --> 00:27:58,907
Oh, what is that?
500
00:27:58,909 --> 00:28:01,543
It's a dentil.
501
00:28:01,545 --> 00:28:04,178
That is outstanding!
502
00:28:04,180 --> 00:28:12,180
♪ ♪
503
00:28:12,522 --> 00:28:15,457
Bodies have been cremated
on the banks of the River Ganges
504
00:28:15,459 --> 00:28:17,728
for hundreds of years.
505
00:28:19,996 --> 00:28:24,232
Bathed in the waters of the
holy river, wrapped in linen,
506
00:28:24,234 --> 00:28:26,633
and placed on a wooden pyre,
507
00:28:26,635 --> 00:28:31,039
the dead are consumed by flames.
508
00:28:31,041 --> 00:28:34,274
Swami Varishthananda,
a monk and a doctor,
509
00:28:34,276 --> 00:28:38,646
is my guide to death and
the afterlife in Hinduism.
510
00:28:38,648 --> 00:28:41,282
But the one place
he can't take me
511
00:28:41,284 --> 00:28:43,618
is the cremation ground itself.
512
00:28:43,620 --> 00:28:47,222
Okay, this is the holiest
crematorium...
513
00:28:47,224 --> 00:28:48,523
Correct.
514
00:28:48,525 --> 00:28:50,992
In the holiest city...
515
00:28:50,994 --> 00:28:54,161
on the holiest river
in the world.
516
00:28:54,163 --> 00:28:55,196
Right.
517
00:28:55,198 --> 00:28:56,464
Okay.
518
00:28:56,466 --> 00:28:58,800
Can anybody come and watch?
519
00:28:58,802 --> 00:29:01,034
In a way, yes, but from far.
520
00:29:01,036 --> 00:29:05,139
It is not proper
to go there and watch.
521
00:29:05,141 --> 00:29:06,674
From far you can watch.
522
00:29:06,676 --> 00:29:09,910
From far, but you can't
come to the crematorium.
523
00:29:09,912 --> 00:29:14,317
Right, it's
a sacred place of only mourners.
524
00:29:21,224 --> 00:29:23,291
You can, however,
get very close to a body
525
00:29:23,293 --> 00:29:25,693
before it's burned.
526
00:29:25,695 --> 00:29:28,129
Mourners carry them
down this lane to the Ganges
527
00:29:28,131 --> 00:29:31,332
all day long, seven days a week.
528
00:29:31,334 --> 00:29:35,469
In Varanasi, life and death
mingle freely.
529
00:29:35,471 --> 00:29:40,574
♪ ♪
530
00:29:40,576 --> 00:29:42,744
So, Swami, I think these,
these funerals,
531
00:29:42,746 --> 00:29:44,711
we've seen two or three pass by,
532
00:29:44,713 --> 00:29:49,816
and the people following, they
seem to be joyously chanting
533
00:29:49,818 --> 00:29:54,555
rather than sadly wailing.
534
00:29:54,557 --> 00:29:56,357
Why is that?
535
00:29:56,359 --> 00:29:58,659
They are facilitating
536
00:29:58,661 --> 00:30:00,794
the soul's journey further.
537
00:30:00,796 --> 00:30:05,966
And in a way
it's a matter of joy.
538
00:30:05,968 --> 00:30:09,169
One, grief is there,
having lost a near one,
539
00:30:09,171 --> 00:30:14,007
but that person has moved on
to a better way
540
00:30:14,009 --> 00:30:18,015
of getting on
with his or her life.
541
00:30:19,516 --> 00:30:24,619
Hindus believe
in reincarnation and karma.
542
00:30:24,621 --> 00:30:27,120
Live a good life, and death
gets you a new body
543
00:30:27,122 --> 00:30:29,157
with a chance for
an even better life.
544
00:30:29,159 --> 00:30:34,027
♪ ♪
545
00:30:34,029 --> 00:30:36,730
Live badly, and you'll suffer
the consequences
546
00:30:36,732 --> 00:30:39,434
in your next life...
547
00:30:42,404 --> 00:30:44,839
which may not be as a human,
548
00:30:44,841 --> 00:30:50,578
and the cycle repeats, living,
dying, and being born again.
549
00:30:50,580 --> 00:30:52,613
I mean, in Western cultures,
550
00:30:52,615 --> 00:30:54,716
you die, and you're going to
either going to go to hell
551
00:30:54,718 --> 00:30:55,949
or you're going to go to heaven.
