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[Music]
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in the early 17th century the ruler of
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japan the shogun was told this story
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[Music]
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one day the king of the portuguese said
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to his council
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[Music]
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far to the east lies a country called
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japan
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and it abounds in gold and silver
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why should not that land be added to my
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domains
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the best way to make ourselves masters
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of the land is by means of our religion
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and then send in the army
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the shogun tokugawa ieyasu and his
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legions of samurai warriors were
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undaunted by stories of foreign invaders
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[Music]
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he was a strong leader and had brought
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peace to the war-torn nation
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yet foreign dangers and internal unrest
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remained a threat
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as japan deferred to the will of the
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shogun eyewitnesses wrote of these
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remarkable times
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these are their memoirs
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of japan's secret empire
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[Music]
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[Applause]
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[Music]
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after we'd been in japan five or six
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days came a portugal jesuit who reported
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that we were pirates
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we looked always that we should be set
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upon crosses
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which is the execution of this land
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i looked every day to die
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rescued from the sea and imprisoned
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william adams the first englishman in
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japan had good reason for concern
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it was the year 1600 and portuguese
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catholics had long held a monopoly on
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trade in japan
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at the time william adams arrived there
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had been religious wars in europe
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and the catholic missionaries were not
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at all happy
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when they heard that an englishman and
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an english protestant had been washed up
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in japan
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the most powerful warlord in japan
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tokugawa
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commanded adams to his castle
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[Music]
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rather than ordering his execution he
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wanted to know more about this
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[Music]
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stranger the summons was highly unusual
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as only the highest ranking officials
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were ever received by the great man
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himself
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[Music]
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the ruler demanded of me of what land i
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was and what moved us to come to his
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land
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being so far off
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i showed him the name of our country
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and that our land desired friendship
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it appeared that iayasu was interested
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in more than friendship
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he asked whether our country has wars
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i answered him yay with the spaniards
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and portugals
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he asked me diverse questions of my
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religion and what way we came to the
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country
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from one thing to another i abode with
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him till midnight
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as the meeting came to an end adams
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dared to make a parting request on
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behalf of his dutch employers
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i decided that we might have trade with
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your country the same as the portugals
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and spaniards
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[Music]
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this was welcome news
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iayasu valued trade with the portuguese
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and spanish merchants
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but was wary of their catholic
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missionaries who preached obedience to a
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god more powerful than he
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to avoid those he considered a threat to
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his own authority
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i also wanted his own fleet of trading
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ships
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adams had the skills he needed
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[Music]
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the english pilot had apprenticed as a
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shipwright
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[Music]
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iayasu asked him to build two ships
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capable of navigating the open seas
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i answered that i was no carpenter and
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had no knowledge thereof
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well do your endeavor saith he
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if it be not good it is no matter you
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can't deny that william adams did have
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certain amount of influence
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when he was told to build these two
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ships they were the first foreign ships
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first european ships to be built in
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japan
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[Music]
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they were built with japanese workers of
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course under his supervision
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[Music]
