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Narrator: PRESERVED IN
ITALY'S TURIN CATHEDRAL
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00:00:04,933 --> 00:00:08,567
IS ONE OF CHRISTIANITY'S
MOST FAMOUS HOLY RELICS.
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00:00:08,567 --> 00:00:11,767
THE TURIN SHROUD IS SAID
TO BE THE BURIAL CLOTH
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00:00:11,767 --> 00:00:14,833
IN WHICH JESUS WAS WRAPPED
AFTER HIS CRUCIFIXION
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00:00:14,833 --> 00:00:17,467
OVER 2,000 YEARS AGO.
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00:00:17,467 --> 00:00:20,233
THE SHROUD COMPLETELY INSPIRES
THOSE WHO BELIEVE IN IT
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00:00:20,233 --> 00:00:22,033
BECAUSE WE HAVE TO REMEMBER,
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00:00:22,033 --> 00:00:24,733
JESUS LEFT NO PHYSICAL TRACE
OF HIMSELF ON EARTH.
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00:00:24,733 --> 00:00:25,900
HE WROTE NOTHING.
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00:00:25,900 --> 00:00:27,900
THERE'S NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE, ACTUALLY,
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00:00:27,900 --> 00:00:30,767
THAT HE EXISTED,
BUT IF THE SHROUD IS REAL,
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00:00:30,767 --> 00:00:34,033
THEN THIS IS TANGIBLE PROOF
THAT HE DID.
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00:00:34,033 --> 00:00:36,800
THE TURIN SHROUD MIGHT BE
THE SILVER BULLET
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00:00:36,800 --> 00:00:39,900
THAT PROVES BEYOND
A SHADOW OF DOUBT
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00:00:39,900 --> 00:00:42,400
THE EXISTENCE OF JESUS CHRIST.
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00:00:42,400 --> 00:00:45,033
Narrator: INCREDIBLY,
IT SEEMS JESUS'S IMAGE
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00:00:45,033 --> 00:00:49,400
WAS SOMEHOW IMPRINTED ON THE
TURIN SHROUD WHEN HE WAS BURIED.
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00:00:49,400 --> 00:00:51,267
ALTHOUGH THE IMAGE
IS VERY FAINT,
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00:00:51,267 --> 00:00:53,533
A NEGATIVE IS MUCH CLEARER.
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00:00:53,533 --> 00:00:55,633
COULD THIS REALLY BE
THE FACE OF JESUS
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00:00:55,633 --> 00:00:58,733
AFTER HIS DEATH
CROWNED WITH THORNS?
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00:00:58,733 --> 00:01:01,600
MILLIONS OF CHRISTIAN
FAITHFUL BELIEVE SO,
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00:01:01,600 --> 00:01:04,367
AS DO SOME SCIENTISTS.
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00:01:04,367 --> 00:01:06,633
I THINK WE CAN BE
CERTAIN THAT THIS IS
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THE BURIAL WRAPPING JESUS.
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00:01:08,133 --> 00:01:10,233
Narrator: SKEPTICS DISAGREE.
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UNFORTUNATELY,
IT'S A PRETTY OBVIOUS FAKE
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FROM THE MIDDLE AGES.
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Narrator: WHAT IS THE TRUTH?
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00:01:18,467 --> 00:01:20,833
IS THE TURIN SHROUD GENUINE,
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00:01:20,833 --> 00:01:22,900
OR CAN OTHER AMAZING
EXPLANATIONS
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00:01:22,900 --> 00:01:25,867
SOLVE THE PUZZLE
OF ITS MYSTERIOUS PROPERTIES?
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00:01:25,867 --> 00:01:28,867
IT'S NOT THE BURIAL CLOTH
OF JESUS CHRIST.
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IT'S THE WORLD'S
FIRST PHOTOGRAPH CREATED
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BY THE WORLD'S GREATEST GENIUS,
LEONARDO DA VINCI.
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*
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-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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Narrator: TURIN CATHEDRAL
IS HOME TO ONE OF
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THE MOST FAMOUS CHRISTIAN RELICS
ON THE PLANET --
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THE TURIN SHROUD.
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00:02:11,367 --> 00:02:15,100
THE TURIN SHROUD IS SO ICONIC
'CAUSE IT REPRESENTS
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WHAT MIGHT BE THE ONLY PHYSICAL,
TANGIBLE PROOF OF JESUS CHRIST.
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Selwood: THE SHROUD
GIVES A FACE TO A MAN
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WHOSE LEGACY HAS DOMINATED
SO MUCH OF HUMAN HISTORY.
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HIS PHYSICAL ANATOMY
IS VISIBLE ON THIS SHROUD,
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00:02:31,667 --> 00:02:34,800
AND THAT'S INCREDIBLY POWERFUL
FOR MANY PEOPLE.
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00:02:34,800 --> 00:02:37,467
Narrator: BUT IS THE
TURIN SHROUD REALLY THE GENUINE
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00:02:37,467 --> 00:02:41,100
BURIAL CLOTH OF JESUS?
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00:02:41,100 --> 00:02:43,967
TODAY, THE TURIN SHROUD
IS DISPLAYED TO THE PUBLIC
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ONLY ON RARE OCCASIONS,
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00:02:46,567 --> 00:02:49,100
BUT A MODERN COPY
IS ON PERMANENT DISPLAY
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00:02:49,100 --> 00:02:52,900
IN THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SHROUD
NEAR TURIN CATHEDRAL.
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00:02:52,900 --> 00:02:55,367
*
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BRUNO BARBERIS IS
THE SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR
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00:02:58,400 --> 00:03:03,067
OF TURIN'S INTERNATIONAL CENTER
FOR STUDY OF THE SHROUD.
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00:03:03,067 --> 00:03:07,633
WE CAN SEE THE MOST IMPORTANT
THING -- THE DOUBLE HUMAN IMAGE.
58
00:03:07,633 --> 00:03:10,967
HERE WE CAN SEE THE FACE,
THE CHEST,
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00:03:10,967 --> 00:03:14,067
THE HANDS, AND THE LEGS.
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00:03:14,067 --> 00:03:17,833
THE BLOOD IMAGE ARE CLEARLY
DISTINGUISHABLE
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00:03:17,833 --> 00:03:20,667
DUE TO THE FACT
THAT THEY ARE MORE RED.
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00:03:20,667 --> 00:03:23,133
IN MY OPINION, THE PROBABILITY
THAT IT'S NOT A FAKE
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00:03:23,133 --> 00:03:27,600
BUT IS REALLY THE BURIAL CLOTH
OF JESUS OF NAZARETH
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00:03:27,600 --> 00:03:29,300
IS VERY, VERY HIGH.
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00:03:29,300 --> 00:03:34,067
*
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00:03:34,067 --> 00:03:35,267
Narrator: SKEPTICS, HOWEVER,
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00:03:35,267 --> 00:03:37,067
ARE CONVINCED
THAT THE TURIN SHROUD
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00:03:37,067 --> 00:03:40,433
IS NOT JESUS'S GENUINE
BURIAL CLOTH,
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00:03:40,433 --> 00:03:43,167
PARTLY BECAUSE THE FIRST
SOLID HISTORICAL EVIDENCE
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00:03:43,167 --> 00:03:45,067
OF THE SHROUD'S EXISTENCE
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00:03:45,067 --> 00:03:48,867
ISN'T UNTIL IT APPEARED
IN FRANCE IN THE 1350s,
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00:03:48,867 --> 00:03:53,600
NEARLY 1,400 YEARS
AFTER JESUS'S DEATH.
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00:03:53,600 --> 00:03:56,367
Nickell: THE SHROUD SHOWS UP
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00:03:56,367 --> 00:04:00,100
UNDER VERY SUSPICIOUS
CIRCUMSTANCES
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00:04:00,100 --> 00:04:03,267
IN THE HANDS OF
A SOLDIER OF FORTUNE NAMED
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00:04:03,267 --> 00:04:08,067
GEOFFROI DE CHARNY,
AND HE NEVER WAS ABLE TO SAY
77
00:04:08,067 --> 00:04:12,667
QUITE PRECISELY HOW HE,
A MAN OF MODEST MEANS,
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00:04:12,667 --> 00:04:17,267
HAD ACQUIRED THE MOST
HOLY RELIC IN CHRISTIANITY.
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00:04:17,267 --> 00:04:20,133
Narrator: ADDING TO DOUBTS ABOUT
THE SHROUD'S AUTHENTICITY,
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00:04:20,133 --> 00:04:23,833
A FRENCH CLERIC OF THE TIME
DENOUNCED IT AS A FORGERY.