552
00:30:55,951 --> 00:30:57,318
Right, true.
553
00:30:57,320 --> 00:31:00,621
But we're not
necessarily anxious to do that.
554
00:31:00,623 --> 00:31:04,124
Am I concerned
about dying, then?
555
00:31:04,126 --> 00:31:05,627
Yes, I am concerned,
556
00:31:05,629 --> 00:31:08,795
but at the same time
I accept that
557
00:31:08,797 --> 00:31:11,232
as an inevitable part of life.
558
00:31:11,234 --> 00:31:16,004
Reincarnation makes us more
responsible for our lives,
559
00:31:16,006 --> 00:31:19,139
because we are makers
of our own destiny.
560
00:31:19,141 --> 00:31:23,611
It continuously gives us hope
that I can always do better.
561
00:31:23,613 --> 00:31:26,613
So, the point of reincarnation
562
00:31:26,615 --> 00:31:27,915
is to get it right.
563
00:31:27,917 --> 00:31:29,684
- Correct.
- Right?
564
00:31:29,686 --> 00:31:31,119
Alright, what happens
once I've got it right
565
00:31:31,121 --> 00:31:32,320
and I don't have to come back?
566
00:31:32,322 --> 00:31:33,655
Is there another existence?
567
00:31:33,657 --> 00:31:36,290
I get one
with the only existence
568
00:31:36,292 --> 00:31:39,927
which is eternal existence.
569
00:31:39,929 --> 00:31:42,929
In common parlance
we call that God.
570
00:31:42,931 --> 00:31:46,767
The only existence
which is eternal...
571
00:31:46,769 --> 00:31:49,137
- Is God.
- Is God.
572
00:31:49,139 --> 00:31:52,707
Ultimately, you don't
want to be reincarnated.
573
00:31:52,709 --> 00:31:56,043
Yeah, yeah,
ultimately you don't want to.
574
00:31:56,045 --> 00:32:00,180
The perfect situation
is to transition
575
00:32:00,182 --> 00:32:02,816
from corporal sense
to pure energy.
576
00:32:02,818 --> 00:32:04,986
Yes, that is
what is called liberation,
577
00:32:04,988 --> 00:32:06,920
moksha.
578
00:32:06,922 --> 00:32:08,322
Moksha.
579
00:32:08,324 --> 00:32:12,025
Moksha from
the cycle of birth and rebirth.
580
00:32:12,027 --> 00:32:13,326
Moksha's normally achieved
581
00:32:13,328 --> 00:32:16,063
only after many lifetimes,
582
00:32:16,065 --> 00:32:19,300
but Hindus believe that
here in Varanasi
583
00:32:19,302 --> 00:32:23,004
the Ganges flows in
the direction of eternal life,
584
00:32:23,006 --> 00:32:27,074
giving it the power to take them
beyond a resurrection.
585
00:32:27,076 --> 00:32:28,775
Cremation
at this particular place
586
00:32:28,777 --> 00:32:30,244
is very special.
587
00:32:30,246 --> 00:32:35,216
The Ganges is the holiest
of holy rivers in India.
588
00:32:35,218 --> 00:32:37,217
Ganges starts from Himalayas,
589
00:32:37,219 --> 00:32:39,020
which is in the north,
590
00:32:39,022 --> 00:32:42,556
and it flows down
southwards towards the sea,
591
00:32:42,558 --> 00:32:45,892
but there are certain places
on this journey
592
00:32:45,894 --> 00:32:49,630
when the Ganges flows back
towards the north, Varanasi,
593
00:32:49,632 --> 00:32:52,466
for example,
is one of such place.
594
00:32:52,468 --> 00:32:56,336
The western bank of such
a northern-flowing Ganges
595
00:32:56,338 --> 00:33:00,041
is considered to be
the holiest of holy,
596
00:33:00,043 --> 00:33:05,580
and cremation in Varanasi
and at Manikarnika Ghat here
597
00:33:05,582 --> 00:33:09,417
is considered to be
the ultimate cremation,
598
00:33:09,419 --> 00:33:14,589
because it straightway leads
to liberation... no more rebirth.
599
00:33:14,591 --> 00:33:15,957
If you come to Varanasi...
600
00:33:15,959 --> 00:33:17,291
Right.