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and then afterwards they sailed to
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mexico and they sailed back quite safely
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[Music]
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ieyasu now had the leverage he desired
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when the catholic missionaries continued
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to gain converts and create problems
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he expelled them
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life was complicated enough without
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these pesky foreigners uh interfering
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and so that probably was the reason why
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he did not want christians in japan
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ieyasu replaced his catholic interpreter
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with william adams who had been quick to
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learn japanese
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he was protestant of course
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he assumed that he had no interest in
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helping the missionaries and so he's
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rather a valuable man to have around
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[Music]
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ieyosu still wanted to trade with the
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west but on his own terms
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adams convinced iayasu that the
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protestants did not want to convert his
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people
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ieyasu soon made him his commercial
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agent
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and adams negotiated especially
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favorable terms for the growing dutch
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east india company
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the hollanders be now settled
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and i have got them trading privileges
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as the spaniards in portugal's could
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never get in their 50 years in japan
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[Music]
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adams married and settled down into
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japanese life
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he adopted japanese dress and was
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awarded the right to wear the two swords
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of the samurai
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and he was given an estate with about 70
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or 80 servants which is pretty good far
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better than his standard of living in
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england would have been of course
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and i think towards the end he lost his
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desire to go back to england because he
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knew he would just be a working-class
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man in england where
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back in japan he has 80 servants to wait
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on hand or foot on him
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[Music]
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it was possible that adams visited iasu
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at his tea house for intimate
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conversation away from the politics of
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the court
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the tea ceremony was much admired by a
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western observer
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the guests open the gate walk along the
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path through the wood up to the tea
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house quietly contemplating everything
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they see
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they remove their fans and daggers and
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deposit them in the kind of cupboard
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place there outside for that purpose
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[Music]
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if adams and iyasu had private political
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discussions the tea house was also a
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retreat where they could replenish their
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souls
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this gathering for tea and conversation
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is not intended for lengthy talk
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but rather to contemplate within their
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souls with all peace and modesty the
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things that they see there
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and thus
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through their own efforts to understand
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the mysteries locked therein
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[Music]
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unsettling foreign influences could
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jeopardize the peace he worked so hard
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to forge
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[Music]
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but the biggest challenge would be to
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maintain control of the 260 fiercely
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independent warlords and their
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formidable samurai armies
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[Music]
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tokugawa ieyasu became shogun in 1603
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and united japan after generations of
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civil war
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all of the great lords had been fighting
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for a century
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they were tired of fighting they wanted
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to secure their own positions
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but as a court chronicler documented the
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task ahead would not be easy
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although he had conquered the country on
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horseback being a man of wisdom he fully
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appreciated the impossibility of
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governing the country on horseback
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he was interested only in discovering
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the key to government how to govern
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oneself the people and the country
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yes
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superior as a leader was that he
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surrounded himself with capable people
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who believed in him
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there's a story about a low-ranking
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samurai who has to meet with him
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yeah who listened attentively after the
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man left a higher ranking lord said to
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ayasu
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what a waste of your time
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yeah replied
