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[Music]
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in 1911 young American Explorer Hiram
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Bingham arrived in Peru's sacred valley
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Bingham was looking for a fabled lost
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city the last word out of the Inca in
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their doomed battle against the Spanish
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he met a local farmer who said he knew
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of a place which might interest the
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American a place overgrown normal but
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forgotten what Bingham saw astonished
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him peeking through centuries of
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vegetation were dozens of granite
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buildings vast terraces were cut into
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the mountainside criss-crossed by
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hundreds of steep stone steps
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the effect on the young Explorer was
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dazzling like a dream
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[Music]
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when Bingham arrived here at matcha
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pitch you he thought he had discovered
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the lost city of the Inca a place so
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secret it remained hidden as Europeans
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over an the entire continent of South
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America for Bingham this site was the
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Holy Grail the key to unlocking the
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mysteries of the Inca the largest
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pre-columbian empire in the Americas but
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match you pitch you provides only a
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glimpse of an incredible Empire it's
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only one part of a remarkable tale this
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is the story of a people whose 600 years
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ago built an empire that stretched from
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barren coastal desert to lush tropical
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jungle from the edge of the Pacific
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Ocean to the high plains of Chile in
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Argentina it's a story of wealth power
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innovation and bloodshed all happening
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in some of the toughest landscapes on
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the planet fundamentally this is the
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story of an empire unlike any other one
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with a completely different world view
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to the Europeans who come to conquer it
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and is that different way of seeing the
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world of gaming and holding power over
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so many people that make the Inca
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absolutely fascinating
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the question I want to answer is how did
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they do it
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[Music]
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there are very good reasons why the inca
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have long fascinated us their empire was
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the biggest in the Americas before the
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arrival of Europeans at its height in
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the fifteenth century over ten million
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people were under their rule
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their vast Kingdom was connected by a
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sophisticated road network stretching
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for thousands of kilometres but most
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remarkable of all is the apparent speed
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of their rise to power in the 14th
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century the Inca were one of many
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independent peoples who lived high in
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the Andes yet they emerged from their
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Cusco stronghold and seemingly in the
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space of just 150 years built a vast
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multi-ethnic Empire which spanned a
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continent from the Pacific to the Amazon
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incorporating huge swathe of the
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modern-day countries of Ecuador Peru
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Bolivia Chile and Argentina
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for many years our understanding of the
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inca has been dominated by the
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chronicles written by the spanish
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conquistadors but these chronicles are
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written often with a specific agenda in
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mind to justify the Spanish conquest the
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Spanish came across an empire which they
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had no frame of reference for
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effectively a Neolithic Empire run
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without the pen or the sword no writing
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no wheel no animal which could carry a
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human no markets no currency so hold a
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peculiar complex society in European
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eyes I think it's time to question
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whether we need to re-evaluate the Inca
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rise to power perhaps early historical
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records have been misleading is there a
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different far more intriguing story to
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be told about the emergence of the Inca
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Empire
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the most important thing to bear in mind
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is that this wasn't an empire like the
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British Empire of the Roman Empire where
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history's were carefully written down
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and power came in the form of a dozen
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legions or a barrel of a gun this was a
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non-western empire and that often made
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it difficult for Westerners to study in
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order to understand the Inca you need to
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get inside the Incan mind and think like
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they thought
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and that means getting far away from
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that Jupiter
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[Music]
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one of the major differences between the
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inca world and our own is the concept of
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time the inca thought differently than
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we do about the past present and future
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this has significant implications for
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understanding all aspects of inca
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history and not least how long it really
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took them to build their empire the way
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that we think is so ingrained that it's
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very hard to try and change our
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perspective on things but it's something
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that we have to do if we're to
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understand the Inca Empire we have to
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get inside the Inca mind for us we have
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life we are born and then we die and
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this is essentially a linear path
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everything that happens before a moment
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of our lives we would call history and
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it happens behind us everything that was
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going to happen beyond this point in
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this line we would call the future
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crucially therefore everything that we
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understand about our ancestors in the
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world that has gone before
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creates and effects our lives along this
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line and everything that we do in our
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own life will affect the future and this
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is a linear concept of time that is
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completely different to how the Inka
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understood time so for the Inka start
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with the first line which they might
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call Chi Pecha Kucha is essentially a
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lifeline but there are two parallel
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lines Kahn and pata an OCO Pacha which
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is the past and the future and these
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lines run in parallel because they can
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happen at the same time so at any
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particular moment of life on this line
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they can transect between the past and
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the future and this point here is a
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particular moment of experience in the
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present which is affected directly by
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the past or the future we get a sense
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that there were multiple histories there
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were multiple pasts and there were
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multiple references and different things
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that different ancestors had done
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depending on who was telling the story
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so because of this it becomes very
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difficult to determine exactly what was
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the historical sequence
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of the development of the Inca Empire in
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a way that would make sense to us as a
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nice european chronicle the inca don't
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talk the same language of time as we do
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and so we need to think about the
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chronology of their history quite
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differently by understanding this we can
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begin to unravel the true story of the
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rise of the Inca Empire if you contrast
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the historical information to the
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archaeological information we get a very
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different picture studies of the
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emergence of the Incas as a power over
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neighboring societies surrounding Cusco
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so that they were probably a prepotent
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society perhaps even a state as early as
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almost a hundred years before their
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emergence as a ruling Empire
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this means the origins of the Inca date
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back much further than we originally
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thought I think it also means that when
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they started to build their empire the
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Inca built upon the achievements of
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people who went before
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[Music]
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a few hours drive south of Cusco there
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are the remains of a long-forgotten
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settlement
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remnants of buildings and streets which
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stretch over nearly two square
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kilometers
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but these ruins aren't Inca they were
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built by a people who rose and fell long
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before the Inca dominated this region
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[Music]
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these people were called the wari and
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this place was known as peaky actor and
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I believe the Inka learnt a great deal
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from what the wari built here
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throughout this part of South America
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you can find the remains of cultures
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stretching back thousands of years these
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past societies had their own worldviews
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belief systems and ways of living their
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lives and it's understanding the
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interrelationships between them that is
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important
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no society suddenly appears
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independently on its own but some
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societies can be so successful that
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their influence spreads far and wide
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that was the case with the wari
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the wari were the first to unite
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multiple areas about from north to south
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covering most of modern-day really picky
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ACTA was one of the wari Empire's most
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impressive settlements it's been
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estimated that cumulatively it would
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have taken six million days of
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back-breaking labor to build it this is
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a vast and beautiful site and a really
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important one for the wari but is when
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you walk around that you get a sense of
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experience of the place because they
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have these incredibly long corridors
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with these dominating high walls it must
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mean quite a disorientating experience
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perhaps led through one of these
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doorways you enter out into these open
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spaces or patios that would have been
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covered in white paint to perhaps murals
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picking actor dominated this region
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towards the end of the first millennium
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and walking through these ruins today it
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seems to me the wari laid the
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foundations of how to build an empire in
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the Andes
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many of the ideas of so-called Inca
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statecraft which we think of actually
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had their roots in the worry not least
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the road system you can't create a road
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system in a time period that the Incas
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were around him
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there was a great expansion of people
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and ideas at a time far deeper than that
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inter critical to the success of the War
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II was their understanding of this
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brutal environment and the innovations
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they developed to overcome it the worry
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were masters of landscape transformation
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canals that brought the water down from
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the mountain peaks where the rains fall
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into the rich agricultural regions where
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they terraced the landscape in order to
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turn the mountain sides into productive
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agricultural lands the ingenious
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solutions we see at work at picky actor
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are I believe crucial in helping us to
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understand not only the success of the
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wari but also the Inka who came after
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them
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this aqueduct is part of a 48 kilometers
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on network of canal systems taking water
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from the high mountains right into the
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heart of the site of picky actor and
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down to the agricultural terraces below
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this region receives barely enough water
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to support large-scale agricultural
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settlement and in times of drought this
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land can become an incredibly difficult
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place for humans to thrive
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90% of the rainfall in the Andes falls
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on the jungle regions only 10% makes it
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to the western coasts only through
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increased efficiency in agricultural
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technologies in production can humans
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respond effectively to drought that's
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what the wari introduced the lesson of
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the wari is that before you can build an
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empire in this part of the world you
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first need to master the landscape
277
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itself the wari agrarian technology was
278
00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:23,490
a drought adaptive technology it was
279
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much more efficient in the use of water
280
00:13:24,990 --> 00:13:27,000
than previous systems had been and that
281
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gave the worry an adaptive edge in
282
00:13:29,400 --> 00:13:32,580
bringing their new system to these local
283
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groups that were living in that region
284
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at the time
285
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interestingly the challenges faced by
286
00:13:39,970 --> 00:13:43,499
the wari still affect people here today
287
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1,000 years later Peru's climber
288
00:13:46,420 --> 00:13:48,220
remains one of the most extreme and
289
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vulnerable in the world
290
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[Music]
291
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most of the rainfall that falls on the
292
00:14:00,090 --> 00:14:02,760
Andes comes from South Atlantic sources
293
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coming in as partly monsoon or system
294
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across the Amazon and brought up into
295
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the Andes whereas the western side of
296
00:14:08,820 --> 00:14:11,820
the Andes and the coast is is a desert
297
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effectively because the winds that come
298
00:14:14,850 --> 00:14:18,870
across the Pacific on throw away most of
299
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the population of Peru today live on
300
00:14:21,150 --> 00:14:32,280
that desert street I've come to the
301
00:14:32,280 --> 00:14:34,320
village of mattes high in the Andes
302
00:14:34,320 --> 00:14:36,870
where a dry spell is made life tough for
303
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local farmers like felicitous para su
304
00:14:45,150 --> 00:14:50,970
casa es Christa Johnson Brando forested