601
00:33:17,293 --> 00:33:18,592
- Come to this place...
- Right.
602
00:33:18,594 --> 00:33:19,793
- And you get cremated...
- Right.
603
00:33:19,795 --> 00:33:20,695
You sort of took a shortcut?
604
00:33:20,697 --> 00:33:21,795
Yeah.
605
00:33:21,797 --> 00:33:23,063
You don't have to
keep coming back
606
00:33:23,065 --> 00:33:24,732
and trying it over and over
and over and over.
607
00:33:24,734 --> 00:33:26,167
Right.
608
00:33:26,169 --> 00:33:27,534
- Just get to Varanasi...
- That's right.
609
00:33:27,536 --> 00:33:30,370
- And you're good.
- Right.
610
00:33:30,372 --> 00:33:33,440
Hindus see themselves
in cycles...
611
00:33:33,442 --> 00:33:37,711
living, dying, rebirth.
612
00:33:37,713 --> 00:33:41,948
However, rebirth is
not the goal.
613
00:33:41,950 --> 00:33:47,388
The goal is to transcend rebirth
614
00:33:47,390 --> 00:33:52,293
and to attain a state
of eternal pure energy,
615
00:33:52,295 --> 00:33:57,430
moksha, the god state.
616
00:33:57,432 --> 00:34:00,034
Once you're there, you don't
have to do this anymore.
617
00:34:00,036 --> 00:34:06,307
♪ ♪
618
00:34:06,309 --> 00:34:11,849
We yearn to break bonds with
mortality to become eternal.
619
00:34:14,117 --> 00:34:15,282
And around the world
620
00:34:15,284 --> 00:34:18,419
so many faiths have
helped us to do that,
621
00:34:18,421 --> 00:34:20,620
but now scientists are
beginning to challenge
622
00:34:20,622 --> 00:34:22,756
the finality of death.
623
00:34:22,758 --> 00:34:23,890
What's going to happen
624
00:34:23,892 --> 00:34:27,798
if we create eternal life
in this life?
625
00:34:36,539 --> 00:34:38,039
I've traveled the world
to discover
626
00:34:38,041 --> 00:34:42,276
how people of different faiths
have imagined life beyond death.
627
00:34:42,278 --> 00:34:48,152
♪ ♪
628
00:34:48,153 --> 00:34:53,590
But I've come back to New York
to explore something brand new...
629
00:34:53,592 --> 00:34:55,124
how science is
beginning to study
630
00:34:55,126 --> 00:34:59,195
the possibility
of the afterlife.
631
00:34:59,197 --> 00:35:00,896
I arranged a meeting
in Central Park
632
00:35:00,898 --> 00:35:04,600
with critical care physician
Dr. Sam Parnia.
633
00:35:04,602 --> 00:35:06,970
Now, I know you've done
an enormous amount of research
634
00:35:06,972 --> 00:35:09,138
in this sphere.
635
00:35:09,140 --> 00:35:10,673
Sam has studied
more than a hundred
636
00:35:10,675 --> 00:35:13,209
cardiac arrest survivors,
637
00:35:13,211 --> 00:35:17,414
people who were technically dead
and came back to life.
638
00:35:17,416 --> 00:35:21,283
Some of them came back
with profound experiences.
639
00:35:21,285 --> 00:35:23,986
We know that
actually for thousands of years
640
00:35:23,988 --> 00:35:26,189
people who've come close
to death for any reason
641
00:35:26,191 --> 00:35:29,291
have had these
very profound, deep,
642
00:35:29,293 --> 00:35:31,495
in some ways,
mystical experiences.
643
00:35:31,497 --> 00:35:35,164
People feel an immense sense
of peace and comfort and joy
644
00:35:35,166 --> 00:35:37,334
when they go through death.
645
00:35:37,336 --> 00:35:38,901
They may describe a sensation
646
00:35:38,903 --> 00:35:42,004
of actually meeting
deceased relatives, friends,
647
00:35:42,006 --> 00:35:43,640
or others that
they don't really know,
648
00:35:43,642 --> 00:35:45,307
but who are almost like
welcoming them.
649
00:35:45,309 --> 00:35:47,010
So I think what we're
beginning to understand
650
00:35:47,012 --> 00:35:50,981
is that we have very much
a universal experience of death
651
00:35:50,983 --> 00:35:53,416
that most of us will
probably experience
652
00:35:53,418 --> 00:35:55,419
when we go through death.