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it took great courage for that man to
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approach me if i didn't listen he would
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never come again
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peace would not be secured by leadership
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alone
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he also had to curb the power of the
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daimyo the feudal lords
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these lords are building enormous
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territorial
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centralized domains
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what the feudal lords are trying to do
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is essentially control everything and
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everybody within
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their territories
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they control all the fighting men they
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control all the peasants they control
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all the resources
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ieyasu allowed the daimyo to rule their
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own domains
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but he prohibited them from doing
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anything that might enhance their power
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or status relative to each other
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[Music]
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in tokugawa japan a daimyo was
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restricted to only one castle
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and to enlarge it he had to receive
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permission
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a new ship ask the shogun
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arrange a new alliance through marriage
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only if the shogun approved
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[Music]
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iyasu would maintain the peace through
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this ordered control
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and it extended through all levels of
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society
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[Music]
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the japan that eeyasu fashioned was
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built on the ancient teachings of
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confucianism
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obey the traditions of hierarchy and
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respect authority
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a japan in keeping with the samurai
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traditions
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it was a rigid society with lots of
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rules and regulations
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everybody must
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know their place in society and stick to
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it that was a theory didn't always work
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out in practice of course but that at
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least was the theory
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all samurai were members of the elite
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class whether he be a daimyo warlord or
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a lowly foot soldier
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next in line with the farmers
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then the artisans
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at the very bottom with the tradesmen
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considered the parasites of society
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the tokugawa shogunate would issue many
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rules to control and maintain the rigid
290
00:14:26,720 --> 00:14:28,000
class structure
291
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:29,519
from what you could eat
292
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to what you must wear
293
00:14:32,480 --> 00:14:34,800
lords and vassals superiors and
294
00:14:34,800 --> 00:14:37,519
inferiors must observe what is proper
295
00:14:37,519 --> 00:14:39,920
within their position in life
296
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without authorization no retainer may
297
00:14:42,959 --> 00:14:45,760
wear fine white damask white wanted silk
298
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garments purple silk kimonos purple silk
299
00:14:49,199 --> 00:14:52,399
linings and kimono sleeves which bear no
300
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family crest
301
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[Music]
302
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the rules and regulations kept everyone
303
00:14:58,639 --> 00:14:59,920
in their place
304
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but for the daimyo at least there were
305
00:15:01,680 --> 00:15:05,920
still ways to earn special privileges
306
00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:10,000
hiey also decreed that the lords must
307
00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:11,760
help build his castle and the
308
00:15:11,760 --> 00:15:15,360
surrounding city of edo
309
00:15:16,320 --> 00:15:18,000
the construction became a grand
310
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competition as each daimyo vied for the
311
00:15:20,639 --> 00:15:22,740
shogun's favor
312
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[Music]
313
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soon they transformed the small castle
314
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and backwater village of edo into a
315
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magnificent domain
316
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[Music]
317
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the city later known as tokyo
318
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[Music]
319
00:15:46,399 --> 00:15:48,560
the streets are far broader
320
00:15:48,560 --> 00:15:50,320
longer and straighter than the streets
321
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of spain
322
00:15:51,279 --> 00:15:53,519
they are kept so clean that you may well
323
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think that nobody ever walks along them
324
00:15:57,440 --> 00:15:59,519
the emerging splendors of edo were
325
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recorded by rodrigo de vivero ivalasco
326
00:16:02,480 --> 00:16:04,480
the governor of the philippines who had
327
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been shipwrecked off the coast of japan
328
00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:09,920
he spent several months in the capital
329
00:16:09,920 --> 00:16:12,880
as a guest of the shogun
330
00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:14,800
what makes this man interesting is that
331
00:16:14,800 --> 00:16:17,519
he wrote a report about japan after he
332
00:16:17,519 --> 00:16:19,120
left japan
333
00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:22,000
and he was a very discerning man he saw
334
00:16:22,000 --> 00:16:24,399
various aspects of japanese life which
335
00:16:24,399 --> 00:16:27,680
other people had not seen
336
00:16:29,839 --> 00:16:32,000
the people live in particular streets
337
00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:35,199
according to their trade and station
338
00:16:35,199 --> 00:16:37,279
one street for example is reserved for
339
00:16:37,279 --> 00:16:40,000
carpenters
340
00:16:40,880 --> 00:16:43,040
in other streets there are cobblers
341
00:16:43,040 --> 00:16:47,600
blacksmiths tailors and traders
342
00:16:49,279 --> 00:16:51,839
the nobles and people of quality live in
343
00:16:51,839 --> 00:16:53,600
the streets and districts quite
344
00:16:53,600 --> 00:16:55,519
different from the rest of the town
345
00:16:55,519 --> 00:16:57,600
and no commoner or person of the lower
346
00:16:57,600 --> 00:16:59,220
classes mixes with them
347
00:16:59,220 --> 00:17:02,000
[Music]
348
00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:04,400
those daimyo who had gained most favor
349
00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:06,480
lived closest to the castle and were
350
00:17:06,480 --> 00:17:08,400