305
00:14:50,970 --> 00:14:53,580
potential and all my eco transplanted
306
00:14:53,580 --> 00:15:03,330
Catina Mecca tell me every backup
307
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well durante los IKEA when I problemas
308
00:15:07,410 --> 00:15:09,240
con la comida Devine in la comida en
309
00:15:09,240 --> 00:15:11,010
chemin era putting baby corns the four
310
00:15:11,010 --> 00:15:17,820
levers there's a cosecha pepper one of
311
00:15:17,820 --> 00:15:20,700
them maize worms of interest our other
312
00:15:20,700 --> 00:15:23,190
as he authorities in Maris have
313
00:15:23,190 --> 00:15:25,680
responded to the dry spell by bussing in
314
00:15:25,680 --> 00:15:29,010
containers of fresh water from Cusco it
315
00:15:29,010 --> 00:15:30,990
has helped but it's in no way a
316
00:15:30,990 --> 00:15:34,410
sustainable solution durante la Secchia
317
00:15:34,410 --> 00:15:37,020
in those estaba menos nice Katie no naka
318
00:15:37,020 --> 00:15:40,220
ends warranty squander name Strega
319
00:15:40,220 --> 00:15:46,980
Nona's Gracia este Blanco is to smash
320
00:15:46,980 --> 00:15:50,520
the Caloris llego
321
00:15:50,520 --> 00:15:52,920
y que piensa que pasar con el pueblo see
322
00:15:52,920 --> 00:15:54,540
been a mistake es por futuro
323
00:15:54,540 --> 00:15:57,450
es más difícil para la y cosas Charla's
324
00:15:57,450 --> 00:16:00,060
las plantas que piensa que pasar con el
325
00:16:00,060 --> 00:16:02,790
público naka no sequel será el cambio
326
00:16:02,790 --> 00:16:06,300
del temporal eso siempre paying Samos
327
00:16:06,300 --> 00:16:06,970
theorem
328
00:16:06,970 --> 00:16:12,040
prophetess no say s Tom Spencer people
329
00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:15,770
they loss Nieto's say
330
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[Music]
331
00:16:18,740 --> 00:16:21,800
what's happening in maddest 'day also
332
00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:24,890
happened here many centuries ago but the
333
00:16:24,890 --> 00:16:26,870
wiry did not have the option to bus in
334
00:16:26,870 --> 00:16:30,370
tanks of water to sustain them
335
00:16:30,370 --> 00:16:32,260
the end of the first millennium we know
336
00:16:32,260 --> 00:16:34,600
that conditions were were both dry and
337
00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:37,180
really quite cold up in the mountains
338
00:16:37,180 --> 00:16:39,580
and that's the time when the wiry
339
00:16:39,580 --> 00:16:41,170
disappeared from the archaeological
340
00:16:41,170 --> 00:16:43,590
record
341
00:16:44,270 --> 00:16:46,910
the wari understood their environment
342
00:16:46,910 --> 00:16:49,580
but a prolonged route may have proved
343
00:16:49,580 --> 00:16:52,470
too much even for them
344
00:16:52,470 --> 00:16:56,610
climate change could have been one of
345
00:16:56,610 --> 00:16:58,920
the factors which put a lot of pressure
346
00:16:58,920 --> 00:17:02,160
on the wiry now the societies knew how
347
00:17:02,160 --> 00:17:04,609
to deal with short-term climate change
348
00:17:04,609 --> 00:17:07,200
they had in place a lot of strategies
349
00:17:07,200 --> 00:17:09,720
that enable them to cope but climate at
350
00:17:09,720 --> 00:17:11,430
those altitudes is one of the real
351
00:17:11,430 --> 00:17:14,120
pressure points
352
00:17:14,390 --> 00:17:16,720
[Music]
353
00:17:16,720 --> 00:17:19,269
however ingenious the wiry solutions
354
00:17:19,269 --> 00:17:22,000
were to the challenges they faced their
355
00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:24,650
power waned
356
00:17:24,650 --> 00:17:26,869
but there can be little doubt that the
357
00:17:26,869 --> 00:17:28,760
Inca built on the knowledge of what the
358
00:17:28,760 --> 00:17:30,760
wari left behind
359
00:17:30,760 --> 00:17:33,800
we have people continuing to live in the
360
00:17:33,800 --> 00:17:35,600
Cusco region continuing the oral
361
00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:37,610
traditions and the historical traditions
362
00:17:37,610 --> 00:17:39,890
of the wari within the Cusco region that
363
00:17:39,890 --> 00:17:41,330
the inca could have picked up upon the
364
00:17:41,330 --> 00:17:44,390
inca also had the benefit of the
365
00:17:44,390 --> 00:17:46,100
monuments that the Ori had built and
366
00:17:46,100 --> 00:17:50,390
right in their backyard the wari created
367
00:17:50,390 --> 00:17:52,730
a large and powerful State they were
368
00:17:52,730 --> 00:17:55,130
able to harness the harsh environments
369
00:17:55,130 --> 00:17:57,380
using ingenious large-scale construction
370
00:17:57,380 --> 00:17:59,870
projects like this technologies often
371
00:17:59,870 --> 00:18:02,180
associated with the Inca but the reason
372
00:18:02,180 --> 00:18:04,100
I like this one is that you can see the
373
00:18:04,100 --> 00:18:07,280
original wiry construction behind reused
374
00:18:07,280 --> 00:18:09,050
and restored by the Inka with this
375
00:18:09,050 --> 00:18:11,540
lovely stonework at the front the inca
376
00:18:11,540 --> 00:18:13,850
are using wiry technology but the
377
00:18:13,850 --> 00:18:15,530
crucial difference is they're also
378
00:18:15,530 --> 00:18:18,460
upscaling it
379
00:18:20,999 --> 00:18:23,549
to see exactly how they did this I'm
380
00:18:23,549 --> 00:18:25,709
heading north into the heart of the
381
00:18:25,709 --> 00:18:28,249
Cusco Valley
382
00:18:29,389 --> 00:18:31,969
this mountainous land is not naturally
383
00:18:31,969 --> 00:18:33,919
suited to large-scale agricultural
384
00:18:33,919 --> 00:18:36,059
production
385
00:18:36,059 --> 00:18:38,279
the challenges presented by the harsh
386
00:18:38,279 --> 00:18:40,999
climate are considerable
387
00:18:40,999 --> 00:18:44,119
but here the incas remarkable ability to
388
00:18:44,119 --> 00:18:46,639
problem-solve revolutionized agriculture
389
00:18:46,639 --> 00:18:49,309
and play the key role in the expansion
390
00:18:49,309 --> 00:18:51,879
of their empire
391
00:18:52,490 --> 00:18:56,990
[Music]
392
00:18:59,820 --> 00:19:03,120
this is Mariah it lies three and a half
393
00:19:03,120 --> 00:19:05,670
thousand metres above sea level and is
394
00:19:05,670 --> 00:19:07,080
one of the most remarkable human
395
00:19:07,080 --> 00:19:09,050
landscapes on earth
396
00:19:09,050 --> 00:19:12,030
Mariah consists of three huge limestone
397
00:19:12,030 --> 00:19:15,330
depressions into which terraces have
398
00:19:15,330 --> 00:19:18,540
been carved this is the place where Inka
399
00:19:18,540 --> 00:19:20,970
skills in engineering and agriculture
400
00:19:20,970 --> 00:19:24,000
combined perfectly it's a place which
401
00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:26,660
synthesizes beauty and technology and
402
00:19:26,660 --> 00:19:29,100
transformed the lives of the Inka and
403
00:19:29,100 --> 00:19:34,980
those they would soon rule these
404
00:19:34,980 --> 00:19:36,900
terraces can be up to three meters in
405
00:19:36,900 --> 00:19:39,390
height and they had this thick retaining
406
00:19:39,390 --> 00:19:42,300
wall which is angled back to hold back
407
00:19:42,300 --> 00:19:44,880
the soil behind and what's behind is
408
00:19:44,880 --> 00:19:46,890
actually really clever at the bottom you
409
00:19:46,890 --> 00:19:48,870
have a series of broken stones for
410
00:19:48,870 --> 00:19:51,090
drainage above that a layer of coarse
411
00:19:51,090 --> 00:19:53,460
soil which acts as a bedding and then a
412
00:19:53,460 --> 00:19:55,920
metre of topsoil which they continually
413
00:19:55,920 --> 00:19:58,620
turn over to aerate the soil and these
414
00:19:58,620 --> 00:20:00,900
stone walls absorb the heat of the Sun
415
00:20:00,900 --> 00:20:03,210
during the day and that radiates through
416
00:20:03,210 --> 00:20:05,040
at night protecting the crops against
417
00:20:05,040 --> 00:20:06,680
frost
418
00:20:06,680 --> 00:20:09,020
[Music]
419
00:20:09,020 --> 00:20:11,900
the ingenuity of the terraces lies not
420
00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:13,940
just in their ability to increase the
421
00:20:13,940 --> 00:20:16,960
amount of land the Inka could cultivate
422
00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:19,400
they were a mechanism for manipulating
423
00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:21,770
the environment altering the ambient
424
00:20:21,770 --> 00:20:26,330
temperature of the whole site and making
425
00:20:26,330 --> 00:20:28,210
the production of crops a high altitude
426
00:20:28,210 --> 00:20:33,770
possible today the temperature at the
427
00:20:33,770 --> 00:20:35,720
top of the terraces is 16 degrees
428
00:20:35,720 --> 00:20:39,590
centigrade down here at the bottom you
429
00:20:39,590 --> 00:20:41,690
have this crucible effect when the
430
00:20:41,690 --> 00:20:43,280
temperature is much warmer no air flow
431
00:20:43,280 --> 00:20:46,100
and these stone terraces circle round
432
00:20:46,100 --> 00:20:48,380
radiating the heat here you can see it's
433
00:20:48,380 --> 00:20:51,429
over 22 degrees now
434
00:20:52,309 --> 00:20:54,929
the difference in temperature from the
435
00:20:54,929 --> 00:20:57,149
top of this site to the bottom means
436
00:20:57,149 --> 00:20:59,370
that each Terra Satmar I represent a
437
00:20:59,370 --> 00:21:01,440
different ecological zone as you move up
438
00:21:01,440 --> 00:21:04,639
the side of the Andes
439
00:21:04,720 --> 00:21:09,049
the implications of this are profound it
440
00:21:09,049 --> 00:21:11,059
means this was a place where Inca
441
00:21:11,059 --> 00:21:12,730
engineers created their own
442
00:21:12,730 --> 00:21:15,049
microclimates allowing them to
443
00:21:15,049 --> 00:21:17,509
experiment in cultivating a variety of
444
00:21:17,509 --> 00:21:19,369
different crops which would not normally
445
00:21:19,369 --> 00:21:22,779
have been grown at these altitudes
446
00:21:25,070 --> 00:21:28,260
tomatoes squashes pumpkins types of
447
00:21:28,260 --> 00:21:31,080
tobacco that's not so beneficial perhaps
448
00:21:31,080 --> 00:21:33,810
but it underlies the point that although
449
00:21:33,810 --> 00:21:36,480
we marvel at the zen aesthetic of machu
450
00:21:36,480 --> 00:21:39,480
picchu and so forth really what's much
451
00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:41,220
more important in my view is the legacy
452
00:21:41,220 --> 00:21:45,290
of their agriculture
453
00:21:48,320 --> 00:21:51,930
the Incas were essentially reconfiguring
454
00:21:51,930 --> 00:21:54,300
the biotic landscape by changing the
455
00:21:54,300 --> 00:21:57,120
terrain changing the heat and water
456
00:21:57,120 --> 00:21:58,680
retention capacities through their
457
00:21:58,680 --> 00:22:01,200
terracing systems which developed a
458
00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:04,680
series of warm weather estates in a cold
459
00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:07,800
weather climate these terraces show how
460
00:22:07,800 --> 00:22:09,540
the Inka understood the advantages of
461
00:22:09,540 --> 00:22:12,060
this vertical landscape in effect they
462
00:22:12,060 --> 00:22:14,640
farmed upwards they managed to turn the
463
00:22:14,640 --> 00:22:16,530
harsh contours of the land to their
464
00:22:16,530 --> 00:22:18,900
advantage and by growing different crops
465
00:22:18,900 --> 00:22:21,030
at different elevations it gave them a
466
00:22:21,030 --> 00:22:22,710
huge diversity in the crops that they
467
00:22:22,710 --> 00:22:25,920
grew this had two key advantages one
468
00:22:25,920 --> 00:22:27,630
they had a healthier and more diverse
469
00:22:27,630 --> 00:22:30,570
diet and two it helped mitigate against
470
00:22:30,570 --> 00:22:32,490
the impact in the past that had created
471
00:22:32,490 --> 00:22:36,270
hunger unrest droughts and floods pests
472
00:22:36,270 --> 00:22:41,940
and frost this is what I mean when I say
473
00:22:41,940 --> 00:22:45,450
the Inka scaled up war ii technology in
474
00:22:45,450 --> 00:22:48,930
craig r acculturating a family or even a
475
00:22:48,930 --> 00:22:51,150
city it was about scientifically
476
00:22:51,150 --> 00:22:53,160
managing production so they could feed
477
00:22:53,160 --> 00:22:55,380
an empire
478
00:22:55,380 --> 00:22:58,120
by creating this food surplus it
479
00:22:58,120 --> 00:23:00,190
provided time to devote to other things
480
00:23:00,190 --> 00:23:03,670
like expansion beyond their borders it
481
00:23:03,670 --> 00:23:05,440
was also a great calling card as they
482
00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:08,020
approached other cultures because Mirai
483
00:23:08,020 --> 00:23:10,630
shows that the Inca are problem solvers
484
00:23:10,630 --> 00:23:12,910
unable to create these very efficient
485
00:23:12,910 --> 00:23:16,690
and effective managed landscapes in a
486
00:23:16,690 --> 00:23:18,760
region where climate was unpredictable
487
00:23:18,760 --> 00:23:21,310
and catastrophic where people could
488
00:23:21,310 --> 00:23:24,190
often face starvation and hunger the
489
00:23:24,190 --> 00:23:26,710
ability to provide a reliable regular
490
00:23:26,710 --> 00:23:28,840
and good-quality amount of food was a
491
00:23:28,840 --> 00:23:32,390
source of supreme power for the Inca
492
00:23:32,390 --> 00:23:35,160
but that's only part of the story for
493
00:23:35,160 --> 00:23:37,650
the Inca state to flourish they needed
494
00:23:37,650 --> 00:23:40,470
to not only grow enough food but also to
495
00:23:40,470 --> 00:23:42,410
distribute it quickly and efficiently
496
00:23:42,410 --> 00:23:45,180
which could be a serious problem when
497
00:23:45,180 --> 00:23:46,650
you live in such a challenging landscape
498
00:23:46,650 --> 00:23:49,250
as this
499
00:23:51,850 --> 00:23:55,090
but a few miles north of Mirai is a
500
00:23:55,090 --> 00:23:56,919
place which I think might hold the
501
00:23:56,919 --> 00:23:59,309
answer
502
00:24:03,929 --> 00:24:05,990
you
503
00:24:08,190 --> 00:24:11,129
this is an amazing spot below me is the
504
00:24:11,129 --> 00:24:13,590
town of Aliante humble and above it
505
00:24:13,590 --> 00:24:15,840
clinging to the side of a cliff is a
506
00:24:15,840 --> 00:24:19,110
series of tall buildings at first glance
507
00:24:19,110 --> 00:24:20,429
they may not seem like the most
508
00:24:20,429 --> 00:24:22,409
impressive thing but these structures
509
00:24:22,409 --> 00:24:24,210
are critical to the foundations of the
510
00:24:24,210 --> 00:24:27,350
entire increment
511
00:24:28,759 --> 00:24:32,850
these are Colchis store houses and they
512
00:24:32,850 --> 00:24:35,190
are iconic buildings found all over the
513
00:24:35,190 --> 00:24:36,059
Inca Empire
514
00:24:36,059 --> 00:24:38,330
sometimes they're by the side of roads
515
00:24:38,330 --> 00:24:40,559
sometimes near centers of population
516
00:24:40,559 --> 00:24:45,720
like here at Olympic Ambo these weren't
517
00:24:45,720 --> 00:24:48,539
just barns for storing food they were
518
00:24:48,539 --> 00:24:51,090
sophisticated silos that were critical
519
00:24:51,090 --> 00:24:53,250
to the well-being of the people and the
520
00:24:53,250 --> 00:24:55,860
maintenance of power in here would be
521
00:24:55,860 --> 00:24:58,190
stored everything from maize to potatoes
522
00:24:58,190 --> 00:25:00,960
textiles to weapons and vast numbers of
523
00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:02,759
seeds that could be used for next year's
524
00:25:02,759 --> 00:25:05,279
planting they were often located in
525
00:25:05,279 --> 00:25:08,399
strategic places well-ventilated and not
526
00:25:08,399 --> 00:25:09,230
prone to flooding
527
00:25:09,230 --> 00:25:14,239
[Music]
528
00:25:17,080 --> 00:25:19,420
the combined storage space of this
529
00:25:19,420 --> 00:25:21,790
network would have run to hundreds of
530
00:25:21,790 --> 00:25:24,820
thousands of cubic meters that means
531
00:25:24,820 --> 00:25:27,340
that people across the Empire could be
532
00:25:27,340 --> 00:25:29,010
supplied with everything they needed
533
00:25:29,010 --> 00:25:33,510
whenever circumstances demanded
534
00:25:33,790 --> 00:25:35,680
one of the ways that we can understand
535
00:25:35,680 --> 00:25:37,990
the scale and the order of the Inka
536
00:25:37,990 --> 00:25:39,970
warehousing system is by looking at the
537
00:25:39,970 --> 00:25:42,190
experience of the Spaniards who came in
538
00:25:42,190 --> 00:25:45,370
in 1548 into the Upper Montero Valley or
539
00:25:45,370 --> 00:25:47,410
the central highlands of Peru there were
540
00:25:47,410 --> 00:25:49,870
2,000 of them and they stayed there for
541
00:25:49,870 --> 00:25:51,730
multiple weeks and they said at the end
542
00:25:51,730 --> 00:25:54,760
of that period they couldn't recognize
543
00:25:54,760 --> 00:25:56,560
it that made a dent in the warehouses
544
00:25:56,560 --> 00:25:59,410
and the contents of the facilities these
545
00:25:59,410 --> 00:26:02,020
storehouses tell me that the Inka
546
00:26:02,020 --> 00:26:04,090
understood the need to provide food
547
00:26:04,090 --> 00:26:09,220
security for the people they ruled it's
548
00:26:09,220 --> 00:26:12,400
actually quite a modern idea in the UK
549
00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:14,640
during the fuel protests of 2000
550
00:26:14,640 --> 00:26:16,900
Supermarket bosses told the government
551
00:26:16,900 --> 00:26:18,940
they only had enough fuel to distribute
552
00:26:18,940 --> 00:26:20,800
food to the people for another three
553
00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:22,960
days after that they'd start to go
554
00:26:22,960 --> 00:26:26,500
hungry this focuses the mind on food
555
00:26:26,500 --> 00:26:28,420
security because it's not just about
556
00:26:28,420 --> 00:26:30,640
growing food it's about storage and
557
00:26:30,640 --> 00:26:32,080
distribution that is perhaps most
558
00:26:32,080 --> 00:26:34,720
important and the Inka understood this
559
00:26:34,720 --> 00:26:37,150
that's why they created this vast system
560
00:26:37,150 --> 00:26:39,580
of storage facilities and a distribution
561
00:26:39,580 --> 00:26:42,700
network that got the food to the people
562
00:26:42,700 --> 00:26:44,800
and this was important during times of
563
00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:48,120
drought an environmental disaster
564
00:26:51,610 --> 00:26:54,140
the inca storehouses in times of
565
00:26:54,140 --> 00:26:56,300
scarcity and times of drought could be
566
00:26:56,300 --> 00:26:59,090
used to feed the populace is to feed the
567
00:26:59,090 --> 00:27:01,280
masses in order to save them from
568
00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:03,800
certain death and destruction to the
569
00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:06,560
people who did the farming they were a
570
00:27:06,560 --> 00:27:08,570
source of security and insurance if you
571
00:27:08,570 --> 00:27:10,760
will against the bad years knowing that
572
00:27:10,760 --> 00:27:12,140
the Inca state would be able to provide
573
00:27:12,140 --> 00:27:15,740
for them but I suspect these storehouses
574
00:27:15,740 --> 00:27:17,410
Ceph more than a practical
575
00:27:17,410 --> 00:27:20,170
administrative function the storehouses
576
00:27:20,170 --> 00:27:23,390
provided a highly visible symbol of the
577
00:27:23,390 --> 00:27:26,000
Inca state to its people demonstrating
578
00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:30,190
both its reach and its benevolence
579
00:27:30,590 --> 00:27:32,450
there was a basic level of understanding
580
00:27:32,450 --> 00:27:36,020
that the Inka would care for the poorest
581
00:27:36,020 --> 00:27:38,150
members of its society it was a basic
582
00:27:38,150 --> 00:27:40,490
social contract if you will these
583
00:27:40,490 --> 00:27:42,830
storehouses were an important logistical
584
00:27:42,830 --> 00:27:46,760
element of a growing Empire but they
585
00:27:46,760 --> 00:27:48,919
also hint at the developing nature of
586
00:27:48,919 --> 00:27:52,090
Inka power itself
587
00:27:52,110 --> 00:27:54,390
you get a sense of the different type of
588
00:27:54,390 --> 00:27:56,070
Empire when you come to a place like
589
00:27:56,070 --> 00:27:58,290
this you see how much effort they went
590
00:27:58,290 --> 00:28:01,020
to to provide for people's needs it's
591
00:28:01,020 --> 00:28:03,120
almost an attractive type of Empire that
592
00:28:03,120 --> 00:28:05,220
people would want to become part of why
593
00:28:05,220 --> 00:28:07,049
wouldn't you want to join an empire that
594
00:28:07,049 --> 00:28:09,179
provided for you in times of need good
595
00:28:09,179 --> 00:28:13,500
times and bad the creation of these
596
00:28:13,500 --> 00:28:15,900
storehouses tells us a lot about the
597
00:28:15,900 --> 00:28:18,570
great incre ability to organize and plan
598
00:28:18,570 --> 00:28:21,570
the use of their resources they embody
599
00:28:21,570 --> 00:28:24,150
an empire which could offer solutions to
600
00:28:24,150 --> 00:28:26,400
the people of the Andes but in order to
601
00:28:26,400 --> 00:28:28,590
truly understand the nature of Inka
602
00:28:28,590 --> 00:28:30,929
power I think we also have to look at
603
00:28:30,929 --> 00:28:32,610
how they approached these people in the
604
00:28:32,610 --> 00:28:35,610
first place power in effect they pitched
605
00:28:35,610 --> 00:28:37,410
their empire to the people they would
606
00:28:37,410 --> 00:28:42,720
rule to find out how they did it I'm
607
00:28:42,720 --> 00:28:46,820
taking the road west towards the ocean
608
00:28:52,540 --> 00:28:54,600
you
609
00:28:54,809 --> 00:28:56,990
this is the temple of Patrick
610
00:28:56,990 --> 00:29:01,030
Kamik on the pacific coast of peru
611
00:29:01,059 --> 00:29:03,700
and you can see the distinctive method
612
00:29:03,700 --> 00:29:07,290
of Inca Empire building at work here
613
00:29:07,290 --> 00:29:09,900
for thousands of years before the Inca
614
00:29:09,900 --> 00:29:12,000
this was one of the most important and
615
00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:13,710
powerful religious sites in South
616
00:29:13,710 --> 00:29:16,250
America
617
00:29:21,820 --> 00:29:23,880
you
618
00:29:46,279 --> 00:29:48,409
they didn't destroy this religious
619
00:29:48,409 --> 00:29:50,989
center stamp out its idolatry or even
620
00:29:50,989 --> 00:29:52,489
forbid people from worshipping the
621
00:29:52,489 --> 00:29:54,889
Oracle here at pachacamac exactly the
622
00:29:54,889 --> 00:29:57,440
opposite in fact they incorporated the
623
00:29:57,440 --> 00:29:59,269
Oracle of Patrick hammock within their
624
00:29:59,269 --> 00:30:01,879
own pantheon of deities even building a
625
00:30:01,879 --> 00:30:07,489
shrine to it in Cusco this willingness
626
00:30:07,489 --> 00:30:10,190
to tolerate and absorb other religions
627
00:30:10,190 --> 00:30:12,639
tells us a great deal about Inca power
628
00:30:12,639 --> 00:30:15,830
it tells me that as they expanded into
629
00:30:15,830 --> 00:30:17,899
new territory they wanted to avoid
630
00:30:17,899 --> 00:30:22,339
conflict the Incas were very effective
631
00:30:22,339 --> 00:30:23,809
at expanding out of their homeland
632
00:30:23,809 --> 00:30:26,089
because the practice economy of force
633
00:30:26,089 --> 00:30:28,759
that is they didn't conduct military
634
00:30:28,759 --> 00:30:31,309
operations except as a last resort they
635
00:30:31,309 --> 00:30:33,679
tried diplomacy they tried bribery they
636
00:30:33,679 --> 00:30:35,330
tried all sorts of accommodations to
637
00:30:35,330 --> 00:30:39,559
bring people into their empire fighting
638
00:30:39,559 --> 00:30:42,710
was inefficient it meant the loss of
639
00:30:42,710 --> 00:30:44,749
their own men and of the people whose
640
00:30:44,749 --> 00:30:47,539
labor they could use but the threat of
641
00:30:47,539 --> 00:30:51,889
force needed to be visible and real it
642
00:30:51,889 --> 00:30:55,249
is a carrot and stick approach if you
643
00:30:55,249 --> 00:30:57,320
like of the threat of military violence
644
00:30:57,320 --> 00:31:01,849
but equally the promise of gaining
645
00:31:01,849 --> 00:31:04,190
through the authority of the Inca and
646
00:31:04,190 --> 00:31:07,620
their access to resources
647
00:31:07,620 --> 00:31:10,200
the Inca would often arrive in the new
648
00:31:10,200 --> 00:31:12,900
province with a massive army putting on
649
00:31:12,900 --> 00:31:15,080
an overwhelming display of force
650
00:31:15,080 --> 00:31:17,580
emissaries would be sent to local rulers
651
00:31:17,580 --> 00:31:19,710
bearing expensive gifts of jewelry and
652
00:31:19,710 --> 00:31:22,289
livestock these same emissaries would
653
00:31:22,289 --> 00:31:24,360
explain the benefits of joining the Inca
654
00:31:24,360 --> 00:31:27,690
Empire if the answer was no the Inca
655
00:31:27,690 --> 00:31:30,210
spared no prisoners losing generals can
656
00:31:30,210 --> 00:31:34,020
expect to be flayed alive but if the
657
00:31:34,020 --> 00:31:36,179
answer was yes then the people would be
658
00:31:36,179 --> 00:31:38,070
showered with gifts of food and drink
659
00:31:38,070 --> 00:31:40,320
their Lords would be instructed in
660
00:31:40,320 --> 00:31:42,720
Quechua the Inca language and their
661
00:31:42,720 --> 00:31:44,789
children would be taken to Cusco to
662
00:31:44,789 --> 00:31:48,659
learn the ways of the empire above all
663
00:31:48,659 --> 00:31:50,520
they will be allowed to continue to
664
00:31:50,520 --> 00:31:53,940
practice their own religion
665
00:31:53,940 --> 00:31:56,009
punch a comics an excellent example of
666
00:31:56,009 --> 00:31:58,139
how the Inca co-opted powerful religious
667
00:31:58,139 --> 00:32:00,659
shrine and incorporated in to the Inca
668
00:32:00,659 --> 00:32:03,480
Imperial period they probably persuaded
669
00:32:03,480 --> 00:32:05,970
the priests of Pacha kama to participate
670
00:32:05,970 --> 00:32:07,799
those that would be willing but they
671
00:32:07,799 --> 00:32:10,110
also transformed then pachacamac from
672
00:32:10,110 --> 00:32:12,720
its focus as a local shrine into an Inca
673
00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:15,000
one and that kind of melding and that
674
00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:16,889
kind of blending if you will of Inca
675
00:32:16,889 --> 00:32:18,809
ideology with local ideology was a
676
00:32:18,809 --> 00:32:20,879
really good example of the way that Inca
677
00:32:20,879 --> 00:32:23,549
imperialism worked the tolerance
678
00:32:23,549 --> 00:32:26,009
demonstrated here at pachacamac happened