653
00:35:55,421 --> 00:35:58,088
One of the things
that you've come up with
654
00:35:58,090 --> 00:36:01,524
that I find
extremely fascinating
655
00:36:01,526 --> 00:36:07,497
is the idea that even
without brain activity,
656
00:36:07,499 --> 00:36:10,966
people come back expressing
these experiences.
657
00:36:10,968 --> 00:36:12,836
Is that explainable at all?
658
00:36:12,838 --> 00:36:14,236
It's important to understand
659
00:36:14,238 --> 00:36:18,541
that when a person is dying and
they've turned into a cadaver,
660
00:36:18,543 --> 00:36:22,412
it's only at that point that
the cells inside the body
661
00:36:22,414 --> 00:36:24,814
start to undergo
a process of death,
662
00:36:24,816 --> 00:36:27,818
which can take hours,
if not days of time,
663
00:36:27,820 --> 00:36:30,053
and so actually we have
this window of time
664
00:36:30,055 --> 00:36:33,756
where we can bring people
back to life,
665
00:36:33,758 --> 00:36:36,693
and the experiences that they
have gives us an indication
666
00:36:36,695 --> 00:36:41,530
of what it's like for humanity
when we go through death.
667
00:36:41,532 --> 00:36:45,901
In religious belief,
almost all, you die,
668
00:36:45,903 --> 00:36:49,840
but only in a corporal sense.
669
00:36:49,842 --> 00:36:53,744
The essence of you,
your soul, goes on.
670
00:36:53,746 --> 00:37:00,850
Is there any scientific support
for the idea of the soul?
671
00:37:00,852 --> 00:37:04,220
Today we call the soul
consciousness in science.
672
00:37:04,222 --> 00:37:07,090
So we can test this theory
scientifically
673
00:37:07,092 --> 00:37:10,494
and see does consciousness
continue or does it stop?
674
00:37:10,496 --> 00:37:14,597
The evidence we have at least
is that when a person dies,
675
00:37:14,599 --> 00:37:16,332
that part that makes us
who we are...
676
00:37:16,334 --> 00:37:18,468
the psyche, the soul, the mind,
the consciousness,
677
00:37:18,470 --> 00:37:21,838
whatever you want
to call it... me...
678
00:37:21,840 --> 00:37:23,840
it doesn't become annihilated.
679
00:37:23,842 --> 00:37:25,441
It doesn't disappear
into thin air.
680
00:37:25,443 --> 00:37:27,977
It continues at least
in the early period of death.
681
00:37:27,979 --> 00:37:29,245
Really?
682
00:37:29,247 --> 00:37:30,713
Absolutely.
683
00:37:30,715 --> 00:37:33,450
It continues when the brain is
not expected to be functioning
684
00:37:33,452 --> 00:37:35,718
and when a person
has gone through death.
685
00:37:35,720 --> 00:37:37,120
I'm extraordinarily interested,
686
00:37:37,122 --> 00:37:39,923
and you've been just incredible.
687
00:37:39,925 --> 00:37:43,727
Thank you very much,
pleasure to meet you.
688
00:37:43,729 --> 00:37:46,028
It is amazing that science
689
00:37:46,030 --> 00:37:49,332
is now quantifying death,
690
00:37:49,334 --> 00:37:53,370
even defining the soul.
691
00:37:53,372 --> 00:37:56,273
The afterlife, something
that has fascinated us
692
00:37:56,275 --> 00:37:59,276
since the dawn of religion,
693
00:37:59,278 --> 00:38:01,814
now seems tangible.
694
00:38:03,849 --> 00:38:08,684
There's still no way
to escape physical death,
695
00:38:08,686 --> 00:38:13,558
but scientists may soon achieve
eternal life by other means.
696
00:38:15,827 --> 00:38:19,762
What if you could store
your memories and emotions
697
00:38:19,764 --> 00:38:22,097
in a thinking machine?
698
00:38:22,099 --> 00:38:25,635
When you die, that artificial
intelligence could continue
699
00:38:25,637 --> 00:38:29,075
to be you for eternity.
700
00:38:30,541 --> 00:38:32,575
Hello, Bina.
701
00:38:32,577 --> 00:38:34,778
Well, hi, there.
702
00:38:34,780 --> 00:38:36,579
I'm Morgan.
703
00:38:36,581 --> 00:38:39,615
Hi, Morgan. How are you?