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00:04:23,833 --> 00:04:27,067
WHEN THE SHROUD WAS FIRST
EXHIBITED IN THE 1350s,
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00:04:27,067 --> 00:04:29,933
THE LOCAL BISHOP COMPLAINED AND
SAID THAT THIS WAS A BAD THING,
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00:04:29,933 --> 00:04:31,633
THIS WAS MISLEADING PEOPLE,
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00:04:31,633 --> 00:04:34,333
AND HE SAID HE EVEN MET
THE PAINTER WHO HAD PAINTED IT.
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00:04:34,333 --> 00:04:36,867
Narrator: DESPITE THIS,
THE LEGEND OF THE SHROUD
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00:04:36,867 --> 00:04:39,633
AS THE TRUE BURIAL CLOTH
OF JESUS
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CONTINUED TO GROW
OVER THE CENTURIES.
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00:04:42,600 --> 00:04:45,667
A FIRE DAMAGED IT IN 1532,
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00:04:45,667 --> 00:04:48,700
CAUSING BURN MARKS
AND WATER STAINS.
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00:04:48,700 --> 00:04:51,300
BUT NUNS QUICKLY
PATCHED IT UP.
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00:04:51,300 --> 00:04:56,067
AND IN 1578, IT WAS MOVED
FROM FRANCE TO TURIN,
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00:04:56,067 --> 00:04:58,933
WHERE IT'S BEEN TREASURED
EVER SINCE.
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00:04:58,933 --> 00:05:01,767
YET GIVEN THE SHROUDS
CRYPTIC ORIGINS,
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00:05:01,767 --> 00:05:04,567
TODAY, THE VATICAN IS
OFFICIALLY CAUTIOUS
95
00:05:04,567 --> 00:05:07,300
ABOUT WHETHER THE SHROUD
IS GENUINE OR NOT.
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00:05:07,300 --> 00:05:09,933
THE CHURCH DOESN'T
ACTUALLY SAY ITSELF
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00:05:09,933 --> 00:05:12,200
THAT THIS IS A LITERAL
IMAGE OF CHRIST.
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00:05:12,200 --> 00:05:15,600
THEY REFER TO IT NOT AS
A RELIC, BUT AS AN ICON,
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00:05:15,600 --> 00:05:17,333
THAT IT'S A
REPRESENTATION OF JESUS,
100
00:05:17,333 --> 00:05:19,767
SO IF YOU WANT,
THE CHURCH ITSELF
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00:05:19,767 --> 00:05:23,800
SEEMS TO BE KEEPING
ITS OPTIONS OPEN.
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00:05:23,800 --> 00:05:27,167
Narrator: TRUE BELIEVERS AND
SKEPTICS ALIKE WANT TO RESOLVE
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00:05:27,167 --> 00:05:30,533
THE DEBATE ABOUT THE SHROUD
ONCE AND FOR ALL.
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00:05:30,533 --> 00:05:33,567
FOR OVER 40 YEARS, BOTH SIDES
HAVE TURNED TO SCIENCE
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00:05:33,567 --> 00:05:37,533
TO PROVIDE
THE DEFINITIVE ANSWER.
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00:05:37,533 --> 00:05:41,733
THE FIRST LARGE-SCALE SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION OF THE SHROUD
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00:05:41,733 --> 00:05:44,600
WAS CARRIED OUT
IN THE LATE 1970s
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BY THE SHROUD OF TURIN
RESEARCH PROJECT.
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00:05:48,200 --> 00:05:50,800
BARRIE SCHWORTZ
WAS A PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPERT
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00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:54,100
ON THE PRIMARILY AMERICAN TEAM.
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00:05:54,100 --> 00:05:57,433
WE DID A MYRIAD OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHY,
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00:05:57,433 --> 00:06:00,667
BUT WE ALSO
DID SPECTRAL ANALYSES,
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00:06:00,667 --> 00:06:05,333
X-RAY AND X-RAY FLUORESCENCE,
AND REFLECTANCE ANALYSIS.
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00:06:05,333 --> 00:06:08,233
SO WE HAD ALL OF THESE DIFFERENT
PIECES OF EQUIPMENT.
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00:06:08,233 --> 00:06:11,067
AT THAT MOMENT IN TIME,
THEY WERE STATE-OF-THE-ART.
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00:06:11,067 --> 00:06:15,133
AND IRONICALLY, THE SINGLE
QUESTION WE WENT TO ANSWER,
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00:06:15,133 --> 00:06:18,433
HOW WAS THE IMAGE FORMED,
WE WERE UNABLE TO ANSWER.
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00:06:18,433 --> 00:06:20,967
WE KNEW OF NO MECHANISM
THAT COULD MAKE AN IMAGE
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00:06:20,967 --> 00:06:24,767
WITH THE CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
THAT WE FOUND ON THE SHROUD.
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00:06:24,767 --> 00:06:27,067
AND BECAUSE OF THAT,
I CAME TO ACCEPT THAT THIS WAS
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00:06:27,067 --> 00:06:31,800
MOST LIKELY THE BURIAL SHROUD
OF THE HISTORIC JESUS.
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Narrator: SINCE SCHWORTZ'S TEAM
EXAMINED THE TURIN SHROUD
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00:06:34,433 --> 00:06:36,633
IN THE LATE 1970s,
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00:06:36,633 --> 00:06:40,767
MANY OTHERS HAVE DONE
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES OF THEIR OWN.
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00:06:40,767 --> 00:06:43,733
SOME HAVE AGREED THAT
IT'S LIKELY TO BE AUTHENTIC,
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00:06:43,733 --> 00:06:45,600
BUT MANY OTHERS HAVE
DECLARED THE SHROUD
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00:06:45,600 --> 00:06:48,267
TO BE A MEDIEVAL FAKE.
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00:06:48,267 --> 00:06:50,367
Selwood: SO NOW WE HAVE
ALL THESE SCIENTIFIC PROOFS
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00:06:50,367 --> 00:06:51,600
THAT THE SHROUD IS REAL
130
00:06:51,600 --> 00:06:53,733
ALONG WITH THE SCIENTIFIC PROOFS
THAT IT ISN'T.
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00:06:53,733 --> 00:06:56,167
THE DEBATE RAGES,
BUT THIS IS ONE OF
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00:06:56,167 --> 00:07:00,800
THE MOST CENTRAL ARTIFACTS
IN CHRISTIANITY IF IT'S REAL.
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00:07:00,800 --> 00:07:06,567
*
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00:07:06,567 --> 00:07:09,433
Narrator: ONE OF THE MOST RECENT
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES,
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00:07:09,433 --> 00:07:11,133
PUBLISHED IN 2018
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00:07:11,133 --> 00:07:15,100
BY FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGIST
DR. MATTEO BORRINI,
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00:07:15,100 --> 00:07:18,067
EMPLOYED BLOODSTAIN-PATTERN
ANALYSIS,
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00:07:18,067 --> 00:07:22,067
A TECHNIQUE OFTEN USED
IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS.
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00:07:22,067 --> 00:07:24,467
MORNING, PEOPLE.
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00:07:24,467 --> 00:07:27,200
SO, READY TO START
WITH EXPERIMENT?
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00:07:27,200 --> 00:07:29,367
YEAH? VERY GOOD.
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00:07:29,367 --> 00:07:32,433
IN THE FIRST PART OF HIS
RECREATED EXPERIMENT,
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00:07:32,433 --> 00:07:34,767
DR. BORRINI IS COMPARING
THE BLOOD PATTERN
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00:07:34,767 --> 00:07:38,367
ON THE TURIN SHROUD
TO HOW JESUS WOULD HAVE BLED
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00:07:38,367 --> 00:07:43,067
IF HE WAS CRUCIFIED
ON A TRADITIONALLY SHAPED CROSS.
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00:07:43,067 --> 00:07:45,400
SO, NOW YOUR ARM IS EXTENDED
147
00:07:45,400 --> 00:07:48,167
LIKE THE CLASSICAL
CRUCIFIXION POSITION,
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00:07:48,167 --> 00:07:51,100
SO WITH THE ARM
COMPLETELY HORIZONTAL.
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00:07:51,100 --> 00:07:53,700
SO, NOW -- EXACTLY.
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00:07:53,700 --> 00:08:00,467
WE SEE HERE THE BLEEDING WITH
THE ARM COMPLETELY EXTENDED.
151
00:08:00,467 --> 00:08:03,333
SO WHAT WE SEE IS THAT
THERE IS JUST BLEEDING
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00:08:03,333 --> 00:08:07,600
THAT IS GOING DOWN,
FOLLOWING THE LAW OF GRAVITY,
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00:08:07,600 --> 00:08:10,600
GOING DOWN 90 DEGREES.
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00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:15,067
HOWEVER, WHAT WE SEE IN
THE TURN SHROUD IS NOT THIS.