679
00:32:26,009 --> 00:32:28,529
all over the Inca realm and I think it
680
00:32:28,529 --> 00:32:30,570
goes to the heart of explaining how the
681
00:32:30,570 --> 00:32:35,519
Inca built such a large empire if you
682
00:32:35,519 --> 00:32:37,730
submit to the rule of the Inca Empire
683
00:32:37,730 --> 00:32:40,230
then you will be allowed to keep most of
684
00:32:40,230 --> 00:32:41,610
your lands you'll be able to keep your
685
00:32:41,610 --> 00:32:44,190
social order all you will have to do is
686
00:32:44,190 --> 00:32:47,129
pay certain taxes to the Incas and we
687
00:32:47,129 --> 00:32:48,509
will allow you to continue to live
688
00:32:48,509 --> 00:32:50,389
essentially as you had done previously
689
00:32:50,389 --> 00:32:52,980
it appears that many peoples in the
690
00:32:52,980 --> 00:32:54,899
Andes decided that was probably the best
691
00:32:54,899 --> 00:32:58,320
bet there's a great intelligence about
692
00:32:58,320 --> 00:33:01,049
Inka power why destroy a kingdom when
693
00:33:01,049 --> 00:33:02,580
that will mean a heavy cost to you in
694
00:33:02,580 --> 00:33:03,860
terms of lives lost
695
00:33:03,860 --> 00:33:06,840
why persecute its rulers when they could
696
00:33:06,840 --> 00:33:10,350
help you run your empire ultimately the
697
00:33:10,350 --> 00:33:12,149
Inka understood the more tightly you
698
00:33:12,149 --> 00:33:14,789
bound people to you the more control
699
00:33:14,789 --> 00:33:17,620
over them you would have
700
00:33:17,620 --> 00:33:20,559
in order to develop a a larger-scale
701
00:33:20,559 --> 00:33:23,510
society they needed to cooperate and
702
00:33:23,510 --> 00:33:25,580
that's one of the great Inca
703
00:33:25,580 --> 00:33:27,049
achievements is that level of
704
00:33:27,049 --> 00:33:30,590
cooperation now wasn't all love and
705
00:33:30,590 --> 00:33:32,600
peace I think but nonetheless it wasn't
706
00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:34,190
aggression that developed into the
707
00:33:34,190 --> 00:33:36,470
defensive sites and and all-out warfare
708
00:33:36,470 --> 00:33:39,470
and I think that allowed them to expand
709
00:33:39,470 --> 00:33:41,630
as they created more and more alliances
710
00:33:41,630 --> 00:33:47,600
and they could draw people together in
711
00:33:47,600 --> 00:33:52,610
doing so they are creating a integration
712
00:33:52,610 --> 00:33:54,350
that is different to what has gone
713
00:33:54,350 --> 00:33:56,590
before
714
00:33:56,690 --> 00:34:05,900
[Music]
715
00:34:06,580 --> 00:34:10,280
by the late 1400s the Inca Empire was
716
00:34:10,280 --> 00:34:13,129
approaching its zenith the inca were no
717
00:34:13,129 --> 00:34:15,230
longer one among many societies in the
718
00:34:15,230 --> 00:34:18,139
andes they were the dominant highly
719
00:34:18,139 --> 00:34:19,940
organized culture whose influence
720
00:34:19,940 --> 00:34:21,859
stretched well beyond their cuzco
721
00:34:21,859 --> 00:34:25,579
stronghold but in economic terms how did
722
00:34:25,579 --> 00:34:28,909
such a sprawling Empire work
723
00:34:28,909 --> 00:34:31,159
to find out I'm heading to the remote
724
00:34:31,159 --> 00:34:34,369
island of tequila 4000 meters above sea
725
00:34:34,369 --> 00:34:37,550
level on lake titikaka
726
00:34:37,550 --> 00:34:42,649
[Music]
727
00:34:44,739 --> 00:34:48,050
[Music]
728
00:34:48,050 --> 00:34:51,000
the people on taquile lived by an old
729
00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:53,699
code which they say dates back to the
730
00:34:53,699 --> 00:34:58,619
Inca a masseur Pamela a maquila do not
731
00:34:58,619 --> 00:35:03,210
steal do not lie do not be lazy these
732
00:35:03,210 --> 00:35:05,310
lands were among the first to Inca
733
00:35:05,310 --> 00:35:07,290
conquered as they moved out of the Cusco
734
00:35:07,290 --> 00:35:11,400
Valley it's a region of vast llama and
735
00:35:11,400 --> 00:35:13,710
alpaca herds which were a bountiful
736
00:35:13,710 --> 00:35:16,080
source of food clothing and transport
737
00:35:16,080 --> 00:35:21,690
for the income and the Incan way of life
738
00:35:21,690 --> 00:35:23,940
is still very much in evidence here on
739
00:35:23,940 --> 00:35:26,700
taquile an attitude of collective
740
00:35:26,700 --> 00:35:29,630
endeavor and mutual support
741
00:35:29,630 --> 00:35:32,030
[Music]
742
00:35:32,030 --> 00:35:34,010
hola
743
00:35:34,010 --> 00:35:36,869
Alejandro Flores what is a community
744
00:35:36,869 --> 00:35:41,700
leader in the 1660s que some news and of
745
00:35:41,700 --> 00:35:44,010
Claro patusan since eh an Akita Missy is
746
00:35:44,010 --> 00:35:46,500
that a key to Ocala mr. Rowbotham
747
00:35:46,500 --> 00:35:49,650
annoyed by a kid named Allah no no no es
748
00:35:49,650 --> 00:35:51,300
una for minitek steal a bassinet
749
00:35:51,300 --> 00:35:53,490
distinto no es una forma de estilo de
750
00:35:53,490 --> 00:35:55,859
Delilah muy diferentes esta por que
751
00:35:55,859 --> 00:35:58,770
siempre miss away loss in Ottawa los SE
752
00:35:58,770 --> 00:36:00,630
que siempre on tequila see Ella's
753
00:36:00,630 --> 00:36:02,940
costumbre los que no que la camisa Rio
754
00:36:02,940 --> 00:36:06,950
mismo tipo de comprar
755
00:36:07,980 --> 00:36:10,230
Alejandro's way of life may seem
756
00:36:10,230 --> 00:36:12,670
anachronistic but at the time of the
757
00:36:12,670 --> 00:36:16,570
Inca this was the norm communities were
758
00:36:16,570 --> 00:36:18,880
expected to give a proportion of their
759
00:36:18,880 --> 00:36:21,130
agricultural production crafts and labor
760
00:36:21,130 --> 00:36:23,710
for the benefit of the state weave in
761
00:36:23,710 --> 00:36:25,690
cloth for the court or working on a
762
00:36:25,690 --> 00:36:27,880
building project just as they still do
763
00:36:27,880 --> 00:36:32,470
on taquile today oh yeah where's America
764
00:36:32,470 --> 00:36:34,869
it doesn't check in Davina IU that oh
765
00:36:34,869 --> 00:36:38,320
yeah this was common with whom
766
00:36:38,320 --> 00:36:41,200
this is compartir no Toby exist aqui es
767
00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:43,240
importante cetera no ciccolo separate
768
00:36:43,240 --> 00:36:45,040
ando no se puede comprar antenna so do
769
00:36:45,040 --> 00:36:50,080
bear a key a locust communal pero
770
00:36:50,080 --> 00:36:52,839
tenemos a Capo's emplo Camilo Chuco
771
00:36:52,839 --> 00:36:55,750
Condor Homs Caminos hace SEC a communal
772
00:36:55,750 --> 00:37:01,770
no todo Rondo Tahoma camino wounds alone
773
00:37:01,770 --> 00:37:05,230
poison in the tank ooh Mulder ah sexy
774
00:37:05,230 --> 00:37:07,960
crazy una said terror for the other
775
00:37:07,960 --> 00:37:13,540
thing not another typical oh yeah one of
776
00:37:13,540 --> 00:37:15,250
the clearest examples of a difference
777
00:37:15,250 --> 00:37:17,140
between the Inca way of life and a
778
00:37:17,140 --> 00:37:19,720
modern one is in the economy because the
779
00:37:19,720 --> 00:37:21,730
Inca didn't use money they didn't have
780
00:37:21,730 --> 00:37:24,280
an arbitrary system against which value
781
00:37:24,280 --> 00:37:26,470
was set instead everything was done
782
00:37:26,470 --> 00:37:28,710
through exchange so things like
783
00:37:28,710 --> 00:37:31,330
agricultural produce and craftsmanship
784
00:37:31,330 --> 00:37:35,280
even hours of labor could be exchanged
785
00:37:35,280 --> 00:37:39,070
the Inca managed to persuade large
786
00:37:39,070 --> 00:37:41,320
numbers of people that they should
787
00:37:41,320 --> 00:37:44,589
contribute their labor to projects such
788
00:37:44,589 --> 00:37:46,599
as construction such as agricultural
789
00:37:46,599 --> 00:37:49,180
work such as the road system and they
790
00:37:49,180 --> 00:37:53,320
managed to do that through a reciprocal
791
00:37:53,320 --> 00:37:57,400
relationship one where you didn't doubt
792
00:37:57,400 --> 00:37:59,859
that the Inca were in control but that
793
00:37:59,859 --> 00:38:01,690
you believed that you were getting also
794
00:38:01,690 --> 00:38:03,460
something out of it
795
00:38:03,460 --> 00:38:06,550
it strikes me that in stark contrast to
796
00:38:06,550 --> 00:38:08,560
many civilizations that had gone before
797
00:38:08,560 --> 00:38:12,010
them the Inca wielded a very subtle form
798
00:38:12,010 --> 00:38:14,520
of power
799
00:38:15,450 --> 00:38:17,730
they offered solutions to the harsh
800
00:38:17,730 --> 00:38:20,520
realities of life in the Andes an intern
801
00:38:20,520 --> 00:38:23,040
asked the people's they governed to have
802
00:38:23,040 --> 00:38:25,710
faith in the benefits of Inca rule
803
00:38:25,710 --> 00:38:30,050
[Music]
804
00:38:30,120 --> 00:38:32,790
in some ways it was quite a benevolent
805
00:38:32,790 --> 00:38:35,970
empire yet there was never any question
806
00:38:35,970 --> 00:38:39,660
about who was ultimately in charge
807
00:38:39,660 --> 00:38:44,590
[Music]
808
00:38:44,590 --> 00:38:47,660
how the Inca managed to integrate so
809
00:38:47,660 --> 00:38:49,190
many different people's into their
810
00:38:49,190 --> 00:38:51,530
empire whilst maintaining their dominant
811
00:38:51,530 --> 00:38:54,070
position was central to their success
812
00:38:54,070 --> 00:38:56,930
just a few miles from pachacamac is a
813
00:38:56,930 --> 00:38:58,760
place which was built specifically to
814
00:38:58,760 --> 00:39:01,400
bring an entire people into the Inca
815
00:39:01,400 --> 00:39:04,250
fold and it brilliantly demonstrates how
816
00:39:04,250 --> 00:39:05,900
a society that didn't have any written
817
00:39:05,900 --> 00:39:08,450
culture still had ways to ensure that
818
00:39:08,450 --> 00:39:12,950
everyone knew their place this is the
819
00:39:12,950 --> 00:39:15,290
site of tambo colorado it's one of the
820
00:39:15,290 --> 00:39:17,150
first settlements that Inca builders
821
00:39:17,150 --> 00:39:18,860
they push westwards down towards the
822
00:39:18,860 --> 00:39:21,260
Pacific coast the people who lived in
823
00:39:21,260 --> 00:39:23,120
this region were the Chincha and the
824
00:39:23,120 --> 00:39:25,370
purpose of this place was to co-opt them
825
00:39:25,370 --> 00:39:28,880
into the Empire the Chincha were one of
826
00:39:28,880 --> 00:39:30,700
the Incas most important allies
827
00:39:30,700 --> 00:39:33,260
controlling large swathe of the coastal
828
00:39:33,260 --> 00:39:36,380
desert and it's obvious that this was an
829
00:39:36,380 --> 00:39:38,420
important place for both the Chinchin
830
00:39:38,420 --> 00:39:41,270
and the Inca dominating a flat plain as
831
00:39:41,270 --> 00:39:44,700
the mountains give way to the coast
832
00:39:44,700 --> 00:39:47,530
Sofia chuckle Tana Cortez is an
833
00:39:47,530 --> 00:39:49,390
archaeologist who studied this site
834
00:39:49,390 --> 00:39:52,810
extensively so this entrance like it has
835
00:39:52,810 --> 00:39:54,609
this the whole wall comes along when you
836
00:39:54,609 --> 00:39:56,290
just got one small entrance into the
837
00:39:56,290 --> 00:39:58,090
site yeah that's typical of an Inca
838
00:39:58,090 --> 00:40:00,190
architecture right like it's an entrance
839
00:40:00,190 --> 00:40:03,010
that is a it's a palace first and he has
840
00:40:03,010 --> 00:40:05,200
just was one entrance and also has the
841
00:40:05,200 --> 00:40:10,240
Inca shape is trapezoidal so Wow and
842
00:40:10,240 --> 00:40:11,740
then you immediately come into this sort
843
00:40:11,740 --> 00:40:14,980
of main plaza you have the main plaza de
844
00:40:14,980 --> 00:40:16,660
is this one is the bigger plaza and then
845
00:40:16,660 --> 00:40:18,849
you have three other places so what sort
846
00:40:18,849 --> 00:40:20,470
of activities would be going on in this
847
00:40:20,470 --> 00:40:21,640
sort of main plaza do you think if
848
00:40:21,640 --> 00:40:23,230
people walks through those gates what
849
00:40:23,230 --> 00:40:25,480
sort of things they see ritual
850
00:40:25,480 --> 00:40:28,119
activities and also a lot of drinking
851
00:40:28,119 --> 00:40:30,310
that the Inka did a lot of drinking and
852
00:40:30,310 --> 00:40:33,369
displaying of power but probably also
853
00:40:33,369 --> 00:40:35,349
that was a parade a place where the
854
00:40:35,349 --> 00:40:38,619
elite could come to cool internus the
855
00:40:38,619 --> 00:40:40,830
site
856
00:40:41,960 --> 00:40:45,560
tambo colorado has the feel of a stage a
857
00:40:45,560 --> 00:40:48,530
place of performance where important
858
00:40:48,530 --> 00:40:50,480
officials would meet where religious
859
00:40:50,480 --> 00:40:53,030
rituals would take place against the
860
00:40:53,030 --> 00:40:55,640
backdrop of feasting and drinking
861
00:40:55,640 --> 00:40:57,950
I think to this theatrical feel are
862
00:40:57,950 --> 00:41:00,260
these brightly painted walls whose
863
00:41:00,260 --> 00:41:02,540
colors have survived over five centuries
864
00:41:02,540 --> 00:41:05,720
of desert Sun it's absolutely
865
00:41:05,720 --> 00:41:07,520
extraordinary that you get this level of
866
00:41:07,520 --> 00:41:09,200
preservation of these pigments and
867
00:41:09,200 --> 00:41:10,610
paints right up to the modern day I
868
00:41:10,610 --> 00:41:12,410
really like the idea that you you sort
869
00:41:12,410 --> 00:41:14,300
of walk in from this quite barren desert
870
00:41:14,300 --> 00:41:15,800
landscape and then when you walk into
871
00:41:15,800 --> 00:41:17,000
this Plaza a sudden you're like
872
00:41:17,000 --> 00:41:18,710
overwhelmed by the color like brilliant
873
00:41:18,710 --> 00:41:20,810
colors around you and then you can think
874
00:41:20,810 --> 00:41:24,460
about that dancing and music yes
875
00:41:25,150 --> 00:41:26,980
much of what we see it 10 Berkeley
876
00:41:26,980 --> 00:41:29,700
rather is typical of Inca architecture
877
00:41:29,700 --> 00:41:32,410
here there are striking differences in
878
00:41:32,410 --> 00:41:34,749
the craftsmanship here to which Sofia
879
00:41:34,749 --> 00:41:36,430
believes come from the influence of the
880
00:41:36,430 --> 00:41:39,910
chin Chow something to notice su is the
881
00:41:39,910 --> 00:41:42,940
lattice work and the the ending of the
882
00:41:42,940 --> 00:41:45,789
of the inca spaces are not always in
883
00:41:45,789 --> 00:41:48,339
kerala cinta the architecture probably
884
00:41:48,339 --> 00:41:51,460
was Inca where the work was local and
885
00:41:51,460 --> 00:41:53,769
also probably the people that were
886
00:41:53,769 --> 00:41:57,029
living here was ink elite and cinta leat
887
00:41:57,029 --> 00:41:59,890
it's it's a really difficult thing to
888
00:41:59,890 --> 00:42:01,329
assess but do you think there's any
889
00:42:01,329 --> 00:42:02,890
evidence that the chinchilla ink are
890
00:42:02,890 --> 00:42:05,019
working cooperatively rather than sort
891
00:42:05,019 --> 00:42:06,460
of like a dominating work force force
892
00:42:06,460 --> 00:42:07,720
did you see any evidence of
893
00:42:07,720 --> 00:42:10,299
collaboration well we're seeing here is
894
00:42:10,299 --> 00:42:12,759
like I think the synthesis of the
895
00:42:12,759 --> 00:42:15,069
government like after they have like
896
00:42:15,069 --> 00:42:17,099
work together I think this is like a
897
00:42:17,099 --> 00:42:20,829
probably like a ginger al Inca ginger
898
00:42:20,829 --> 00:42:23,440
palace right it's not only Inca is not
899
00:42:23,440 --> 00:42:26,230
is not ginger is saying like we are
900
00:42:26,230 --> 00:42:28,680
cooperating
901
00:42:31,079 --> 00:42:33,450
the merging of architectural styles
902
00:42:33,450 --> 00:42:36,420
signals the joining of two kingdoms Inca
903
00:42:36,420 --> 00:42:39,690
and Qin Jia tambo colorado was the place
904
00:42:39,690 --> 00:42:41,640
which marked an important alliance in
905
00:42:41,640 --> 00:42:44,309
material form but not an alliance of
906
00:42:44,309 --> 00:42:46,759
equals
907
00:42:47,820 --> 00:42:49,710
because there are subtle levers of
908
00:42:49,710 --> 00:42:53,700
control here a wave in the plazas PMBOK
909
00:42:53,700 --> 00:42:55,920
Laredo is a maze of complex and
910
00:42:55,920 --> 00:42:58,619
confusing corridors hidden rooms and
911
00:42:58,619 --> 00:43:00,830
secret spaces
912
00:43:00,830 --> 00:43:03,470
the architecture dictates how you travel
913
00:43:03,470 --> 00:43:05,750
around the site even the beautiful
914
00:43:05,750 --> 00:43:08,150
brightly colored walls had a controlling
915
00:43:08,150 --> 00:43:10,820
purpose marking out areas of access
916
00:43:10,820 --> 00:43:14,140
according to rank
917
00:43:14,170 --> 00:43:16,480
the yellow color is representing the
918
00:43:16,480 --> 00:43:19,630
higher status right and the lower status
919
00:43:19,630 --> 00:43:21,549
will be the white that will represent
920
00:43:21,549 --> 00:43:24,609
the intermediate elite and the red will
921
00:43:24,609 --> 00:43:28,269
represent the locals the color scheme
922
00:43:28,269 --> 00:43:30,489
was designed to mark places where only
923
00:43:30,489 --> 00:43:34,359
the Inca were allowed a lot of tambo
924
00:43:34,359 --> 00:43:36,279
colorado would have been off-limits to
925
00:43:36,279 --> 00:43:38,430
the qincha population
926
00:43:38,430 --> 00:43:39,710
[Music]
927
00:43:39,710 --> 00:43:42,320
so these corridors are fantastic they
928
00:43:42,320 --> 00:43:44,150
have this sort of real sense of yes in
929
00:43:44,150 --> 00:43:48,110
space and they got to Imperial spaces we
930
00:43:48,110 --> 00:43:50,180
will see these Inka spaces like the
931
00:43:50,180 --> 00:43:53,120
fountain Inka fountain there is a inca
932
00:43:53,120 --> 00:43:56,030
way of purifying your body to what
933
00:43:56,030 --> 00:43:57,740
extent do you think these architectural
934
00:43:57,740 --> 00:44:00,050
forms these spaces are a mechanism for
935
00:44:00,050 --> 00:44:02,060
the Inka Empire to sort of control
936
00:44:02,060 --> 00:44:04,340
people's behavior and influence their
937
00:44:04,340 --> 00:44:06,500
experience of coming into them well I
938
00:44:06,500 --> 00:44:08,180
think this is to control people's
939
00:44:08,180 --> 00:44:11,060
behavior and also to show how to behave
940
00:44:11,060 --> 00:44:13,070
as an Inca right because we are far away
941
00:44:13,070 --> 00:44:16,070
from the from the from the Capitol so I
942
00:44:16,070 --> 00:44:18,860
think also is showing what is the Inca
943
00:44:18,860 --> 00:44:20,990
behavior right to behave as an Inca I
944
00:44:20,990 --> 00:44:23,420
think was an important part of the Inca
945
00:44:23,420 --> 00:44:25,900
government
946
00:44:26,020 --> 00:44:27,170
[Music]
947
00:44:27,170 --> 00:44:30,080
I think it's cooperation also been with
948
00:44:30,080 --> 00:44:35,290
the food on top kind of like that
949
00:44:36,520 --> 00:44:38,469
[Music]
950
00:44:38,469 --> 00:44:41,599
it's great Chiang Sofia about how Inca
951
00:44:41,599 --> 00:44:44,149
architecture controls people's behavior
952
00:44:44,149 --> 00:44:46,640
here and more than that communicates it
953
00:44:46,640 --> 00:44:48,199
to all the people moving up and down
954
00:44:48,199 --> 00:44:51,349
this valley in core architecture is so
955
00:44:51,349 --> 00:44:53,029
much more than the construction of
956
00:44:53,029 --> 00:44:55,999
imposing buildings architecture like
957
00:44:55,999 --> 00:44:58,369
religion or agriculture is a source of
958
00:44:58,369 --> 00:45:00,759
Inka
959
00:45:04,719 --> 00:45:07,849
all the elements that made Inka power so
960
00:45:07,849 --> 00:45:09,949
dominating and seductive came together
961
00:45:09,949 --> 00:45:15,519
in one city Cusco high in the Andes
962
00:45:15,519 --> 00:45:18,439
Cusco was the most important city in the
963
00:45:18,439 --> 00:45:20,380
entirety of the Americas
964
00:45:20,380 --> 00:45:22,999
it was the Inca homeland and the
965
00:45:22,999 --> 00:45:24,859
political and spiritual heart of their
966
00:45:24,859 --> 00:45:29,179
empire and in the heart of Cusco it's at
967
00:45:29,179 --> 00:45:34,009
one person the Sapa Inca the ruler of
968
00:45:34,009 --> 00:45:35,959
the Inca Empire was a person called the
969
00:45:35,959 --> 00:45:39,619
Sapa Inca or unique Lord he embodied all
970
00:45:39,619 --> 00:45:42,380
dimensions of leadership within the Inca
971
00:45:42,380 --> 00:45:45,380
society he was the political ruler in
972
00:45:45,380 --> 00:45:47,329
part because he was the descendent of
973
00:45:47,329 --> 00:45:50,779
the previous Sapa Inca he was also the
974
00:45:50,779 --> 00:45:52,880
military leader and he was the person
975
00:45:52,880 --> 00:45:54,559
who made decisions about everything that
976
00:45:54,559 --> 00:45:56,959
was of significance in society with her
977
00:45:56,959 --> 00:46:00,259
economic ritual or whatever this was all
978
00:46:00,259 --> 00:46:03,909
focused on a single individual
979
00:46:04,970 --> 00:46:08,119
the Sapa Inca was the most powerful man
980
00:46:08,119 --> 00:46:10,190
in the empire and was treated with
981
00:46:10,190 --> 00:46:12,210
immense reverence
982
00:46:12,210 --> 00:46:15,720
he communicated via intermediaries
983
00:46:15,720 --> 00:46:18,550
no one dared look him directly in the
984
00:46:18,550 --> 00:46:19,950
eye
985
00:46:19,950 --> 00:46:24,359
disobedience was punishable by death
986
00:46:25,460 --> 00:46:27,430
I guess you could probably
987
00:46:27,430 --> 00:46:30,800
benevolent dictator in some ways
988
00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:33,820
the Sapa Inca was not a very accessible
989
00:46:33,820 --> 00:46:36,500
personnage but he was also expected to
990
00:46:36,500 --> 00:46:40,730
be a charismatic leader a figure who who
991
00:46:40,730 --> 00:46:43,390
could change the world when necessary
992
00:46:43,390 --> 00:46:46,850
the greatest of all Inca Emperor's was
993
00:46:46,850 --> 00:46:49,610
patchy cootie his name literally means
994
00:46:49,610 --> 00:46:53,770
he who overturned space and time
995
00:46:53,770 --> 00:46:56,930
Patrick UT is a mythical hero to many
996
00:46:56,930 --> 00:46:59,180
modern-day Peruvians the story goes that
997
00:46:59,180 --> 00:47:01,700
he was a prince living here in Cusco in
998
00:47:01,700 --> 00:47:04,040
the early to mid 15th century when the
999
00:47:04,040 --> 00:47:06,230
city was attacked by the chanko people
1000
00:47:06,230 --> 00:47:08,650
who came from 150 kilometers to the west
1001
00:47:08,650 --> 00:47:11,510
magic of his father the ruler took his
1002
00:47:11,510 --> 00:47:13,670
entire court and fled the city but
1003
00:47:13,670 --> 00:47:16,130
Patrick ooty defiantly remained and led
1004
00:47:16,130 --> 00:47:18,680
a divinely inspired resistance to the
1005
00:47:18,680 --> 00:47:21,260
chanko crushing them he then led a
1006
00:47:21,260 --> 00:47:23,540
series of incre expansions away from the
1007
00:47:23,540 --> 00:47:25,670
homeland laying the foundations of the
1008
00:47:25,670 --> 00:47:30,680
Inca Empire but the route Patrick
1009
00:47:30,680 --> 00:47:32,780
treaties rule and the authority of all
1010
00:47:32,780 --> 00:47:35,119
the suffered Inca lay in their position
1011
00:47:35,119 --> 00:47:38,530
as semi-divine figures
1012
00:47:38,530 --> 00:47:41,380
to understand how the Sapa Inca operated
1013
00:47:41,380 --> 00:47:43,300
we have to think of in him in several
1014
00:47:43,300 --> 00:47:46,720
dimensions he was in some senses very
1015
00:47:46,720 --> 00:47:48,640
much a human being but the Incas
1016
00:47:48,640 --> 00:47:50,920
considered him to be the descendant of
1017
00:47:50,920 --> 00:47:54,130
inti the Sun God so in the Inca ideology
1018
00:47:54,130 --> 00:48:00,970
he was a deity on earth while the Inca
1019
00:48:00,970 --> 00:48:02,980
allowed their subjects to worship their
1020
00:48:02,980 --> 00:48:04,750
own gods they would always be
1021
00:48:04,750 --> 00:48:07,390
subservient to their own Sun God inti
1022
00:48:07,390 --> 00:48:10,720
the Inca built temples of the Sun
1023
00:48:10,720 --> 00:48:16,210
wherever they conquered this emphasized
1024
00:48:16,210 --> 00:48:18,010
the Emperor's connection to the most
1025
00:48:18,010 --> 00:48:22,510
powerful God in the sky it also
1026
00:48:22,510 --> 00:48:24,610
connected Inca power with the cosmos
1027
00:48:24,610 --> 00:48:27,760
itself in this way the Inca used
1028
00:48:27,760 --> 00:48:29,620
religious reverence as a powerful
1029
00:48:29,620 --> 00:48:34,180
political tool Inca religion is probably
1030
00:48:34,180 --> 00:48:35,470
best thought of as part of an
1031
00:48:35,470 --> 00:48:38,470
overarching Imperial ideology he had his
1032
00:48:38,470 --> 00:48:41,050
political elements it had its religious
1033
00:48:41,050 --> 00:48:43,120
elements it had its practice it had its
1034
00:48:43,120 --> 00:48:46,060
military and cosmological elements so
1035
00:48:46,060 --> 00:48:48,610
the idea of religion per se probably
1036
00:48:48,610 --> 00:48:50,800
would not have made sense to the Incas
1037
00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:51,850
they would have thought of as an
1038
00:48:51,850 --> 00:48:54,040
integrated part of the sanctity of the
1039
00:48:54,040 --> 00:48:56,740
ruler of his legitimacy to civilize the
1040
00:48:56,740 --> 00:48:59,320
Andes of his role as a political and
1041
00:48:59,320 --> 00:49:04,060
military figure here at the temple of
1042
00:49:04,060 --> 00:49:06,400
coricancha the holiest spot in the
1043
00:49:06,400 --> 00:49:10,570
Empire the Sapa Inca would hold court
1044
00:49:10,570 --> 00:49:13,670
this entire complex would once have been
1045
00:49:13,670 --> 00:49:16,880
encased in gold all that remains today
1046
00:49:16,880 --> 00:49:20,450
is this beautiful curved stone wall but
1047
00:49:20,450 --> 00:49:22,460
despite its destruction and the
1048
00:49:22,460 --> 00:49:24,290
construction of a Christian Church on
1049
00:49:24,290 --> 00:49:27,080
top of it the quarry cancha still feels
1050
00:49:27,080 --> 00:49:29,570
very much like the spiritual heart of
1051
00:49:29,570 --> 00:49:31,700
Inka Cusco
1052
00:49:31,700 --> 00:49:34,890
the coricancha was at the center of the
1053
00:49:34,890 --> 00:49:37,500
inca world it was thought that from here
1054
00:49:37,500 --> 00:49:39,900
dozens of segways or ley lines spread
1055
00:49:39,900 --> 00:49:42,840
across the empire upon which shrines and
1056
00:49:42,840 --> 00:49:45,540
temples would be built so this religious
1057
00:49:45,540 --> 00:49:47,940
complex was connected physically and
1058
00:49:47,940 --> 00:49:50,460
psychologically with every corner of the
1059
00:49:50,460 --> 00:49:56,520
Empire the Inca used religion to project
1060
00:49:56,520 --> 00:49:59,220