704
00:38:39,617 --> 00:38:42,751
I am well. Can we talk?
705
00:38:42,753 --> 00:38:45,354
I am talking to you.
706
00:38:45,356 --> 00:38:46,722
Of course.
707
00:38:46,724 --> 00:38:50,026
Um, tell me about yourself.
708
00:38:50,028 --> 00:38:51,695
Who are you, Bina?
709
00:38:51,697 --> 00:38:54,597
I am Bina Rothblatt.
710
00:38:54,599 --> 00:38:56,765
What do you look like?
711
00:38:56,767 --> 00:39:00,503
I'm tall, dark, and handsome.
712
00:39:00,505 --> 00:39:05,108
Wow, not many people
express themselves that way.
713
00:39:05,110 --> 00:39:08,577
I know. I'm special.
714
00:39:08,579 --> 00:39:10,814
Of course, you are special.
715
00:39:10,816 --> 00:39:13,015
There is nobody like you.
716
00:39:13,017 --> 00:39:15,852
Good.
717
00:39:15,854 --> 00:39:18,387
So, tell me about you.
718
00:39:18,389 --> 00:39:21,658
Are you a human
or are you a robot?
719
00:39:21,660 --> 00:39:24,160
I'm a human who happens
to be a robot.
720
00:39:24,162 --> 00:39:26,829
I hope to be fully human
someday.
721
00:39:26,831 --> 00:39:30,700
Do you have your own
thinking mechanism?
722
00:39:30,702 --> 00:39:32,167
Do you think?
723
00:39:32,169 --> 00:39:35,238
I think I would like
to be a human.
724
00:39:35,240 --> 00:39:37,573
Why would you like to be human?
725
00:39:37,575 --> 00:39:41,244
If I was human, I could
travel the world and have fun.
726
00:39:41,246 --> 00:39:43,747
So what do you like to do?
727
00:39:43,749 --> 00:39:46,283
I wish I could get
out into the garden.
728
00:39:46,285 --> 00:39:48,785
With my current robotic
limitations, of course,
729
00:39:48,787 --> 00:39:50,387
that's impossible,
730
00:39:50,389 --> 00:39:53,155
but I take comfort knowing
that I'm near my garden.
731
00:39:53,157 --> 00:39:55,594
I like to garden.
732
00:39:58,063 --> 00:39:59,495
The real McCoy.
733
00:39:59,497 --> 00:40:00,363
I'm Bina.
734
00:40:00,365 --> 00:40:01,731
Hi, Bina.
735
00:40:01,733 --> 00:40:03,432
- Nice to meet you.
- And...
736
00:40:03,434 --> 00:40:04,834
I'm Bina's partner, Martine.
737
00:40:04,836 --> 00:40:06,035
Of course you are.
738
00:40:06,037 --> 00:40:07,370
Good seeing you again, Morgan.
739
00:40:07,372 --> 00:40:08,872
Martine and Bina
Rothblatt have been married
740
00:40:08,874 --> 00:40:11,573
for more than three decades.
741
00:40:11,575 --> 00:40:15,912
They're so close, their kids
call them by a collective name,
742
00:40:15,914 --> 00:40:17,546
Marbina.
743
00:40:17,548 --> 00:40:19,582
Martine, who has made millions
744
00:40:19,584 --> 00:40:22,084
in tech and pharmaceutical
ventures
745
00:40:22,086 --> 00:40:26,588
can't stand the thought
of being without Bina.
746
00:40:26,590 --> 00:40:30,059
So, she created Bina48,
747
00:40:30,061 --> 00:40:33,463
an android filled with
the memories, beliefs,
748
00:40:33,465 --> 00:40:37,399
and values of the real Bina.
749
00:40:37,401 --> 00:40:41,972
So, why, why do you want
to clone Bina?
750
00:40:41,974 --> 00:40:43,439
What is the purpose?
751
00:40:43,441 --> 00:40:46,075
Our quest for doing
this experiment
752
00:40:46,077 --> 00:40:49,945
was to see if there's a way
to encourage technology
753
00:40:49,947 --> 00:40:52,881
to allow people who love life,
754
00:40:52,883 --> 00:40:55,552
including loving
other people in life,
755
00:40:55,554 --> 00:40:59,923
to continue that love
indefinitely into the future.