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00:08:15,067 --> 00:08:18,067
Narrator: INSTEAD, THE BLOOD
FROM JESUS'S WRISTS,
156
00:08:18,067 --> 00:08:20,200
AS SEEN ON THE TURIN SHROUD,
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00:08:20,200 --> 00:08:23,500
DIDN'T DRIP AT A
90-DEGREE ANGLE TO HIS ARMS,
158
00:08:23,500 --> 00:08:26,633
BUT DRIPPED ALONG
THE LENGTH OF HIS ARMS.
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00:08:26,633 --> 00:08:31,133
BUT THIS DOESN'T NECESSARILY
MEAN THE TURIN SHROUD IS A FAKE.
160
00:08:31,133 --> 00:08:34,867
WE HAVE A VERY PARTICULAR
IMAGE OF CHRIST ON THE CROSS.
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00:08:34,867 --> 00:08:38,067
AND THAT'S BECAUSE OF CENTURIES
OF MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE ART
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00:08:38,067 --> 00:08:40,300
THAT HAVE FIXED THIS VISION
IN OUR MIND.
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00:08:40,300 --> 00:08:42,900
BUT ACTUALLY, ROMAN CRUCIFIXIONS
EQUALLY TOOK PLACE
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00:08:42,900 --> 00:08:45,800
ON X-SHAPED CROSSES,
T-SHAPED CROSSES,
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00:08:45,800 --> 00:08:48,233
OR SIMPLY EVEN NAILING
THE VICTIM TO A TREE
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00:08:48,233 --> 00:08:50,867
THAT WAS STILL LIVING,
SO CHRIST'S CRUCIFIXION
167
00:08:50,867 --> 00:08:54,500
ACTUALLY COULD HAVE TAKEN
ANY ONE OF THESE FORMS.
168
00:08:54,500 --> 00:08:56,200
Narrator: AS A RESULT OF THIS,
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00:08:56,200 --> 00:09:00,100
DR. BORRINI REPEATS THE
EXPERIMENT IN CASE JESUS WAS
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00:09:00,100 --> 00:09:03,500
CRUCIFIED WITH HIS HANDS NAILED
HIGH ABOVE HIS HEAD.
171
00:09:03,500 --> 00:09:06,233
*
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00:09:06,233 --> 00:09:07,867
YES. HERE YOU SEE --
173
00:09:07,867 --> 00:09:12,833
I WILL HOLD YOUR ARM
SO YOU WILL NOT FEEL THE PAIN
174
00:09:12,833 --> 00:09:15,133
OF A PROPER
CRUCIFIED PERSON.
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00:09:15,133 --> 00:09:23,067
AS YOU CAN SEE HERE, THE BLOOD
IS COMING DOWN QUITE VERTICALLY.
176
00:09:23,067 --> 00:09:26,067
NOW, THIS IS THE DIRECTION
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00:09:26,067 --> 00:09:29,367
THAT WE HAVE
IN THE TURIN SHROUD.
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00:09:29,367 --> 00:09:31,300
SCIENTIFIC TESTING
COULD SUPPORT
179
00:09:31,300 --> 00:09:33,700
THE AUTHENTICITY
OF THE TURIN SHROUD
180
00:09:33,700 --> 00:09:37,467
IF JESUS'S HANDS WERE NAILED
HIGH ABOVE HIS HEAD.
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00:09:37,467 --> 00:09:39,767
BUT WHAT ABOUT EVIDENCE
SUGGESTING THE SHROUD
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00:09:39,767 --> 00:09:42,067
IS A MEDIEVAL FORGERY?
183
00:09:42,067 --> 00:09:45,933
AND IF IT IS A FAKE, WHO WOULD
HAVE HAD THE MOTIVE AND SKILL
184
00:09:45,933 --> 00:09:48,300
TO CREATE SOMETHING
SO CONVINCING
185
00:09:48,300 --> 00:09:51,767
THAT IT'S FOOLED MILLIONS
OF PEOPLE FOR CENTURIES?
186
00:09:51,767 --> 00:09:53,300
*
187
00:09:55,067 --> 00:09:59,900
*
188
00:09:59,900 --> 00:10:01,633
Narrator: THE TURIN SHROUD
189
00:10:01,633 --> 00:10:05,000
MAY BE CHRISTIANITY'S
MOST FAMOUS HOLY RELIC.
190
00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:08,400
BUT IS IT THE GENUINE
BURIAL CLOTH OF JESUS,
191
00:10:08,400 --> 00:10:10,467
OR IS IT A REMARKABLE FAKE
192
00:10:10,467 --> 00:10:14,300
THAT CONTINUES TO FOOL MILLIONS
OF PEOPLE AFTER CENTURIES?
193
00:10:14,300 --> 00:10:16,033
FOR OVER 40 YEARS,
194
00:10:16,033 --> 00:10:19,467
SCIENTISTS HAVE SEARCHED
FOR THE DEFINITIVE ANSWER.
195
00:10:19,467 --> 00:10:22,533
THE SINGLE BEST SCIENTIFIC
DATA POINT WE HAVE ON THE SHROUD
196
00:10:22,533 --> 00:10:25,200
IS CARBON DATING
THAT WAS DONE IN 1988.
197
00:10:25,200 --> 00:10:28,267
IT WAS DONE IMMENSELY
SCIENTIFICALLY AND INDEPENDENTLY
198
00:10:28,267 --> 00:10:30,400
AND OVERSEEN
BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
199
00:10:30,400 --> 00:10:33,400
STRIPS OF THE CLOTH
WERE SENT TO OXFORD,
200
00:10:33,400 --> 00:10:35,367
TO ARIZONA, AND TO ZURICH,
201
00:10:35,367 --> 00:10:37,833
AND THEY ALL TESTED
INDEPENDENTLY OF EACH OTHER.
202
00:10:37,833 --> 00:10:41,467
AND THE RESULTS THAT CAME BACK
WITH A 95% CERTAINTY
203
00:10:41,467 --> 00:10:46,800
WERE THAT THE LINEN DATED FROM
BETWEEN 1260 AND 1390.
204
00:10:46,800 --> 00:10:49,733
Narrator: SO IF THE
CARBON DATING WAS ACCURATE,
205
00:10:49,733 --> 00:10:52,067
THE TURIN SHROUD IS
A MEDIEVAL FAKE
206
00:10:52,067 --> 00:10:55,567
DATING TO THE
13th OR 14th CENTURIES.
207
00:10:55,567 --> 00:10:57,533
HOWEVER, BELIEVERS IN THE SHROUD
208
00:10:57,533 --> 00:11:00,200
HAVE SUGGESTED
THE STUDY WAS FLAWED,
209
00:11:00,200 --> 00:11:04,933
EVEN THOUGH MOST EXPERTS
ACCEPT THE DATING RESULTS.
210
00:11:04,933 --> 00:11:08,533
ONE SHROUD RESEARCHER
IN PARTICULAR, LYNN PICKNETT,
211
00:11:08,533 --> 00:11:12,367
BELIEVES IT'S A MEDIEVAL FORGERY
AND CLAIMS TO HAVE IDENTIFIED
212
00:11:12,367 --> 00:11:16,067
THE PERSON WHO
FAKED IT SO CONVINCINGLY.
213
00:11:16,067 --> 00:11:19,067
VERY FEW PEOPLE WOULD HAVE HAD
THE MOTIVE AND TALENT
214
00:11:19,067 --> 00:11:21,200
BESIDES ONE OF
THE GREATEST ARTISTS,
215
00:11:21,200 --> 00:11:25,067
SCIENTISTS, AND INVENTORS
OF ALL TIME --
216
00:11:25,067 --> 00:11:27,300
LEONARDO DA VINCI.
217
00:11:27,300 --> 00:11:29,733
WE CAN'T BE CERTAIN
WHO COMMISSIONED LEONARDO
218
00:11:29,733 --> 00:11:31,300
TO FAKE THE SHROUD,
219
00:11:31,300 --> 00:11:34,567
BUT ALMOST CERTAINLY,
IT WAS SOMEONE IN THE VATICAN,
220
00:11:34,567 --> 00:11:36,367
PERHAPS EVEN THE POPE,
221
00:11:36,367 --> 00:11:39,133
BECAUSE IN THOSE DAYS,
THEY WERE VERY CORRUPT.
222
00:11:39,133 --> 00:11:43,267
AND BASICALLY, THEY WANTED
THE ULTIMATE CHRISTIAN RELIC
223
00:11:43,267 --> 00:11:46,867
THAT WOULD PULL IN THE PUNTERS
AND LINE THEIR POCKETS.
224
00:11:46,867 --> 00:11:50,100
FROM THE LATE MEDIEVAL AGES,
225
00:11:50,100 --> 00:11:52,833
THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT
COMMERCIAL VALUE
226
00:11:52,833 --> 00:11:56,400
IN HAVING HOLY RELICS
BECAUSE YOU WOULD DRAW PILGRIMS
227
00:11:56,400 --> 00:11:58,467
NOT ONLY TO YOUR CHURCH
BUT TO YOUR CITY,
228
00:11:58,467 --> 00:12:00,967
AND THAT WAS A SIGNIFICANT
SOURCE OF INCOME.