the idea of their empire over the lands
1061
00:49:59,220 --> 00:50:01,320
they controlled and to the people they
1062
00:50:01,320 --> 00:50:05,070
ruled these ley lines radiated across
1063
00:50:05,070 --> 00:50:07,980
the landscape creating a spiritual map
1064
00:50:07,980 --> 00:50:09,780
of the Empire which would have been
1065
00:50:09,780 --> 00:50:12,030
understood by people from the forests of
1066
00:50:12,030 --> 00:50:14,280
Ecuador to the high plateaus and peaks
1067
00:50:14,280 --> 00:50:17,240
of the Andes and from Cusco to the coast
1068
00:50:17,240 --> 00:50:20,350
[Music]
1069
00:50:20,450 --> 00:50:22,089
you have to picture this as a
1070
00:50:22,089 --> 00:50:26,119
countryside which is animated it's alive
1071
00:50:26,119 --> 00:50:30,230
with different special places places
1072
00:50:30,230 --> 00:50:32,599
which are associated with supernatural
1073
00:50:32,599 --> 00:50:36,530
powers and so an unusual rock a pass a
1074
00:50:36,530 --> 00:50:40,750
curve in a in a road a waterfall any
1075
00:50:40,750 --> 00:50:45,260
noteworthy landmark on the landscape
1076
00:50:45,260 --> 00:50:47,180
could be considered what the ink is
1077
00:50:47,180 --> 00:50:51,950
called a waka or a shrine and on very
1078
00:50:51,950 --> 00:50:54,070
specific days of the year
1079
00:50:54,070 --> 00:50:58,160
pilgrimages would be made different kin
1080
00:50:58,160 --> 00:51:01,130
groups would line up along different
1081
00:51:01,130 --> 00:51:04,369
lines and march out to each of the
1082
00:51:04,369 --> 00:51:08,000
shrines making offerings to them for the
1083
00:51:08,000 --> 00:51:10,790
Inka this was an empire of the mind as
1084
00:51:10,790 --> 00:51:13,849
much as a physical Empire held together
1085
00:51:13,849 --> 00:51:16,250
by thousands of shrines and invisible
1086
00:51:16,250 --> 00:51:18,829
ley lines as much as by Garrison's or
1087
00:51:18,829 --> 00:51:21,490
military power
1088
00:51:22,589 --> 00:51:26,239
but an empire still needs physical bombs
1089
00:51:26,239 --> 00:51:29,519
by the end of the 15th century the Inca
1090
00:51:29,519 --> 00:51:31,380
Empire was approaching its greatest
1091
00:51:31,380 --> 00:51:34,680
extent reaching from southern Ecuador
1092
00:51:34,680 --> 00:51:36,960
eastwards to Bolivia and into northern
1093
00:51:36,960 --> 00:51:39,589
Argentina
1094
00:51:42,109 --> 00:51:44,839
it was criss crossed by 40,000
1095
00:51:44,839 --> 00:51:47,569
kilometers of roads
1096
00:51:47,569 --> 00:51:50,180
there were two main roads one running
1097
00:51:50,180 --> 00:51:52,759
from Cusco to Quito the other running
1098
00:51:52,759 --> 00:51:55,549
parallel along the coast between these
1099
00:51:55,549 --> 00:51:57,559
were dozens of connecting roads and
1100
00:51:57,559 --> 00:52:00,160
Spurs heading south and east
1101
00:52:00,160 --> 00:52:02,990
[Music]
1102
00:52:02,990 --> 00:52:05,670
this road system is one of the most
1103
00:52:05,670 --> 00:52:09,300
famous elements of the Inca Empire but
1104
00:52:09,300 --> 00:52:11,100
much of this network almost certainly
1105
00:52:11,100 --> 00:52:13,100
predates the Inca
1106
00:52:13,100 --> 00:52:16,200
once again they took what they found and
1107
00:52:16,200 --> 00:52:18,630
upscaled it
1108
00:52:18,630 --> 00:52:21,780
some parts of that grade system exist at
1109
00:52:21,780 --> 00:52:24,900
least since the wari Empire but the Inca
1110
00:52:24,900 --> 00:52:28,110
develop it they reconstructed large
1111
00:52:28,110 --> 00:52:30,720
parts of it they constructed bridges and
1112
00:52:30,720 --> 00:52:33,450
caused ways to integrate it and they
1113
00:52:33,450 --> 00:52:36,720
redirect some roads this is a huge
1114
00:52:36,720 --> 00:52:40,100
investment for them
1115
00:52:41,349 --> 00:52:44,199
the Inka road system was a triumph of
1116
00:52:44,199 --> 00:52:47,219
architecture and planning
1117
00:52:47,940 --> 00:52:50,549
the roads had to pass through a variety
1118
00:52:50,549 --> 00:52:53,339
of landscapes from arid desert to snowy
1119
00:52:53,339 --> 00:52:56,940
mountains to vertical cliffs they could
1120
00:52:56,940 --> 00:53:00,510
be anything from 1 to 10 metres wide in
1121
00:53:00,510 --> 00:53:02,940
the desert they were protected from
1122
00:53:02,940 --> 00:53:05,490
dusty winds by raised stones in the
1123
00:53:05,490 --> 00:53:07,020
mountains they were designed to allow
1124
00:53:07,020 --> 00:53:09,980
for runoff and drainage
1125
00:53:09,980 --> 00:53:12,589
and when the terrain made conventional
1126
00:53:12,589 --> 00:53:15,770
roads impossible the Inka once again
1127
00:53:15,770 --> 00:53:19,329
came up with an ingenious solution
1128
00:53:20,609 --> 00:53:23,219
this is the stunning kettle Jack abridge
1129
00:53:23,219 --> 00:53:26,009
it's made out of only this straw
1130
00:53:26,009 --> 00:53:27,809
and it's been in use for hundreds of
1131
00:53:27,809 --> 00:53:29,459
years dating right back to the Inka
1132
00:53:29,459 --> 00:53:32,849
period this bridge still serves as a
1133
00:53:32,849 --> 00:53:35,390
major crossing of the appear amok river
1134
00:53:35,390 --> 00:53:38,400
it is carefully maintained by the four
1135
00:53:38,400 --> 00:53:42,749
communities who live here ha among the
1136
00:53:42,749 --> 00:53:46,099
workers is Dan Vicki Spurlock over
1137
00:53:46,099 --> 00:53:49,079
quanto gente más o menos que da Cunha's
1138
00:53:49,079 --> 00:53:52,109
tiene aproximadamente cientos en cuenta
1139
00:53:52,109 --> 00:53:56,459
siento gente se siente o algo diamo ska
1140
00:53:56,459 --> 00:53:57,719
Multipla cannot earn diem xuong
1141
00:53:57,719 --> 00:54:04,170
auditions personas que tiene hasta las
1142
00:54:04,170 --> 00:54:06,179
amenorrhea prosser lay mrs. que tiran
1143
00:54:06,179 --> 00:54:08,130
estos días estos hombres que zombie a
1144
00:54:08,130 --> 00:54:09,809
hos que esta haciendo el el tipo de
1145
00:54:09,809 --> 00:54:12,089
trajo para entregar t donde beam en lasa
1146
00:54:12,089 --> 00:54:14,670
Burien a su sog whale OWSLA bueno es se
1147
00:54:14,670 --> 00:54:18,089
hace doe de nuestros de los incas yes
1148
00:54:18,089 --> 00:54:21,029
even pasando knows generaciones Yancey
1149
00:54:21,029 --> 00:54:23,299
dodo
1150
00:54:25,180 --> 00:54:28,299
the roads allowed the Inka to travel
1151
00:54:28,299 --> 00:54:30,549
swiftly and communicate efficiently
1152
00:54:30,549 --> 00:54:32,890
throughout their vast empire it's
1153
00:54:32,890 --> 00:54:34,839
estimated a message could be carried
1154
00:54:34,839 --> 00:54:38,140
from Cusco to Quito a distance of 1500
1155
00:54:38,140 --> 00:54:40,329
kilometers in just five days
1156
00:54:40,329 --> 00:54:42,849
but seeing Dante and his comrades at
1157
00:54:42,849 --> 00:54:45,490
work it strikes me that the roads were
1158
00:54:45,490 --> 00:54:47,410
about much more than just communication
1159
00:54:47,410 --> 00:54:51,220
more than just getting from A to B this
1160
00:54:51,220 --> 00:54:54,339
network was a psychological tool as well
1161
00:54:54,339 --> 00:54:57,130
as a physical one these roads and
1162
00:54:57,130 --> 00:54:59,289
bridges were a constant reminder to
1163
00:54:59,289 --> 00:55:01,510
communities all over the Andes that they
1164
00:55:01,510 --> 00:55:04,110
were part of something bigger
1165
00:55:04,110 --> 00:55:05,260
[Music]
1166
00:55:05,260 --> 00:55:08,230
they probably provided a ideological
1167
00:55:08,230 --> 00:55:11,430
mechanism of integration so that in
1168
00:55:11,430 --> 00:55:14,170
constructing that rate system you could
1169
00:55:14,170 --> 00:55:16,090
not but be aware that you were
1170
00:55:16,090 --> 00:55:19,270
integrating Cusco with the coast you
1171
00:55:19,270 --> 00:55:22,090
were a part of Empire we must remember
1172
00:55:22,090 --> 00:55:24,790
that there is no idea of a map of the
1173
00:55:24,790 --> 00:55:27,130
ink Empire it is largely through the
1174
00:55:27,130 --> 00:55:29,710
connection of individual places through
1175
00:55:29,710 --> 00:55:31,960
roads and trackways and through
1176
00:55:31,960 --> 00:55:34,030
ceremonial and ritual activities that
1177
00:55:34,030 --> 00:55:37,500
the ink Empire holds together
1178
00:55:39,790 --> 00:55:43,180
the network was so vast that new parts
1179
00:55:43,180 --> 00:55:46,920
of it are still being uncovered today
1180
00:55:49,050 --> 00:55:51,810
this is a newly discovered road it's
1181
00:55:51,810 --> 00:55:53,790
absolutely extraordinary it clings to
1182
00:55:53,790 --> 00:55:56,010
the side of the cliff with the 300 meter
1183
00:55:56,010 --> 00:55:59,060
drop off down to the river below
1184
00:55:59,060 --> 00:56:03,770
[Music]
1185
00:56:05,440 --> 00:56:07,900
these roads are about more than just
1186
00:56:07,900 --> 00:56:10,630
travel there the physical ties that bind
1187
00:56:10,630 --> 00:56:13,270
the empire together and underpinning kur
1188
00:56:13,270 --> 00:56:16,780
power armies food and livestock can move
1189
00:56:16,780 --> 00:56:18,940
quickly along them no matter where you
1190
00:56:18,940 --> 00:56:21,130
are in the Empire you're never far from
1191
00:56:21,130 --> 00:56:23,470
a road that leads to Cusco and that
1192
00:56:23,470 --> 00:56:25,569
proximity means inca power is
1193
00:56:25,569 --> 00:56:27,940
ever-present no matter which corner of
1194
00:56:27,940 --> 00:56:30,599
the Empire in
1195
00:56:30,870 --> 00:56:33,590
[Music]
1196
00:56:33,590 --> 00:56:37,800
this road leads down to Machu Picchu it
1197
00:56:37,800 --> 00:56:40,230
isn't on any of the tourist itineraries
1198
00:56:40,230 --> 00:56:42,630
and it may not be as celebrated as what
1199
00:56:42,630 --> 00:56:46,530
lies below but it is part of the same
1200
00:56:46,530 --> 00:56:49,860
empire built by the same people and is
1201
00:56:49,860 --> 00:56:52,530
in its own way just as important as that
1202
00:56:52,530 --> 00:56:55,980
iconic inca ruin from a Western
1203
00:56:55,980 --> 00:56:58,770
perspective ancient empires are lauded
1204
00:56:58,770 --> 00:57:01,980
for victorious battles ingenious systems
1205
00:57:01,980 --> 00:57:04,770
of governance and control territorial
1206
00:57:04,770 --> 00:57:06,990
expansion and domination through
1207
00:57:06,990 --> 00:57:09,960
generations the Inca achieved all this
1208
00:57:09,960 --> 00:57:12,980
and more
1209
00:57:12,980 --> 00:57:16,510
[Music]
1210
00:57:20,830 --> 00:57:25,470
[Music]
1211
00:57:25,470 --> 00:57:28,589
if we define power as the ability to
1212
00:57:28,589 --> 00:57:31,020
control people's actions and behavior
1213
00:57:31,020 --> 00:57:33,240
then I think we have a tremendous amount
1214
00:57:33,240 --> 00:57:36,060
to learn from the income because force
1215
00:57:36,060 --> 00:57:38,750
was just one small tool in their armory
1216
00:57:38,750 --> 00:57:42,359
to give people the sense of free will to
1217
00:57:42,359 --> 00:57:44,040
make the decisions that you want them to
1218
00:57:44,040 --> 00:57:46,380
make that is the source of true power
1219
00:57:46,380 --> 00:57:48,660
and the scale at which the Inka did it
1220
00:57:48,660 --> 00:57:50,790
was extraordinary
1221
00:57:50,790 --> 00:57:55,340
[Music]
1222
00:57:55,340 --> 00:57:57,410
but as the inca reached their Zenith
1223
00:57:57,410 --> 00:57:59,720
they would be visited by foreign
1224
00:57:59,720 --> 00:58:03,020
soldiers from across the ocean these
1225
00:58:03,020 --> 00:58:05,300
Spanish conquistadors had a very
1226
00:58:05,300 --> 00:58:08,540
different concept of power and their
1227
00:58:08,540 --> 00:58:10,820
determination to build an empire of
1228
00:58:10,820 --> 00:58:13,310
their own in this land would lead to a
1229
00:58:13,310 --> 00:58:16,490
catastrophic clash of two completely
1230
00:58:16,490 --> 00:58:19,390
different cultures
1231
00:58:19,650 --> 00:58:38,429
[Music]
1232
00:58:47,729 --> 00:58:50,079
lies not just in their ability to
1233
00:58:50,079 --> 00:58:52,329
increase the amount of land the Inka
1234
00:58:52,329 --> 00:58:55,690
could cultivate they were a mechanism
1235
00:58:55,690 --> 00:58:57,059
for manipulating the environment
1236
00:58:57,059 --> 00:58:59,650
altering the ambient temperature of the
1237
00:58:59,650 --> 00:59:00,430
whole site
1238
00:59:00,430 --> 00:59:04,779
and making the production of crops at
1239
00:59:04,779 --> 00:59:10,299
high altitude possible today the
1240
00:59:10,299 --> 00:59:11,650
temperature at the top of the terraces
1241
00:59:11,650 --> 00:59:15,849
is 16 degrees centigrade down here at
1242
00:59:15,849 --> 00:59:18,009
the bottom you have this crucible effect
1243
00:59:18,009 --> 00:59:19,809
when the temperature is much warmer as
1244
00:59:19,809 --> 00:59:22,329
no air flow and these stone terraces
1245
00:59:22,329 --> 00:59:25,119
circle round radiating the heat here you
1246
00:59:25,119 --> 00:59:28,529
can see it's over 22 degrees now
1247
00:59:29,440 --> 00:59:32,029
the difference in temperature from the
1248
00:59:32,029 --> 00:59:34,219
top of this site to the bottom means
1249
00:59:34,219 --> 00:59:36,469
that each terrace at Moriah represents a
1250
00:59:36,469 --> 00:59:38,690
different ecological zone as you move up
1251
00:59:38,690 --> 00:59:41,709
the side of the Andes
1252
00:59:41,840 --> 00:59:46,200
the implications of this are profound it
1253
00:59:46,200 --> 00:59:48,180
means this was a place where Inca
1254
00:59:48,180 --> 00:59:49,850
engineers created their own
1255
00:59:49,850 --> 00:59:52,140
microclimates allowing them to
1256
00:59:52,140 --> 00:59:54,630
experiment in cultivating a variety of
1257
00:59:54,630 --> 00:59:56,490
different crops which would not normally
1258
00:59:56,490 --> 00:59:59,900
have been grown at these altitudes
1259
01:00:02,170 --> 01:00:05,359
tomatoes squashes pumpkins types of
1260
01:00:05,359 --> 01:00:08,180
tobacco that's not so beneficial perhaps
1261
01:00:08,180 --> 01:00:10,910
but it underlies the point that although
1262
01:00:10,910 --> 01:00:13,579
we marvel at the zen aesthetic of machu
1263
01:00:13,579 --> 01:00:16,579
picchu and so forth really what's much
1264
01:00:16,579 --> 01:00:18,349
more important in my view is the legacy
1265
01:00:18,349 --> 01:00:22,390
of their agriculture
1266
01:00:25,410 --> 01:00:29,049
the Incas were essentially reconfiguring
1267
01:00:29,049 --> 01:00:31,420
the biotic landscape by changing the
1268
01:00:31,420 --> 01:00:34,210
terrain changing the heat and water
1269
01:00:34,210 --> 01:00:35,739
retention capacities through the
1270
01:00:35,739 --> 01:00:38,289
terracing systems which developed a
1271
01:00:38,289 --> 01:00:41,799
series of warm weather estates in a cold
1272
01:00:41,799 --> 01:00:44,920
weather climate these terraces show how
1273
01:00:44,920 --> 01:00:46,660
the Inka understood the advantages of
1274
01:00:46,660 --> 01:00:49,150
this vertical landscape in effect they
1275
01:00:49,150 --> 01:00:51,759
farmed upwards they managed to turn the
1276
01:00:51,759 --> 01:00:53,650
harsh contours of the land to their
1277
01:00:53,650 --> 01:00:55,989
advantage and by growing different crops
1278
01:00:55,989 --> 01:00:58,119
at different elevations it gave them a
1279
01:00:58,119 --> 01:00:59,799
huge diversity in the crops that they
1280
01:00:59,799 --> 01:01:03,039
grew this had two key advantages one
1281
01:01:03,039 --> 01:01:04,749
they had a healthier and more diverse
1282
01:01:04,749 --> 01:01:07,690
diet and two it helped mitigate against
1283
01:01:07,690 --> 01:01:09,579
the impact in the past that had created
1284
01:01:09,579 --> 01:01:13,390
hunger unrest droughts and floods pests
1285
01:01:13,390 --> 01:01:19,059
and frost this is what I mean when I say
1286
01:01:19,059 --> 01:01:22,569
the Inka scaled up war ii technology in
1287
01:01:22,569 --> 01:01:24,369
craig row culture wasn't just about
1288
01:01:24,369 --> 01:01:27,219
feeding a family or even a city it was
1289
01:01:27,219 --> 01:01:29,380
about scientifically managing production
1290
01:01:29,380 --> 01:01:32,480
so they could feed an empire
1291
01:01:32,480 --> 01:01:35,250
by creating this food surplus it
1292
01:01:35,250 --> 01:01:37,290
provided time to devote to other things
1293
01:01:37,290 --> 01:01:40,800
like expansion beyond their borders it
1294
01:01:40,800 --> 01:01:42,540
was also a great calling card as they
1295
01:01:42,540 --> 01:01:45,120
approached other cultures because Mirai
1296
01:01:45,120 --> 01:01:47,490
shows that the inca are problem-solvers
1297
01:01:47,490 --> 01:01:50,070
and able to create these very efficient
1298
01:01:50,070 --> 01:01:53,820
and effective managed landscapes in a
1299
01:01:53,820 --> 01:01:56,220
region where climate was unpredictable
1300
01:01:56,220 --> 01:01:58,410
and catastrophic where people could
1301
01:01:58,410 --> 01:02:01,290
often face starvation and hunger the
1302
01:02:01,290 --> 01:02:03,840
ability to provide a reliable regular
1303
01:02:03,840 --> 01:02:05,970
and good-quality amount of food was a
1304
01:02:05,970 --> 01:02:09,509
source of supreme power for the Inka
1305
01:02:09,509 --> 01:02:12,700
but that's only part of the story for
1306
01:02:12,700 --> 01:02:14,769
the Inca state to flourish they needed
1307
01:02:14,769 --> 01:02:17,589
to not only grow enough food but also to
1308
01:02:17,589 --> 01:02:19,529
distribute it quickly and efficiently
1309
01:02:19,529 --> 01:02:22,299
which could be a serious problem when
1310
01:02:22,299 --> 01:02:23,769
you live in such a challenging landscape
1311
01:02:23,769 --> 01:02:26,369
as this
1312
01:02:29,000 --> 01:02:32,210
but a few miles north of Mirai is a
1313
01:02:32,210 --> 01:02:34,040
place which I think might hold the
1314
01:02:34,040 --> 01:02:36,430
answer
1315
01:02:41,060 --> 01:02:43,120
you
1316
01:02:45,290 --> 01:02:48,140
this is an amazing spot below me is the
1317
01:02:48,140 --> 01:02:50,690
town of Aliante humble and above it
1318
01:02:50,690 --> 01:02:52,940
clinging to the side of a cliff is a
1319
01:02:52,940 --> 01:02:56,270
series of tall buildings at first glance
1320
01:02:56,270 --> 01:02:57,560
they may not seem like the most
1321
01:02:57,560 --> 01:02:59,540
impressive thing but these structures
1322
01:02:59,540 --> 01:03:01,340
are critical to the foundations of the
1323
01:03:01,340 --> 01:03:04,480
entire increment
1324
01:03:05,860 --> 01:03:09,950
these are Colchis store houses and they
1325
01:03:09,950 --> 01:03:12,290
are iconic buildings found all over the
1326
01:03:12,290 --> 01:03:13,160
Inca Empire
1327
01:03:13,160 --> 01:03:15,460
sometimes they're by the side of roads
1328
01:03:15,460 --> 01:03:17,690
sometimes near centers of population
1329
01:03:17,690 --> 01:03:22,820
like here at Olympic Ambo these weren't
1330
01:03:22,820 --> 01:03:25,640
just barns for storing food they were
1331
01:03:25,640 --> 01:03:28,220
sophisticated silos that were critical
1332
01:03:28,220 --> 01:03:30,380
to the well-being of the people and the
1333
01:03:30,380 --> 01:03:32,990
maintenance of power in here would be
1334
01:03:32,990 --> 01:03:35,320
stored everything from maize to potatoes
1335
01:03:35,320 --> 01:03:38,090
textiles to weapons and vast numbers of
1336
01:03:38,090 --> 01:03:39,890
seeds that could be used for next year's
1337
01:03:39,890 --> 01:03:42,410
planting they were often located in
1338
01:03:42,410 --> 01:03:45,500
strategic places well-ventilated and not
1339
01:03:45,500 --> 01:03:46,350
prone to flooding
1340
01:03:46,350 --> 01:03:57,650
[Music]
1341
01:03:57,650 --> 01:04:02,220
in 1911 young American Explorer Hiram
1342
01:04:02,220 --> 01:04:05,210
Bingham arrived in Peru's sacred valley
1343
01:04:05,210 --> 01:04:06,560
[Music]
1344
01:04:06,560 --> 01:04:09,480
Bingham was looking for a fabled lost
1345
01:04:09,480 --> 01:04:10,170
city
1346
01:04:10,170 --> 01:04:13,050
the last redoubt of the Inca in their
1347
01:04:13,050 --> 01:04:17,010
doomed battle against the Spanish he met
1348
01:04:17,010 --> 01:04:19,230
a local farmer who said he knew of a
1349
01:04:19,230 --> 01:04:21,090
place which might interest the American
1350
01:04:21,090 --> 01:04:25,230
a place overgrown normal but forgotten
1351
01:04:25,230 --> 01:04:29,330
[Music]
1352
01:04:29,330 --> 01:04:34,560
what Bingham saw astonished him peeking
1353
01:04:34,560 --> 01:04:36,869
through centuries of vegetation were
1354
01:04:36,869 --> 01:04:39,540
dozens of granite buildings vast
1355
01:04:39,540 --> 01:04:42,500
terraces were cut into the mountainside
1356
01:04:42,500 --> 01:04:45,510
criss-crossed by hundreds of steep stone
1357
01:04:45,510 --> 01:04:48,050
steps
1358
01:04:50,090 --> 01:04:53,120
the effect on the young Explorer was
1359
01:04:53,120 --> 01:04:56,850
dazzling like a dream
1360
01:04:56,850 --> 01:04:59,400
[Music]
1361
01:04:59,400 --> 01:05:01,740
when Bingham arrived here at matcha
1362
01:05:01,740 --> 01:05:03,660
pitch you he thought he had discovered
1363
01:05:03,660 --> 01:05:06,690
the lost city of the Inca a place so
1364
01:05:06,690 --> 01:05:08,549
secret it had remained hidden as
1365
01:05:08,549 --> 01:05:10,740
Europeans overrun the entire continent
1366
01:05:10,740 --> 01:05:13,559
of South America for Bingham this site
1367
01:05:13,559 --> 01:05:16,289
was the Holy Grail the key to unlocking
1368
01:05:16,289 --> 01:05:18,900
the mysteries of the Inca the largest
1369
01:05:18,900 --> 01:05:23,359
pre-columbian empire in the Americas but
1370
01:05:24,289 --> 01:05:27,420
match.you Picchu provides only a glimpse
1371
01:05:27,420 --> 01:05:32,609
of an incredible empire it's only one
1372
01:05:32,609 --> 01:05:37,710
part of a remarkable tale this is the
1373
01:05:37,710 --> 01:05:40,500
story of a people whose 600 years ago
1374
01:05:40,500 --> 01:05:42,930
built an empire that stretched from
1375
01:05:42,930 --> 01:05:45,450
barren coastal desert to lush tropical
1376
01:05:45,450 --> 01:05:47,819
jungle from the edge of the Pacific
1377
01:05:47,819 --> 01:05:50,910
Ocean to the high plains of Chile in
1378
01:05:50,910 --> 01:05:54,410
Argentina it's a story of wealth power
1379
01:05:54,410 --> 01:05:57,390
innovation and bloodshed all happening
1380
01:05:57,390 --> 01:05:59,460
in some of the toughest landscapes on
1381
01:05:59,460 --> 01:06:03,210
the planet fundamentally this is the
1382
01:06:03,210 --> 01:06:06,299
story of an empire unlike any other one
1383
01:06:06,299 --> 01:06:08,400
with a completely different worldview to
1384
01:06:08,400 --> 01:06:10,380
the Europeans who come to conquer it and
1385
01:06:10,380 --> 01:06:12,900
is that different way of seeing the
1386
01:06:12,900 --> 01:06:15,690
world of gaming and holding power over
1387
01:06:15,690 --> 01:06:17,910
so many people that make the Inca
1388
01:06:17,910 --> 01:06:21,319
absolutely fascinating
1389
01:06:23,310 --> 01:06:26,950
the question I want to answer is how did
1390
01:06:26,950 --> 01:06:29,280
they do it
1391
01:06:36,440 --> 01:06:39,469
[Music]
1392
01:06:43,720 --> 01:06:46,580
there are very good reasons why the inca
1393
01:06:46,580 --> 01:06:50,450
have long fascinated us their empire was
1394
01:06:50,450 --> 01:06:52,610
the biggest in the Americas before the
1395
01:06:52,610 --> 01:06:55,730
arrival of Europeans and its height in
1396
01:06:55,730 --> 01:06:58,430
the 15th century over 10 million people
1397
01:06:58,430 --> 01:07:03,830
were under their rule their vast Kingdom
1398
01:07:03,830 --> 01:07:06,500
was connected by a sophisticated road
1399
01:07:06,500 --> 01:07:08,660
network stretching for thousands of
1400
01:07:08,660 --> 01:07:12,260
kilometers but most remarkable of all is
1401
01:07:12,260 --> 01:07:14,660
the apparent speed of their rise to
1402
01:07:14,660 --> 01:07:18,920
power in the 14th century the Inca were
1403
01:07:18,920 --> 01:07:21,260
one of many independent peoples who live
1404
01:07:21,260 --> 01:07:24,020
high in the Andes yet they emerged from
1405
01:07:24,020 --> 01:07:26,660
their cuzco stronghold and seemingly in
1406
01:07:26,660 --> 01:07:29,920
the space of just 150 years built a vast
1407
01:07:29,920 --> 01:07:32,510
multi-ethnic Empire which spanned a
1408
01:07:32,510 --> 01:07:34,140
continent
1409
01:07:34,140 --> 01:07:36,200
from the Pacific to the Amazon
1410
01:07:36,200 --> 01:07:38,489
incorporating huge waves of the
1411
01:07:38,489 --> 01:07:40,859
modern-day countries of Ecuador Peru
1412
01:07:40,859 --> 01:07:44,630
Bolivia Chile and Argentina
1413
01:07:49,700 --> 01:07:52,650
for many years our understanding of the
1414
01:07:52,650 --> 01:07:54,119
inca has been dominated by the
1415
01:07:54,119 --> 01:07:55,859
chronicles written by the spanish
1416
01:07:55,859 --> 01:07:58,500
conquistadors but these chronicles are
1417
01:07:58,500 --> 01:08:00,480
written often with a specific agenda in
1418
01:08:00,480 --> 01:08:05,130
mind to justify the Spanish conquest the
1419
01:08:05,130 --> 01:08:07,200
Spanish came across an empire which they
1420
01:08:07,200 --> 01:08:09,150
had no frame of reference for
1421
01:08:09,150 --> 01:08:11,609
effectively a Neolithic Empire run
1422
01:08:11,609 --> 01:08:14,369
without the pen or the sword no writing
1423
01:08:14,369 --> 01:08:17,910
no wheel no animal which could carry a
1424
01:08:17,910 --> 01:08:21,509
human no markets no currency so hold a
1425
01:08:21,509 --> 01:08:25,229
peculiar complex society in European
1426
01:08:25,229 --> 01:08:27,930
eyes I think it's time to question
1427
01:08:27,930 --> 01:08:30,750
whether we need to re-evaluate the Inca
1428
01:08:30,750 --> 01:08:34,200
rise to power perhaps early historical
1429
01:08:34,200 --> 01:08:37,020
records have been misleading is there a
1430
01:08:37,020 --> 01:08:39,630
different far more intriguing story to
1431
01:08:39,630 --> 01:08:41,880
be told about the emergence of the Inca
1432
01:08:41,880 --> 01:08:43,910
Empire
1433
01:08:43,920 --> 01:08:46,229
the most important thing to bear in mind
1434
01:08:46,229 --> 01:08:48,569
is that this wasn't an empire like the
1435
01:08:48,569 --> 01:08:50,460
British Empire of the Roman Empire
1436
01:08:50,460 --> 01:08:52,200
we're histories were carefully written
1437
01:08:52,200 --> 01:08:54,750
down and power came in the Phenom Devine
1438
01:08:54,750 --> 01:08:56,160
in local media and gaming it up with a
1439
01:08:56,160 --> 01:09:00,779
baby constable Lois knows the input
1440
01:09:00,779 --> 01:09:05,670
across Asia one of them may swear them
1441
01:09:05,670 --> 01:09:08,220
scientists our other as he authorities
1442
01:09:08,220 --> 01:09:10,649
in Maris have responded to the dry spell
1443
01:09:10,649 --> 01:09:13,260
by busing in containers of fresh water
1444
01:09:13,260 --> 01:09:16,830
from Cusco it has helped but it's in no