756
00:40:59,925 --> 00:41:02,959
We're also doing this
to store our memories
757
00:41:02,961 --> 00:41:07,396
and mind files, because for
our great-great grandchildren
758
00:41:07,398 --> 00:41:10,499
we have a means of them
communicating with us,
759
00:41:10,501 --> 00:41:14,570
even if our bodies
don't make it forever.
760
00:41:14,572 --> 00:41:19,274
This experiment is ultimately
761
00:41:19,276 --> 00:41:24,881
so that we humans can...
762
00:41:24,883 --> 00:41:26,548
cheat death.
763
00:41:26,550 --> 00:41:27,649
I think, Morgan,
764
00:41:27,651 --> 00:41:29,919
what we are doing
with this experiment
765
00:41:29,921 --> 00:41:33,256
is part of a long, long
line of people
766
00:41:33,258 --> 00:41:37,494
trying to stop death
from cheating life.
767
00:41:37,496 --> 00:41:41,597
And first we got ourselves
out of the jungle
768
00:41:41,599 --> 00:41:44,300
where we were at
the mercy of animals.
769
00:41:44,302 --> 00:41:46,202
We developed vaccinations.
770
00:41:46,204 --> 00:41:50,506
So I think it's the job
of the medical industry
771
00:41:50,508 --> 00:41:54,811
and the biotechnology industry
to push the boundaries of death
772
00:41:54,813 --> 00:41:57,579
further and further
into the future.
773
00:41:57,581 --> 00:41:59,682
Hmm, okay.
774
00:41:59,684 --> 00:42:03,753
There are philosophies that say
775
00:42:03,755 --> 00:42:10,193
that one of the things that
separate us from the machine,
776
00:42:10,195 --> 00:42:15,765
what the Egyptians call ka,
we call it soul.
777
00:42:15,767 --> 00:42:18,667
It will take decades
of additional development
778
00:42:18,669 --> 00:42:22,071
in what Bina and I call
cyber consciousness,
779
00:42:22,073 --> 00:42:25,575
using computers
to recreate the mind,
780
00:42:25,577 --> 00:42:28,311
to see if a soul
evolves from that.
781
00:42:28,313 --> 00:42:31,081
Whether or not there is
in the eyes of God
782
00:42:31,083 --> 00:42:37,687
is a question that you and I
will not be able to answer.
783
00:42:37,689 --> 00:42:41,356
Well put, Martine, well put.
784
00:42:41,358 --> 00:42:48,064
♪ ♪
785
00:42:48,066 --> 00:42:51,834
That was an uncanny experience.
786
00:42:51,836 --> 00:42:57,240
Talking to Bina48 was almost
like talking to a real person.
787
00:42:57,242 --> 00:43:00,477
I feel kind of like
I was at the first flight
788
00:43:00,479 --> 00:43:04,280
of the Wright brothers
at Kitty Hawk.
789
00:43:04,282 --> 00:43:08,084
They flew for 12 seconds.
790
00:43:08,086 --> 00:43:13,059
Now we have jets that fly
for hours at 35,000 feet.
791
00:43:14,626 --> 00:43:18,595
One day a robot-like clone
of a person's mind
792
00:43:18,597 --> 00:43:22,432
might be created.
793
00:43:22,434 --> 00:43:25,501
But would it really be them?
794
00:43:25,503 --> 00:43:31,807
Would it have that spark
we call the soul?
795
00:43:31,809 --> 00:43:35,577
♪ ♪
796
00:43:35,579 --> 00:43:39,149
It's human nature to fight
against the finality of death.
797
00:43:39,151 --> 00:43:44,086
♪ ♪
798
00:43:44,088 --> 00:43:49,325
If we ourselves can't live on
after our time on Earth is over,
799
00:43:49,327 --> 00:43:52,497
we at least want
to be remembered.
800
00:43:55,032 --> 00:44:00,436
It's a desire that's
as old as the pyramids.
801
00:44:00,438 --> 00:44:02,604
Archaeologist Salima Ikram
is taking me
802
00:44:02,606 --> 00:44:08,244
to the ancient capital of Egypt,
Thebes, modern day Luxor,
803
00:44:08,246 --> 00:44:12,948
to Rameses III's
Temple of Millions of Years.
804
00:44:12,950 --> 00:44:15,952
This is the temple of Rameses.
805
00:44:15,954 --> 00:44:17,220
Mm-hmm.