229
00:12:00,967 --> 00:12:04,167
WE KNOW LEONARDO WAS GIVEN
A ROOM IN THE VATICAN,
230
00:12:04,167 --> 00:12:05,900
A SECRET ROOM.
231
00:12:05,900 --> 00:12:08,600
WE DON'T KNOW MUCH ABOUT
WHAT HAPPENED IN THERE,
232
00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:12,833
BUT WHATEVER IT WAS, IT INVOLVED
A MACHINE MADE OF MIRRORS.
233
00:12:12,833 --> 00:12:16,067
AND IT IS SAID THAT WHATEVER
WENT ON IN THAT ROOM,
234
00:12:16,067 --> 00:12:20,067
THE GERMAN MIRROR MAKERS THAT
WERE EMPLOYED RAN OUT SCREAMING
235
00:12:20,067 --> 00:12:22,267
THAT IT WAS SORCERY.
236
00:12:22,267 --> 00:12:26,067
AND IT SEEMED TO INVOLVE
HUGE FLASHES OF LIGHT.
237
00:12:26,067 --> 00:12:28,567
Narrator: LYNN BELIEVES
THAT LEONARDO DA VINCI
238
00:12:28,567 --> 00:12:33,067
HAD THE EQUIPMENT AND SKILLS,
EVEN IN THE 15th CENTURY,
239
00:12:33,067 --> 00:12:35,833
TO EXPERIMENT WITH PHOTOGRAPHY.
240
00:12:35,833 --> 00:12:38,067
SHE CLAIMS THE TURIN SHROUD
IS ACTUALLY
241
00:12:38,067 --> 00:12:40,667
THE WORLD'S FIRST PHOTOGRAPH.
242
00:12:40,667 --> 00:12:42,233
Gough:
I PERSONALLY HAVE NO DOUBT
243
00:12:42,233 --> 00:12:45,400
THAT LEONARDO HAD
THE TECHNOLOGICAL KNOW-HOW
244
00:12:45,400 --> 00:12:48,600
AND MEANS TO FAKE
THE TURN SHROUD.
245
00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:52,133
LEONARDO INVENTED SO MANY
INNOVATIVE THINGS
246
00:12:52,133 --> 00:12:56,067
THAT HAVE ONLY COME TO
MASS PRODUCTION -- HELICOPTERS,
247
00:12:56,067 --> 00:13:01,067
FLYING MACHINES, ALL SORTS
OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVICES
248
00:13:01,067 --> 00:13:04,300
THAT WERE HUNDREDS OF YEARS
AHEAD OF THEIR TIME.
249
00:13:04,300 --> 00:13:07,467
AND HE WAS WORKING
WITH CAMERA TECHNOLOGY.
250
00:13:07,467 --> 00:13:09,100
HE BUILT A CAMERA OBSCURA,
251
00:13:09,100 --> 00:13:13,600
WHICH HE CALLED ARTIFICIAL EYE,
WITH A LITTLE HOLE IN ONE WALL,
252
00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:17,733
AND YOU PROJECTED IMAGES
THROUGH IT ONTO THE INNER WALL.
253
00:13:17,733 --> 00:13:23,067
WHAT YOU HAD TO DO IS YOU PUT
A CLOTH IN THE CAMERA OBSCURA,
254
00:13:23,067 --> 00:13:25,867
COAT IT WITH
LIGHT-SENSITIVE CHEMICALS --
255
00:13:25,867 --> 00:13:29,300
CHEMICALS THAT WERE READILY
AVAILABLE IN LEONARDO'S DAY,
256
00:13:29,300 --> 00:13:31,767
FOR EXAMPLE,
EGG WHITE AND URINE,
257
00:13:31,767 --> 00:13:34,867
AND BASICALLY,
THE LIGHT HITS IT,
258
00:13:34,867 --> 00:13:37,933
AND THE IMAGE FORMS.
259
00:13:37,933 --> 00:13:40,067
Narrator: BUT DEVELOPING
A PHOTOGRAPH USING
260
00:13:40,067 --> 00:13:43,567
A CAMERA OBSCURA
CAN TAKE SEVERAL DAYS.
261
00:13:43,567 --> 00:13:46,067
SO IT'S VERY UNLIKELY
LEONARDO DA VINCI
262
00:13:46,067 --> 00:13:51,267
GOT SOMEONE TO STAND STILL FOR
SO LONG IN FRONT OF THE PINHOLE.
263
00:13:51,267 --> 00:13:52,433
INSTEAD, LYNN BELIEVES
264
00:13:52,433 --> 00:13:55,200
THAT LEONARDO USED
THE BODY OF A CORPSE
265
00:13:55,200 --> 00:13:58,133
AND THE CAST OF
A JESUS-LIKE FACE
266
00:13:58,133 --> 00:14:02,200
TO CREATE HIS PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE
OF JESUS ON THE SHROUD.
267
00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:07,067
THE IDEA THAT LEONARDO DA VINCI
COULD HAVE EFFECTIVELY CREATED
268
00:14:07,067 --> 00:14:09,900
A RENAISSANCE-ERA
PHOTOGRAPH OF JESUS
269
00:14:09,900 --> 00:14:12,800
ISN'T QUITE AS OUTLANDISH
AS IT MAY SEEM
270
00:14:12,800 --> 00:14:16,300
BECAUSE FOR ONE THING,
THE IDEA OF THE CAMERA OBSCURA
271
00:14:16,300 --> 00:14:20,367
WAS KNOWN 500 YEARS
BEFORE LEONARDO.
272
00:14:20,367 --> 00:14:23,433
AND WE KNOW FROM HIS DRAWING
OF THE VITRUVIAN MAN
273
00:14:23,433 --> 00:14:24,700
THAT HE WAS FASCINATED
274
00:14:24,700 --> 00:14:27,933
BY THE WAY THAT HUMAN BODIES
MOVE AND SO ON.
275
00:14:27,933 --> 00:14:30,067
SO IT MIGHT HAVE BEEN
THAT THE TURIN SHROUD
276
00:14:30,067 --> 00:14:33,500
WAS ONE OF LEONARDO'S
MORE BIZARRE EXPERIMENTS.
277
00:14:33,500 --> 00:14:36,733
LEONARDO HAD NO COMPUNCTION
ABOUT DOING TERRIBLE THINGS
278
00:14:36,733 --> 00:14:40,467
TO CORPSES IN HIS
ANATOMICAL RESEARCHES.
279
00:14:40,467 --> 00:14:43,300
HE WOULD HAVE EXPERIMENTED
UNTIL HE GOT IT RIGHT.
280
00:14:43,300 --> 00:14:47,367
HE WOULD HAVE CRUCIFIED
A CORPSE.
281
00:14:47,367 --> 00:14:49,500
Narrator: THEN LYNN BELIEVES
LEONARDO DA VINCI
282
00:14:49,500 --> 00:14:52,533
ILLUMINATED HIS CAST OF
A JESUS-LIKE FACE
283
00:14:52,533 --> 00:14:54,700
AND THE CRUCIFIED CORPSE,
284
00:14:54,700 --> 00:14:57,567
PROJECTING THEIR IMAGES
THROUGH A CRYSTAL LENS
285
00:14:57,567 --> 00:15:02,400
ONTO THE LIGHT-SENSITIVE CLOTH
IN THE CAMERA OBSCURA.
286
00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:06,400
AFTER A COUPLE OF DAYS,
YOU TAKE THE CLOTH OUT
287
00:15:06,400 --> 00:15:09,067
AND YOU WASH IT IN COLD WATER.
288
00:15:09,067 --> 00:15:12,767
AND YOU'RE LEFT WITH
THE LIGHT BITS.
289
00:15:12,767 --> 00:15:15,567
THE DARK BITS JUST WASH AWAY.
290
00:15:15,567 --> 00:15:18,667
SO YOU'VE GOT A NEGATIVE IMAGE,
ESSENTIALLY,
291
00:15:18,667 --> 00:15:22,567
AND THERE YOU HAVE IT,
THE SHROUD OF JESUS.
292
00:15:22,567 --> 00:15:28,533
AND THEN YOU PAINT BLOOD ON
AND YOU'VE GOT IT.
293
00:15:28,533 --> 00:15:32,200
AND THE PILGRIMS COME IN,
AND THEY GO, "WOW."
294
00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:34,467
Narrator:
IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY IDEA.