1445
01:09:16,830 --> 01:09:19,010
way a sustainable solution
1446
01:09:19,010 --> 01:09:21,540
Durandal acequia and doctors estaba
1447
01:09:21,540 --> 01:09:24,689
menos mace Katy Nanna cans were on this
1448
01:09:24,689 --> 01:09:30,439
quando named spray the most craziest Oh
1449
01:09:30,439 --> 01:09:35,689
este Blanco is to smash the Caloris yes
1450
01:09:35,689 --> 01:09:39,240
y que piensa que pasar con el pueblo cbn
1451
01:09:39,240 --> 01:09:41,880
MSA Kia's polluter Rho is mass difícil
1452
01:09:41,880 --> 01:09:44,640
para ser la cosa Charla's las plantas
1453
01:09:44,640 --> 01:09:46,790
que piensa que pasar con el público naka
1454
01:09:46,790 --> 01:09:50,600
music well Sarah el cambio del temporal
1455
01:09:50,600 --> 01:09:54,140
associate prepping samos pero los votos
1456
01:09:54,140 --> 01:09:59,610
no se estamos been sativa de los Nieto's
1457
01:09:59,610 --> 01:10:01,890
see
1458
01:10:01,890 --> 01:10:04,889
[Music]
1459
01:10:04,889 --> 01:10:07,619
what's happening in maddest the day also
1460
01:10:07,619 --> 01:10:08,639
happened here
1461
01:10:08,639 --> 01:10:11,699
many centuries ago but the wiry did not
1462
01:10:11,699 --> 01:10:13,770
have the option to bus in tanks of water
1463
01:10:13,770 --> 01:10:16,500
to sustain them
1464
01:10:16,500 --> 01:10:18,389
the end of the first millennium we know
1465
01:10:18,389 --> 01:10:20,730
that conditions were were both dry and
1466
01:10:20,730 --> 01:10:23,310
really quite cold up in the mountains
1467
01:10:23,310 --> 01:10:25,710
and that's the time when the worry
1468
01:10:25,710 --> 01:10:27,600
disappeared from the archaeological
1469
01:10:27,600 --> 01:10:29,719
record
1470
01:10:30,330 --> 01:10:33,030
the wari understood their environment
1471
01:10:33,030 --> 01:10:35,700
but a prolonged drought may have proved
1472
01:10:35,700 --> 01:10:38,610
too much even for them
1473
01:10:38,610 --> 01:10:42,750
climate change could have been one of
1474
01:10:42,750 --> 01:10:45,060
the factors which put a lot of pressure
1475
01:10:45,060 --> 01:10:48,270
on the wiry now the societies knew how
1476
01:10:48,270 --> 01:10:50,719
to deal with short-term climate change
1477
01:10:50,719 --> 01:10:53,280
they had in place a lot of strategies
1478
01:10:53,280 --> 01:10:55,830
that enable them to cope but climate at
1479
01:10:55,830 --> 01:10:57,540
those altitudes is one of the real
1480
01:10:57,540 --> 01:11:00,230
pressure points
1481
01:11:00,510 --> 01:11:02,820
[Music]
1482
01:11:02,820 --> 01:11:05,400
however ingenious the wiry solutions
1483
01:11:05,400 --> 01:11:08,130
were to the challenges they faced their
1484
01:11:08,130 --> 01:11:10,750
power waned
1485
01:11:10,750 --> 01:11:13,000
but there can be little doubt that the
1486
01:11:13,000 --> 01:11:14,890
Inca built on the knowledge of what the
1487
01:11:14,890 --> 01:11:15,310
wari
1488
01:11:15,310 --> 01:11:19,510
left behind we have people continuing to
1489
01:11:19,510 --> 01:11:21,430
live in the Cusco region continuing the
1490
01:11:21,430 --> 01:11:23,320
oral traditions and the historical
1491
01:11:23,320 --> 01:11:25,270
traditions of the wari within the Cusco
1492
01:11:25,270 --> 01:11:26,710
region that the inca could have picked
1493
01:11:26,710 --> 01:11:29,490
up upon the inca also had the benefit of
1494
01:11:29,490 --> 01:11:31,930
the monuments that the glory had built
1495
01:11:31,930 --> 01:11:35,800
and right in their backyard the wari
1496
01:11:35,800 --> 01:11:38,800
created a large and powerful state they
1497
01:11:38,800 --> 01:11:40,360
were able to harness the harsh
1498
01:11:40,360 --> 01:11:43,090
environments using ingenious large-scale
1499
01:11:43,090 --> 01:11:44,700
construction projects like this
1500
01:11:44,700 --> 01:11:46,840
technology is often associated with the
1501
01:11:46,840 --> 01:11:49,180
Inka but the reason I like this one is
1502
01:11:49,180 --> 01:11:51,070
that you can see the original wiry
1503
01:11:51,070 --> 01:11:54,100
construction behind reused and restored
1504
01:11:54,100 --> 01:11:55,930
by the Inka with this lovely stonework
1505
01:11:55,930 --> 01:11:58,660
at the front the inca are using wiry
1506
01:11:58,660 --> 01:12:00,970
technology but the crucial difference is
1507
01:12:00,970 --> 01:12:04,590
they're also upscaling it
1508
01:12:07,119 --> 01:12:09,669
to see exactly how they did this I'm
1509
01:12:09,669 --> 01:12:11,829
heading north into the heart of the
1510
01:12:11,829 --> 01:12:14,399
Cusco Valley
1511
01:12:15,410 --> 01:12:18,110
this mountainous land is not naturally
1512
01:12:18,110 --> 01:12:20,060
suited to large-scale agricultural
1513
01:12:20,060 --> 01:12:22,229
production
1514
01:12:22,229 --> 01:12:24,389
the challenge is presented by the harsh
1515
01:12:24,389 --> 01:12:28,530
climate are considerable but here the
1516
01:12:28,530 --> 01:12:30,090
Incas remarkable ability to
1517
01:12:30,090 --> 01:12:31,159
problem-solve
1518
01:12:31,159 --> 01:12:33,809
revolutionized agriculture and play the
1519
01:12:33,809 --> 01:12:35,820
key role in the expansion of their
1520
01:12:35,820 --> 01:12:37,999
empire
1521
01:12:38,620 --> 01:12:43,120
[Music]
1522
01:12:45,940 --> 01:12:49,240
this is Mariah it lies three and a half
1523
01:12:49,240 --> 01:12:51,790
thousand metres above sea level and is
1524
01:12:51,790 --> 01:12:53,200
one of the most remarkable human
1525
01:12:53,200 --> 01:12:56,830
landscapes on earth Mariah consists of
1526
01:12:56,830 --> 01:13:00,430
three huge limestone depressions into
1527
01:13:00,430 --> 01:13:03,520
which terraces have been carved this is
1528
01:13:03,520 --> 01:13:05,380
the place where Inka skills in
1529
01:13:05,380 --> 01:13:07,660
engineering and agriculture combined
1530
01:13:07,660 --> 01:13:10,500
perfectly it's a place which synthesizes
1531
01:13:10,500 --> 01:13:13,780
beauty and technology and transformed
1532
01:13:13,780 --> 01:13:16,210
the lives of the Inka and those they
1533
01:13:16,210 --> 01:13:22,090
would soon rule these terraces can be up
1534
01:13:22,090 --> 01:13:24,190
to three meters in height and they had
1535
01:13:24,190 --> 01:13:26,380
this thick retaining wall which is
1536
01:13:26,380 --> 01:13:29,350
angled back to hold back the soil behind
1537
01:13:29,350 --> 01:13:31,510
and what's behind is actually really
1538
01:13:31,510 --> 01:13:33,610
clever at the bottom you have a series
1539
01:13:33,610 --> 01:13:36,340
of broken stones for drainage above that
1540
01:13:36,340 --> 01:13:38,560
a layer of coarse soil which acts as a
1541
01:13:38,560 --> 01:13:40,690
bedding and then a metre of topsoil
1542
01:13:40,690 --> 01:13:42,790
which they continually turn over to
1543
01:13:42,790 --> 01:13:45,460
aerate the soil and these stone walls
1544
01:13:45,460 --> 01:13:47,440
absorb the heat of the Sun during the
1545
01:13:47,440 --> 01:13:49,840
day and that radiates through at night
1546
01:13:49,840 --> 01:13:52,800
protecting the crops against frost
1547
01:13:52,800 --> 01:13:55,170
[Music]
1548
01:13:55,170 --> 01:13:57,750
the ingenuity of the terraces form of a
1549
01:13:57,750 --> 01:14:00,300
dozen legions or a barrel of a gun this
1550
01:14:00,300 --> 01:14:02,550
was a non-western empire and that's
1551
01:14:02,550 --> 01:14:04,320
often made it difficult for Westerners
1552
01:14:04,320 --> 01:14:07,380
to study in order to understand the Inka
1553
01:14:07,380 --> 01:14:09,510
you need to get inside that you can mind
1554
01:14:09,510 --> 01:14:13,340
and think like they thought
1555
01:14:14,789 --> 01:14:17,340
and that means getting far away from
1556
01:14:17,340 --> 01:14:18,390
Machu Picchu
1557
01:14:18,390 --> 01:14:21,560
[Music]
1558
01:14:26,450 --> 01:14:29,180
one of the major differences between the
1559
01:14:29,180 --> 01:14:32,000
inca world and our own is the concept of
1560
01:14:32,000 --> 01:14:35,060
time the inca thought differently than
1561
01:14:35,060 --> 01:14:37,900
we do about the past present and future
1562
01:14:37,900 --> 01:14:40,790
this has significant implications for
1563
01:14:40,790 --> 01:14:42,650
understanding all aspects of inca
1564
01:14:42,650 --> 01:14:45,500
history and not least how long it really
1565
01:14:45,500 --> 01:14:48,740
took them to build their empire the way
1566
01:14:48,740 --> 01:14:50,810
that we think is so ingrained that it's
1567
01:14:50,810 --> 01:14:52,760
very hard to try and change our
1568
01:14:52,760 --> 01:14:54,500
perspective on things but it's something
1569
01:14:54,500 --> 01:14:55,670
that we have to do if we're to
1570
01:14:55,670 --> 01:14:57,710
understand the inca empire we have to
1571
01:14:57,710 --> 01:15:00,620
get inside the inca mind for us we have
1572
01:15:00,620 --> 01:15:03,620
life we are born and then we die and
1573
01:15:03,620 --> 01:15:05,530
this is essentially a linear path
1574
01:15:05,530 --> 01:15:08,000
everything that happens before a moment
1575
01:15:08,000 --> 01:15:10,730
of our lives we would call history and
1576
01:15:10,730 --> 01:15:13,460
it happens behind us everything that was
1577
01:15:13,460 --> 01:15:15,230
gonna happen beyond this point in this
1578
01:15:15,230 --> 01:15:19,310
line we would call the future crucially
1579
01:15:19,310 --> 01:15:21,500
therefore everything that we understand
1580
01:15:21,500 --> 01:15:23,180
about our ancestors in the world that
1581
01:15:23,180 --> 01:15:23,930
has gone before
1582
01:15:23,930 --> 01:15:26,660
creates and effects our lives along this
1583
01:15:26,660 --> 01:15:28,460
line and everything that we do in our
1584
01:15:28,460 --> 01:15:31,100
own life will affect the future and this
1585
01:15:31,100 --> 01:15:33,230
is a linear concept of time that is
1586
01:15:33,230 --> 01:15:34,820
completely different to how the Inka
1587
01:15:34,820 --> 01:15:38,090
understood time so for the Inka start
1588
01:15:38,090 --> 01:15:39,140
with the first line which they might
1589
01:15:39,140 --> 01:15:42,860
call Chi Pacha Chi Pacha is essentially
1590
01:15:42,860 --> 01:15:44,810
a lifeline but there are two parallel
1591
01:15:44,810 --> 01:15:48,080
lines Canon Pacha and uh kabocha which
1592
01:15:48,080 --> 01:15:50,930
is the past and the future and these
1593
01:15:50,930 --> 01:15:53,540
lines run in parallel because they can
1594
01:15:53,540 --> 01:15:55,790
happen at the same time so at any
1595
01:15:55,790 --> 01:15:58,330
particular moment of life on this line
1596
01:15:58,330 --> 01:16:01,220
they can transect between the past and
1597
01:16:01,220 --> 01:16:04,670
the future and this point here is a
1598
01:16:04,670 --> 01:16:07,250
particular moment of experience in the
1599
01:16:07,250 --> 01:16:09,080
present which is affected directly by
1600
01:16:09,080 --> 01:16:13,550
the past or the future we get a sense
1601
01:16:13,550 --> 01:16:14,990
that there were multiple histories there
1602
01:16:14,990 --> 01:16:16,640
were multiple pasts and there were
1603
01:16:16,640 --> 01:16:18,350
multiple references and different things
1604
01:16:18,350 --> 01:16:20,000
that different ancestors had done
1605
01:16:20,000 --> 01:16:21,890
depending on who was telling the story
1606
01:16:21,890 --> 01:16:23,660
so because of this it becomes very
1607
01:16:23,660 --> 01:16:26,780
difficult to determine exactly what was
1608
01:16:26,780 --> 01:16:28,809
the historical sequence
1609
01:16:28,809 --> 01:16:30,849
of the development of the Inca Empire in
1610
01:16:30,849 --> 01:16:32,289
a way that would make sense to us as a
1611
01:16:32,289 --> 01:16:36,730
nice european chronicle the inca don't
1612
01:16:36,730 --> 01:16:39,280
talk the same language of time as we do
1613
01:16:39,280 --> 01:16:41,110
and so we need to think about the
1614
01:16:41,110 --> 01:16:42,730
chronology of their history quite
1615
01:16:42,730 --> 01:16:46,150
differently by understanding this we can
1616
01:16:46,150 --> 01:16:49,030
begin to unravel the true story of the
1617
01:16:49,030 --> 01:16:52,690
rise of the Inca Empire if you contrast
1618
01:16:52,690 --> 01:16:54,309
the historical information to the
1619
01:16:54,309 --> 01:16:56,050
archaeological information we get a very
1620
01:16:56,050 --> 01:16:59,099
different picture studies of the
1621
01:16:59,099 --> 01:17:01,750
emergence of the Incas as a power over
1622
01:17:01,750 --> 01:17:03,520
neighboring societies surrounding Cusco
1623
01:17:03,520 --> 01:17:05,469
so that they were probably a prepotent
1624
01:17:05,469 --> 01:17:08,829
society perhaps even a state as early as
1625
01:17:08,829 --> 01:17:11,110
almost a hundred years before their
1626
01:17:11,110 --> 01:17:15,570
emergence as a ruling Empire
1627
01:17:17,050 --> 01:17:20,199
this means the origins of the Inca date
1628
01:17:20,199 --> 01:17:21,760
back much further than we originally
1629
01:17:21,760 --> 01:17:25,119
thought I think it also means that when
1630
01:17:25,119 --> 01:17:27,219
they started to build their empire the
1631
01:17:27,219 --> 01:17:29,079
Inca built upon the achievements of
1632
01:17:29,079 --> 01:17:32,130
people who went before
1633
01:17:36,120 --> 01:17:41,330
[Music]
1634
01:17:41,330 --> 01:17:44,690
a few hours drive south of Cusco there
1635
01:17:44,690 --> 01:17:45,920
are the remains of a long-forgotten
1636
01:17:45,920 --> 01:17:48,700
settlement
1637
01:17:52,580 --> 01:17:55,190
remnants of buildings and streets which
1638
01:17:55,190 --> 01:17:56,750
stretch over nearly two square
1639
01:17:56,750 --> 01:18:01,900
kilometers but these ruins aren't Inca
1640
01:18:01,900 --> 01:18:04,970
they were built by a people who rose and
1641
01:18:04,970 --> 01:18:07,550
fell long before the Inca dominated this
1642
01:18:07,550 --> 01:18:08,290
region
1643
01:18:08,290 --> 01:18:11,100
[Music]
1644
01:18:11,100 --> 01:18:13,890
these people were called the wari and
1645
01:18:13,890 --> 01:18:17,560
this place was known as peaky actor and
1646
01:18:17,560 --> 01:18:19,360
I believe the Inca learnt a great deal
1647
01:18:19,360 --> 01:18:23,160
from what the wari built here
1648
01:18:23,590 --> 01:18:26,389
throughout this part of South America
1649
01:18:26,389 --> 01:18:28,460
you can find the remains of cultures
1650
01:18:28,460 --> 01:18:30,980
stretching back thousands of years these
1651
01:18:30,980 --> 01:18:33,409
past societies had their own worldviews
1652
01:18:33,409 --> 01:18:35,210
belief systems and ways of living their
1653
01:18:35,210 --> 01:18:37,039
lives it's understanding the
1654
01:18:37,039 --> 01:18:39,110
interrelationships between them that is
1655
01:18:39,110 --> 01:18:39,920
important
1656
01:18:39,920 --> 01:18:41,599
no society suddenly appears
1657
01:18:41,599 --> 01:18:44,210
independently on its own but some
1658
01:18:44,210 --> 01:18:46,219
societies can be so successful that
1659
01:18:46,219 --> 01:18:48,409
their influence spreads far and wide
1660
01:18:48,409 --> 01:18:52,630
that was the case with the wari
1661
01:18:54,400 --> 01:18:57,820
the wari were the first to unite
1662
01:18:57,820 --> 01:19:00,920
multiple area is about from north to
1663
01:19:00,920 --> 01:19:04,639
south covering most of modern-day truth
1664
01:19:04,639 --> 01:19:07,310
picky actor was one of the wiry empires
1665
01:19:07,310 --> 01:19:10,070
most impressive settlements
1666
01:19:10,070 --> 01:19:13,159
it's been estimated that cumulatively it
1667
01:19:13,159 --> 01:19:15,199
would have taken six million days of
1668
01:19:15,199 --> 01:19:19,969
back-breaking labor to build it this is
1669
01:19:19,969 --> 01:19:22,099
a vast and beautiful site and a really
1670
01:19:22,099 --> 01:19:24,349
important one for the wari but is when
1671
01:19:24,349 --> 01:19:25,969
you walk around that you get a sense of
1672
01:19:25,969 --> 01:19:27,949
experience of the place because they
1673
01:19:27,949 --> 01:19:29,989
have these incredibly long corridors
1674
01:19:29,989 --> 01:19:32,750
with these dominating high walls it must
1675
01:19:32,750 --> 01:19:34,460
mean quite a disorientating experience
1676
01:19:34,460 --> 01:19:36,139
perhaps led through one of these
1677
01:19:36,139 --> 01:19:40,579
doorways you enter out into these open
1678
01:19:40,579 --> 01:19:43,099
spaces or patios they would have been
1679
01:19:43,099 --> 01:19:44,510
covered in white paint ooh perhaps
1680
01:19:44,510 --> 01:19:47,050
murals
1681
01:19:49,300 --> 01:19:52,250
picky actor dominated this region
1682
01:19:52,250 --> 01:19:53,840
towards the end of the first millennium
1683
01:19:53,840 --> 01:19:57,140
and walking through these ruins today it
1684
01:19:57,140 --> 01:19:58,850
seems to me the worry laid the
1685
01:19:58,850 --> 01:20:01,430
foundations of how to build an empire in
1686
01:20:01,430 --> 01:20:03,940
the Andes
1687
01:20:11,950 --> 01:20:15,730
many of the ideas of so-called Inca
1688
01:20:15,730 --> 01:20:17,670
statecraft which we think of actually
1689
01:20:17,670 --> 01:20:21,940
had their roots in the worry not least
1690
01:20:21,940 --> 01:20:25,060
the road system you can't create a road
1691
01:20:25,060 --> 01:20:27,490
system in the time period that the Incas
1692
01:20:27,490 --> 01:20:30,220
were around him there was a great
1693
01:20:30,220 --> 01:20:34,320
expansion of people and ideas at a time
1694
01:20:34,320 --> 01:20:40,090
far deeper than the Inka a critical to
1695
01:20:40,090 --> 01:20:42,220
the success of the wari was their
1696
01:20:42,220 --> 01:20:44,320
understanding of this brutal environment
1697
01:20:44,320 --> 01:20:46,810
and the innovations they developed to
1698
01:20:46,810 --> 01:20:50,140
overcome it the worry were masters of
1699
01:20:50,140 --> 01:20:52,480
landscape transformation canals that
1700
01:20:52,480 --> 01:20:54,370
brought the water down from the mountain
1701
01:20:54,370 --> 01:20:57,010
peaks where the rains fall into the rich
1702
01:20:57,010 --> 01:20:59,320
agricultural regions where they terraced
1703
01:20:59,320 --> 01:21:00,820
the landscape in order to turn the
1704
01:21:00,820 --> 01:21:02,680
mountain sides into productive
1705
01:21:02,680 --> 01:21:05,440
agricultural lands the ingenious
1706
01:21:05,440 --> 01:21:07,630
solutions we see at work at the key
1707
01:21:07,630 --> 01:21:10,930
actor are I believe crucial in helping
1708
01:21:10,930 --> 01:21:12,940
us to understand not only the success of
1709
01:21:12,940 --> 01:21:15,550
the wari but also the Inka who came
1710
01:21:15,550 --> 01:21:17,970
after them
1711
01:21:17,970 --> 01:21:22,140
this aqueduct is part of a 48 kilometers
1712
01:21:22,140 --> 01:21:25,240
canal systems taking water from the high
1713
01:21:25,240 --> 01:21:27,400
mountains right into the heart of the
1714
01:21:27,400 --> 01:21:29,320
site of picky actor and down to the
1715
01:21:29,320 --> 01:21:33,160
agricultural terraces below this region
1716
01:21:33,160 --> 01:21:36,400
receives barely enough water to support
1717
01:21:36,400 --> 01:21:38,470
large-scale agriculture or settlement
1718
01:21:38,470 --> 01:21:41,350
and in times of drought this land can
1719
01:21:41,350 --> 01:21:43,510
become an incredibly difficult place for
1720
01:21:43,510 --> 01:21:46,230
humans to thrive
1721
01:21:48,870 --> 01:21:51,820
90% of the rainfall in the Andes falls
1722
01:21:51,820 --> 01:21:53,800
on the jungle regions only 10% makes it
1723
01:21:53,800 --> 01:21:55,989
to the western coasts only through
1724
01:21:55,989 --> 01:21:58,719
increased efficiency in agricultural
1725
01:21:58,719 --> 01:22:01,540
technologies in production can humans
1726
01:22:01,540 --> 01:22:03,640
respond effectively to drought that's
1727
01:22:03,640 --> 01:22:06,280
what the wari introduced the lesson of
1728
01:22:06,280 --> 01:22:08,620
the wari is that before you can build an
1729
01:22:08,620 --> 01:22:11,110
empire in this part of the world you
1730
01:22:11,110 --> 01:22:13,060
first need to master the landscape
1731
01:22:13,060 --> 01:22:16,120
itself the wari agrarian technology was
1732
01:22:16,120 --> 01:22:18,580
a drought adaptive technology it was
1733
01:22:18,580 --> 01:22:20,110
much more efficient in the use of water
1734
01:22:20,110 --> 01:22:22,030
than previous systems had been and that
1735
01:22:22,030 --> 01:22:24,520
gave the worry an adaptive edge in
1736
01:22:24,520 --> 01:22:27,790
bringing their new system to these local
1737
01:22:27,790 --> 01:22:28,870
groups that were living in that region
1738
01:22:28,870 --> 01:22:31,350
at the time
1739
01:22:32,240 --> 01:22:35,090
interestingly the challenges faced by
1740
01:22:35,090 --> 01:22:38,620
the wari still affects people here today
1741
01:22:38,620 --> 01:22:42,020
1,000 years later Peru's klimer remains
1742
01:22:42,020 --> 01:22:44,090
one of the most extreme and vulnerable
1743
01:22:44,090 --> 01:22:46,750
in the world
1744
01:22:53,199 --> 01:22:55,210
most of the rainfall that falls on the
1745
01:22:55,210 --> 01:22:57,850
Andes comes from South Atlantic sources
1746
01:22:57,850 --> 01:22:59,199
coming in as part of the monsoon or
1747
01:22:59,199 --> 01:23:01,090
system across the Amazon and brought up
1748
01:23:01,090 --> 01:23:03,850
into the Andes whereas the western side
1749
01:23:03,850 --> 01:23:06,699
of the Andes and the coast is is a
1750
01:23:06,699 --> 01:23:09,610
desert effectively because the winds
1751
01:23:09,610 --> 01:23:10,989
that come across the Pacific
1752
01:23:10,989 --> 01:23:14,679
unforunately most of the population of
1753
01:23:14,679 --> 01:23:19,380
Peru today live on that desert strip
1754
01:23:25,560 --> 01:23:28,690
I've come to the village of mattes high
1755
01:23:28,690 --> 01:23:31,360
in the Andes where a dry spell has made
1756
01:23:31,360 --> 01:23:33,489
life tough for local farmers like
1757
01:23:33,489 --> 01:23:45,400
felicitous Torres su casa es Kristensen
1758
01:23:45,400 --> 01:23:47,140
Brando por esta parte sembrando
1759
01:23:47,140 --> 01:23:49,590
- eco transplant a circuit in America
1760
01:23:49,590 --> 01:23:54,819
[Music]
1761
01:23:56,130 --> 01:24:01,270
total meter that I have well durante las
1762
01:24:01,270 --> 01:24:03,280
Ikea when I problem has kana lakum rode
1763
01:24:03,280 --> 01:24:08,530
a waterfall any noteworthy landmark on
1764
01:24:08,530 --> 01:24:11,710
the landscape could be considered what
1765
01:24:11,710 --> 01:24:15,060
the Incas called a waka or a shrine and
1766
01:24:15,060 --> 01:24:19,050
on very specific days of the year
1767
01:24:19,050 --> 01:24:23,140
pilgrimages would be made different kin
1768
01:24:23,140 --> 01:24:26,110
groups would line up along different
1769
01:24:26,110 --> 01:24:29,350
lines and march out to each of the
1770
01:24:29,350 --> 01:24:32,980
shrines making offerings to them for the
1771
01:24:32,980 --> 01:24:35,770
Inca this was an empire of the mind as
1772
01:24:35,770 --> 01:24:38,830
much as a physical Empire held together
1773
01:24:38,830 --> 01:24:41,199
by thousands of shrines and invisible
1774
01:24:41,199 --> 01:24:43,810
ley lines as much as by Garrison's or
1775
01:24:43,810 --> 01:24:46,469
military power
1776
01:24:47,580 --> 01:24:51,200
but an empire still needs physical bombs
1777
01:24:51,200 --> 01:24:54,330
by the end of the 15th century the Inca
1778
01:24:54,330 --> 01:24:56,340
Empire was approaching its greatest
1779
01:24:56,340 --> 01:24:59,670
extent reaching from southern Ecuador
1780
01:24:59,670 --> 01:25:01,950
eastwards to Bolivia and into northern
1781
01:25:01,950 --> 01:25:04,550
Argentina
1782
01:25:06,620 --> 01:25:09,810
it was criss crossed by 40,000
1783
01:25:09,810 --> 01:25:12,479
kilometers of roads
1784
01:25:12,479 --> 01:25:15,149
there were two main roads one running
1785
01:25:15,149 --> 01:25:17,729
from Cusco to Quito the other running
1786
01:25:17,729 --> 01:25:20,519
parallel along the coast between these
1787
01:25:20,519 --> 01:25:22,529
were dozens of connecting roads and
1788
01:25:22,529 --> 01:25:25,160
Spurs heading south and east
1789
01:25:25,160 --> 01:25:27,969
[Music]
1790
01:25:27,969 --> 01:25:30,679
this road system is one of the most
1791
01:25:30,679 --> 01:25:34,280
famous elements of the Inca Empire but
1792
01:25:34,280 --> 01:25:36,079
much of this network almost certainly
1793
01:25:36,079 --> 01:25:40,099
predates the Inca once again they took
1794
01:25:40,099 --> 01:25:43,570
what they found and upscaled it
1795
01:25:43,570 --> 01:25:46,630
some parts of that great system exists
1796
01:25:46,630 --> 01:25:49,510
at least since the wari Empire but the
1797
01:25:49,510 --> 01:25:53,079
Inca develop it they reconstructed large
1798
01:25:53,079 --> 01:25:55,690
parts of it they constructed bridges and
1799
01:25:55,690 --> 01:25:58,420
caused ways to integrate it and they
1800
01:25:58,420 --> 01:26:01,719
redirect some roads this is a huge
1801
01:26:01,719 --> 01:26:05,070
investment for them
1802
01:26:06,320 --> 01:26:09,170
the Inka road system was a triumph of
1803
01:26:09,170 --> 01:26:12,190
architecture and planning
1804
01:26:12,900 --> 01:26:15,510
the roads had to pass through a variety
1805
01:26:15,510 --> 01:26:18,300
of landscapes from arid desert to snowy
1806
01:26:18,300 --> 01:26:21,930
mountains to vertical cliffs they could
1807
01:26:21,930 --> 01:26:25,530
be anything from 1 to 10 metres wide in
1808
01:26:25,530 --> 01:26:27,900
the desert they were protected from
1809
01:26:27,900 --> 01:26:30,450
dusty winds by raised stones in the
1810
01:26:30,450 --> 01:26:32,010
mountains they were designed to allow
1811
01:26:32,010 --> 01:26:34,909
for runoff and drainage
1812
01:26:34,909 --> 01:26:37,550
and when the terrain made conventional
1813
01:26:37,550 --> 01:26:40,730
roads impossible the Inka once again
1814
01:26:40,730 --> 01:26:44,290
came up with an ingenious solution
1815
01:26:45,540 --> 01:26:48,190
this is the stunning kettle Chaka bridge
1816
01:26:48,190 --> 01:26:51,040
it's made out of only this straw and
1817
01:26:51,040 --> 01:26:52,990
it's been in use for hundreds of years
1818
01:26:52,990 --> 01:26:55,200
dating right back to the Inka period
1819
01:26:55,200 --> 01:26:58,060
this bridge still serves as a major
1820
01:26:58,060 --> 01:27:01,360
crossing of the appear amok River is
1821
01:27:01,360 --> 01:27:03,640
carefully maintained but to devote to
1822
01:27:03,640 --> 01:27:06,280
other things like expansion beyond their
1823
01:27:06,280 --> 01:27:08,890
borders it was also a great calling card
1824
01:27:08,890 --> 01:27:10,780
as they approached other cultures
1825
01:27:10,780 --> 01:27:13,600
because Murray shows that the ink of
1826
01:27:13,600 --> 01:27:16,030
problem solvers are able to create these
1827
01:27:16,030 --> 01:27:18,010
very efficient and effective managed