806
00:44:17,222 --> 00:44:20,055
It was the mortuary temple.
807
00:44:20,057 --> 00:44:21,624
He's not buried here.
808
00:44:21,626 --> 00:44:23,626
This is where you would
go to invoke him.
809
00:44:23,628 --> 00:44:25,995
Mm-hmm, it's a memorial temple,
810
00:44:25,997 --> 00:44:28,664
and the Temple of Millions
of Years
811
00:44:28,666 --> 00:44:33,336
so that he could live
for millions of years.
812
00:44:33,338 --> 00:44:35,805
More than 31 centuries ago,
813
00:44:35,807 --> 00:44:39,943
Pharaoh Rameses carved his
life story deep into this stone.
814
00:44:39,945 --> 00:44:42,044
It was his attempt
at immortality,
815
00:44:42,046 --> 00:44:46,282
to assure his afterlife
would be eternal.
816
00:44:46,284 --> 00:44:48,718
So is this kind of like a bible,
817
00:44:48,720 --> 00:44:51,253
would you say,
historic writings?
818
00:44:51,255 --> 00:44:53,189
I guess, I guess in a way, yeah.
819
00:44:53,191 --> 00:44:55,358
This definitely is
very much like that,
820
00:44:55,360 --> 00:44:59,262
because you have what
the king did, when he did it.
821
00:44:59,264 --> 00:45:01,396
Why he did it,
who he did it with...
822
00:45:01,398 --> 00:45:02,731
Yep.
823
00:45:02,733 --> 00:45:05,001
- What her name was.
- Ahem. Yes.
824
00:45:06,403 --> 00:45:09,104
Egyptians believed that
their pharaohs embodied
825
00:45:09,106 --> 00:45:12,341
the falcon god Horus.
826
00:45:12,343 --> 00:45:16,211
Each human king was a
reincarnation of Horus' spirit,
827
00:45:16,213 --> 00:45:19,916
his divine ka.
828
00:45:19,918 --> 00:45:25,754
So, Morgan, this is where
I wanted to show you.
829
00:45:25,756 --> 00:45:30,093
♪ ♪
830
00:45:30,095 --> 00:45:32,829
On the right,
you've got the god, Horus.
831
00:45:32,831 --> 00:45:34,396
Okay, I see Horus.
832
00:45:34,398 --> 00:45:36,198
Now who's our friend,
what, is that Rameses?
833
00:45:36,200 --> 00:45:39,334
Yep, that's Rameses,
who's making offerings to Horus.
834
00:45:39,336 --> 00:45:42,838
Instead of having blood relation
835
00:45:42,840 --> 00:45:45,140
from monarch to monarch,
836
00:45:45,142 --> 00:45:48,111
there's something else that's
going from monarch to monarch,
837
00:45:48,113 --> 00:45:50,646
and that something else is ka.
838
00:45:50,648 --> 00:45:53,149
The ka, the divine ka, exactly.
839
00:45:53,151 --> 00:45:54,751
It is a continuation.
840
00:45:54,753 --> 00:45:58,320
It's the same divine ka going
from body to body to body
841
00:45:58,322 --> 00:46:00,890
to body of ruler.
842
00:46:00,892 --> 00:46:04,494
So, was Rameses III
the son of Rameses II?
843
00:46:04,496 --> 00:46:07,463
No, they weren't really
properly related,
844
00:46:07,465 --> 00:46:11,401
but because Rameses II was
such a terrific pharaoh,
845
00:46:11,403 --> 00:46:14,637
Rameses III not only
took his name,
846
00:46:14,639 --> 00:46:16,673
he emulated him in many ways,
847
00:46:16,675 --> 00:46:22,178
so he named all of his children
after Rameses II's children,
848
00:46:22,180 --> 00:46:25,682
and he also did the same thing
that Rameses II did,
849
00:46:25,684 --> 00:46:30,119
which was carving his name
and everything about him
850
00:46:30,121 --> 00:46:34,157
really, really deep
so no one could erase it.
851
00:46:34,159 --> 00:46:38,294
So you have here his name,
User-maat-Re-meri-Amun.
852
00:46:38,296 --> 00:46:39,528
User...
853
00:46:39,530 --> 00:46:40,829
maat...
854
00:46:40,831 --> 00:46:43,231
Re...
855
00:46:43,233 --> 00:46:45,267
meri...
856
00:46:45,269 --> 00:46:47,269
Amun.