295
00:15:34,467 --> 00:15:36,500
CAN IT REALLY BE SUBSTANTIATED
296
00:15:36,500 --> 00:15:40,500
THAT LEONARDO DA VINCI
CRUCIFIED A CORPSE IN ORDER
297
00:15:40,500 --> 00:15:44,167
TO CREATE CHRISTIANITY'S
BEST-KNOWN HOLY RELIC?
298
00:15:44,167 --> 00:15:46,567
LYNN PICKNETT IS COMMITTED
TO TRYING TO PROVE
299
00:15:46,567 --> 00:15:48,767
THIS THEORY BEYOND DOUBT.
300
00:15:48,767 --> 00:15:50,900
YET THERE'S STILL
THE POSSIBILITY
301
00:15:50,900 --> 00:15:54,667
THAT THE TURIN SHROUD
IS GENUINE, AND TO THIS DAY,
302
00:15:54,667 --> 00:15:57,833
SCIENTISTS CONTINUE
CARRYING OUT EXPERIMENTS
303
00:15:57,833 --> 00:16:00,633
TO TRY TO VERIFY
ITS AUTHENTICITY.
304
00:16:02,500 --> 00:16:08,600
*
305
00:16:08,600 --> 00:16:10,700
Narrator:
PRESERVED IN TURIN CATHEDRAL
306
00:16:10,700 --> 00:16:14,400
IS ONE OF CHRISTIANITY'S
MOST RENOWNED HOLY RELICS --
307
00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:16,700
THE TURIN SHROUD.
308
00:16:16,700 --> 00:16:21,100
SAID TO BE JESUS'S BURIAL CLOTH,
BLOODSTAIN-PATTERN ANALYSIS
309
00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:23,833
HAS HINTED THAT
SOME OF THE BLOOD STAINS ON IT
310
00:16:23,833 --> 00:16:27,300
COULD BE
PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACCURATE.
311
00:16:27,300 --> 00:16:30,800
SKEPTICS, HOWEVER,
BELIEVE IT'S A MEDIEVAL FORGERY,
312
00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:35,733
PERHAPS EVEN AN EARLY PHOTOGRAPH
TAKEN BY LEONARDO DA VINCI.
313
00:16:35,733 --> 00:16:38,533
BUT ALTHOUGH RADIOCARBON TESTS
HAVE DATED THE SHROUD
314
00:16:38,533 --> 00:16:41,500
TO THE 13th OR 14th CENTURIES,
315
00:16:41,500 --> 00:16:44,067
SOME PEOPLE HAVE
IDENTIFIED INACCURACIES
316
00:16:44,067 --> 00:16:46,967
IN THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS USED.
317
00:16:46,967 --> 00:16:48,867
Selwood: SO, ONE PROMINENT
LINE OF ARGUMENT
318
00:16:48,867 --> 00:16:53,233
IS THAT SOOT FROM THE FIRE
THAT THE SHROUD SUFFERED
319
00:16:53,233 --> 00:16:54,900
IMPREGNATED THE FIBERS,
320
00:16:54,900 --> 00:16:57,067
AND THAT HAS THROWN OFF
THE CARBON DATING.
321
00:16:57,067 --> 00:16:59,400
WELL, IT'S A THEORY
THAT YOU CAN PUT FORWARD.
322
00:16:59,400 --> 00:17:01,400
BUT THE SCIENTISTS WHO
CONDUCTED THE CARBON DATING
323
00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:04,300
HAVE ADDRESSED THESE ISSUES
AND SAY ABSOLUTELY NOT.
324
00:17:04,300 --> 00:17:06,833
THEIR TESTS TAKE ACCOUNT
OF THESE FACTORS.
325
00:17:06,833 --> 00:17:09,167
I HAVE FRIENDS
THAT ARE PRO-SHROUD.
326
00:17:09,167 --> 00:17:10,900
I FELT -- WHEN THE
CARBON DATING WAS DONE,
327
00:17:10,900 --> 00:17:13,700
I FELT GENUINELY SORRY FOR THEM
328
00:17:13,700 --> 00:17:17,967
BECAUSE I KNEW THEY WERE
BRIEFLY -- ONLY BRIEFLY --
329
00:17:17,967 --> 00:17:19,800
THEY WERE DEVASTATED.
330
00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:22,900
AND THEN THEY CAME UP
WITH SEVERAL HOPEFUL THEORIES,
331
00:17:22,900 --> 00:17:27,133
AND THEY WERE BACK OFF
AND RUNNING AGAIN.
332
00:17:27,133 --> 00:17:30,167
Narrator: ONE LONGSTANDING
TURIN SHROUD RESEARCHER
333
00:17:30,167 --> 00:17:33,633
WHO DOUBTS THE RELIABILITY
OF THE CARBON-DATING RESULTS
334
00:17:33,633 --> 00:17:35,500
IS STEPHEN MATTINGLY,
335
00:17:35,500 --> 00:17:38,433
RECENTLY RETIRED AFTER
MORE THAN 30 YEARS OF WORKING
336
00:17:38,433 --> 00:17:42,767
AS A PROFESSOR OF MICROBIOLOGY
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS.
337
00:17:42,767 --> 00:17:45,833
*
338
00:17:45,833 --> 00:17:48,933
Mattingly: WHEN THE
RADIOCARBON DATE CAME OUT,
339
00:17:48,933 --> 00:17:54,733
THAT KIND OF CONVINCED ME
AT THE TIME THAT IT WAS MEDIEVAL
340
00:17:54,733 --> 00:17:57,633
AND IT WAS SOME KIND OF FAKE.
341
00:17:57,633 --> 00:18:02,967
BUT SINCE I'VE THOUGHT ABOUT IT
AND GOT INVOLVED IN RESEARCH
342
00:18:02,967 --> 00:18:04,867
AND THOUGHT ABOUT IT
SCIENTIFICALLY,
343
00:18:04,867 --> 00:18:10,500
I REALIZE NOW THAT IT IS
THE ACTUAL SHROUD OF JESUS.
344
00:18:10,500 --> 00:18:12,200
Narrator:
ACCORDING TO MATTINGLY,
345
00:18:12,200 --> 00:18:15,900
THE SHROUD WAS DATED
INACCURATELY TO MEDIEVAL TIMES,
346
00:18:15,900 --> 00:18:18,433
NOT ONLY BECAUSE OF
THE MEDIEVAL FIRE,
347
00:18:18,433 --> 00:18:21,200
BUT ALSO BECAUSE
AIRBORNE BACTERIA
348
00:18:21,200 --> 00:18:25,900
ACCUMULATED ON THE SHROUD
OVER THE CENTURIES.
349
00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:28,733
Mattingly: A COMMON CONTAMINANT,
BACILLUS SUBTILIS,
350
00:18:28,733 --> 00:18:31,233
ARE IN THE AIR EVERYWHERE.
351
00:18:31,233 --> 00:18:35,833
EACH DAY, THEY'RE ADDING
NEW CARBON, RADIOACTIVE CARBON.
352
00:18:35,833 --> 00:18:40,367
SO THE CONTAMINATION ISSUE
IS SOMETHING WE CAN'T DEAL WITH
353
00:18:40,367 --> 00:18:43,700
AS FAR AS THE SHROUD OF TURIN
IS CONCERNED.
354
00:18:43,700 --> 00:18:46,600
Narrator: MOST SIGNIFICANTLY,
MATTINGLY BELIEVES
355
00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:48,867
THAT NOT ONLY DID
AIRBORNE BACTERIA
356
00:18:48,867 --> 00:18:51,400
AFFECT THE CARBON DATING
OF THE SHROUD,
357
00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:54,500
SKIN BACTERIA ALSO CREATED
THE MYSTERIOUS IMAGE
358
00:18:54,500 --> 00:18:57,700
OF JESUS ON THE SHROUD.
359
00:18:57,700 --> 00:19:02,067
MATTINGLY SAYS THAT TO CREATE
A REALLY STRONG IMAGE ON CLOTH,
360
00:19:02,067 --> 00:19:04,967
YOU NEED HUGE NUMBERS
OF BACTERIA.
361
00:19:04,967 --> 00:19:07,333
AND HE SAYS THAT'S EXACTLY
WHAT HAPPENED
362
00:19:07,333 --> 00:19:11,233
AS A RESULT
OF JESUS'S CRUCIFIXION,
363
00:19:11,233 --> 00:19:14,200
HIS BLOODY DEATH PROVIDED
THE PERFECT CONDITIONS
364
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:19,100
FOR BACTERIA
TO MULTIPLY ON HIS SKIN.
365
00:19:19,100 --> 00:19:21,733
Mattingly: WE KNOW THAT THEY
ADDED A CROWN OF THORNS
366
00:19:21,733 --> 00:19:25,500
EARLY ON, AND ANYBODY THAT'S
EVER HAD A WOUND IN THE HEAD
367
00:19:25,500 --> 00:19:28,100
KNOWS THAT IT BLEEDS FOREVER.