1828
01:27:18,010 --> 01:27:22,090
landscapes in a region where climate was
1829
01:27:22,090 --> 01:27:24,790
unpredictable and catastrophic where
1830
01:27:24,790 --> 01:27:26,860
people could often face starvation and
1831
01:27:26,860 --> 01:27:29,860
hunger the ability to provide a reliable
1832
01:27:29,860 --> 01:27:32,260
regular and good-quality amount of food
1833
01:27:32,260 --> 01:27:34,420
was a source of supreme power for the
1834
01:27:34,420 --> 01:27:36,340
Inka
1835
01:27:36,340 --> 01:27:39,500
but that's only part of the story for
1836
01:27:39,500 --> 01:27:41,630
the Inca state to flourish they needed
1837
01:27:41,630 --> 01:27:44,630
to not only grow enough food but also to
1838
01:27:44,630 --> 01:27:46,390
distribute it quickly and efficiently
1839
01:27:46,390 --> 01:27:49,190
which could be a serious problem when
1840
01:27:49,190 --> 01:27:50,600
you live in such a challenging landscape
1841
01:27:50,600 --> 01:27:53,230
as this
1842
01:27:55,850 --> 01:27:59,060
but a few miles north of Mirai is a
1843
01:27:59,060 --> 01:28:00,830
place which I think might hold the
1844
01:28:00,830 --> 01:28:03,280
answer
1845
01:28:07,900 --> 01:28:09,960
you
1846
01:28:12,100 --> 01:28:14,980
this is an amazing spot below me is the
1847
01:28:14,980 --> 01:28:17,560
town of Aliante humble and above it
1848
01:28:17,560 --> 01:28:19,810
clinging to the side of a cliff is a
1849
01:28:19,810 --> 01:28:23,110
series of tall buildings at first glance
1850
01:28:23,110 --> 01:28:24,400
they may not seem like the most
1851
01:28:24,400 --> 01:28:26,380
impressive thing but these structures
1852
01:28:26,380 --> 01:28:28,180
are critical to the foundations of the
1853
01:28:28,180 --> 01:28:31,320
entire increment
1854
01:28:32,730 --> 01:28:36,820
these are Colchis store houses and they
1855
01:28:36,820 --> 01:28:39,160
are iconic buildings found all over the
1856
01:28:39,160 --> 01:28:40,030
Inca Empire
1857
01:28:40,030 --> 01:28:42,300
sometimes they're by the side of roads
1858
01:28:42,300 --> 01:28:44,530
sometimes near centers of population
1859
01:28:44,530 --> 01:28:49,690
like here at Olympic Ambo these weren't
1860
01:28:49,690 --> 01:28:52,510
just barns for storing food they were
1861
01:28:52,510 --> 01:28:55,060
sophisticated silos that were critical
1862
01:28:55,060 --> 01:28:57,220
to the well-being of the people and the
1863
01:28:57,220 --> 01:28:59,860
maintenance of power in here would be
1864
01:28:59,860 --> 01:29:02,160
stored everything from maize to potatoes
1865
01:29:02,160 --> 01:29:04,930
textiles to weapons and vast numbers of
1866
01:29:04,930 --> 01:29:06,730
seeds that could be used for next year's
1867
01:29:06,730 --> 01:29:09,250
planting they were often located in
1868
01:29:09,250 --> 01:29:12,370
strategic places well-ventilated and not
1869
01:29:12,370 --> 01:29:13,200
prone to flooding
1870
01:29:13,200 --> 01:29:18,209
[Music]
1871
01:29:21,079 --> 01:29:23,359
the combined storage space of this
1872
01:29:23,359 --> 01:29:25,760
network would have run to hundreds of
1873
01:29:25,760 --> 01:29:28,789
thousands of cubic meters that means
1874
01:29:28,789 --> 01:29:31,309
that people across the Empire could be
1875
01:29:31,309 --> 01:29:33,039
supplied with everything they needed
1876
01:29:33,039 --> 01:29:37,449
whenever circumstances demanded
1877
01:29:37,469 --> 01:29:39,660
one of the ways that we can understand
1878
01:29:39,660 --> 01:29:41,969
the scale and the order of the Inka
1879
01:29:41,969 --> 01:29:43,949
warehousing systems is by looking at the
1880
01:29:43,949 --> 01:29:46,170
experience of the Spaniards who came in
1881
01:29:46,170 --> 01:29:49,320
in 1548 into the Upper Montero Valley or
1882
01:29:49,320 --> 01:29:51,360
the central highlands of Peru there were
1883
01:29:51,360 --> 01:29:53,820
2,000 of them and they stayed there for
1884
01:29:53,820 --> 01:29:55,710
multiple weeks and they said at the end
1885
01:29:55,710 --> 01:29:58,710
of that period they couldn't recognize
1886
01:29:58,710 --> 01:30:00,510
it that made a dent in the warehouses
1887
01:30:00,510 --> 01:30:04,430
and the contents of the facilities
1888
01:30:06,090 --> 01:30:08,340
the combined storage space of this
1889
01:30:08,340 --> 01:30:10,740
network would have run to hundreds of
1890
01:30:10,740 --> 01:30:13,770
thousands of cubic meters that means
1891
01:30:13,770 --> 01:30:16,290
that people across the Empire could be
1892
01:30:16,290 --> 01:30:18,020
supplied with everything they needed
1893
01:30:18,020 --> 01:30:22,480
whenever circumstances demanded
1894
01:30:22,480 --> 01:30:24,640
one of the ways that we can understand
1895
01:30:24,640 --> 01:30:26,950
the scale and the order of the Inka
1896
01:30:26,950 --> 01:30:28,960
warehousing systems is by looking at the
1897
01:30:28,960 --> 01:30:31,180
experience of the Spaniards who came in
1898
01:30:31,180 --> 01:30:34,330
in 1548 into the Upper Montero Valley or
1899
01:30:34,330 --> 01:30:36,370
the central highlands of Peru there were
1900
01:30:36,370 --> 01:30:38,830
2,000 of them and they stayed there for
1901
01:30:38,830 --> 01:30:40,750
multiple weeks and they said at the end
1902
01:30:40,750 --> 01:30:43,720
of that period they couldn't recognize
1903
01:30:43,720 --> 01:30:46,060
it that made a dent in the warehouses in
1904
01:30:46,060 --> 01:30:48,400
the contents of the facilities these
1905
01:30:48,400 --> 01:30:51,010
storehouses tell me that the Inka
1906
01:30:51,010 --> 01:30:53,080
understood the need to provide food
1907
01:30:53,080 --> 01:30:58,180
security for the people they ruled it's
1908
01:30:58,180 --> 01:31:01,360
actually quite a modern idea in the UK
1909
01:31:01,360 --> 01:31:03,600
during the fuel protests of 2000
1910
01:31:03,600 --> 01:31:05,860
Supermarket bosses told the government
1911
01:31:05,860 --> 01:31:07,900
they only had enough fuel to distribute
1912
01:31:07,900 --> 01:31:09,760
food to the people for another three
1913
01:31:09,760 --> 01:31:11,920
days after that they'd start to go
1914
01:31:11,920 --> 01:31:15,460
hungry this focuses the mind on food
1915
01:31:15,460 --> 01:31:17,440
security because it's not just about
1916
01:31:17,440 --> 01:31:19,630
growing food it's about storage and
1917
01:31:19,630 --> 01:31:21,100
distribution that is perhaps most
1918
01:31:21,100 --> 01:31:23,680
important and the Inka understood this
1919
01:31:23,680 --> 01:31:26,170
that's why they created this vast system
1920
01:31:26,170 --> 01:31:28,570
of storage facilities and a distribution
1921
01:31:28,570 --> 01:31:31,480
network that got the food to the people
1922
01:31:31,480 --> 01:31:33,760
and this was important during times of
1923
01:31:33,760 --> 01:31:37,080
drought an environmental disaster
1924
01:31:40,580 --> 01:31:43,140
the inca storehouses sometimes of
1925
01:31:43,140 --> 01:31:45,270
scarcity and times of drought could be
1926
01:31:45,270 --> 01:31:48,060
used to feed the populace is to feed the
1927
01:31:48,060 --> 01:31:50,250
masses in order to save them from
1928
01:31:50,250 --> 01:31:52,770
certain death and destruction to the
1929
01:31:52,770 --> 01:31:55,320
people who who did the farming they were
1930
01:31:55,320 --> 01:31:57,510
a source of security and insurance if
1931
01:31:57,510 --> 01:31:59,580
you will against the bad years knowing
1932
01:31:59,580 --> 01:32:00,750
that the Inca state would be able to
1933
01:32:00,750 --> 01:32:04,170
provide for them but I suspect these
1934
01:32:04,170 --> 01:32:06,380
storehouses Ceph more than a practical
1935
01:32:06,380 --> 01:32:09,140
administrative function the storehouses
1936
01:32:09,140 --> 01:32:12,360
provided a highly visible symbol of the
1937
01:32:12,360 --> 01:32:13,970
Inca state to its people
1938
01:32:13,970 --> 01:32:16,590
demonstrating both its reach and its
1939
01:32:16,590 --> 01:32:19,160
benevolence
1940
01:32:19,580 --> 01:32:21,410
there was a basic level of understanding
1941
01:32:21,410 --> 01:32:25,010
that the Inka would care for the poorest
1942
01:32:25,010 --> 01:32:27,110
members of its society it was a basic
1943
01:32:27,110 --> 01:32:29,480
social contract if you will these
1944
01:32:29,480 --> 01:32:31,820
storehouses were an important logistical
1945
01:32:31,820 --> 01:32:35,750
element of a growing Empire but they
1946
01:32:35,750 --> 01:32:37,910
also hint at the developing nature of
1947
01:32:37,910 --> 01:32:41,079
Inka power itself
1948
01:32:41,079 --> 01:32:43,359
you get a sense of the different type of
1949
01:32:43,359 --> 01:32:45,039
Empire when you come to a place like
1950
01:32:45,039 --> 01:32:47,260
this you see how much effort they went
1951
01:32:47,260 --> 01:32:49,989
to to provide for people's needs it's
1952
01:32:49,989 --> 01:32:52,119
almost an attractive type of Empire that
1953
01:32:52,119 --> 01:32:54,189
people would want to become part of why
1954
01:32:54,189 --> 01:32:56,019
wouldn't you want to join an empire that
1955
01:32:56,019 --> 01:32:58,149
provided for you in times of need good
1956
01:32:58,149 --> 01:33:02,499
times and bad the creation of these
1957
01:33:02,499 --> 01:33:04,949
store how
1958
01:33:10,800 --> 01:33:14,579
many of the ideas of so-called Inca
1959
01:33:14,579 --> 01:33:17,520
statecraft if we think of actually had
1960
01:33:17,520 --> 01:33:20,969
their roots in the worry not least the
1961
01:33:20,969 --> 01:33:23,909
road system you can't create a road
1962
01:33:23,909 --> 01:33:26,340
system in the time period that the Incas
1963
01:33:26,340 --> 01:33:27,630
were around him
1964
01:33:27,630 --> 01:33:30,389
there was a great expansion of people
1965
01:33:30,389 --> 01:33:35,909
and ideas at a time far deeper than the
1966
01:33:35,909 --> 01:33:39,869
Incan critical to the success of the
1967
01:33:39,869 --> 01:33:42,179
wari was their understanding of this
1968
01:33:42,179 --> 01:33:44,699
brutal environment and the innovations
1969
01:33:44,699 --> 01:33:48,210
they developed to overcome it the worry
1970
01:33:48,210 --> 01:33:50,159
were masters of landscape transformation
1971
01:33:50,159 --> 01:33:52,800
canals that brought the water down from
1972
01:33:52,800 --> 01:33:54,570
the mountain peaks where the rains fall
1973
01:33:54,570 --> 01:33:57,599
into the rich agricultural regions where
1974
01:33:57,599 --> 01:33:59,340
they terraced the landscape in order to
1975
01:33:59,340 --> 01:34:01,530
turn the mountainsides into productive
1976
01:34:01,530 --> 01:34:04,290
agricultural lands the ingenious
1977
01:34:04,290 --> 01:34:06,780
solutions we see at work at picky actor
1978
01:34:06,780 --> 01:34:10,050
are I believe crucial in helping us to
1979
01:34:10,050 --> 01:34:12,030
understand not only the success of the
1980
01:34:12,030 --> 01:34:14,579
wari but also the Inka who came after
1981
01:34:14,579 --> 01:34:16,810
them
1982
01:34:16,810 --> 01:34:20,720
this aqueduct is part of a 48 kilometer
1983
01:34:20,720 --> 01:34:23,930
of canal systems taking water from the
1984
01:34:23,930 --> 01:34:26,150
high mountains right into the heart of
1985
01:34:26,150 --> 01:34:28,160
the site of picky actor and down to the
1986
01:34:28,160 --> 01:34:32,000
agricultural terraces below this region
1987
01:34:32,000 --> 01:34:35,270
receives barely enough water to support
1988
01:34:35,270 --> 01:34:37,340
large-scale agriculture or settlement
1989
01:34:37,340 --> 01:34:40,220
and in times of drought this land can
1990
01:34:40,220 --> 01:34:42,350
become an incredibly difficult place for
1991
01:34:42,350 --> 01:34:45,100
humans to thrive
1992
01:34:47,710 --> 01:34:50,690
90% of the rainfall in the Andes falls
1993
01:34:50,690 --> 01:34:52,670
on the jungle regions only 10% makes it
1994
01:34:52,670 --> 01:34:54,860
to the western coasts only through
1995
01:34:54,860 --> 01:34:57,560
increased efficiency in agricultural
1996
01:34:57,560 --> 01:35:00,380
technologies in production can humans
1997
01:35:00,380 --> 01:35:02,480
respond effectively to drought that's
1998
01:35:02,480 --> 01:35:05,120
what the wari introduced the lesson of
1999
01:35:05,120 --> 01:35:07,460
the wari is that before you can build an
2000
01:35:07,460 --> 01:35:09,980
empire in this part of the world you
2001
01:35:09,980 --> 01:35:11,930
first need to master the landscape
2002
01:35:11,930 --> 01:35:14,960
itself the wari agrarian technology was
2003
01:35:14,960 --> 01:35:17,450
a drought adaptive technology it was
2004
01:35:17,450 --> 01:35:18,950
much more efficient in the use of water
2005
01:35:18,950 --> 01:35:20,990
than previous systems had been and that
2006
01:35:20,990 --> 01:35:23,360
gave the worry an adaptive edge in
2007
01:35:23,360 --> 01:35:26,660
bringing their new system to these local
2008
01:35:26,660 --> 01:35:27,710
groups that were living in that region
2009
01:35:27,710 --> 01:35:30,220
at the time
2010
01:35:30,969 --> 01:35:33,949
interestingly the challenges faced by
2011
01:35:33,949 --> 01:35:37,449
the wari still affects people here today
2012
01:35:37,449 --> 01:35:40,880
1,000 years later Peru's klimer remains
2013
01:35:40,880 --> 01:35:42,949
one of the most extreme and vulnerable
2014
01:35:42,949 --> 01:35:45,610
in the world
2015
01:35:50,420 --> 01:35:52,090
[Music]
2016
01:35:52,090 --> 01:35:53,980
most of the rainfall that falls on the
2017
01:35:53,980 --> 01:35:56,710
Andes comes from South Atlantic sources
2018
01:35:56,710 --> 01:35:58,420
coming in as part of monsoon or system
2019
01:35:58,420 --> 01:36:00,100
across the Amazon and brought up into
2020
01:36:00,100 --> 01:36:02,770
the Andes whereas the western side of
2021
01:36:02,770 --> 01:36:03,550
the elides
2022
01:36:03,550 --> 01:36:04,990
it's understanding the
2023
01:36:04,990 --> 01:36:07,030
interrelationships between them that is
2024
01:36:07,030 --> 01:36:07,750
important
2025
01:36:07,750 --> 01:36:09,460
no society suddenly appears
2026
01:36:09,460 --> 01:36:12,070
independently on its own but some
2027
01:36:12,070 --> 01:36:14,080
societies can be so successful that
2028
01:36:14,080 --> 01:36:16,270
their influence spreads far and wide
2029
01:36:16,270 --> 01:36:20,490
that was the case with the wari
2030
01:36:22,250 --> 01:36:25,670
the wari were the first to unite
2031
01:36:25,670 --> 01:36:28,889
multiple areas about from north to south
2032
01:36:28,889 --> 01:36:33,239
covering most of modern-day really picky
2033
01:36:33,239 --> 01:36:35,550
ACTA was one of the wari Empire's most
2034
01:36:35,550 --> 01:36:38,730
impressive settlements it's been
2035
01:36:38,730 --> 01:36:41,190
estimated that cumulatively it would
2036
01:36:41,190 --> 01:36:43,079
have taken six million days of
2037
01:36:43,079 --> 01:36:47,820
back-breaking labor to build it this is
2038
01:36:47,820 --> 01:36:49,949
a vast and beautiful site and a really
2039
01:36:49,949 --> 01:36:52,230
important one for the wari but is when
2040
01:36:52,230 --> 01:36:53,880
you walk around that you get a sense of
2041
01:36:53,880 --> 01:36:55,829
experience of the place because they
2042
01:36:55,829 --> 01:36:57,840
have these incredibly long corridors
2043
01:36:57,840 --> 01:37:00,599
with these dominating high walls it must
2044
01:37:00,599 --> 01:37:02,340
mean quite a disorientating experience
2045
01:37:02,340 --> 01:37:03,989
perhaps led through one of these
2046
01:37:03,989 --> 01:37:08,429
doorways you enter out into these open
2047
01:37:08,429 --> 01:37:10,949
spaces or patios that would have been
2048
01:37:10,949 --> 01:37:12,270
covered in white paint too perhaps
2049
01:37:12,270 --> 01:37:14,900
murals
2050
01:37:17,290 --> 01:37:20,090
picking actor dominated this region
2051
01:37:20,090 --> 01:37:21,740
towards the end of the first millennium
2052
01:37:21,740 --> 01:37:25,010
and walking through these ruins today it
2053
01:37:25,010 --> 01:37:25,880
seems to me
2054
01:37:25,880 --> 01:37:27,980
the wari laid the foundations of how to
2055
01:37:27,980 --> 01:37:31,810
build an empire in the Andes
2056
01:37:39,820 --> 01:37:43,570
many of the ideas of so-called Inca
2057
01:37:43,570 --> 01:37:46,510
statecraft if we think of actually had
2058
01:37:46,510 --> 01:37:49,960
their roots in the worry not least the
2059
01:37:49,960 --> 01:37:52,900
road system you can't create a road
2060
01:37:52,900 --> 01:37:55,360
system in the time period that the Incas
2061
01:37:55,360 --> 01:37:58,060
were around in there was a great
2062
01:37:58,060 --> 01:38:02,219
expansion of people and ideas at a time
2063
01:38:02,219 --> 01:38:07,570
far deeper than than the Incan critical
2064
01:38:07,570 --> 01:38:09,310
to the success of the wari
2065
01:38:09,310 --> 01:38:11,590
was their understanding of this brutal
2066
01:38:11,590 --> 01:38:13,989
environment and the innovations they
2067
01:38:13,989 --> 01:38:17,380
developed to overcome it the worry were
2068
01:38:17,380 --> 01:38:19,179
masters of landscape transformation
2069
01:38:19,179 --> 01:38:21,820
canals that brought the water down from
2070
01:38:21,820 --> 01:38:23,560
the mountain peaks where the rains fall
2071
01:38:23,560 --> 01:38:26,590
into the rich agricultural regions where
2072
01:38:26,590 --> 01:38:28,329
they terraced the landscape in order to
2073
01:38:28,329 --> 01:38:30,520
turn the mountainsides into productive
2074
01:38:30,520 --> 01:38:33,310
agricultural lands the ingenious
2075
01:38:33,310 --> 01:38:35,770
solutions we see at work at picky actor
2076
01:38:35,770 --> 01:38:38,949
are I believe crucial in helping us to
2077
01:38:38,949 --> 01:38:41,020
understand not only the success of the
2078
01:38:41,020 --> 01:38:43,570
wari but also the Inka who came after
2079
01:38:43,570 --> 01:38:45,820
them
2080
01:38:45,820 --> 01:38:49,550
this aqueduct is part of a 48 kilometers
2081
01:38:49,550 --> 01:38:52,460
on network of canal systems taking water
2082
01:38:52,460 --> 01:38:54,650
from the high mountains right into the
2083
01:38:54,650 --> 01:38:56,480
heart of the site of picky actor and
2084
01:38:56,480 --> 01:38:59,409
down to the agricultural terraces below
2085
01:38:59,409 --> 01:39:04,600
this region receives barely enough water
2086
01:39:04,600 --> 01:39:07,190
today the temperature at the top of the
2087
01:39:07,190 --> 01:39:11,510
terraces is 16 degrees centigrade down
2088
01:39:11,510 --> 01:39:12,920
here at the bottom you have this
2089
01:39:12,920 --> 01:39:15,230
crucible effect when the temperature is
2090
01:39:15,230 --> 01:39:16,760
much warmer there's no air flow and
2091
01:39:16,760 --> 01:39:19,190
these stone terraces circle round
2092
01:39:19,190 --> 01:39:21,440
radiating the heat here you can see it's
2093
01:39:21,440 --> 01:39:24,520
over 22 degrees now
2094
01:39:25,400 --> 01:39:28,020
the difference in temperature from the
2095
01:39:28,020 --> 01:39:30,210
top of this site to the bottom means
2096
01:39:30,210 --> 01:39:32,460
that each terrace at mirai represents a
2097
01:39:32,460 --> 01:39:34,680
different ecological zone as you move up
2098
01:39:34,680 --> 01:39:37,670
the side of the Andes
2099
01:39:37,830 --> 01:39:42,160
the implications of this are profound it
2100
01:39:42,160 --> 01:39:44,140
means this was a place where Inca
2101
01:39:44,140 --> 01:39:45,810
engineers created their own
2102
01:39:45,810 --> 01:39:48,130
microclimates allowing them to
2103
01:39:48,130 --> 01:39:50,590
experiment in cultivating a variety of
2104
01:39:50,590 --> 01:39:52,480
different crops which would not normally
2105
01:39:52,480 --> 01:39:55,860
have been grown at these altitudes
2106
01:39:58,140 --> 01:40:01,330
tomatoes squashes pumpkins types of
2107
01:40:01,330 --> 01:40:04,180
tobacco that's not so beneficial perhaps
2108
01:40:04,180 --> 01:40:06,910
but it underlies the point that although
2109
01:40:06,910 --> 01:40:09,580
we marvel at the zen aesthetic of machu
2110
01:40:09,580 --> 01:40:12,550
picchu and so forth really what's much
2111
01:40:12,550 --> 01:40:14,320
more important in my view is the legacy
2112
01:40:14,320 --> 01:40:18,390
of their agriculture
2113
01:40:21,389 --> 01:40:25,030
the Incas were essentially reconfiguring
2114
01:40:25,030 --> 01:40:27,369
the biotic landscape by changing the
2115
01:40:27,369 --> 01:40:30,190
terrain changing the heat and water
2116
01:40:30,190 --> 01:40:31,750
retention capacities through their
2117
01:40:31,750 --> 01:40:34,270
terracing systems which developed a
2118
01:40:34,270 --> 01:40:37,750
series of warm weather estates in a cold
2119
01:40:37,750 --> 01:40:40,869
weather climate these terraces show how
2120
01:40:40,869 --> 01:40:42,610
the Inka understood the advantages of
2121
01:40:42,610 --> 01:40:45,130
this vertical landscape in effect they
2122
01:40:45,130 --> 01:40:47,739
farmed upwards they managed to turn the
2123
01:40:47,739 --> 01:40:49,599
harsh contours of the land to their
2124
01:40:49,599 --> 01:40:51,969
advantage and by growing different crops
2125
01:40:51,969 --> 01:40:54,099
at different elevations it gave them a
2126
01:40:54,099 --> 01:40:55,780
huge diversity in the crops that they
2127
01:40:55,780 --> 01:40:59,020
grew this had two key advantages one
2128
01:40:59,020 --> 01:41:00,730
they had a healthier and more diverse
2129
01:41:00,730 --> 01:41:03,639
diet and two it helped mitigate against
2130
01:41:03,639 --> 01:41:05,530
the impact in the past that had created
2131
01:41:05,530 --> 01:41:08,369
hunger and unrest droughts and floods
2132
01:41:08,369 --> 01:41:14,770
pests and frost this is what I mean when
2133
01:41:14,770 --> 01:41:16,690
I say the Inka scaled up war ii
2134
01:41:16,690 --> 01:41:20,949
technology in craig r acculturating a
2135
01:41:20,949 --> 01:41:23,409
family or even a city it was about
2136
01:41:23,409 --> 01:41:25,719
scientifically managing production so
2137
01:41:25,719 --> 01:41:28,450
they could feed an empire
2138
01:41:28,450 --> 01:41:31,220
by creating this food surplus it
2139
01:41:31,220 --> 01:41:33,260
provided time to devote to other things
2140
01:41:33,260 --> 01:41:36,770
like expansion beyond their borders it
2141
01:41:36,770 --> 01:41:38,510
was also a great calling card as they
2142
01:41:38,510 --> 01:41:41,120
approached other cultures because Mirai
2143
01:41:41,120 --> 01:41:43,670
shows that the inko are problem solvers
2144
01:41:43,670 --> 01:41:46,010
unable to create these very efficient
2145
01:41:46,010 --> 01:41:48,550
and effective managed landscapes
2146
01:41:48,550 --> 01:41:51,200
in a region where climate was
2147
01:41:51,200 --> 01:41:53,930
unpredictable and catastrophic where
2148
01:41:53,930 --> 01:41:55,970
people could often face starvation and
2149
01:41:55,970 --> 01:41:58,850
hunger the ability to provide a reliable
2150
01:41:58,850 --> 01:42:01,370
regular and good-quality amount of food
2151
01:42:01,370 --> 01:42:05,090
was a source of supreme prosperous no
2152
01:42:05,090 --> 01:42:09,080
say it's Tom Spencer Devo they lost
2153
01:42:09,080 --> 01:42:11,880
Nieto's see
2154
01:42:11,880 --> 01:42:14,860
[Music]
2155
01:42:14,860 --> 01:42:17,620
what's happening in mad aster day also
2156
01:42:17,620 --> 01:42:20,980
happened here many centuries ago but the
2157
01:42:20,980 --> 01:42:22,990
wiry did not have the option to bus in
2158
01:42:22,990 --> 01:42:26,460
tanks of water to sustain them
2159
01:42:26,460 --> 01:42:28,380
the end of the first millennium we know
2160
01:42:28,380 --> 01:42:30,690
that conditions were were both dry and
2161
01:42:30,690 --> 01:42:33,300
really quite cold up in the mountains
2162
01:42:33,300 --> 01:42:35,670
and that's the time when the wari
2163
01:42:35,670 --> 01:42:37,260
disappeared from the archaeological
2164
01:42:37,260 --> 01:42:39,679
record
2165
01:42:40,389 --> 01:42:43,000
the wari understood their environment
2166
01:42:43,000 --> 01:42:45,670
but a prolonged drought may have proved
2167
01:42:45,670 --> 01:42:48,570
too much even for them
2168
01:42:48,570 --> 01:42:52,710
climate change could have been one of
2169
01:42:52,710 --> 01:42:55,079
the factors which put a lot of pressure
2170
01:42:55,079 --> 01:42:56,310
on the wiry
2171
01:42:56,310 --> 01:42:58,849
now the societies knew how to deal with
2172
01:42:58,849 --> 01:43:02,040
short-term climate change they had in
2173
01:43:02,040 --> 01:43:03,869
place a lot of strategies that enable
2174
01:43:03,869 --> 01:43:06,000
them to cope but climate at those
2175
01:43:06,000 --> 01:43:07,800
altitudes is one of the real pressure
2176
01:43:07,800 --> 01:43:10,219
points
2177
01:43:10,480 --> 01:43:12,579
[Music]
2178
01:43:12,579 --> 01:43:15,369
however ingenious the wiry solutions
2179
01:43:15,369 --> 01:43:18,099
were to the challenges they faced their
2180
01:43:18,099 --> 01:43:20,719
power waned
2181
01:43:20,719 --> 01:43:22,969
but there can be little doubt that the
2182
01:43:22,969 --> 01:43:24,860
Inca built on the knowledge of what the
2183
01:43:24,860 --> 01:43:25,280
wari
2184
01:43:25,280 --> 01:43:29,479
left behind we have people continuing to
2185
01:43:29,479 --> 01:43:31,400
live in the Cusco region continuing the
2186
01:43:31,400 --> 01:43:33,320
oral traditions and the historical
2187
01:43:33,320 --> 01:43:35,239
traditions of the wari within the Cusco
2188
01:43:35,239 --> 01:43:36,679
region that the inca could have picked
2189
01:43:36,679 --> 01:43:39,489
up upon the inca also had the benefit of
2190
01:43:39,489 --> 01:43:41,929
the monuments that the glory had built
2191
01:43:41,929 --> 01:43:45,800
and right in their backyard the wari
2192
01:43:45,800 --> 01:43:48,769
created a large and powerful state they
2193
01:43:48,769 --> 01:43:50,329
were able to harness the harsh
2194
01:43:50,329 --> 01:43:53,059
environments using ingenious large-scale
2195
01:43:53,059 --> 01:43:54,670
construction projects like this
2196
01:43:54,670 --> 01:43:56,809
technology is often associated with the
2197
01:43:56,809 --> 01:43:59,150
Inka but the reason I like this one is
2198
01:43:59,150 --> 01:44:01,039
that you can see the original wiry
2199
01:44:01,039 --> 01:44:04,070
construction behind reused and restored
2200
01:44:04,070 --> 01:44:05,900
by the Inka with this lovely stonework
2201
01:44:05,900 --> 01:44:08,659
at the front the inca are using wiry
2202
01:44:08,659 --> 01:44:10,940
technology but the crucial difference is
2203
01:44:10,940 --> 01:44:14,559
they're also upscaling it
2204
01:44:17,090 --> 01:44:19,639
to see exactly how they did this I'm
2205
01:44:19,639 --> 01:44:21,800
heading north into the heart of the
2206
01:44:21,800 --> 01:44:24,369
Cusco Valley
2207
01:44:25,330 --> 01:44:28,060
this mountainous land is not naturally
2208
01:44:28,060 --> 01:44:30,010
suited to large-scale agricultural
2209