granted more audiences with the great
351
00:17:08,400 --> 00:17:11,280
ruler himself
352
00:17:11,679 --> 00:17:16,400
while vivero ivelasco was in the castle
353
00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:18,559
being received in audience by
354
00:17:18,559 --> 00:17:21,119
iasu
355
00:17:21,119 --> 00:17:25,280
he saw a powerful daimyo come into the
356
00:17:25,280 --> 00:17:29,959
castle to pay homage to iayasu
357
00:17:37,039 --> 00:17:39,360
there entered one of the greatest nobles
358
00:17:39,360 --> 00:17:41,600
of japan
359
00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:44,840
whose rank was evident from the gifts he
360
00:17:44,840 --> 00:17:48,480
brought bars of silver and gold
361
00:17:48,480 --> 00:17:50,960
silk robes
362
00:17:50,960 --> 00:17:53,760
all this was first placed on some tables
363
00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:55,760
but i do not believe the ruler even
364
00:17:55,760 --> 00:17:57,280
looked at it
365
00:17:57,280 --> 00:17:59,600
a hundred paces from the throne the
366
00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:02,240
daimyo prostrated himself bowing his
367
00:18:02,240 --> 00:18:04,320
head so low that it looked as if he
368
00:18:04,320 --> 00:18:07,120
wanted to kiss the ground
369
00:18:07,120 --> 00:18:09,600
nobody said the word to him nor did he
370
00:18:09,600 --> 00:18:13,039
raise his eyes towards the ruler
371
00:18:13,039 --> 00:18:15,760
and then finally somebody
372
00:18:15,760 --> 00:18:18,080
clapped into end of audience not a word
373
00:18:18,080 --> 00:18:19,200
had been said
374
00:18:19,200 --> 00:18:21,039
end of audience and he goes out
375
00:18:21,039 --> 00:18:24,320
backwards on his knees
376
00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:28,080
and rodrigo vivero velasco was very much
377
00:18:28,080 --> 00:18:30,880
impressed by what he had seen
378
00:18:30,880 --> 00:18:33,919
because he realized the power yayasu had
379
00:18:33,919 --> 00:18:36,640
here was a powerful daimyo who had power
380
00:18:36,640 --> 00:18:39,440
of life and death in his own region
381
00:18:39,440 --> 00:18:41,840
but when he comes to pay tribute to the
382
00:18:41,840 --> 00:18:43,440
shogun
383
00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:45,990
what a lonely position he adopts
384
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[Applause]
385
00:18:49,039 --> 00:18:52,320
the great ruler had realized his vision
386
00:18:52,320 --> 00:18:57,160
all of japan was under his control
387
00:18:58,640 --> 00:19:02,160
at 72 he was still remarkably vigorous
388
00:19:02,160 --> 00:19:04,000
then on one of his regular hawking
389
00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:07,730
expeditions he fell seriously ill
390
00:19:07,730 --> 00:19:12,720
[Music]
391
00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:15,039
as he lay dying he planned the details
392
00:19:15,039 --> 00:19:17,840
of his funeral
393
00:19:18,240 --> 00:19:21,120
it would be a simple ceremony his ashes
394
00:19:21,120 --> 00:19:22,799
taken to the top of a mountain
395
00:19:22,799 --> 00:19:24,880
overlooking the land where he so often
396
00:19:24,880 --> 00:19:27,919
went with his hawks
397
00:19:28,480 --> 00:19:31,200
here he felt his spirit could soar over
398
00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:33,760
his beloved land holding the realm
399
00:19:33,760 --> 00:19:36,240
together
400
00:19:38,559 --> 00:19:40,640
had carefully forged his well-ordered
401
00:19:40,640 --> 00:19:43,120
society he would not leave the future of
402
00:19:43,120 --> 00:19:45,440
japan to whim
403
00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:47,480
he called his family to his side
404
00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:50,640
[Music]
405
00:19:50,640 --> 00:19:52,720
he told his children and grandchildren
406
00:19:52,720 --> 00:19:54,480
who were gathered around
407
00:19:54,480 --> 00:19:56,880
because you are my descendants
408
00:19:56,880 --> 00:20:00,240
you will become shogun
409
00:20:00,240 --> 00:20:03,039
as shogun it is important that you rule
410
00:20:03,039 --> 00:20:04,720
the country for the benefit of the
411
00:20:04,720 --> 00:20:09,600
people or you will be punished by heaven
412
00:20:09,720 --> 00:20:10,880
[Music]
413
00:20:10,880 --> 00:20:12,799
you must govern for the good of the
414
00:20:12,799 --> 00:20:15,120
country
415
00:20:16,480 --> 00:20:19,760
this world does not belong to the
416
00:20:19,760 --> 00:20:22,640
and cannot be ruled just to satisfy your
417
00:20:22,640 --> 00:20:24,410
whims
418
00:20:24,410 --> 00:20:29,840
[Music]
419
00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:31,679
among the family members was a young
420
00:20:31,679 --> 00:20:34,720
grandson destined to become shogun
421
00:20:34,720 --> 00:20:36,080
[Music]
422
00:20:36,080 --> 00:20:38,240
the child irmitsu would grow up
423
00:20:38,240 --> 00:20:40,320
determined to carry on in the footsteps
424
00:20:40,320 --> 00:20:42,060
of his famous grandfather
425
00:20:42,060 --> 00:20:46,960
[Music]
426
00:20:46,960 --> 00:20:49,679
iamitsu the third shogun would keep
427
00:20:49,679 --> 00:20:52,080
japan under tokugawa rule
428
00:20:52,080 --> 00:20:55,200
using any means necessary
429
00:20:55,200 --> 00:21:02,759
[Music]
430
00:21:07,330 --> 00:21:09,360
[Music]
431
00:21:09,360 --> 00:21:12,159
the third tokugawa shogun iamitsu
432
00:21:12,159 --> 00:21:16,120
worshiped his late grandfather
433
00:21:17,810 --> 00:21:20,720
[Music]
434
00:21:20,720 --> 00:21:23,440
he had numerous mystical experiences
435
00:21:23,440 --> 00:21:26,400
that whenever he got sick ieyasu would
436
00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:28,640
appear in his dream and he would wake up
437
00:21:28,640 --> 00:21:31,440
feeling better the next morning
438
00:21:31,440 --> 00:21:34,320
so his respect for iayasu transformed
439
00:21:34,320 --> 00:21:37,050
into worship
440
00:21:37,050 --> 00:21:51,339
[Music]
441
00:21:53,039 --> 00:21:55,200
always carried a charm containing a
442
00:21:55,200 --> 00:21:57,280
piece of paper saying
443
00:21:57,280 --> 00:21:59,840
to live according to the way his
444
00:21:59,840 --> 00:22:03,440
grandfather would have lived
445
00:22:06,720 --> 00:22:07,919
but though
446
00:22:07,919 --> 00:22:10,240
tried to emulate his grandfather his
447
00:22:10,240 --> 00:22:13,840
tactics were much more severe
448
00:22:14,640 --> 00:22:17,280
it was reported after he became shogun
449
00:22:17,280 --> 00:22:19,440
yemitsu summoned the daimyo to his
450
00:22:19,440 --> 00:22:22,380
palace
451
00:22:22,380 --> 00:22:26,759
[Music]
452
00:22:26,880 --> 00:22:29,280
the lords waited all day in the cold
453
00:22:29,280 --> 00:22:31,780
without food or shelter
454
00:22:31,780 --> 00:22:34,080
[Music]
455
00:22:34,080 --> 00:22:38,600
they began to fear for their lives
456
00:22:38,740 --> 00:22:44,720
[Music]
457
00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:46,960
until at last they were called into
458
00:22:46,960 --> 00:22:49,120
iumitsu's inner sanctum where he
459
00:22:49,120 --> 00:22:53,000
delivered his ultimatum
460
00:22:55,679 --> 00:22:57,520
i have been in the position of a
461
00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:00,799
superior and the master from my birth
462
00:23:00,799 --> 00:23:03,840
i shall henceforth treat all diamonds as
463
00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:05,919
my subjects
464
00:23:05,919 --> 00:23:08,000
those of you who may disobey me may
465
00:23:08,000 --> 00:23:10,640
quickly return to your provinces repair
466
00:23:10,640 --> 00:23:13,760
your castles and prepare for arms i
467
00:23:13,760 --> 00:23:16,799
shall act accordingly
468
00:23:16,799 --> 00:23:19,280
mitsu is a fascinating shogun he's the
469
00:23:19,280 --> 00:23:21,520
first shogun who doesn't lead troops in
470
00:23:21,520 --> 00:23:22,559
battle
471
00:23:22,559 --> 00:23:24,159
he had not proved himself on the
472
00:23:24,159 --> 00:23:26,880
battlefield he did not have his own men
473
00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:29,600
who came with him into office
474
00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:32,799
when he became shogun
475
00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:39,120
inherited a nation at peace
476
00:23:42,720 --> 00:23:47,640
yet he would rule with an iron hand
477
00:23:52,880 --> 00:23:56,640
he listened to few and spared no one
478
00:23:56,640 --> 00:23:58,880
he would not tolerate competition not
479
00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:01,279
even sibling rivalry
480
00:24:01,279 --> 00:24:03,279
he ordered his younger brother to commit
481
00:24:03,279 --> 00:24:05,720
suicide
482
00:24:05,720 --> 00:24:12,640
[Music]
483
00:24:12,640 --> 00:24:15,200
the tokugawa shogunate under his rule
484
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:17,840
acts much more capriciously towards
485
00:24:17,840 --> 00:24:20,880
lords that disobey their orders or flout
486
00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:22,559
any of the rules and regulations which
487
00:24:22,559 --> 00:24:24,080
bound them
488
00:24:24,080 --> 00:24:26,000
a european merchant who once tutored
489