368
00:19:28,100 --> 00:19:31,067
THERE ARE REPORTS OF
OVER 100 SCOURGE MARKS
369
00:19:31,067 --> 00:19:35,067
ON THE BODY, FRONT AND BACK,
THAT WOULD ALSO BLEED.
370
00:19:35,067 --> 00:19:37,167
SO WE HAVE AN INDIVIDUAL
371
00:19:37,167 --> 00:19:41,600
THAT, ESSENTIALLY,
IS BLEEDING CONTINUOUSLY.
372
00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:43,967
AND THERE ARE
CONSEQUENCES TO THAT --
373
00:19:43,967 --> 00:19:45,867
MOST IMPORTANTLY,
THE FACT THAT JESUS'S
374
00:19:45,867 --> 00:19:50,167
OWN SKIN BACTERIA BEGAN TO GROW.
375
00:19:50,167 --> 00:19:52,800
THEY HAD ALL THE NUTRIENTS
THEY NEEDED,
376
00:19:52,800 --> 00:19:55,500
AND THEY WERE DOUBLED
EVERY 30 MINUTES.
377
00:19:55,500 --> 00:19:57,467
SO WHEN THE SHROUD WAS REMOVED,
378
00:19:57,467 --> 00:20:02,133
IT LEFT THE EXCESS BACTERIA
FROM HIS SKIN ON THE SHROUD.
379
00:20:02,133 --> 00:20:05,133
AND THAT'S WHAT CREATED
THIS WONDERFUL IMAGE.
380
00:20:05,133 --> 00:20:07,900
*
381
00:20:07,900 --> 00:20:09,700
Narrator: TO DEMONSTRATE
SCIENTIFICALLY
382
00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:11,933
THAT JESUS'S SKIN BACTERIA
383
00:20:11,933 --> 00:20:15,333
COULD HAVE CREATED
THE IMAGE ON THE TURIN SHROUD,
384
00:20:15,333 --> 00:20:18,767
MATTINGLY IS GOING TO COAT
HIS HAND WITH SOME SKIN BACTERIA
385
00:20:18,767 --> 00:20:21,100
GROWN IN HIS HOME LABORATORY
386
00:20:21,100 --> 00:20:24,633
AND THEN IMPRINT HIS HAND
ON SOME CLOTH.
387
00:20:24,633 --> 00:20:27,967
AND I BEGIN COATING MY FINGERS.
388
00:20:27,967 --> 00:20:29,933
THIS IS
STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS,
389
00:20:29,933 --> 00:20:34,700
WHICH I OBTAINED
FROM MY OWN HAND AND GREW IT UP.
390
00:20:34,700 --> 00:20:36,700
AND WE JUST KEEP REPEATING THIS.
391
00:20:36,700 --> 00:20:38,833
*
392
00:20:38,833 --> 00:20:40,533
Narrator: BUT SKEPTICS
FIND IT DIFFICULT
393
00:20:40,533 --> 00:20:43,633
TO BELIEVE BACTERIA
ON JESUS'S BODY
394
00:20:43,633 --> 00:20:46,800
COULD HAVE CREATED THE IMAGE
ON THE TURIN SHROUD,
395
00:20:46,800 --> 00:20:51,400
AND THEY POINT TO THE BIBLE
FOR SUPPORTING EVIDENCE.
396
00:20:51,400 --> 00:20:54,567
THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS, THOSE THAT
SEE THINGS THE SAME WAY --
397
00:20:54,567 --> 00:20:55,933
MATTHEW, MARK, AND LUKE --
398
00:20:55,933 --> 00:20:59,300
THEY DO SPEAK ABOUT JESUS'S BODY
BEING WRAPPED IN A SHROUD.
399
00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:02,133
BUT JOHN, WHICH MANY THINK
IS THE MOST ACCURATE GOSPEL,
400
00:21:02,133 --> 00:21:03,567
ACTUALLY DOESN'T.
401
00:21:03,567 --> 00:21:06,667
IT TALKS ABOUT LINEN STRIPS
AND EVEN A SEPARATE HEADPIECE.
402
00:21:06,667 --> 00:21:08,933
BUT PERHAPS THE MOST FASCINATING
THING ABOUT THE GOSPELS
403
00:21:08,933 --> 00:21:10,800
IS WHAT THEY DON'T SAY.
404
00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:13,433
IF THERE HAD BEEN AN IMAGE
ON THE SHROUD,
405
00:21:13,433 --> 00:21:16,967
YOU WOULD EXPECT THEM
TO HAVE RECORDED THAT.
406
00:21:16,967 --> 00:21:19,267
Narrator:
ACCORDING TO MATTINGLY, HOWEVER,
407
00:21:19,267 --> 00:21:22,267
JESUS'S IMAGE ON THE SHROUD
MAY SIMPLY HAVE NEEDED TIME
408
00:21:22,267 --> 00:21:27,133
TO DEVELOP AFTER THE SHROUD
WAS REMOVED FROM HIS BODY.
409
00:21:27,133 --> 00:21:31,300
AS HIS EXPERIMENT SHOWS,
AN IMAGE CREATED BY BACTERIA
410
00:21:31,300 --> 00:21:35,467
DOES TAKE A LONG TIME
TO DEVELOP.
411
00:21:35,467 --> 00:21:38,133
Mattingly: YOU REALLY CAN'T
SEE MUCH RIGHT NOW.
412
00:21:38,133 --> 00:21:42,933
THIS WILL CONTINUE
TO DEVELOP OVER TIME.
413
00:21:42,933 --> 00:21:44,700
Narrator: THE HOPED-FOR IMAGE
ON THE CLOTH
414
00:21:44,700 --> 00:21:47,600
IS JUST BARELY VISIBLE FOR NOW.
415
00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:49,633
BUT THE EXPERIMENT WAS BRIEF.
416
00:21:49,633 --> 00:21:52,267
AND MATTINGLY SAYS
THAT JESUS'S BODY WAS COVERED
417
00:21:52,267 --> 00:21:55,833
WITH BILLIONS MORE BACTERIA
THAN HIS OWN HAND.
418
00:21:55,833 --> 00:21:59,400
AND JESUS'S IMAGE ALSO HAD
MUCH LONGER TO FORM
419
00:21:59,400 --> 00:22:01,967
ON HIS BURIAL SHROUD.
420
00:22:01,967 --> 00:22:04,300
TO DEMONSTRATE THE PRINCIPLE,
421
00:22:04,300 --> 00:22:07,667
MATTINGLY SHOWS AN IMAGE
OF HIS HAND ON HIS COMPUTER
422
00:22:07,667 --> 00:22:11,067
THAT HE CREATED WITH BACTERIA
YEARS AGO.
423
00:22:11,067 --> 00:22:14,100
THIS WAS DONE
ABOUT 20 YEARS AGO,
424
00:22:14,100 --> 00:22:17,433
AND THE COLOR
HAS DEVELOPED OVER TIME.
425
00:22:17,433 --> 00:22:21,967
THIS IS THE NEGATIVE,
AND IT SHOWS EVEN MORE DETAIL.
426
00:22:21,967 --> 00:22:24,233
*
427
00:22:24,233 --> 00:22:26,833
Narrator: ALTHOUGH HIS THEORY
IS VERY CONTROVERSIAL,
428
00:22:26,833 --> 00:22:28,967
AS A RESULT OF HIS EXPERIMENTS,
429
00:22:28,967 --> 00:22:32,867
MATTINGLY IS CONVINCED THAT
THE IMAGE ON THE TURIN SHROUD
430
00:22:32,867 --> 00:22:34,367
WAS CREATED BY BACTERIA
431
00:22:34,367 --> 00:22:39,267
MULTIPLYING ON JESUS'S SKIN
DURING HIS BLOODY DEATH.
432
00:22:39,267 --> 00:22:45,100
AS A CHRISTIAN, HE FINDS JESUS'S
IMAGE ON THE SHROUD REASSURING.
433
00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:47,200
Mattingly: I HAVE NO TROUBLE
BEING A CHRISTIAN
434
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:48,633
AND A SCIENTIST,
435
00:22:48,633 --> 00:22:51,867
BUT THE TRUTH HAS TO BE
THROUGH SCIENCE.
436
00:22:51,867 --> 00:22:54,367
I THINK WE CAN BE CERTAIN
THAT THIS IS
437
00:22:54,367 --> 00:22:56,900
THE BURIAL WRAPPING OF JESUS.
438
00:22:56,900 --> 00:23:01,067
WE TALK ABOUT WANTING
TO SEE HIS FACE IN OUR PRAYERS,
439
00:23:01,067 --> 00:23:02,467
AND HERE IT IS.