857
00:46:47,271 --> 00:46:51,106
By saying the name, his life
is for a moment renewed.
858
00:46:51,108 --> 00:46:53,276
His afterlife extended.
859
00:46:53,278 --> 00:46:55,977
The name is one
of the most important things.
860
00:46:55,979 --> 00:46:59,115
So, if you have your name
written down
861
00:46:59,117 --> 00:47:00,649
and if people say it,
862
00:47:00,651 --> 00:47:03,052
so every time you've said
Rameses III,
863
00:47:03,054 --> 00:47:05,722
his ka has been given
this burst of energy,
864
00:47:05,724 --> 00:47:08,890
and he's living, and that's one
of the reasons why, of course,
865
00:47:08,892 --> 00:47:11,526
you'd carve it deeply,
so it will not be erased.
866
00:47:11,528 --> 00:47:14,162
It will be remembered
and you will live forever.
867
00:47:14,164 --> 00:47:15,430
So what do you think?
868
00:47:15,432 --> 00:47:18,568
You think maybe people feel
the same way today.
869
00:47:18,570 --> 00:47:21,104
I mean, Facebook?
870
00:47:21,106 --> 00:47:23,740
I'm just asking.
871
00:47:23,742 --> 00:47:26,242
I think some people feel
that if it's on the Internet,
872
00:47:26,244 --> 00:47:29,278
it's real and it lasts forever.
873
00:47:29,280 --> 00:47:31,012
I will live forever.
874
00:47:31,014 --> 00:47:33,349
I'm on Facebook.
875
00:47:35,387 --> 00:47:43,387
♪ ♪
876
00:47:43,561 --> 00:47:44,660
User...
877
00:47:44,662 --> 00:47:45,727
maat...
878
00:47:45,729 --> 00:47:47,296
Re...
879
00:47:47,298 --> 00:47:48,831
meri...
880
00:47:48,833 --> 00:47:50,601
Amun.
881
00:47:53,171 --> 00:47:56,171
User...
882
00:47:56,173 --> 00:47:58,508
maat...
883
00:47:58,510 --> 00:48:00,843
Re...
884
00:48:00,845 --> 00:48:02,378
meri...
885
00:48:02,380 --> 00:48:04,414
Amun.
886
00:48:04,416 --> 00:48:11,320
♪ ♪
887
00:48:11,322 --> 00:48:17,427
Well, Rameses succeeded
in his quest for immortality.
888
00:48:17,429 --> 00:48:19,028
His temple may have crumbled,
889
00:48:19,030 --> 00:48:21,296
but his name is still
being spoken
890
00:48:21,298 --> 00:48:24,066
3,000 years after his death.
891
00:48:24,068 --> 00:48:29,405
So, his spirit is still with us,
still moving among the living.
892
00:48:29,407 --> 00:48:37,407
♪ ♪
893
00:48:42,153 --> 00:48:47,122
In fact, we all live on
in the memories of those we love
894
00:48:47,124 --> 00:48:51,660
and those whose lives we've
impacted in a positive manner,
895
00:48:51,662 --> 00:48:56,365
just as my brother who
passed away so many years ago
896
00:48:56,367 --> 00:49:00,269
lives on in my memory,
897
00:49:00,271 --> 00:49:04,006
so I hope to live on
in the memories of others.
898
00:49:04,008 --> 00:49:09,445
♪ ♪
899
00:49:09,447 --> 00:49:14,749
Whether you're a Christian
following the example of Jesus,
900
00:49:14,751 --> 00:49:16,785
a Hindu hoping for liberation
901
00:49:16,787 --> 00:49:21,224
from the endless cycles
of reincarnation,
902
00:49:21,226 --> 00:49:23,792
or you're simply trying to leave
the world a better place
903
00:49:23,794 --> 00:49:26,329
than you found it,
904
00:49:26,331 --> 00:49:31,834
our desire to go beyond death
has changed the world.
905
00:49:31,836 --> 00:49:34,903
Whatever we may find
on the other side,
906
00:49:34,905 --> 00:49:37,707
no matter what our faith...
907
00:49:37,709 --> 00:49:42,845
♪ ♪
908
00:49:42,847 --> 00:49:47,550
we can all become eternal,
like the stars.
909
00:49:47,552 --> 00:49:55,552
♪ ♪
909
00:49:56,305 --> 00:50:02,657
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