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:30,400
irmitsu observed the shogun's court
490
00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:32,799
no one dares to attempt any opposition
491
00:24:32,799 --> 00:24:35,039
to the will of the shogun
492
00:24:35,039 --> 00:24:37,600
whatever injustice the shogun may commit
493
00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:40,000
or into whatever extravagance of
494
00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:42,080
excesses he may plunge
495
00:24:42,080 --> 00:24:46,100
they praise or approve of all
496
00:24:46,100 --> 00:24:48,000
[Music]
497
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:50,559
but ruling by fear alone could also
498
00:24:50,559 --> 00:24:52,400
breed revolt
499
00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:54,480
umitsu had to keep the daimyo lord's
500
00:24:54,480 --> 00:24:58,690
allegiance all 260 of them
501
00:24:58,690 --> 00:25:01,969
[Music]
502
00:25:02,080 --> 00:25:04,320
in peacetime there was no common enemy
503
00:25:04,320 --> 00:25:06,960
no spoils of war to reward the daimyo
504
00:25:06,960 --> 00:25:08,559
for their loyalty
505
00:25:08,559 --> 00:25:10,799
iumitsu had to find some other way to
506
00:25:10,799 --> 00:25:14,559
control the daimyo lords
507
00:25:14,559 --> 00:25:16,159
they were commanded to appear at
508
00:25:16,159 --> 00:25:19,740
iamitsu's court in edo
509
00:25:19,740 --> 00:25:31,769
[Music]
510
00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:39,200
and they did not journey alone
511
00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,200
as witnessed by a german traveler
512
00:25:42,200 --> 00:25:44,960
[Music]
513
00:25:44,960 --> 00:25:47,440
the bodyguards and bearers put on a
514
00:25:47,440 --> 00:25:51,880
swaggering gate when they pass
515
00:25:53,780 --> 00:25:56,159
[Music]
516
00:25:56,159 --> 00:25:58,720
with every step they kick up their heels
517
00:25:58,720 --> 00:26:01,039
nearly to their backsides and at the
518
00:26:01,039 --> 00:26:03,200
same time thrust the opposite arm
519
00:26:03,200 --> 00:26:04,240
forward
520
00:26:04,240 --> 00:26:06,000
it looks as if they're swimming in the
521
00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:09,000
air
522
00:26:12,720 --> 00:26:14,720
these elaborate processions often
523
00:26:14,720 --> 00:26:16,640
numbered in the thousands
524
00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:18,400
they were part of a system known as
525
00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:21,600
alternate attendance
526
00:26:21,919 --> 00:26:24,080
the alternate attendance system had been
527
00:26:24,080 --> 00:26:27,679
evolving over the decades of tokugawa
528
00:26:27,679 --> 00:26:28,480
rule
529
00:26:28,480 --> 00:26:30,880
and primarily what it meant is that
530
00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:32,960
great lords had to spend part of the
531
00:26:32,960 --> 00:26:35,200
year in edo and part of the year back in
532
00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:38,440
their domains
533
00:26:38,480 --> 00:26:40,320
they had to travel back and forth
534
00:26:40,320 --> 00:26:42,720
according to strictly set schedules
535
00:26:42,720 --> 00:26:44,320
while their wives and children had to
536
00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:48,000
spend all their time in edo
537
00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:49,440
this was the single greatest
538
00:26:49,440 --> 00:26:51,440
administrative control
539
00:26:51,440 --> 00:26:53,600
on the outer lords during the tokugawa
540
00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:55,760
show
541
00:26:56,970 --> 00:27:01,349
[Music]
542
00:27:02,080 --> 00:27:03,760
alternate attendance had another
543
00:27:03,760 --> 00:27:06,000
advantage for the shogun it kept the
544
00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:10,320
daimyo lords financially powerless
545
00:27:11,679 --> 00:27:13,440
it was reported that a daimyo could
546
00:27:13,440 --> 00:27:15,200
spend more than three quarters of his
547
00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:17,520
income maintaining the processions and
548
00:27:17,520 --> 00:27:20,000
supporting his army of samurai once they
549
00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:21,840
reached edo
550
00:27:21,840 --> 00:27:24,080
what this also does by the way is cause
551
00:27:24,080 --> 00:27:27,440
edo to explode in size
552
00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:30,399
and in fact there grows up in edo a
553
00:27:30,399 --> 00:27:34,159
class of samurai who only know edo even
554
00:27:34,159 --> 00:27:35,600
though their domain may be in the
555
00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:38,000
farthest reach of japan they're born in
556
00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:39,679
edo they work in edo and they only know
557
00:27:39,679 --> 00:27:41,600
edo
558
00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:43,600
for the samurai warrior life in
559
00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:45,520
peacetime edo was the catalyst that
560
00:27:45,520 --> 00:27:47,200
changed the very nature of their
561
00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:49,039
existence
562
00:27:49,039 --> 00:27:50,960
prohibited from bringing their wives and
563
00:27:50,960 --> 00:27:53,120
families the samurai lived a bachelor's
564
00:27:53,120 --> 00:27:54,080
life
565
00:27:54,080 --> 00:27:55,760
they were paid a small stipend to
566
00:27:55,760 --> 00:27:58,080
perform their official duties such as
567
00:27:58,080 --> 00:28:01,240
they were
568
00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:04,960
they would get up in the morning and
569
00:28:04,960 --> 00:28:06,640
have their hair dressed by a fellow
570
00:28:06,640 --> 00:28:08,559
samurai
571
00:28:08,559 --> 00:28:10,000
then they would go to work on the
572
00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:12,240
grounds of the lord's estate
573
00:28:12,240 --> 00:28:14,159
this they would do once every four or
574
00:28:14,159 --> 00:28:17,480
five days
575
00:28:18,080 --> 00:28:19,760
these samurai would work only in the
576
00:28:19,760 --> 00:28:22,960
morning and then go home for lunch
577
00:28:22,960 --> 00:28:24,960
at around two o'clock in the afternoon
578
00:28:24,960 --> 00:28:27,770
they would go out on the town
579
00:28:27,770 --> 00:28:30,880
[Music]
580
00:28:30,880 --> 00:28:32,720
it was a life that the once proud
581
00:28:32,720 --> 00:28:36,000
warrior could never have imagined
582
00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:38,399
edo was becoming a city of samurai whose
583
00:28:38,399 --> 00:28:40,480
job description was rapidly changing
584
00:28:40,480 --> 00:28:44,600
from soldier to bureaucrat
585
00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:47,039
the life of a samurai
586
00:28:47,039 --> 00:28:48,799
they aren't allowed to work
587
00:28:48,799 --> 00:28:50,880
they're given enough money to live on
588
00:28:50,880 --> 00:28:52,640
and mostly what they do is they spend
589
00:28:52,640 --> 00:28:54,240
every day at the house of a friend
590
00:28:54,240 --> 00:28:56,159
drinking and talking and studying and
591
00:28:56,159 --> 00:28:57,360
doing tea
592
00:28:57,360 --> 00:29:00,240
and reading books of old war tales and
593
00:29:00,240 --> 00:29:01,600
imagining what it would have been like
594
00:29:01,600 --> 00:29:05,120
to live in the 1500s
595
00:29:07,520 --> 00:29:10,159
life in 17th century japan did not
596
00:29:10,159 --> 00:29:13,440
include the hazards of war
597
00:29:13,440 --> 00:29:16,799
yet peace brought its own perils
598
00:29:16,799 --> 00:29:19,360
rules and regulations were strict
599
00:29:19,360 --> 00:29:21,440
and the penalties could be severe for
600
00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:25,220
any who dared disobey
601
00:29:25,220 --> 00:29:32,819
[Music]
602
00:29:38,399 --> 00:29:41,200
fluttering out papers the spring winds
603
00:29:41,200 --> 00:29:42,240
blow
604
00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:44,320
when through the open barriers
605
00:29:44,320 --> 00:29:45,710
how gratefully we go
606
00:29:45,710 --> 00:29:49,999
[Music]
607
00:29:53,039 --> 00:29:54,720
five government highways led to the
608
00:29:54,720 --> 00:29:57,279
shogun's capital of edo
609
00:29:57,279 --> 00:29:59,520
all with inspection barriers to enforce
610
00:29:59,520 --> 00:30:03,320
irmitsu's laws
611
00:30:09,360 --> 00:30:11,440
the shogun had improved the road so his
612
00:30:11,440 --> 00:30:13,440
messengers could quickly reach any part
613
00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:16,520
of japan
614
00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:27,919
these roads also made it easier for the
615
00:30:27,919 --> 00:30:29,919
daimyo and their samurai warriors to
616
00:30:29,919 --> 00:30:33,399
travel to edo
617
00:30:39,170 --> 00:30:41,440
[Music]
618
00:30:41,440 --> 00:30:43,760
but for most japanese travel was an
619
00:30:43,760 --> 00:30:47,320
arduous process
620
00:30:48,050 --> 00:30:51,760
[Music]
621
00:30:51,760 --> 00:30:54,080
a multitude of rules and regulations
622
00:30:54,080 --> 00:30:56,720