440
00:23:02,467 --> 00:23:04,367
HERE IS HIS FACE.
441
00:23:04,367 --> 00:23:06,833
WHAT DOES JESUS LOOK LIKE?
442
00:23:06,833 --> 00:23:10,633
WE KNOW WHAT HE LOOKS LIKE.
WE KNOW HOW TALL HE WAS.
443
00:23:10,633 --> 00:23:15,367
WE KNOW MANY THINGS ABOUT HIM
BECAUSE OF THE SHROUD.
444
00:23:15,367 --> 00:23:17,133
Narrator:
COULD STEPHEN MATTINGLY'S
445
00:23:17,133 --> 00:23:19,600
REMARKABLE THEORY BE TRUE?
446
00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:22,067
DID BACTERIA FROM JESUS'S BODY
447
00:23:22,067 --> 00:23:25,567
REALLY CREATE THE IMAGE
ON THE TURIN SHROUD?
448
00:23:25,567 --> 00:23:28,700
SOME SKEPTICS BELIEVE
JESUS'S PHYSICAL REPRESENTATION
449
00:23:28,700 --> 00:23:31,067
ON THE SHROUD ISN'T REALISTIC,
450
00:23:31,067 --> 00:23:35,067
SUGGESTING THAT THE SHROUD
MAY BE A MEDIEVAL FAKE.
451
00:23:35,067 --> 00:23:38,433
TO HELP SOLVE THE MYSTERY,
SOME LOOK FOR CLUES
452
00:23:38,433 --> 00:23:41,800
IN THE HISTORY
OF ROMAN CRUCIFIXIONS.
453
00:23:44,667 --> 00:23:50,633
*
454
00:23:50,633 --> 00:23:53,333
Narrator: CHRISTIANITY'S
MOST FAMOUS HOLY RELIC,
455
00:23:53,333 --> 00:23:55,067
THE TURIN SHROUD,
456
00:23:55,067 --> 00:23:57,867
IS SAID TO BE
JESUS'S BURIAL CLOTH
457
00:23:57,867 --> 00:24:01,800
BEARING THE BLOODY IMPRINTS
OF HIS CRUCIFIED BODY.
458
00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:04,933
BUT IS IT, IN FACT,
A MEDIEVAL FORGERY?
459
00:24:04,933 --> 00:24:08,967
THE HISTORY OF ROMAN
CRUCIFIXIONS OFFERS A CLUE.
460
00:24:08,967 --> 00:24:11,067
McMahon:
PEOPLE WHO WERE CRUCIFIED
461
00:24:11,067 --> 00:24:13,767
WERE NORMALLY CRUCIFIED
AS SEDITIONARIES.
462
00:24:13,767 --> 00:24:16,933
THEY'D COMMITTED TREASON
AGAINST THE ROMAN STATE.
463
00:24:16,933 --> 00:24:19,700
AND SO, NORMALLY, THEY WERE
LEFT TO JUST HANG THERE,
464
00:24:19,700 --> 00:24:23,333
BEING PECKED UP BY THE BIRDS
AND EATEN BY ANIMALS,
465
00:24:23,333 --> 00:24:25,933
AND THEIR BODY WOULD HAVE
ROTTED ON THE CROSS.
466
00:24:25,933 --> 00:24:29,600
SO THE IDEA OF SOMEBODY
BEING TAKEN DOWN FROM THE CROSS
467
00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:32,200
AND BEING GIVEN A LOVELY BURIAL
WITH A SHROUD --
468
00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:34,567
HIGHLY UNLIKELY.
469
00:24:34,567 --> 00:24:37,800
Narrator: SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
ALSO PROVIDES IMPORTANT CLUES
470
00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:41,100
ABOUT WHETHER THE TURIN SHROUD
IS GENUINE.
471
00:24:41,100 --> 00:24:43,633
BLOODSTAIN-PATTERN ANALYSIS
HAS SHOWN
472
00:24:43,633 --> 00:24:46,167
JESUS'S WRIST WOUNDS
ARE REALISTIC
473
00:24:46,167 --> 00:24:49,867
IF HE WAS CRUCIFIED WITH
HIS HANDS HIGH ABOVE HIS HEAD.
474
00:24:49,867 --> 00:24:54,167
BUT WHAT ABOUT OTHER BLOODSTAINS
ON THE SHROUD?
475
00:24:54,167 --> 00:24:56,633
IN PARTICULAR,
THE BIBLE MENTIONS A WOUND
476
00:24:56,633 --> 00:25:01,767
CAUSED BY A ROMAN SOLDIER
WHO STABBED JESUS IN THE CHEST.
477
00:25:01,767 --> 00:25:04,933
BELIEVERS IN THE AUTHENTICITY
OF THE TURIN SHROUD
478
00:25:04,933 --> 00:25:08,533
SAY THE CHEST WOUND
LEFT THIS BLOODSTAIN
479
00:25:08,533 --> 00:25:11,600
AND, ALSO, ON THE BACK
OF JESUS'S BODY,
480
00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:13,933
THIS WIDE BELT OF BLOOD.
481
00:25:13,933 --> 00:25:15,600
IS THIS REALISTIC?
482
00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:17,333
TO REPLICATE THE SPEAR WOUND,
483
00:25:17,333 --> 00:25:20,067
FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGIST
DR. MATTEO BORRINI
484
00:25:20,067 --> 00:25:23,433
USES A SIMPLE METHOD -- A SPONGE
ON THE END OF A SPATULA.
485
00:25:23,433 --> 00:25:26,767
Borrini: THIS IS THE MOST
TO-REALITY REPRODUCTION
486
00:25:26,767 --> 00:25:28,800
OF WHAT COULD HAPPEN.
487
00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:33,633
AND HERE YOU SEE THE
DIRECTION OF THE BLOOD
488
00:25:33,633 --> 00:25:36,667
FOLLOWING THE GRAVITY.
489
00:25:36,667 --> 00:25:38,333
BUT WE HAVE A PROBLEM.
490
00:25:38,333 --> 00:25:40,667
HERE THE BLOOD IS GOING DOWN
491
00:25:40,667 --> 00:25:44,567
AND IS NOT GOING,
IN ANY WAY, BEHIND.
492
00:25:44,567 --> 00:25:46,200
Narrator: THEN HOW COULD
THE BELT OF BLOOD
493
00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:49,600
ON THE BACK OF JESUS'S BODY
ON THE TURIN SHROUD
494
00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:52,233
HAVE BEEN CAUSED
BY THE SPEAR WOUND?
495
00:25:52,233 --> 00:25:55,267
IT'S BEEN SAID BY SOME THAT
THE BELT OF BLOOD
496
00:25:55,267 --> 00:25:58,533
COULD HAVE BEEN CREATED
IF JESUS CONTINUED TO BLEED
497
00:25:58,533 --> 00:26:01,400
AFTER HE WAS TAKEN DOWN,
DEAD, FROM THE CROSS
498
00:26:01,400 --> 00:26:04,233
AND WAS LYING FLAT IN HIS TOMB.
499
00:26:04,233 --> 00:26:07,133
BUT IS THIS POSSIBLE?
500
00:26:07,133 --> 00:26:10,733
I WANT TO TRY TO REPLICATE
THIS SECOND BLEEDING,
501
00:26:10,733 --> 00:26:13,333
SO THIS, FOR US,
IS REPRESENTING THE SHROUD.
502
00:26:13,333 --> 00:26:20,067
AND THIS IS THE INDIVIDUAL
BLEEDING THROUGH THE WOUND
503
00:26:20,067 --> 00:26:21,600
ON THE CHEST.
504
00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:24,167
*
505
00:26:24,167 --> 00:26:26,533
IT'S EXPANDING.
506
00:26:26,533 --> 00:26:29,467
AND NOW WE MOVE THE BODY,
IF YOU CAN HELP ME.
507
00:26:29,467 --> 00:26:31,467
VERY GOOD. GREAT.
508
00:26:31,467 --> 00:26:33,067
NOW LOOK AT THIS.
509
00:26:33,067 --> 00:26:37,233
THERE IS A BIG POOL OF BLOOD
HERE ON THE FUNERARY CLOTH.
510
00:26:37,233 --> 00:26:42,200
AND THIS IS WHAT WE DO NOT SEE
IN THE SHROUD OF TURIN.
511
00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:45,167
AND THIS IS ABSOLUTELY
NON-REALISTIC.
512
00:26:45,167 --> 00:26:47,833
Narrator: OVERALL,
BLOOD-PATTERN ANALYSIS
513
00:26:47,833 --> 00:26:50,233
CANNOT RECREATE
THE WIDE BELT OF BLOOD
514
00:26:50,233 --> 00:26:53,533
ON THE BACK OF THE TURIN SHROUD,
SUPPOSEDLY CAUSED
515
00:26:53,533 --> 00:26:57,067
BY THE SPEAR WOUND
TO THE FRONT OF JESUS'S BODY.