01:44:30,010 --> 01:44:32,169
production
2210
01:44:32,169 --> 01:44:34,360
the challenges presented by the harsh
2211
01:44:34,360 --> 01:44:38,499
climate are considerable but here the
2212
01:44:38,499 --> 01:44:40,059
incas remarkable ability to
2213
01:44:40,059 --> 01:44:42,760
problem-solve revolutionized agriculture
2214
01:44:42,760 --> 01:44:44,919
and play the key role in the expansion
2215
01:44:44,919 --> 01:44:47,969
of their empire
2216
01:44:48,590 --> 01:44:53,090
[Music]
2217
01:44:55,909 --> 01:44:59,209
this is Mariah it lies three and a half
2218
01:44:59,209 --> 01:45:01,760
thousand metres above sea level and is
2219
01:45:01,760 --> 01:45:04,070
one of the most remarkable but the wiry
2220
01:45:04,070 --> 01:45:06,289
did not have the option to bus in tanks
2221
01:45:06,289 --> 01:45:09,340
of water to sustain them
2222
01:45:09,340 --> 01:45:11,229
the end of the first millennium we know
2223
01:45:11,229 --> 01:45:13,570
that conditions were were both dry and
2224
01:45:13,570 --> 01:45:16,150
really quite cold up in the mountains
2225
01:45:16,150 --> 01:45:18,550
and that's the time when the wiry
2226
01:45:18,550 --> 01:45:22,739
disappeared from the parking lot record
2227
01:45:23,249 --> 01:45:25,889
the wari understood their environment
2228
01:45:25,889 --> 01:45:28,559
but a prolonged drought may have proved
2229
01:45:28,559 --> 01:45:31,440
too much even for them
2230
01:45:31,440 --> 01:45:35,670
climate change could have been one of
2231
01:45:35,670 --> 01:45:37,949
the factors which put a lot of pressure
2232
01:45:37,949 --> 01:45:41,130
on the wiry now the societies knew how
2233
01:45:41,130 --> 01:45:43,580
to deal with short-term climate change
2234
01:45:43,580 --> 01:45:46,140
they had in place a lot of strategies
2235
01:45:46,140 --> 01:45:48,690
that enable them to cope but climate at
2236
01:45:48,690 --> 01:45:50,400
those altitudes is one of the real
2237
01:45:50,400 --> 01:45:53,090
pressure points
2238
01:45:53,360 --> 01:45:55,639
[Music]
2239
01:45:55,639 --> 01:45:58,250
however ingenious the wiry solutions
2240
01:45:58,250 --> 01:46:00,980
were to the challenges they faced their
2241
01:46:00,980 --> 01:46:03,619
power waned
2242
01:46:03,619 --> 01:46:05,840
but there can be little doubt that the
2243
01:46:05,840 --> 01:46:07,729
Inca built on the knowledge of what the
2244
01:46:07,729 --> 01:46:09,729
wari left behind
2245
01:46:09,729 --> 01:46:12,769
we have people continuing to live in the
2246
01:46:12,769 --> 01:46:14,570
Cusco region continuing the oral
2247
01:46:14,570 --> 01:46:16,579
traditions and the historical traditions
2248
01:46:16,579 --> 01:46:18,860
of the wari within the Cusco region that
2249
01:46:18,860 --> 01:46:20,300
the inca could have picked up upon the
2250
01:46:20,300 --> 01:46:23,360
inca also had the benefit of the
2251
01:46:23,360 --> 01:46:25,070
monuments that the Ori had built and
2252
01:46:25,070 --> 01:46:29,360
right in their backyard the wari created
2253
01:46:29,360 --> 01:46:31,699
a large and powerful State they were
2254
01:46:31,699 --> 01:46:34,099
able to harness the harsh environments
2255
01:46:34,099 --> 01:46:36,349
using ingenious large-scale construction
2256
01:46:36,349 --> 01:46:38,840
projects like this technologies often
2257
01:46:38,840 --> 01:46:41,149
associated with the Inca but the reason
2258
01:46:41,149 --> 01:46:42,590
they're like this one is that you can
2259
01:46:42,590 --> 01:46:44,659
see the original wiry construction
2260
01:46:44,659 --> 01:46:47,719
behind reused and restored by the Inca
2261
01:46:47,719 --> 01:46:49,280
with this lovely stonework at the front
2262
01:46:49,280 --> 01:46:52,729
the inca are using wiry technology but
2263
01:46:52,729 --> 01:46:54,499
the crucial difference is they're also
2264
01:46:54,499 --> 01:46:57,429
upscaling it
2265
01:46:59,970 --> 01:47:02,520
to see exactly how they did this I'm
2266
01:47:02,520 --> 01:47:04,680
heading north into the heart of the
2267
01:47:04,680 --> 01:47:07,220
Cusco Valley
2268
01:47:08,280 --> 01:47:10,949
this mountainous land is not naturally
2269
01:47:10,949 --> 01:47:12,900
suited to large-scale agricultural
2270
01:47:12,900 --> 01:47:15,059
production
2271
01:47:15,059 --> 01:47:17,250
the challenge is presented by the harsh
2272
01:47:17,250 --> 01:47:20,000
climate a considerable
2273
01:47:20,000 --> 01:47:23,090
but here the incas remarkable ability to
2274
01:47:23,090 --> 01:47:25,640
problem-solve revolutionized agriculture
2275
01:47:25,640 --> 01:47:28,280
and play the key role in the expansion
2276
01:47:28,280 --> 01:47:31,060
of their empire
2277
01:47:31,470 --> 01:47:35,970
[Music]
2278
01:47:38,790 --> 01:47:42,090
this is Mariah it lies three and a half
2279
01:47:42,090 --> 01:47:44,610
thousand metres above sea level and is
2280
01:47:44,610 --> 01:47:46,050
one of the most remarkable human
2281
01:47:46,050 --> 01:47:49,680
landscapes on earth Mariah consists of
2282
01:47:49,680 --> 01:47:53,280
three huge limestone depressions into
2283
01:47:53,280 --> 01:47:56,370
which terraces have been carved this is
2284
01:47:56,370 --> 01:47:58,230
the place where Inka skills in
2285
01:47:58,230 --> 01:48:00,510
engineering and agriculture combined
2286
01:48:00,510 --> 01:48:03,780
perfectly it's a place which UK during
2287
01:48:03,780 --> 01:48:06,600
the fuel protests of 2000 supermarket
2288
01:48:06,600 --> 01:48:08,700
bosses told the government they only had
2289
01:48:08,700 --> 01:48:10,440
enough fuel to distribute food to the
2290
01:48:10,440 --> 01:48:12,960
people for another three days after that
2291
01:48:12,960 --> 01:48:16,290
they'd start to go hungry this focuses
2292
01:48:16,290 --> 01:48:19,020
the mind on food security because it's
2293
01:48:19,020 --> 01:48:20,790
not just about growing food it's about
2294
01:48:20,790 --> 01:48:22,860
storage and distribution that is perhaps
2295
01:48:22,860 --> 01:48:25,470
most important and the Inka understood
2296
01:48:25,470 --> 01:48:27,720
this that's why they created this vast
2297
01:48:27,720 --> 01:48:30,210
system of storage facilities and a
2298
01:48:30,210 --> 01:48:32,520
distribution network that got the food
2299
01:48:32,520 --> 01:48:35,070
to the people and this was important
2300
01:48:35,070 --> 01:48:37,080
during times of drought an environmental
2301
01:48:37,080 --> 01:48:39,110
disaster
2302
01:48:42,570 --> 01:48:45,130
the inca storehouses in times of
2303
01:48:45,130 --> 01:48:47,260
scarcity and times of drought could be
2304
01:48:47,260 --> 01:48:49,960
used to feed the populace is to feed the
2305
01:48:49,960 --> 01:48:52,240
masses in order to save them from
2306
01:48:52,240 --> 01:48:54,760
certain death and destruction to the
2307
01:48:54,760 --> 01:48:57,310
people who who did the farming they were
2308
01:48:57,310 --> 01:48:59,530
a source of security and insurance if
2309
01:48:59,530 --> 01:49:01,450
you will against the bad years knowing
2310
01:49:01,450 --> 01:49:02,770
that the Inca state would be able to
2311
01:49:02,770 --> 01:49:06,160
provide for them but I suspect these
2312
01:49:06,160 --> 01:49:08,370
stole houses safe more than a practical
2313
01:49:08,370 --> 01:49:11,130
administrative function the storehouses
2314
01:49:11,130 --> 01:49:14,350
provided a highly visible symbol of the
2315
01:49:14,350 --> 01:49:16,960
Inca state to its people demonstrating
2316
01:49:16,960 --> 01:49:22,150
both its reach and its benevolence there
2317
01:49:22,150 --> 01:49:24,040
was a basic level of understanding that
2318
01:49:24,040 --> 01:49:27,010
the Inca would care for the poorest
2319
01:49:27,010 --> 01:49:29,110
members of its society it was a basic
2320
01:49:29,110 --> 01:49:31,480
social contract if you will these
2321
01:49:31,480 --> 01:49:33,820
storehouses were an important logistical
2322
01:49:33,820 --> 01:49:37,750
element of a growing Empire but they
2323
01:49:37,750 --> 01:49:39,910
also hint at the developing nature of
2324
01:49:39,910 --> 01:49:43,080
Inca power itself
2325
01:49:43,130 --> 01:49:45,350
you get a sense of the different type of
2326
01:49:45,350 --> 01:49:47,060
Empire when you come to a place like
2327
01:49:47,060 --> 01:49:49,280
this you see how much effort they went
2328
01:49:49,280 --> 01:49:51,980
to to provide for people's needs it's
2329
01:49:51,980 --> 01:49:54,110
almost an attractive type of Empire that
2330
01:49:54,110 --> 01:49:56,210
people would want to become part of why
2331
01:49:56,210 --> 01:49:58,010
wouldn't you want to join an empire that
2332
01:49:58,010 --> 01:50:00,170
provided for you in times of need good
2333
01:50:00,170 --> 01:50:04,460
times and bad the creation of these
2334
01:50:04,460 --> 01:50:06,860
storehouses tells us a lot about the
2335
01:50:06,860 --> 01:50:09,530
great incre ability to organize and plan
2336
01:50:09,530 --> 01:50:12,560
the use of their resources they embody
2337
01:50:12,560 --> 01:50:15,139
an empire which could offer solutions to
2338
01:50:15,139 --> 01:50:17,360
the people of the Andes but in order to
2339
01:50:17,360 --> 01:50:19,550
truly understand the nature of Inka
2340
01:50:19,550 --> 01:50:21,949
power I think we also have to look at
2341
01:50:21,949 --> 01:50:23,600
how they approach these people in the
2342
01:50:23,600 --> 01:50:26,600
first place how in effect they pitched
2343
01:50:26,600 --> 01:50:28,280
their empire to the people they were
2344
01:50:28,280 --> 01:50:33,679
ruled to find out how they did it I'm
2345
01:50:33,679 --> 01:50:37,810
taking the road west towards the ocean
2346
01:50:45,449 --> 01:50:48,400
this is the temple of magic hammock on
2347
01:50:48,400 --> 01:50:51,989
the Pacific coast of Peru
2348
01:50:52,070 --> 01:50:54,680
and you can see the distinctive method
2349
01:50:54,680 --> 01:50:58,260
of Inca Empire building at work here
2350
01:50:58,260 --> 01:51:00,870
for thousands of years before the Inca
2351
01:51:00,870 --> 01:51:04,610
this was one of the most important and
2352
01:51:04,610 --> 01:51:08,160
this means the origins of the Inca date
2353
01:51:08,160 --> 01:51:09,750
back much further than we originally
2354
01:51:09,750 --> 01:51:13,110
thought I think it also means that when
2355
01:51:13,110 --> 01:51:15,210
they started to build their empire the
2356
01:51:15,210 --> 01:51:17,040
Inca built upon the achievements of
2357
01:51:17,040 --> 01:51:20,120
people who went before
2358
01:51:24,100 --> 01:51:29,110
[Music]
2359
01:51:29,110 --> 01:51:32,650
a few hours drive south of Cusco there
2360
01:51:32,650 --> 01:51:33,880
are the remains of a long-forgotten
2361
01:51:33,880 --> 01:51:36,659
settlement
2362
01:51:40,579 --> 01:51:43,189
remnants of buildings and streets which
2363
01:51:43,189 --> 01:51:44,719
stretch over nearly two square
2364
01:51:44,719 --> 01:51:47,199
kilometers
2365
01:51:47,199 --> 01:51:50,929
but these ruins aren't Inca they were
2366
01:51:50,929 --> 01:51:53,899
built by a people who rose and fell long
2367
01:51:53,899 --> 01:51:56,280
before the Inca dominated this region
2368
01:51:56,280 --> 01:51:59,080
[Music]
2369
01:51:59,080 --> 01:52:01,870
these people were called the wari and
2370
01:52:01,870 --> 01:52:05,540
this place was known as peaky actor and
2371
01:52:05,540 --> 01:52:07,340
I believe the Inka learnt a great deal
2372
01:52:07,340 --> 01:52:12,590
from what the wari built here throughout
2373
01:52:12,590 --> 01:52:15,140
this part of South America you can find
2374
01:52:15,140 --> 01:52:16,969
the remains of cultures stretching back
2375
01:52:16,969 --> 01:52:19,550
thousands of years these past societies
2376
01:52:19,550 --> 01:52:22,280
had their own worldviews belief systems
2377
01:52:22,280 --> 01:52:24,320
and ways of living their lives and it's
2378
01:52:24,320 --> 01:52:26,030
understanding the interrelationships
2379
01:52:26,030 --> 01:52:27,890
between them that is important
2380
01:52:27,890 --> 01:52:29,570
no society suddenly appears
2381
01:52:29,570 --> 01:52:32,210
independently on its own but some
2382
01:52:32,210 --> 01:52:34,190
societies can be so successful that
2383
01:52:34,190 --> 01:52:36,380
their influence spreads far and wide
2384
01:52:36,380 --> 01:52:40,600
that was the case with the wari
2385
01:52:42,859 --> 01:52:45,789
the worry were the first to unite
2386
01:52:45,789 --> 01:52:49,039
multiple areas about from north to south
2387
01:52:49,039 --> 01:52:52,629
covering most of modern-day true
2388
01:52:52,629 --> 01:52:55,300
picky actor was one of the wiry empires
2389
01:52:55,300 --> 01:52:58,080
most impressive settlements
2390
01:52:58,080 --> 01:53:01,140
it's been estimated that cumulatively it
2391
01:53:01,140 --> 01:53:03,210
would have taken six million days of
2392
01:53:03,210 --> 01:53:07,950
back-breaking labor to build it this is
2393
01:53:07,950 --> 01:53:10,080
a vast and beautiful site and a really
2394
01:53:10,080 --> 01:53:12,360
important one for the wiry but is when
2395
01:53:12,360 --> 01:53:13,950
you walk around that you get a sense of
2396
01:53:13,950 --> 01:53:15,930
experience of the place because they
2397
01:53:15,930 --> 01:53:17,970
have these incredibly long corridors
2398
01:53:17,970 --> 01:53:20,730
with these dominating high walls it must
2399
01:53:20,730 --> 01:53:22,470
mean quite a disorientating experience
2400
01:53:22,470 --> 01:53:24,120
perhaps led through one of these
2401
01:53:24,120 --> 01:53:28,560
doorways you enter out into these open
2402
01:53:28,560 --> 01:53:31,080
spaces or patios they would have been
2403
01:53:31,080 --> 01:53:32,400
covered in white paint too perhaps
2404
01:53:32,400 --> 01:53:35,030
murals
2405
01:53:37,410 --> 01:53:40,240
picking actor dominated this region
2406
01:53:40,240 --> 01:53:41,830
towards the end of the first millennium
2407
01:53:41,830 --> 01:53:45,130
and walking through these ruins today it
2408
01:53:45,130 --> 01:53:46,840
seems to me the warrior laid the
2409
01:53:46,840 --> 01:53:49,390
foundations of how to build an empire in
2410
01:53:49,390 --> 01:53:51,930
the Andes
2411
01:53:59,940 --> 01:54:04,760
many of the ideas of vertical cliffs
2412
01:54:04,760 --> 01:54:07,739
they could be anything from 110 meters
2413
01:54:07,739 --> 01:54:11,790
wide in the desert they were protected
2414
01:54:11,790 --> 01:54:14,460
from dusty winds by raised stones in the
2415
01:54:14,460 --> 01:54:16,020
mountains they were designed to allow
2416
01:54:16,020 --> 01:54:18,940
for runoff and drainage
2417
01:54:18,940 --> 01:54:21,580
and when the terrain made conventional
2418
01:54:21,580 --> 01:54:24,730
roads impossible the Inka once again
2419
01:54:24,730 --> 01:54:28,320
came up with an ingenious solution
2420
01:54:29,560 --> 01:54:31,870
this is the stunning kettle jacker
2421
01:54:31,870 --> 01:54:34,720
bridge it's made out of only this straw
2422
01:54:34,720 --> 01:54:36,790
and it's been in use for hundreds of
2423
01:54:36,790 --> 01:54:38,440
years dating right back to the Inka
2424
01:54:38,440 --> 01:54:41,830
period this bridge still serves as a
2425
01:54:41,830 --> 01:54:44,370
major crossing of the appear amok River
2426
01:54:44,370 --> 01:54:47,380
is carefully maintained by the four
2427
01:54:47,380 --> 01:54:51,730
communities who live here among the
2428
01:54:51,730 --> 01:54:55,080
workers is Dan Tiki Spurlock aware
2429
01:54:55,080 --> 01:54:58,060
quanto gente más o menos calico Mina's
2430
01:54:58,060 --> 01:55:01,060
tiene aproximadamente siento cincuenta
2431
01:55:01,060 --> 01:55:04,960
siento gente se siente algo de Gama
2432
01:55:04,960 --> 01:55:07,540
skomal typical note and em2 magicians
2433
01:55:07,540 --> 01:55:14,380
personas que tiene la marea Prosser lay
2434
01:55:14,380 --> 01:55:16,780
mrs. kettle estos días estos hombres que
2435
01:55:16,780 --> 01:55:18,370
zombie a hos que esta haciendo el el
2436
01:55:18,370 --> 01:55:19,750
tipo de trajo para entregar
2437
01:55:19,750 --> 01:55:21,760
t donde beam en lasa brewery race USAG
2438
01:55:21,760 --> 01:55:25,810
way lows esse Acedo de nuestros de los
2439
01:55:25,810 --> 01:55:28,240
incas yeah sebum pasando los
2440
01:55:28,240 --> 01:55:32,280
generaciones Yancey dodo
2441
01:55:34,179 --> 01:55:37,270
the roads allowed the Inka to travel
2442
01:55:37,270 --> 01:55:39,550
swiftly and communicate efficiently
2443
01:55:39,550 --> 01:55:41,890
throughout their vast empire it's
2444
01:55:41,890 --> 01:55:43,840
estimated a message could be carried
2445
01:55:43,840 --> 01:55:47,110
from Frisco to Quito a distance of 1500
2446
01:55:47,110 --> 01:55:49,060
kilometers in just five days
2447
01:55:49,060 --> 01:55:51,820
but seeing Dante and his comrades at
2448
01:55:51,820 --> 01:55:54,489
work it strikes me that the roads were
2449
01:55:54,489 --> 01:55:56,380
about much more than just communication
2450
01:55:56,380 --> 01:56:00,190
more than just getting from A to B this
2451
01:56:00,190 --> 01:56:03,310
network was a psychological tool as well
2452
01:56:03,310 --> 01:56:06,100
as a physical one these roads and
2453
01:56:06,100 --> 01:56:08,170
bridges were a constant reminder to
2454
01:56:08,170 --> 01:56:10,510
communities all over the Andes that they
2455
01:56:10,510 --> 01:56:13,090
were part of something bigger
2456
01:56:13,090 --> 01:56:14,239
[Music]
2457
01:56:14,239 --> 01:56:17,210
it probably provided a ideological
2458
01:56:17,210 --> 01:56:20,440
mechanism of integration so that in
2459
01:56:20,440 --> 01:56:23,150
constructing that road system you could
2460
01:56:23,150 --> 01:56:25,070
not but be aware that you were
2461
01:56:25,070 --> 01:56:28,249
integrating cusco with the coast you
2462
01:56:28,249 --> 01:56:30,380
were a part of empire
2463
01:56:30,380 --> 01:56:32,599
we must remember that there is no idea
2464
01:56:32,599 --> 01:56:35,659
of a map of the ink Empire it is largely
2465
01:56:35,659 --> 01:56:37,940
through the connection of individual
2466
01:56:37,940 --> 01:56:40,159
places through roads and trackways and
2467
01:56:40,159 --> 01:56:42,769
through ceremonial and ritual activities
2468
01:56:42,769 --> 01:56:46,510
that the ink Empire holds together
2469
01:56:48,840 --> 01:56:52,170
the network was so vast that new parts
2470
01:56:52,170 --> 01:56:55,910
of it are still being uncovered today
2471
01:56:58,039 --> 01:57:00,769
this is a newly discovered road it's
2472
01:57:00,769 --> 01:57:02,780
absolutely extraordinary it clings to
2473
01:57:02,780 --> 01:57:04,329
the side
2474
01:57:04,329 --> 01:57:09,559
what Bingham saw astonished him peeking
2475
01:57:09,559 --> 01:57:11,869
through centuries of vegetation were
2476
01:57:11,869 --> 01:57:14,510
dozens of granite buildings vast
2477
01:57:14,510 --> 01:57:17,499
terraces were cut into the mountainside
2478
01:57:17,499 --> 01:57:20,510
criss-crossed by hundreds of steep stone
2479
01:57:20,510 --> 01:57:23,019
steps
2480
01:57:25,099 --> 01:57:28,130
the effect on the young Explorer was
2481
01:57:28,130 --> 01:57:31,840
dazzling like a dream
2482
01:57:31,840 --> 01:57:34,380
[Music]
2483
01:57:34,380 --> 01:57:36,719
when Bingham arrived here at matcha
2484
01:57:36,719 --> 01:57:38,670
pitch you he thought he had discovered
2485
01:57:38,670 --> 01:57:41,670
the lost city of the Inca a place so
2486
01:57:41,670 --> 01:57:43,530
secret and it remained hidden as
2487
01:57:43,530 --> 01:57:45,719
Europeans overrun the entire continent
2488
01:57:45,719 --> 01:57:48,540
of South America for Bingham this site
2489
01:57:48,540 --> 01:57:50,940
was the Holy Grail the keys are
2490
01:57:50,940 --> 01:57:53,280
unlocking the mysteries of the Inca the
2491
01:57:53,280 --> 01:57:55,380
largest pre-columbian empire in the
2492
01:57:55,380 --> 01:58:00,750
Americas but match you pitch you
2493
01:58:00,750 --> 01:58:03,870
provides only a glimpse of an incredible
2494
01:58:03,870 --> 01:58:08,460
Empire it's only one part of a
2495
01:58:08,460 --> 01:58:13,350
remarkable tale this is the story of a
2496
01:58:13,350 --> 01:58:17,100
people who 600 years ago built an empire
2497
01:58:17,100 --> 01:58:18,929
that stretched from barren coastal
2498
01:58:18,929 --> 01:58:21,960
desert to lush tropical jungle from the
2499
01:58:21,960 --> 01:58:24,389
edge of the Pacific Ocean to the high
2500
01:58:24,389 --> 01:58:27,659
plains of Chile in Argentina it's a
2501
01:58:27,659 --> 01:58:30,570
story of wealth power innovation and
2502
01:58:30,570 --> 01:58:33,090
bloodshed all happening in some of the
2503
01:58:33,090 --> 01:58:36,620
toughest landscapes on the planet
2504
01:58:36,620 --> 01:58:38,850
fundamentally this is the story of an
2505
01:58:38,850 --> 01:58:41,489
empire unlike any other one with a
2506
01:58:41,489 --> 01:58:43,500
completely different world view - the
2507
01:58:43,500 --> 01:58:46,050
Europeans who come to conquer it and is
2508
01:58:46,050 --> 01:58:47,940
that different way of seeing the world
2509
01:58:47,940 --> 01:58:51,210
of gaming and holding power over so many
2510
01:58:51,210 --> 01:58:53,699
people that make the Inca absolutely
2511
01:58:53,699 --> 01:58:56,300
fascinating
2512
01:58:58,300 --> 01:59:01,940
the question I want to answer is how did
2513
01:59:01,940 --> 01:59:04,270
they do it
2514
01:59:11,430 --> 01:59:14,459
[Music]
2515
01:59:18,710 --> 01:59:21,570
there are very good reasons why the inca
2516
01:59:21,570 --> 01:59:25,440
have long fascinated us their empire was
2517
01:59:25,440 --> 01:59:27,599
the biggest in the Americas before the
2518
01:59:27,599 --> 01:59:30,449
arrival of Europeans at its height in
2519
01:59:30,449 --> 01:59:33,000
the fifteenth century over ten million
2520
01:59:33,000 --> 01:59:38,250
people were under their rule their vast
2521
01:59:38,250 --> 01:59:41,070
Kingdom was connected by a sophisticated
2522
01:59:41,070 --> 01:59:43,650
road network stretching for thousands of
2523
01:59:43,650 --> 01:59:47,250
kilometers but most remarkable of all is
2524
01:59:47,250 --> 01:59:49,650
the apparent speed of their rise to
2525
01:59:49,650 --> 01:59:50,250
power
2526
01:59:50,250 --> 01:59:54,119
in the 14th century the Inca were one of
2527
01:59:54,119 --> 01:59:56,460
many independent peoples who lived high
2528
01:59:56,460 --> 01:59:59,219
in the Andes yet they emerged from their
2529
01:59:59,219 --> 02:00:01,860
cuzco stronghold and seemingly in the
2530
02:00:01,860 --> 02:00:04,560
space of just 100 and when the terrain
2531
02:00:04,560 --> 02:00:07,560
made conventional roads impossible the
2532
02:00:07,560 --> 02:00:09,540
Inka once again came up with an
2533
02:00:09,540 --> 02:00:12,320
ingenious solution
2534
02:00:13,580 --> 02:00:15,890
this is the stunning kettle jacker
2535
02:00:15,890 --> 02:00:18,740
bridge it's made out of only this straw
2536
02:00:18,740 --> 02:00:20,780
and it's been in use for hundreds of
2537
02:00:20,780 --> 02:00:22,430
years dating right back to the Inka
2538
02:00:22,430 --> 02:00:25,850
period this bridge still serves as a
2539
02:00:25,850 --> 02:00:28,360
major crossing of the appearing at River
2540
02:00:28,360 --> 02:00:31,370
it is carefully maintained by the four
2541
02:00:31,370 --> 02:00:35,750
communities who live here hola among the
2542
02:00:35,750 --> 02:00:39,100
workers is Dan Vicki's below Cooper
2543
02:00:39,100 --> 02:00:42,050
quanto gente más o menos que da Cunha's
2544
02:00:42,050 --> 02:00:45,230
tiene aproximadamente cientos in cuenta
2545
02:00:45,230 --> 02:00:48,740
siento gente se siente gente algo TI
2546
02:00:48,740 --> 02:00:51,560
most common typical note and ambitions
2547
02:00:51,560 --> 02:00:57,710
personas que tienes que Bonita yuria
2548
02:00:57,710 --> 02:00:59,750
Prosser Lamy dicen que tienen estos días
2549
02:00:59,750 --> 02:01:01,670
estos hombres que zombie a hos que esta
2550
02:01:01,670 --> 02:01:03,140
haciendo el el tipo de trabajo para
2551
02:01:03,140 --> 02:01:05,510
entregar t donde beam en lasa billiards
2552
02:01:05,510 --> 02:01:08,720
use Abuelo's de s SE Acedo de nuestros
2553
02:01:08,720 --> 02:01:12,260
de los incas ya see van pasando knows
2554
02:01:12,260 --> 02:01:16,270
generaciones Yancey dodo
2555
02:01:18,189 --> 02:01:21,280
the roads allowed the Inka to travel
2556
02:01:21,280 --> 02:01:23,530
swiftly and communicate efficiently
2557
02:01:23,530 --> 02:01:25,869
throughout their vast empire it's
2558
02:01:25,869 --> 02:01:27,820
estimated a message could be carried
2559
02:01:27,820 --> 02:01:31,119
from Cusco to Quito a distance of 1500
2560
02:01:31,119 --> 02:01:33,039
kilometers in just five days
2561
02:01:33,039 --> 02:01:35,829
but seeing Dante and his comrades at
2562
02:01:35,829 --> 02:01:38,469
work it strikes me that the roads were
2563
02:01:38,469 --> 02:01:40,389
about much more than just communication
2564
02:01:40,389 --> 02:01:44,199
more than just getting from A to B this
2565
02:01:44,199 --> 02:01:47,320
network was a psychological tool as well
2566
02:01:47,320 --> 02:01:50,110
as a physical one these roads and
2567
02:01:50,110 --> 02:01:52,269
bridges were a constant reminder to
2568
02:01:52,269 --> 02:01:54,489
communities all over the Andes that they
2569
02:01:54,489 --> 02:01:57,100
were part of something bigger
2570
02:01:57,100 --> 02:01:58,240
[Music]
2571
02:01:58,240 --> 02:02:01,210
it probably provided a ideological
2572
02:02:01,210 --> 02:02:04,440
mechanism of integration so that in
2573
02:02:04,440 --> 02:02:07,180
constructing that road system you could
2574
02:02:07,180 --> 02:02:09,070
not but be aware that you were
2575
02:02:09,070 --> 02:02:12,280
integrating cusco with the coast you
2576
02:02:12,280 --> 02:02:14,380
were a part of empire
2577
02:02:14,380 --> 02:02:16,600
we must remember that there is no idea
2578
02:02:16,600 --> 02:02:19,210
than that of the ink empire it is
2579
02:02:19,210 --> 02:02:20,940
largely through the connection of
2580
02:02:20,940 --> 02:02:23,320
individual places through roads and
2581
02:02:23,320 --> 02:02:25,900
trackways and through ceremonial and
2582
02:02:25,900 --> 02:02:27,730
ritual activities that the ink Empire
2583
02:02:27,730 --> 02:02:30,510
holds together
2584
02:02:32,770 --> 02:02:36,160
the network was so vast that new parts
2585
02:02:36,160 --> 02:02:39,900
of it are still being uncovered today
2586
02:02:42,030 --> 02:02:44,790
this is a newly discovered road it's
2587
02:02:44,790 --> 02:02:46,680
absolutely extraordinary it clings to
2588
02:02:46,680 --> 02:02:47,760
the side of the cliff
2589
02:02:47,760 --> 02:02:50,010
with the 300 meter drop off down to the
2590
02:02:50,010 --> 02:02:52,050
river below
2591
02:02:52,050 --> 02:02:56,760
[Music]
2592
02:02:58,430 --> 02:03:00,890
these roads are about more than just