monitored who came in and who went out
623
00:30:56,720 --> 00:30:58,880
of the city of edo
624
00:30:58,880 --> 00:31:09,589
[Music]
625
00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:13,120
almost everyone needed a passport
626
00:31:13,120 --> 00:31:15,440
the few exceptions included itinerant
627
00:31:15,440 --> 00:31:17,760
performers who proved their identity by
628
00:31:17,760 --> 00:31:20,320
showing off their talent
629
00:31:20,320 --> 00:31:22,960
or sumo wrestlers whose girth was ample
630
00:31:22,960 --> 00:31:24,680
proof of their profession
631
00:31:24,680 --> 00:31:27,759
[Music]
632
00:31:31,039 --> 00:31:33,039
farmers were routinely denied permission
633
00:31:33,039 --> 00:31:35,440
to travel from village to village
634
00:31:35,440 --> 00:31:37,039
the government preferred to keep them
635
00:31:37,039 --> 00:31:38,160
working in the fields
636
00:31:38,160 --> 00:31:44,150
[Music]
637
00:31:44,640 --> 00:31:46,480
those without the proper papers often
638
00:31:46,480 --> 00:31:48,799
tried to avoid the inspection posts by
639
00:31:48,799 --> 00:31:51,100
slipping by on side roads
640
00:31:51,100 --> 00:31:54,590
[Music]
641
00:31:54,960 --> 00:31:58,480
if caught there were severe penalties
642
00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:00,640
a traditional japanese style punishment
643
00:32:00,640 --> 00:32:02,720
meant crucifixion for a man
644
00:32:02,720 --> 00:32:05,120
for a woman enslavement or enforced
645
00:32:05,120 --> 00:32:05,810
servitude
646
00:32:05,810 --> 00:32:09,210
[Music]
647
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:14,000
with so many laws and restrictions one
648
00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:15,760
never knew when the shogun's edicts
649
00:32:15,760 --> 00:32:19,200
might actually be enforced
650
00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:21,519
sort of like a theater of punishment to
651
00:32:21,519 --> 00:32:25,600
try to scare people into behaving
652
00:32:26,159 --> 00:32:26,960
some
653
00:32:26,960 --> 00:32:30,000
ruler might decide that morals are going
654
00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:31,679
to hell in a hand basket and suddenly
655
00:32:31,679 --> 00:32:36,760
grab one person and punish them severely
656
00:32:42,980 --> 00:32:46,220
[Music]
657
00:32:46,880 --> 00:32:49,919
despite the uncertainty against all odds
658
00:32:49,919 --> 00:32:53,600
travel grew in popularity
659
00:32:54,720 --> 00:32:56,640
now that the roads were safer more and
660
00:32:56,640 --> 00:32:58,559
more japanese began to journey from
661
00:32:58,559 --> 00:33:00,830
village to village
662
00:33:00,830 --> 00:33:12,519
[Music]
663
00:33:12,720 --> 00:33:14,960
the most traveled road was the takaido
664
00:33:14,960 --> 00:33:17,679
which ran for 300 miles from kyoto to
665
00:33:17,679 --> 00:33:20,080
edo
666
00:33:20,320 --> 00:33:24,880
53 rest stops dotted the highway
667
00:33:24,880 --> 00:33:27,039
and so these post towns along the five
668
00:33:27,039 --> 00:33:29,679
great roads of japan grew up to be very
669
00:33:29,679 --> 00:33:33,039
substantial towns themselves
670
00:33:33,039 --> 00:33:36,880
they had inns they had brothels they had
671
00:33:36,880 --> 00:33:38,799
restaurants they had places that sold
672
00:33:38,799 --> 00:33:40,080
medicine
673
00:33:40,080 --> 00:33:42,640
there essentially grew up a post-town
674
00:33:42,640 --> 00:33:44,240
culture
675
00:33:44,240 --> 00:33:46,399
people in the tokugawa period they were
676
00:33:46,399 --> 00:33:50,440
driven by a curiosity
677
00:33:52,720 --> 00:33:55,200
people were beginning to think about
678
00:33:55,200 --> 00:33:56,320
japan
679
00:33:56,320 --> 00:33:59,640
as a nation
680
00:34:00,460 --> 00:34:04,619
[Music]
681
00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:09,840
diaries became best sellers
682
00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:13,199
[Music]
683
00:34:13,199 --> 00:34:15,359
was a young samurai woman writer who
684
00:34:15,359 --> 00:34:17,599
kept a diary as she traveled the tokaido
685
00:34:17,599 --> 00:34:20,599
road
686
00:34:21,599 --> 00:34:25,359
a mountain range rises above the clouds
687
00:34:25,359 --> 00:34:28,800
and splashing water gases over the rocks
688
00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:30,739
making an ear splitting noise
689
00:34:30,739 --> 00:34:33,280
[Music]
690
00:34:33,280 --> 00:34:35,760
on the way up we feel that we are being
691
00:34:35,760 --> 00:34:37,679
knocked down backwards
692
00:34:37,679 --> 00:34:40,159
and on the way down we feel that we are
693
00:34:40,159 --> 00:34:42,719
slipping all the way
694
00:34:42,719 --> 00:34:47,239
thus we are often fearful
695
00:34:48,250 --> 00:34:50,879
[Music]
696
00:34:50,879 --> 00:34:52,879
inns along the way offered welcome
697
00:34:52,879 --> 00:34:56,800
respite to travelers like tsujo
698
00:34:58,240 --> 00:35:00,240
she was on her way to edo to serve in
699
00:35:00,240 --> 00:35:02,460
the residence of a high-ranking samurai
700
00:35:02,460 --> 00:35:06,400
[Music]
701
00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:08,320
although tsujo traveled on official
702
00:35:08,320 --> 00:35:10,720
business accompanied by her brother she
703
00:35:10,720 --> 00:35:12,079
still encountered disturbing
704
00:35:12,079 --> 00:35:13,370
difficulties
705
00:35:13,370 --> 00:35:15,599
[Music]
706
00:35:15,599 --> 00:35:18,320
all travelers faced strict regulations
707
00:35:18,320 --> 00:35:22,640
but women had an especially hard time
708
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:25,680
it was very difficult for women to
709
00:35:25,680 --> 00:35:27,839
travel in the 17th century
710
00:35:27,839 --> 00:35:29,440
firstly because they had to get the
711
00:35:29,440 --> 00:35:31,440
permission of the household who usually
712
00:35:31,440 --> 00:35:33,359
thought they would be better cleaning
713
00:35:33,359 --> 00:35:35,440
and cooking
714
00:35:35,440 --> 00:35:37,200
and women's travel permits were much
715
00:35:37,200 --> 00:35:37,930
more elaborate
716
00:35:37,930 --> 00:35:39,200
[Music]
717
00:35:39,200 --> 00:35:41,040
many checkpoints wouldn't permit women
718
00:35:41,040 --> 00:35:43,520
to pass because women had to have a
719
00:35:43,520 --> 00:35:45,760
thorough inspection their body searched
720
00:35:45,760 --> 00:35:47,680
and many checkpoints didn't have female
721
00:35:47,680 --> 00:35:51,760
officers to conduct red body search
722
00:35:55,280 --> 00:35:57,200
officials were always on the lookout for
723
00:35:57,200 --> 00:36:00,430
women who disguise themselves as boys
724
00:36:00,430 --> 00:36:05,380
[Music]
725
00:36:08,160 --> 00:36:10,000
when suzhou arrived at the barrier
726
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:12,079
station she was ordered to appear before
727
00:36:12,079 --> 00:36:14,760
an older woman guard
728
00:36:14,760 --> 00:36:21,199
[Music]
729
00:36:22,320 --> 00:36:26,000
a rough looking woman examined me
730
00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:28,560
ran her hand through my hair and said
731
00:36:28,560 --> 00:36:32,079
something with a heavy accent
732
00:36:32,079 --> 00:36:34,800
it was very unpleasant but i had no
733
00:36:34,800 --> 00:36:36,960
choice
734
00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:41,560
i was afraid of what she might do
735
00:36:46,240 --> 00:36:48,160
at another post she experienced
736
00:36:48,160 --> 00:36:49,920
difficulties due to the wording of her
737
00:36:49,920 --> 00:36:51,680
permit
738
00:36:51,680 --> 00:36:53,839
when i presented my official document at
739
00:36:53,839 --> 00:36:55,119
the barrier
740
00:36:55,119 --> 00:36:58,400
they refused my passage
741
00:36:58,400 --> 00:37:00,400
because in the permit i was only
742
00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:02,320
identified as a woman
743
00:37:02,320 --> 00:37:04,560
rather than a young woman with long open
744
00:37:04,560 --> 00:37:06,300
sleeves
745
00:37:06,300 --> 00:37:14,480
[Music]
746
00:37:14,480 --> 00:37:15,790
i had to go back to the
747
00:37:15,790 --> 00:37:18,829
[Music]
748
00:37:20,839 --> 00:37:25,040
inn i was heartbroken
749
00:37:25,359 --> 00:37:27,119
tsujo worried if she would be allowed to
750
00:37:27,119 --> 00:37:28,410
continue her journey
751
00:37:28,410 --> 00:37:31,359
[Music]
752
00:37:31,359 --> 00:37:33,440
it was a sleepless night as she wrote in
753
00:37:33,440 --> 00:37:35,760
her diary
754
00:37:35,760 --> 00:37:38,640
my tears darken the light of a candle
755
00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:40,880
how restless i feel
756
00:37:40,880 --> 00:37:42,720
everything is depressing beyond
757
00:37:42,720 --> 00:37:44,560
description
758
00:37:44,560 --> 00:37:47,040
in the dawn around four o'clock
759
00:37:47,040 --> 00:37:49,440
i heard travelers gathering around and
760
00:37:49,440 --> 00:37:51,119
calling each other
761
00:37:51,119 --> 00:37:53,280
a horse naying and the sounds of
762
00:37:53,280 --> 00:37:55,920
stirrups
763
00:37:56,960 --> 00:37:59,680
i feel envious
764
00:37:59,680 --> 00:38:02,000
i have spent days and nights rooting
765
00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:05,839
over the obstacles facing women
766
00:38:07,420 --> 00:38:12,560
[Music]
767