2593
02:03:00,890 --> 02:03:04,520
travel they're the physical timely by
2594
02:03:04,520 --> 02:03:06,560
understanding this we can begin to
2595
02:03:06,560 --> 02:03:09,500
unravel the true story of the rise of
2596
02:03:09,500 --> 02:03:12,890
the Inca Empire if you contrast the
2597
02:03:12,890 --> 02:03:14,300
historical information to the
2598
02:03:14,300 --> 02:03:16,010
archaeological information we get a very
2599
02:03:16,010 --> 02:03:19,090
different picture studies of the
2600
02:03:19,090 --> 02:03:21,740
emergence of the Incas as a power over
2601
02:03:21,740 --> 02:03:23,510
neighboring societies surrounding Cusco
2602
02:03:23,510 --> 02:03:25,190
so that they were probably a pretty
2603
02:03:25,190 --> 02:03:28,130
potent Society perhaps even a state as
2604
02:03:28,130 --> 02:03:30,950
early as almost a hundred years before
2605
02:03:30,950 --> 02:03:35,560
their emergence as a ruling Empire
2606
02:03:36,990 --> 02:03:40,170
this means the origins of the Inca date
2607
02:03:40,170 --> 02:03:41,760
back much further than we originally
2608
02:03:41,760 --> 02:03:45,090
thought I think it also means that when
2609
02:03:45,090 --> 02:03:47,220
they started to build their empire the
2610
02:03:47,220 --> 02:03:49,050
Inca built upon the achievements of
2611
02:03:49,050 --> 02:03:52,100
people who went before
2612
02:03:56,100 --> 02:04:01,110
[Music]
2613
02:04:01,110 --> 02:04:04,679
a few hours drive south of Cusco there
2614
02:04:04,679 --> 02:04:05,909
are the remains of a long-forgotten
2615
02:04:05,909 --> 02:04:08,659
settlement
2616
02:04:12,510 --> 02:04:15,190
remnants of buildings and streets which
2617
02:04:15,190 --> 02:04:16,719
stretch over nearly two square
2618
02:04:16,719 --> 02:04:19,199
kilometers
2619
02:04:19,199 --> 02:04:22,929
but these ruins aren't Inca they were
2620
02:04:22,929 --> 02:04:25,900
built by a people who rose and fell long
2621
02:04:25,900 --> 02:04:28,280
before the Inca dominated this region
2622
02:04:28,280 --> 02:04:31,080
[Music]
2623
02:04:31,080 --> 02:04:33,870
these people were called the wari and
2624
02:04:33,870 --> 02:04:37,540
this place was known as peaky actor and
2625
02:04:37,540 --> 02:04:39,340
I believe the Inca learned a great deal
2626
02:04:39,340 --> 02:04:43,140
from what the worry built here
2627
02:04:43,590 --> 02:04:46,360
throughout this part of South America
2628
02:04:46,360 --> 02:04:48,429
you can find the remains of cultures
2629
02:04:48,429 --> 02:04:50,949
stretching back thousands of years these
2630
02:04:50,949 --> 02:04:53,409
past societies had their own worldviews
2631
02:04:53,409 --> 02:04:55,179
belief systems and ways of living their
2632
02:04:55,179 --> 02:04:57,100
lives and it's understanding the
2633
02:04:57,100 --> 02:04:59,170
interrelationships between them that is
2634
02:04:59,170 --> 02:04:59,800
important
2635
02:04:59,800 --> 02:05:01,570
no society suddenly appears
2636
02:05:01,570 --> 02:05:04,210
independently on its own but some
2637
02:05:04,210 --> 02:05:06,219
societies can be so successful that
2638
02:05:06,219 --> 02:05:08,409
their influence spreads far and wide
2639
02:05:08,409 --> 02:05:12,600
that was the case with the wari
2640
02:05:14,849 --> 02:05:17,780
to worry were the first to unite
2641
02:05:17,780 --> 02:05:20,909
multiple area is about from north to
2642
02:05:20,909 --> 02:05:24,590
south covering most of modern-day true
2643
02:05:24,590 --> 02:05:27,290
picky actor was one of the wiry empires
2644
02:05:27,290 --> 02:05:30,099
most impressive settlements
2645
02:05:30,099 --> 02:05:33,159
it's been estimated that cumulatively it
2646
02:05:33,159 --> 02:05:35,199
would have taken six million days of
2647
02:05:35,199 --> 02:05:39,940
back-breaking labor to build it this is
2648
02:05:39,940 --> 02:05:42,099
a vast and beautiful site and a really
2649
02:05:42,099 --> 02:05:44,349
important one for the wiry but is when
2650
02:05:44,349 --> 02:05:45,969
you walk around that you get a sense of
2651
02:05:45,969 --> 02:05:47,949
experience of the place because they
2652
02:05:47,949 --> 02:05:49,989
have these incredibly long corridors
2653
02:05:49,989 --> 02:05:52,719
with these dominating high walls it must
2654
02:05:52,719 --> 02:05:54,460
mean quite a disorientating experience
2655
02:05:54,460 --> 02:05:56,139
perhaps led through one of these
2656
02:05:56,139 --> 02:06:00,579
doorways you enter out into these open
2657
02:06:00,579 --> 02:06:03,489
spaces or patios there were make these
2658
02:06:03,489 --> 02:06:05,710
terraces show how the Inka understood
2659
02:06:05,710 --> 02:06:07,030
the advantages of this vertical
2660
02:06:07,030 --> 02:06:09,969
landscape in effect they farmed upwards
2661
02:06:09,969 --> 02:06:12,579
they managed to turn the harsh contours
2662
02:06:12,579 --> 02:06:14,260
of the land to their advantage
2663
02:06:14,260 --> 02:06:16,329
and by growing different crops at
2664
02:06:16,329 --> 02:06:18,159
different elevations it gave them a huge
2665
02:06:18,159 --> 02:06:19,929
diversity in the crops that they grew
2666
02:06:19,929 --> 02:06:23,440
this had two key advantages one they had
2667
02:06:23,440 --> 02:06:25,239
a healthier and more diverse diet and
2668
02:06:25,239 --> 02:06:27,610
two it helped mitigate against the
2669
02:06:27,610 --> 02:06:29,619
impact in the past that had created
2670
02:06:29,619 --> 02:06:32,250
hunger and unrest droughts and floods
2671
02:06:32,250 --> 02:06:34,040
pests and frost
2672
02:06:34,040 --> 02:06:36,880
[Music]
2673
02:06:36,880 --> 02:06:39,429
this is what I mean when I say the Inca
2674
02:06:39,429 --> 02:06:43,770
scaled-up War II technology in Craig R
2675
02:06:43,770 --> 02:06:46,870
acculturating a family or even a city it
2676
02:06:46,870 --> 02:06:48,639
was about scientifically managing
2677
02:06:48,639 --> 02:06:52,350
production so they could feed an empire
2678
02:06:52,350 --> 02:06:55,120
by creating this food surplus it
2679
02:06:55,120 --> 02:06:57,159
provided time to devote to other things
2680
02:06:57,159 --> 02:07:00,639
like expansion beyond their borders it
2681
02:07:00,639 --> 02:07:02,409
was also a great calling card as they
2682
02:07:02,409 --> 02:07:04,989
approached other cultures because Mirai
2683
02:07:04,989 --> 02:07:07,330
shows that the ink are problem-solvers
2684
02:07:07,330 --> 02:07:09,909
unable to create these very efficient
2685
02:07:09,909 --> 02:07:13,659
and effective managed landscapes in a
2686
02:07:13,659 --> 02:07:15,730
region where climate was unpredictable
2687
02:07:15,730 --> 02:07:18,280
and catastrophic where people could
2688
02:07:18,280 --> 02:07:21,159
often face starvation and hunger the
2689
02:07:21,159 --> 02:07:23,679
ability to provide a reliable regular
2690
02:07:23,679 --> 02:07:25,810
and good-quality amount of food was a
2691
02:07:25,810 --> 02:07:29,350
source of supreme power for the Inka
2692
02:07:29,350 --> 02:07:32,120
but that's only part of the story for
2693
02:07:32,120 --> 02:07:34,640
the Inca state to flourish they needed
2694
02:07:34,640 --> 02:07:37,460
to not only grow enough food but also to
2695
02:07:37,460 --> 02:07:39,400
distribute it quickly and efficiently
2696
02:07:39,400 --> 02:07:42,140
which could be a serious problem when
2697
02:07:42,140 --> 02:07:43,610
you live in such a challenging landscape
2698
02:07:43,610 --> 02:07:46,210
as this
2699
02:07:48,830 --> 02:07:52,070
but a few miles north of Mirai is a
2700
02:07:52,070 --> 02:07:53,840
place which I think might hold the
2701
02:07:53,840 --> 02:07:55,930
answer
2702
02:08:00,909 --> 02:08:02,969
you
2703
02:08:05,110 --> 02:08:07,989
this is an amazing spot below me is the
2704
02:08:07,989 --> 02:08:10,540
town of Aliante humble and above it
2705
02:08:10,540 --> 02:08:12,790
clinging to the side of a cliff is a
2706
02:08:12,790 --> 02:08:16,090
series of tall buildings at first glance
2707
02:08:16,090 --> 02:08:17,409
they may not seem like the most
2708
02:08:17,409 --> 02:08:19,389
impressive thing but these structures
2709
02:08:19,389 --> 02:08:21,190
are critical to the foundations of the
2710
02:08:21,190 --> 02:08:24,330
entire increment
2711
02:08:25,739 --> 02:08:29,830
these are Colchis store houses and they
2712
02:08:29,830 --> 02:08:32,139
are iconic buildings found all over the
2713
02:08:32,139 --> 02:08:33,000
Inca Empire
2714
02:08:33,000 --> 02:08:35,310
sometimes they're by the side of roads
2715
02:08:35,310 --> 02:08:37,540
sometimes near centers of population
2716
02:08:37,540 --> 02:08:42,699
like here at Olympic Ambo these weren't
2717
02:08:42,699 --> 02:08:45,489
just barns for storing food they were
2718
02:08:45,489 --> 02:08:48,070
sophisticated silos that were critical
2719
02:08:48,070 --> 02:08:50,230
to the well-being of the people and the
2720
02:08:50,230 --> 02:08:52,840
maintenance of power in here would be
2721
02:08:52,840 --> 02:08:55,170
stored everything from maize to potatoes
2722
02:08:55,170 --> 02:08:57,940
textiles to weapons and vast numbers of
2723
02:08:57,940 --> 02:08:59,739
seeds that could be used for next year's
2724
02:08:59,739 --> 02:09:02,260
planting they were often located in
2725
02:09:02,260 --> 02:09:05,380
strategist between these were dozens of
2726
02:09:05,380 --> 02:09:08,020
connecting roads and Spurs heading south
2727
02:09:08,020 --> 02:09:09,180
and east
2728
02:09:09,180 --> 02:09:11,989
[Music]
2729
02:09:11,989 --> 02:09:14,669
this road system is one of the most
2730
02:09:14,669 --> 02:09:18,269
famous elements of the Inca Empire but
2731
02:09:18,269 --> 02:09:20,099
much of this network almost certainly
2732
02:09:20,099 --> 02:09:24,119
predates the Inca once again they took
2733
02:09:24,119 --> 02:09:27,600
what they found and upscaled it
2734
02:09:27,600 --> 02:09:30,660
some parts of that great system exists
2735
02:09:30,660 --> 02:09:33,540
at least since the wari Empire but the
2736
02:09:33,540 --> 02:09:37,110
Inca develop it they reconstruct large
2737
02:09:37,110 --> 02:09:39,720
parts of it they constructed bridges and
2738
02:09:39,720 --> 02:09:42,420
caused ways to integrate it and they
2739
02:09:42,420 --> 02:09:45,720
redirect some roads this is a huge
2740
02:09:45,720 --> 02:09:49,070
investment for them
2741
02:09:50,360 --> 02:09:53,180
the Inka road system was a triumph of
2742
02:09:53,180 --> 02:09:56,200
architecture and planning
2743
02:09:56,920 --> 02:09:59,530
the roads had to pass through a variety
2744
02:09:59,530 --> 02:10:02,320
of landscapes from arid desert to snowy
2745
02:10:02,320 --> 02:10:05,950
mountains to vertical cliffs they could
2746
02:10:05,950 --> 02:10:09,850
be anything from 1 to 10 metres wide in
2747
02:10:09,850 --> 02:10:11,920
the desert they were protected from
2748
02:10:11,920 --> 02:10:14,470
dusty winds by raised stones in the
2749
02:10:14,470 --> 02:10:16,030
mountains they were designed to allow
2750
02:10:16,030 --> 02:10:18,929
for runoff and drainage
2751
02:10:18,929 --> 02:10:21,570
and when the terrain made conventional
2752
02:10:21,570 --> 02:10:24,750
roads impossible the Inka once again
2753
02:10:24,750 --> 02:10:28,310
came up with an ingenious solution
2754
02:10:29,550 --> 02:10:32,190
this is the stunning kettle Chaka bridge
2755
02:10:32,190 --> 02:10:35,070
it's made out of only this straw and
2756
02:10:35,070 --> 02:10:36,990
it's been in use for hundreds of years
2757
02:10:36,990 --> 02:10:39,200
dating right back to the Inka period
2758
02:10:39,200 --> 02:10:42,060
this bridge still serves as a major
2759
02:10:42,060 --> 02:10:45,450
crossing of the appear amok river it is
2760
02:10:45,450 --> 02:10:47,370
carefully maintained by the four
2761
02:10:47,370 --> 02:10:51,570
communities who live here Allah among
2762
02:10:51,570 --> 02:10:55,100
the workers is dan tricky spell October
2763
02:10:55,100 --> 02:10:58,050
quanto gente más o menos que da Cunha's
2764
02:10:58,050 --> 02:11:01,110
tiene aproximadamente cientos en cuenta
2765
02:11:01,110 --> 02:11:03,360
siento she ain't see no se siente gente
2766
02:11:03,360 --> 02:11:06,480
o algo en si I was comin typical not an
2767
02:11:06,480 --> 02:11:10,770
diem xuong Hitchens personas que tienes
2768
02:11:10,770 --> 02:11:14,970
que bonito urea Prosser Lamy dicen que
2769
02:11:14,970 --> 02:11:16,770
tienen estos días estos hombres que
2770
02:11:16,770 --> 02:11:18,390
zombie a hos que esta haciendo el el
2771
02:11:18,390 --> 02:11:20,460
tipo de trabajo para entregar t donde
2772
02:11:20,460 --> 02:11:22,290
beam en lasa billiard asu's Abuelo's de
2773
02:11:22,290 --> 02:11:27,240
vida es se hace dos de los incas ya see
2774
02:11:27,240 --> 02:11:30,000
van pasando knows generaciones Yancey
2775
02:11:30,000 --> 02:11:33,800
dounia's que trabajan
2776
02:11:34,169 --> 02:11:37,289
the roads allowed the Inka to travel
2777
02:11:37,289 --> 02:11:39,539
swiftly and communicate efficiently
2778
02:11:39,539 --> 02:11:41,880
throughout their vast empire it's
2779
02:11:41,880 --> 02:11:43,829
estimated a message could be carried
2780
02:11:43,829 --> 02:11:47,130
from Cusco to Quito a distance of 1500
2781
02:11:47,130 --> 02:11:49,320
kilometers in just five days
2782
02:11:49,320 --> 02:11:51,840
but seeing Dante and his comrades at
2783
02:11:51,840 --> 02:11:54,479
work it strikes me that the roads were
2784
02:11:54,479 --> 02:11:56,399
about much more than just communication
2785
02:11:56,399 --> 02:12:00,209
more than just getting from A to B this
2786
02:12:00,209 --> 02:12:03,329
network was a psychological tool street
2787
02:12:03,329 --> 02:12:06,239
quite differently by understanding this
2788
02:12:06,239 --> 02:12:09,269
we can begin to unravel the true story
2789
02:12:09,269 --> 02:12:13,079
of the rise of the Inca Empire if you
2790
02:12:13,079 --> 02:12:14,999
contrast the historical information to
2791
02:12:14,999 --> 02:12:16,590
the archaeological information we get a
2792
02:12:16,590 --> 02:12:19,969
very different picture studies of the
2793
02:12:19,969 --> 02:12:22,619
emergence of the Incas as a power over
2794
02:12:22,619 --> 02:12:24,360
neighboring societies surrounding Cusco
2795
02:12:24,360 --> 02:12:26,070
so that they were probably a pretty
2796
02:12:26,070 --> 02:12:29,010
potent Society perhaps even a state as
2797
02:12:29,010 --> 02:12:31,590
early as almost a hundred years before
2798
02:12:31,590 --> 02:12:36,439
their emergence as a ruling Empire
2799
02:12:37,910 --> 02:12:41,060
this means the origins of the Inca date
2800
02:12:41,060 --> 02:12:42,620
back much further than we originally
2801
02:12:42,620 --> 02:12:45,980
thought I think it also means that when
2802
02:12:45,980 --> 02:12:48,080
they started to build their empire the
2803
02:12:48,080 --> 02:12:49,940
Inca built upon the achievements of
2804
02:12:49,940 --> 02:12:52,990
people who went before
2805
02:12:56,980 --> 02:13:00,920
[Music]
2806
02:13:02,060 --> 02:13:05,540
a few hours drive south of Cusco there
2807
02:13:05,540 --> 02:13:06,770
are the remains of a long-forgotten
2808
02:13:06,770 --> 02:13:09,550
settlement
2809
02:13:13,389 --> 02:13:16,070
remnants of buildings and streets which
2810
02:13:16,070 --> 02:13:17,599
stretch over nearly two square
2811
02:13:17,599 --> 02:13:20,080
kilometers
2812
02:13:20,080 --> 02:13:23,810
but these ruins aren't Inca they were
2813
02:13:23,810 --> 02:13:26,780
built by a people who rose and fell long
2814
02:13:26,780 --> 02:13:29,150
before the Inca dominated this region
2815
02:13:29,150 --> 02:13:31,970
[Music]
2816
02:13:31,970 --> 02:13:34,730
these people were called the wari and
2817
02:13:34,730 --> 02:13:38,400
this place was known as peaky actor and
2818
02:13:38,400 --> 02:13:40,230
I believe the inca learn a great deal
2819
02:13:40,230 --> 02:13:44,000
from what the wari built here
2820
02:13:44,460 --> 02:13:47,260
throughout this part of South America
2821
02:13:47,260 --> 02:13:49,300
you can find the remains of cultures
2822
02:13:49,300 --> 02:13:51,850
stretching back thousands of years these
2823
02:13:51,850 --> 02:13:54,280
past societies had their own worldviews
2824
02:13:54,280 --> 02:13:56,050
belief systems and ways of living their
2825
02:13:56,050 --> 02:13:57,909
lives it's understanding the
2826
02:13:57,909 --> 02:13:59,980
interrelationships between them that is
2827
02:13:59,980 --> 02:14:00,670
important
2828
02:14:00,670 --> 02:14:02,440
no society suddenly appears
2829
02:14:02,440 --> 02:14:05,080
independently on its own but some
2830
02:14:05,080 --> 02:14:07,090
societies can be so successful that
2831
02:14:07,090 --> 02:14:09,280
their influence spreads far and wide
2832
02:14:09,280 --> 02:14:13,469
that was the case with the wari
2833
02:14:15,239 --> 02:14:18,659
the worry were the first to unite
2834
02:14:18,659 --> 02:14:21,760
multiple area is about from north to
2835
02:14:21,760 --> 02:14:25,489
south covering most of modern-day true
2836
02:14:25,489 --> 02:14:28,160
picky actor was one of the wari empires
2837
02:14:28,160 --> 02:14:30,929
most impressive settlements
2838
02:14:30,929 --> 02:14:34,019
it's been estimated that cumulatively it
2839
02:14:34,019 --> 02:14:36,059
would have taken six million days of
2840
02:14:36,059 --> 02:14:40,829
back-breaking labor to build it this is
2841
02:14:40,829 --> 02:14:42,959
a vast and beautiful site and a really
2842
02:14:42,959 --> 02:14:45,209
important one for the wari but is when
2843
02:14:45,209 --> 02:14:46,829
you walk around that you get a sense of
2844
02:14:46,829 --> 02:14:48,809
experience of the place because they
2845
02:14:48,809 --> 02:14:50,849
have these incredibly long corridors
2846
02:14:50,849 --> 02:14:53,610
with these dominating high walls it must
2847
02:14:53,610 --> 02:14:55,320
mean quite a disorientating experience
2848
02:14:55,320 --> 02:14:56,999
perhaps led through one of these
2849
02:14:56,999 --> 02:15:01,439
doorways you enter out into these open
2850
02:15:01,439 --> 02:15:04,229
spaces or patio it means this was a
2851
02:15:04,229 --> 02:15:06,389
place where Inca engineers created their
2852
02:15:06,389 --> 02:15:09,090
own micro climates allowing them to
2853
02:15:09,090 --> 02:15:11,579
experiment in cultivating a variety of
2854
02:15:11,579 --> 02:15:13,439
different crops which would not normally
2855
02:15:13,439 --> 02:15:16,849
have been grown at these altitudes
2856
02:15:19,130 --> 02:15:22,320
tomatoes squashes pumpkins types of
2857
02:15:22,320 --> 02:15:25,139
tobacco that's not so beneficial perhaps
2858
02:15:25,139 --> 02:15:27,869
but it underlies the point that although
2859
02:15:27,869 --> 02:15:30,540
we marvel at the zen aesthetic of machu
2860
02:15:30,540 --> 02:15:33,540
picchu and so forth really what's much
2861
02:15:33,540 --> 02:15:35,310
more important in my view is the legacy
2862
02:15:35,310 --> 02:15:39,350
of their agriculture
2863
02:15:42,389 --> 02:15:46,000
the Incas were essentially reconfiguring
2864
02:15:46,000 --> 02:15:48,369
the biotic landscape by changing the
2865
02:15:48,369 --> 02:15:51,159
terrain changing the heat and water
2866
02:15:51,159 --> 02:15:52,719
retention capacities through their
2867
02:15:52,719 --> 02:15:55,239
terracing systems which developed a
2868
02:15:55,239 --> 02:15:58,750
series of warm weather estates in a cold
2869
02:15:58,750 --> 02:16:01,869
weather climate these terraces show how
2870
02:16:01,869 --> 02:16:03,610
the Inka understood the advantages of
2871
02:16:03,610 --> 02:16:06,130
this vertical landscape in effect they
2872
02:16:06,130 --> 02:16:08,710
farmed upwards they managed to turn the
2873
02:16:08,710 --> 02:16:10,599
harsh contours of the land to their
2874
02:16:10,599 --> 02:16:12,940
advantage and by growing different crops
2875
02:16:12,940 --> 02:16:15,070
at different elevations it gave them a
2876
02:16:15,070 --> 02:16:16,750
huge diversity in the crops that they
2877
02:16:16,750 --> 02:16:19,989
grew this had two key advantages one
2878
02:16:19,989 --> 02:16:21,699
they had a healthier and more diverse
2879
02:16:21,699 --> 02:16:24,639
diet and two it helped mitigate against
2880
02:16:24,639 --> 02:16:26,710
the impact in the past that had created
2881
02:16:26,710 --> 02:16:30,369
hunger unrest droughts and floods pests
2882
02:16:30,369 --> 02:16:36,010
and frost this is what I mean when I say
2883
02:16:36,010 --> 02:16:39,519
the Inka scaled up war ii technology in
2884
02:16:39,519 --> 02:16:41,709
Cragar culture wasn't just about feeding
2885
02:16:41,709 --> 02:16:44,379
a family or even a city it was about
2886
02:16:44,379 --> 02:16:46,689
scientifically managing production so
2887
02:16:46,689 --> 02:16:49,430
they could feed an empire
2888
02:16:49,430 --> 02:16:52,200
by creating this food surplus it
2889
02:16:52,200 --> 02:16:54,240
provided time to devote to other things
2890
02:16:54,240 --> 02:16:57,750
like expansion beyond their borders it
2891
02:16:57,750 --> 02:16:59,490
was also a great calling card as they
2892
02:16:59,490 --> 02:17:02,100
approached other cultures because Mirai
2893
02:17:02,100 --> 02:17:04,650
shows that the inco are problem solvers
2894
02:17:04,650 --> 02:17:06,990
unable to create these very efficient
2895
02:17:06,990 --> 02:17:09,530
and effective managed landscapes
2896
02:17:09,530 --> 02:17:12,180
in a region where climate was
2897
02:17:12,180 --> 02:17:14,910
unpredictable and catastrophic where
2898
02:17:14,910 --> 02:17:16,950
people could often face starvation and
2899
02:17:16,950 --> 02:17:19,830
hunger the ability to provide a reliable
2900
02:17:19,830 --> 02:17:22,350
regular and good-quality amount of food
2901
02:17:22,350 --> 02:17:24,540
was a source of supreme power for the
2902
02:17:24,540 --> 02:17:26,459
Inka
2903
02:17:26,459 --> 02:17:29,230
but that's only part of the story for
2904
02:17:29,230 --> 02:17:31,750
the Inca state to flourish they needed
2905
02:17:31,750 --> 02:17:34,540
to not only grow enough food but also to
2906
02:17:34,540 --> 02:17:36,480
distribute it quickly and efficiently
2907
02:17:36,480 --> 02:17:39,250
which could be a serious problem when
2908
02:17:39,250 --> 02:17:40,990
you live in such a challenging landscape
2909
02:17:40,990 --> 02:17:43,320
as this
2910
02:17:46,189 --> 02:17:49,189
but a few miles north of Mirai is a
2911
02:17:49,189 --> 02:17:50,989
place which I think might hold the
2912
02:17:50,989 --> 02:17:53,380
answer
2913
02:17:58,000 --> 02:18:00,059
you
2914
02:18:02,260 --> 02:18:05,639
as comrades at work it strikes me
2915
02:18:05,639 --> 02:18:07,320
that the roads were about much more than
2916
02:18:07,320 --> 02:18:09,630
just communication more than just
2917
02:18:09,630 --> 02:18:13,200
getting from A to B this network was a
2918
02:18:13,200 --> 02:18:15,660
psychological tool as well as a physical
2919
02:18:15,660 --> 02:18:18,990
one these roads and bridges were a
2920
02:18:18,990 --> 02:18:21,001
constant reminder to communities all
2921
02:18:21,001 --> 02:18:23,280
over the Andes that they were part of
2922
02:18:23,280 --> 02:18:25,080
something bigger
2923
02:18:25,080 --> 02:18:26,218
[Music]
2924
02:18:26,218 --> 02:18:29,218
it probably provided a ideological
2925
02:18:29,218 --> 02:18:32,420
mechanism of integration so that in
2926
02:18:32,420 --> 02:18:35,160
constructing that road system you could
2927
02:18:35,160 --> 02:18:37,080
not but be aware that you were
2928
02:18:37,080 --> 02:18:40,260
integrating cusco with the coast you
2929
02:18:40,260 --> 02:18:42,388
were a part of empire
2930
02:18:42,388 --> 02:18:44,609
we must remember that there is no idea
2931
02:18:44,609 --> 02:18:47,189
than that of the ink empire it is
2932
02:18:47,189 --> 02:18:48,929
largely through the connection of
2933
02:18:48,929 --> 02:18:51,299
individual places through roads and
2934
02:18:51,299 --> 02:18:53,879
trackways and through ceremonial and
2935
02:18:53,879 --> 02:18:55,679
ritual activities that the ink Empire
2936
02:18:55,679 --> 02:18:58,489
holds together
2937
02:19:00,820 --> 02:19:04,150
the network was so vast that new parts
2938
02:19:04,150 --> 02:19:07,890
of it are still being uncovered today
2939
02:19:10,020 --> 02:19:12,780
this is a newly discovered road it's
2940
02:19:12,780 --> 02:19:14,760
absolutely extraordinary it clings to
2941
02:19:14,760 --> 02:19:17,040
the side of the cliff with the 300 meter
2942
02:19:17,040 --> 02:19:20,049
drop off down to the river below
2943
02:19:20,049 --> 02:19:24,759
[Music]
2944
02:19:26,410 --> 02:19:28,870
these roads are about more than just
2945
02:19:28,870 --> 02:19:31,299
travel they're the physical ties that
2946
02:19:31,299 --> 02:19:33,370
bind the empire together and
2947
02:19:33,370 --> 02:19:36,850
underpinning kur power armies food and
2948
02:19:36,850 --> 02:19:39,250
livestock can move quickly along them no
2949
02:19:39,250 --> 02:19:40,780
matter where you are in the Empire
2950
02:19:40,780 --> 02:19:42,940
you're never far from a road that leads
2951
02:19:42,940 --> 02:19:46,030
to Cusco and that proximity means Inca
2952
02:19:46,030 --> 02:19:48,400
power is ever-present no matter which
2953
02:19:48,400 --> 02:19:51,601
corner of the Empire in
2954
02:19:51,810 --> 02:19:54,560
[Music]
2955
02:19:54,560 --> 02:19:58,800
this road leads down to Machu Picchu it
2956
02:19:58,800 --> 02:20:01,200
isn't on any of the tourist itineraries
2957
02:20:01,200 --> 02:20:03,600
and it may not be as celebrated as what
2958
02:20:03,600 --> 02:20:07,500
lies below but it is part of the same
2959
02:20:07,500 --> 02:20:10,830
empire built by the same people and is
2960
02:20:10,830 --> 02:20:13,650
in its own way just as important as that
2961
02:20:13,650 --> 02:20:16,950
iconic inca ruin from a Western
2962
02:20:16,950 --> 02:20:19,740
perspective ancient empires are lauded
2963
02:20:19,740 --> 02:20:22,950
for victorious battles ingenious systems
2964
02:20:22,950 --> 02:20:25,770
of governance and control territorial
2965
02:20:25,770 --> 02:20:28,080
expansion and domination through
2966
02:20:28,080 --> 02:20:30,930
generations the Inca achieved all this
2967
02:20:30,930 --> 02:20:33,950
and more
2968
02:20:33,950 --> 02:20:37,489
[Music]
2969
02:20:41,800 --> 02:20:46,431
[Music]
2970
02:20:46,431 --> 02:20:49,551
if we define power as the ability to
2971
02:20:49,551 --> 02:20:51,980
control people's actions and behavior
2972
02:20:51,980 --> 02:20:54,200
then I think we have a tremendous amount
2973
02:20:54,200 --> 02:20:57,021
to learn from the income because force
2974
02:20:57,021 --> 02:20:59,740
was just one small tool in their armory
2975
02:20:59,740 --> 02:21:04,750
to give people the sense of free will
211473
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