00:38:16,640 --> 00:38:19,200
tujo's plight was not uncommon
768
00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:21,520
under iumitsu's reign anybody who did
769
00:38:21,520 --> 00:38:25,200
not follow his rules could be punished
770
00:38:25,200 --> 00:38:26,960
but there was one group persecuted
771
00:38:26,960 --> 00:38:29,280
simply because of their beliefs
772
00:38:29,280 --> 00:38:32,520
the christians
773
00:38:34,380 --> 00:38:38,479
[Music]
774
00:38:45,500 --> 00:38:48,480
[Music]
775
00:38:48,480 --> 00:38:51,040
the shogun irmitsu offered rewards for
776
00:38:51,040 --> 00:38:53,359
the arrest of any japanese who preached
777
00:38:53,359 --> 00:38:56,060
or practiced the christian faith
778
00:38:56,060 --> 00:38:58,960
[Music]
779
00:38:58,960 --> 00:39:01,520
any informer revealing the whereabouts
780
00:39:01,520 --> 00:39:03,760
of the followers of priests must be
781
00:39:03,760 --> 00:39:05,599
rewarded accordingly
782
00:39:05,599 --> 00:39:07,760
if anyone reveals the whereabouts of a
783
00:39:07,760 --> 00:39:10,960
high-ranking priest he must be given 100
784
00:39:10,960 --> 00:39:12,730
pieces of silver
785
00:39:12,730 --> 00:39:21,989
[Music]
786
00:39:23,680 --> 00:39:26,000
one has to bear in mind in this period
787
00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:28,320
of japanese history that there was
788
00:39:28,320 --> 00:39:29,839
repression
789
00:39:29,839 --> 00:39:32,320
and that the tokugawa authorities
790
00:39:32,320 --> 00:39:34,480
the shogun wanted to keep japanese
791
00:39:34,480 --> 00:39:38,320
society as it was
792
00:39:38,320 --> 00:39:40,960
and that did lead some people to believe
793
00:39:40,960 --> 00:39:43,920
that christianity was subversive and was
794
00:39:43,920 --> 00:39:46,000
upsetting the social framework the
795
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:48,960
social pattern of japan
796
00:39:48,960 --> 00:39:51,440
by iamitsu's time all foreign
797
00:39:51,440 --> 00:39:54,960
missionaries had been deported
798
00:39:55,280 --> 00:39:57,440
but the converts they left behind the
799
00:39:57,440 --> 00:40:01,020
japanese christians remained devout
800
00:40:01,020 --> 00:40:09,610
[Music]
801
00:40:11,440 --> 00:40:13,520
for many of the japanese christians the
802
00:40:13,520 --> 00:40:15,680
faith ran very very deep indeed
803
00:40:15,680 --> 00:40:17,520
especially in those areas where
804
00:40:17,520 --> 00:40:19,520
christianity had really set down roots
805
00:40:19,520 --> 00:40:23,800
for three or four generations
806
00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:28,079
the shogun is a great enemy to the name
807
00:40:28,079 --> 00:40:29,220
of christians
808
00:40:29,220 --> 00:40:34,480
[Music]
809
00:40:34,480 --> 00:40:36,720
a european merchant observed the growing
810
00:40:36,720 --> 00:40:39,720
persecutions
811
00:40:39,780 --> 00:40:44,379
[Music]
812
00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:46,880
i saw 55 martyred
813
00:40:46,880 --> 00:40:48,720
because they would not forsake their
814
00:40:48,720 --> 00:40:51,200
christian faith
815
00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:52,880
and amongst them they were little
816
00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:56,560
children of five or six years old
817
00:40:56,560 --> 00:40:58,960
burned in their mother's arms
818
00:40:58,960 --> 00:41:00,400
crying out
819
00:41:00,400 --> 00:41:03,340
jesus received their souls
820
00:41:03,340 --> 00:41:16,560
[Music]
821
00:41:16,560 --> 00:41:19,520
i would say the third shogun
822
00:41:19,520 --> 00:41:21,359
i think became
823
00:41:21,359 --> 00:41:24,079
morbidly pathological
824
00:41:24,079 --> 00:41:26,000
pathologically
825
00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:29,359
fearful of christianity
826
00:41:29,520 --> 00:41:31,359
they thought that this was a threat to
827
00:41:31,359 --> 00:41:34,240
our power
828
00:41:34,240 --> 00:41:36,319
they put out all the plugs so to speak
829
00:41:36,319 --> 00:41:38,720
to eradicate christianity christianity
830
00:41:38,720 --> 00:41:41,040
was said to be evil a wicked religion
831
00:41:41,040 --> 00:41:42,720
subversive religion
832
00:41:42,720 --> 00:41:45,839
and so that is why they took such
833
00:41:45,839 --> 00:41:51,440
extreme steps to eliminate the religion
834
00:41:53,680 --> 00:41:55,920
despite the persecutions christianity
835
00:41:55,920 --> 00:41:57,520
had struck a chord amongst many
836
00:41:57,520 --> 00:42:00,800
disaffected japanese
837
00:42:01,599 --> 00:42:03,760
they grew defiant even willing to be
838
00:42:03,760 --> 00:42:06,960
martyred for their beliefs
839
00:42:07,680 --> 00:42:11,280
i am a japanese and jesuit brother
840
00:42:11,280 --> 00:42:14,240
i have not committed any crime
841
00:42:14,240 --> 00:42:16,480
but die only for having preached the
842
00:42:16,480 --> 00:42:20,480
religion of our lord jesus christ
843
00:42:20,480 --> 00:42:25,040
i greatly rejoice to die for this cause
844
00:42:25,119 --> 00:42:27,599
for me this is a great blessing
845
00:42:27,599 --> 00:42:30,240
i guarantee and affirm that there is no
846
00:42:30,240 --> 00:42:32,560
other way to salvation except by the
847
00:42:32,560 --> 00:42:34,290
christian past
848
00:42:34,290 --> 00:42:41,139
[Music]
849
00:42:45,480 --> 00:42:49,780
[Music]
850
00:42:50,480 --> 00:42:53,480
foreign
851
00:42:55,370 --> 00:43:06,380
[Music]
852
00:43:08,000 --> 00:43:09,760
was increasingly disturbed by the
853
00:43:09,760 --> 00:43:11,359
christian situation
854
00:43:11,359 --> 00:43:13,200
especially in the south where a large
855
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:14,520
number lived
856
00:43:14,520 --> 00:43:25,040
[Music]
857
00:43:25,040 --> 00:43:26,960
even worse many of the christians were
858
00:43:26,960 --> 00:43:29,280
former samurai now forced to work as
859
00:43:29,280 --> 00:43:32,480
laborers or farmers
860
00:43:33,839 --> 00:43:35,920
but they were samurai in their hearts
861
00:43:35,920 --> 00:43:38,460
and well-versed in the use of weapons
862
00:43:38,460 --> 00:43:41,200
[Music]
863
00:43:41,200 --> 00:43:44,680
this was unacceptable
864
00:43:49,600 --> 00:44:04,590
[Music]
865
00:44:07,280 --> 00:44:09,920
the shogun's iron hand extended to every
866
00:44:09,920 --> 00:44:13,440
detail of a peasant's life
867
00:44:14,490 --> 00:44:18,160
[Music]
868
00:44:18,160 --> 00:44:20,160
farmers must work in the fields from
869
00:44:20,160 --> 00:44:23,640
dawn to dusk
870
00:44:23,760 --> 00:44:25,680
wives and daughters must make meals
871
00:44:25,680 --> 00:44:28,800
three times a day put on red headbands
872
00:44:28,800 --> 00:44:32,640
and take the meals to the fields
873
00:44:34,240 --> 00:44:36,400
once men are home after dusk
874
00:44:36,400 --> 00:44:39,040
sisters in law and female cousins must
875
00:44:39,040 --> 00:44:40,640
put the chap feet of the man on the
876
00:44:40,640 --> 00:44:45,190
stomach of his wife and massage them
877
00:44:45,190 --> 00:44:51,229
[Music]
878
00:44:54,240 --> 00:44:56,160
if the shogun's intolerable edicts
879
00:44:56,160 --> 00:44:58,800
weren't bad enough the farmers were also
880
00:44:58,800 --> 00:45:01,760
heavily taxed
881
00:45:02,800 --> 00:45:05,520
there were taxes on windows and shelves
882
00:45:05,520 --> 00:45:08,560
a head tax on each newborn child and a
883
00:45:08,560 --> 00:45:10,370
whole tax to bury the dead
884
00:45:10,370 --> 00:45:14,720
[Music]
885
00:45:14,720 --> 00:45:16,880
the farmers were taxed in rice the
886
00:45:16,880 --> 00:45:18,190
currency of the day
887
00:45:18,190 --> 00:45:21,880
[Music]
888
00:45:23,520 --> 00:45:25,520
ironically farmers were not allowed to
889
00:45:25,520 --> 00:45:29,400
eat the rice they grew
890
00:45:30,480 --> 00:45:34,880
[Music]
891
00:45:34,880 --> 00:45:37,040
these taxes were collected by the daimyo
892
00:45:37,040 --> 00:45:38,960
to finance their elaborate processions
893
00:45:38,960 --> 00:45:39,690
to edo
894
00:45:39,690 --> 00:45:42,079
[Music]
895
00:45:42,079 --> 00:45:43,920
and to pay the stipends which supported
896
00:45:43,920 --> 00:45:47,640
the samurai class
897
00:45:47,750 --> 00:45:55,920
[Music]
898
00:45:55,920 --> 00:45:58,800
the farmers were in dire straits
899
00:45:58,800 --> 00:46:00,720
as a japanese writer lamented
900
00:46:00,720 --> 00:46:05,200
[Music]
901
00:46:05,200 --> 00:46:07,280
year by year the farmers grew more
902
00:46:07,280 --> 00:46:08,800
exhausted
903
00:46:08,800 --> 00:46:10,960
how could they sustain life itself under
904
00:46:10,960 --> 00:46:14,280
those circumstances
905
00:46:14,290 --> 00:46:40,800
[Music]
906
00:46:40,800 --> 00:46:42,960
in the shimabara peninsula in the far
907
00:46:42,960 --> 00:46:44,800
south of japan
908
00:46:44,800 --> 00:46:46,960
drought and famine further depleted the
909
00:46:46,960 --> 00:46:48,770
meager harvest
910
00:46:48,770 --> 00:46:52,099
[Music]
911
00:47:06,319 --> 00:47:08,240
those who could not pay the taxes were
912
00:47:08,240 --> 00:47:11,599
punished severely
913
00:47:11,599 --> 00:47:14,960
in mid december 1637 a single event
914
00:47:14,960 --> 00:47:19,640
ignited the long smoldering fuse
915
00:47:24,140 --> 00:47:34,270
[Music]
916
00:47:37,040 --> 00:47:38,960
the young daughter of a farmer who owed
917
00:47:38,960 --> 00:47:42,960
taxes was seized and tortured
918
00:47:44,410 --> 00:47:50,710
[Music]
919
00:47:50,880 --> 00:47:53,040
furious with grief the father and his
920
00:47:53,040 --> 00:47:55,440
friends killed the local governor and
921
00:47:55,440 --> 00:47:58,079
the whole village samurai peasants and
922
00:47:58,079 --> 00:48:02,000
christians rose in revolt
923
00:48:02,319 --> 00:48:04,319
soon the whole area was in the hands of
924
00:48:04,319 --> 00:48:08,079
the rebels nearly 40 000
925
00:48:08,079 --> 00:48:11,599
so what began as a social upheaval a
926
00:48:11,599 --> 00:48:14,079
social revolt against the tremendously
927
00:48:14,079 --> 00:48:15,200
harsh
928
00:48:15,200 --> 00:48:16,960
taxation against the peasants leaving
929
00:48:16,960 --> 00:48:19,359
the peasants almost starving what began
930
00:48:19,359 --> 00:48:20,640
as that
931
00:48:20,640 --> 00:48:23,359
somehow developed into a christian
932
00:48:23,359 --> 00:48:24,880
rebellion
933
00:48:24,880 --> 00:48:26,720
a european merchant reported on the
934
00:48:26,720 --> 00:48:28,160
rebellion
935
00:48:28,160 --> 00:48:30,240
a few days after the outbreak the
936
00:48:30,240 --> 00:48:32,960
christians joined the farmers they cry
937
00:48:32,960 --> 00:48:35,119
out throughout the whole country that
938
00:48:35,119 --> 00:48:38,000
the time had now come to revenge the
939
00:48:38,000 --> 00:48:40,640
innocent blood of so many christians and
940
00:48:40,640 --> 00:48:42,960
priests and that they are prepared to
941
00:48:42,960 --> 00:48:46,079
die for their faith
942
00:48:46,079 --> 00:48:48,079
the rebels swarmed into an abandoned
943
00:48:48,079 --> 00:48:50,400
castle surrounded on three sides by the
944
00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:51,680
sea
945
00:48:51,680 --> 00:48:53,520
feeling protected they brought in their
946
00:48:53,520 --> 00:48:55,520
wives and children and barricaded
947
00:48:55,520 --> 00:48:59,160
themselves inside
948
00:48:59,440 --> 00:49:03,599
[Music]
949
00:49:03,599 --> 00:49:05,200
this was very upsetting the peasants
950
00:49:05,200 --> 00:49:07,760
were the lowest of the low the poor
951
00:49:07,760 --> 00:49:10,240
people they had no right to rebel they
952
00:49:10,240 --> 00:49:12,319
had and not only have they rebelled and
953
00:49:12,319 --> 00:49:14,480
revolted but they were doing darned well
954
00:49:14,480 --> 00:49:17,480
militarily
955
00:49:18,480 --> 00:49:21,040
and so no wonder the shogun was worried
956
00:49:21,040 --> 00:49:23,920
about this because this might set an
957
00:49:23,920 --> 00:49:25,760
example to other parts of the country
958
00:49:25,760 --> 00:49:29,040
that had become unsatisfied with the
959
00:49:29,040 --> 00:49:30,800
crushing taxes which the peasants were
960
00:49:30,800 --> 00:49:33,119
paying
961
00:49:33,680 --> 00:49:35,839
the shogun didn't tolerate dissidents
962
00:49:35,839 --> 00:49:37,680
especially any who looked to jesus for
963
00:49:37,680 --> 00:49:38,720
help
964
00:49:38,720 --> 00:49:40,880
he sent his troops to shimabara to quell
965
00:49:40,880 --> 00:49:44,040
the rebellion
966
00:49:45,760 --> 00:49:48,079
but for four bloody months even as food
967
00:49:48,079 --> 00:49:50,640
ran out the rebels managed to hold off
968
00:49:50,640 --> 00:49:54,280
the government attacks
969
00:49:54,610 --> 00:50:05,349
[Music]
970
00:50:05,760 --> 00:50:07,520
the shogun was so incensed at the
971
00:50:07,520 --> 00:50:09,920
continuing rebellion that he asked the
972
00:50:09,920 --> 00:50:11,839
dutch to send a ship with cannons
973
00:50:11,839 --> 00:50:14,480
against the besieged castle
974
00:50:14,480 --> 00:50:15,680
[Music]
975
00:50:15,680 --> 00:50:18,240
the dutch were reluctant to take part in
976
00:50:18,240 --> 00:50:21,040
this campaign but nevertheless they
977
00:50:21,040 --> 00:50:23,599
desperately wanted to hold on to this
978
00:50:23,599 --> 00:50:25,359
toe hole which they had
979
00:50:25,359 --> 00:50:28,800
in trade with japan
980
00:50:29,920 --> 00:50:32,240
and so if they didn't obey the order of
981
00:50:32,240 --> 00:50:33,359
the shogun
982
00:50:33,359 --> 00:50:35,839
he might well say well okay you can pack
983
00:50:35,839 --> 00:50:37,280
up and go home
984
00:50:37,280 --> 00:50:40,240
the shogun ordered the castle set ablaze
985
00:50:40,240 --> 00:50:43,599
still the rebels fought back
986
00:50:43,599 --> 00:50:46,200
but in the end their fate was sealed
987
00:50:46,200 --> 00:50:49,119
[Applause]
988
00:50:49,119 --> 00:50:51,440
and the castle fell finally through
989
00:50:51,440 --> 00:50:52,880
starvation
990
00:50:52,880 --> 00:50:57,880
and then followed a dreadful slaughter
991
00:51:00,440 --> 00:51:13,119
[Music]
992
00:51:13,119 --> 00:51:15,280
and that was the last
993
00:51:15,280 --> 00:51:19,960
battle really in japanese history
994
00:51:25,280 --> 00:51:27,680
the shimabara rebellion was the excuse
995
00:51:27,680 --> 00:51:30,160
the shogun needed to finally eradicate
996
00:51:30,160 --> 00:51:32,880
christianity from japan
997
00:51:32,880 --> 00:51:36,400
the shogun decided draconian measures
998
00:51:36,400 --> 00:51:39,599
we will cut off japan from all christian
999
00:51:39,599 --> 00:51:41,760
influence now how can you do that
1000
00:51:41,760 --> 00:51:44,640
we will isolate japan
1001
00:51:44,640 --> 00:51:46,640
these foreigners of course so much
1002
00:51:46,640 --> 00:51:48,559
trouble i suppose he was thinking they
1003
00:51:48,559 --> 00:51:49,680
are on
1004
00:51:49,680 --> 00:51:52,160
unnecessary complication to our life
1005
00:51:52,160 --> 00:51:55,040
so why not try to preserve japanese
1006
00:51:55,040 --> 00:51:56,559
society
1007
00:51:56,559 --> 00:52:00,079
as is now we don't want changes
1008
00:52:00,079 --> 00:52:02,480
the third shogun issued laws restricting
1009
00:52:02,480 --> 00:52:05,839
travel outside of the country
1010
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:08,640
on penalty of death no japanese could
1011
00:52:08,640 --> 00:52:10,000
leave japan
1012
00:52:10,000 --> 00:52:12,079
and those who were already abroad could
1013
00:52:12,079 --> 00:52:14,800
not return
1014
00:52:16,559 --> 00:52:18,960
to ensure his edicts were obeyed he
1015
00:52:18,960 --> 00:52:21,119
destroyed all ships of sea-going
1016
00:52:21,119 --> 00:52:23,280
capacity
1017
00:52:23,280 --> 00:52:25,599
then he forbade the entry of any ship of
1018
00:52:25,599 --> 00:52:28,640
european origin
1019
00:52:28,720 --> 00:52:30,880
only the dutch were allowed to stay and
1020
00:52:30,880 --> 00:52:35,359
trade but with severe restrictions
1021
00:52:37,040 --> 00:52:38,720
the maritime restrictions are designed
1022
00:52:38,720 --> 00:52:41,119
to prevent any unauthorized contact with
1023
00:52:41,119 --> 00:52:43,040
the outside world they're designed to
1024
00:52:43,040 --> 00:52:45,280
control trade and they're designed to
1025
00:52:45,280 --> 00:52:46,960
prevent um
1026
00:52:46,960 --> 00:52:49,040
christian missionaries from reaching
1027
00:52:49,040 --> 00:52:51,680
japan and being able to proselytize and
1028
00:52:51,680 --> 00:52:54,319
and they form the bedrock of tokugawa
1029
00:52:54,319 --> 00:52:56,400
foreign policy for the life of the
1030
00:52:56,400 --> 00:52:58,000
shogunate
1031
00:52:58,000 --> 00:52:59,760
which is sometimes called the beginning
1032
00:52:59,760 --> 00:53:03,440
of the isolation of japan
1033
00:53:04,190 --> 00:53:06,480
[Music]
1034
00:53:06,480 --> 00:53:08,480
two years later in defiance of the
1035
00:53:08,480 --> 00:53:10,880
shogun's ban an official portuguese
1036
00:53:10,880 --> 00:53:15,319
trade delegation arrived in japan
1037
00:53:15,410 --> 00:53:17,839
[Music]
1038
00:53:17,839 --> 00:53:20,240
the shogun showed no mercy and ordered
1039
00:53:20,240 --> 00:53:23,359
the execution of 57 of those aboard
1040
00:53:23,359 --> 00:53:26,400
ambassadors and their crew
1041
00:53:26,400 --> 00:53:29,599
he ordered the ship burned
1042
00:53:29,599 --> 00:53:31,599
the few survivors were sent back with
1043
00:53:31,599 --> 00:53:33,200
this warning
1044
00:53:33,200 --> 00:53:35,839
a similar penalty will be suffered by
1045
00:53:35,839 --> 00:53:37,839
all who come to these shores from
1046
00:53:37,839 --> 00:53:40,800
portugal whether they be ambassadors or
1047
00:53:40,800 --> 00:53:43,680
sailors whether they come by error or
1048
00:53:43,680 --> 00:53:45,520
driven by storm
1049
00:53:45,520 --> 00:53:48,240
even more if the king of portugal or
1050
00:53:48,240 --> 00:53:50,559
even the god of the christians were to
1051
00:53:50,559 --> 00:53:51,440
come
1052
00:53:51,440 --> 00:53:56,770
they would all pay the very same penalty
1053
00:53:56,770 --> 00:54:01,599
[Music]
1054
00:54:01,599 --> 00:54:04,480
the doors of japan clanged shut
1055
00:54:04,480 --> 00:54:06,559
and were not opened again to the west
1056
00:54:06,559 --> 00:54:10,319
for 200 years
1057
00:54:10,319 --> 00:54:14,240
the will of the shogun had prevailed
1058
00:54:14,240 --> 00:54:16,480
but many wondered how this isolated
1059
00:54:16,480 --> 00:54:18,240
empire would survive
1060
00:54:18,240 --> 00:54:22,839
in a rapidly changing world
1061
00:54:26,650 --> 00:54:29,359
[Music]
1062
00:54:29,359 --> 00:54:31,440
you
67291
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