516
00:26:57,067 --> 00:26:58,900
*
517
00:26:58,900 --> 00:27:01,133
McMahon: I THINK IT'S FAIR TO
SAY THAT PROFESSOR BORRINI'S
518
00:27:01,133 --> 00:27:04,667
TEST PRETTY MUCH PROVES
THAT THE SHROUD IS A FAKE,
519
00:27:04,667 --> 00:27:07,167
AT LEAST ON THE CRITERIA
THAT HE USED,
520
00:27:07,167 --> 00:27:11,767
MAINLY BECAUSE THE FRONT
AND THE BACK SIMPLY DON'T MATCH
521
00:27:11,767 --> 00:27:15,100
IN TERMS OF THE WOUNDS
AND THE DIRECTION OF BLOOD.
522
00:27:15,100 --> 00:27:18,067
IN MY PERSONAL OPINION,
I THINK THAT THE SHROUD OF TURIN
523
00:27:18,067 --> 00:27:20,600
WAS MADE IN THE MEDIEVAL TIME
524
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:23,267
WHERE THE MAJORITY OF PEOPLE
WERE ILLITERATE
525
00:27:23,267 --> 00:27:26,600
SO WERE NOT ABLE TO READ
THE BIBLE AND THE GOSPELS,
526
00:27:26,600 --> 00:27:32,833
SO WAS LIKE A PAINTING
TO EDUCATE PEOPLE.
527
00:27:32,833 --> 00:27:35,500
Narrator: IF THE TURIN SHROUD
WAS CREATED AS A PAINTING
528
00:27:35,500 --> 00:27:38,167
TO ENLIGHTEN
MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANS,
529
00:27:38,167 --> 00:27:39,967
THIS COULD EXPLAIN
ANOTHER SURPRISING
530
00:27:39,967 --> 00:27:43,267
FEATURE OF THE SHROUD.
531
00:27:43,267 --> 00:27:44,733
WHILE THE AVERAGE
HEIGHT OF A MAN
532
00:27:44,733 --> 00:27:50,067
IN PALESTINE 2,000 YEARS AGO
WAS ABOUT 5 FEET, 5 INCHES,
533
00:27:50,067 --> 00:27:53,767
JESUS, AS HE APPEARS
ON THE SHROUD, IS MUCH TALLER,
534
00:27:53,767 --> 00:27:58,067
BETWEEN 5-FEET-10 AND 6-FEET-1.
535
00:27:58,067 --> 00:28:00,733
WHEN YOU LOOK AT
THE SHROUD IMAGE,
536
00:28:00,733 --> 00:28:05,933
IMMEDIATELY, YOU'RE STRUCK BY
THIS VERY LONG, THIN FIGURE
537
00:28:05,933 --> 00:28:10,733
THAT'S VERY UNNATURAL
IN ITS ELONGATION.
538
00:28:10,733 --> 00:28:14,300
AND HAVING STUDIED
CHRISTIAN ICONOGRAPHY,
539
00:28:14,300 --> 00:28:19,333
I RECOGNIZED THAT THIS WAS
JUST FRENCH GOTHIC ART,
540
00:28:19,333 --> 00:28:21,667
WAS THE MOST OBVIOUS
EXPLANATION,
541
00:28:21,667 --> 00:28:23,167
AND THAT FIT, YOU SEE,
542
00:28:23,167 --> 00:28:29,367
WITH ITS ORIGIN IN FRANCE
IN THE GOTHIC PERIOD.
543
00:28:29,367 --> 00:28:32,333
Narrator: IT'S CONCEIVABLE THAT
JESUS'S ELONGATED BODY
544
00:28:32,333 --> 00:28:33,967
ON THE TURIN SHROUD
545
00:28:33,967 --> 00:28:37,667
JUST INDICATES
HE WAS UNUSUALLY TALL.
546
00:28:37,667 --> 00:28:39,267
BUT THE SUGGESTION
THAT THE SHROUD
547
00:28:39,267 --> 00:28:41,367
IS A GOTHIC MEDIEVAL PAINTING
548
00:28:41,367 --> 00:28:46,800
DESIGNED TO EDUCATE THE FAITHFUL
IS A STRONG POSSIBILITY.
549
00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:49,433
IF THE TURIN SHROUD IS
ACTUALLY A PAINTING,
550
00:28:49,433 --> 00:28:52,967
IN THEORY, IT SHOULD BE
POSSIBLE TO REPLICATE IT,
551
00:28:52,967 --> 00:28:58,133
RECREATING ON CLOTH
A VERY SIMILAR IMAGE OF JESUS.
552
00:28:58,133 --> 00:29:00,667
BUT CAN A CONVINCING
FULL-SCALE REPLICA
553
00:29:00,667 --> 00:29:03,967
OF THE TURIN SHROUD
BE CREATED TODAY?
554
00:29:08,333 --> 00:29:13,833
*
555
00:29:13,833 --> 00:29:16,067
Narrator: THE FAMOUS
TURIN SHROUD IS SAID TO BE
556
00:29:16,067 --> 00:29:18,667
THE BURIAL CLOTH IN WHICH
JESUS WAS WRAPPED
557
00:29:18,667 --> 00:29:21,233
AFTER HIS CRUCIFIXION.
558
00:29:21,233 --> 00:29:23,800
MANY PEOPLE,
INCLUDING SOME SCIENTISTS,
559
00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:28,300
BELIEVE THE IMAGE ON THE
TURIN SHROUD IS GENUINELY JESUS,
560
00:29:28,300 --> 00:29:32,433
AMAZINGLY SHOWING US
EXACTLY WHAT HE LOOKED LIKE.
561
00:29:32,433 --> 00:29:35,400
BUT HISTORICAL
AND SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE,
562
00:29:35,400 --> 00:29:37,300
INCLUDING ANALYSIS
OF THE SHROUD'S
563
00:29:37,300 --> 00:29:41,233
PHYSICAL REPRESENTATION
OF JESUS AND HIS BLOODSTAINS,
564
00:29:41,233 --> 00:29:44,800
LEADS MANY PEOPLE
TO THINK OTHERWISE.
565
00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:47,167
THERE IS NO EVIDENCE
THAT THIS IS THE ACTUAL
566
00:29:47,167 --> 00:29:48,633
BURIAL SHROUD OF CHRIST.
567
00:29:48,633 --> 00:29:52,067
IN FACT, IT HAPPENS THAT MOST OF
THE EVIDENCE POINTS TOWARDS IT
568
00:29:52,067 --> 00:29:54,367
BEING A MEDIEVAL CREATION.
569
00:29:54,367 --> 00:29:56,067
Selwood: THE TURIN SHROUD
IS NOT GENUINE.
570
00:29:56,067 --> 00:29:59,267
IT IS A VERY IMPRESSIVE,
HIGHLY ACCOMPLISHED,
571
00:29:59,267 --> 00:30:02,667
RATHER WONDERFUL
PIECE OF MEDIEVAL ART.
572
00:30:02,667 --> 00:30:06,400
Narrator: IF THE TURIN SHROUD IS
TRULY A PIECE OF MEDIEVAL ART
573
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:09,667
DESIGNED TO EDUCATE
THE CHRISTIAN FAITHFUL,
574
00:30:09,667 --> 00:30:12,400
THEN IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE
TO CREATE A CONVINCING,
575
00:30:12,400 --> 00:30:14,467
FULL-SCALE REPLICA OF IT.
576
00:30:14,467 --> 00:30:17,867
*
577
00:30:17,867 --> 00:30:19,767
LUIGI GARLASCHELLI,
578
00:30:19,767 --> 00:30:21,667
FORMER PROFESSOR
OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
579
00:30:21,667 --> 00:30:24,133
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA
IN ITALY,
580
00:30:24,133 --> 00:30:25,833
HAS TRIED TO DO THIS.
581
00:30:25,833 --> 00:30:27,667
BUT BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO CREATE
582
00:30:27,667 --> 00:30:29,767
A REALISTIC REPLICA
OF THE SHROUD,
583
00:30:29,767 --> 00:30:34,667
GARLASCHELLI FIRST RULED OUT
HOW IT WASN'T MADE.
584
00:30:34,667 --> 00:30:37,967
Garlaschelli: IF WE THINK THAT
IT WAS A MEDIEVAL ARTIST
585
00:30:37,967 --> 00:30:39,733
WHO MADE THE SHROUD,
586
00:30:39,733 --> 00:30:43,600
PROBABLY, THE FIRST ATTEMPT
HE DID WAS TO SEE
587
00:30:43,600 --> 00:30:49,500
WHAT THE PRINT OF A REAL BODY
LEAVES ON A LINEN CLOTH.
588
00:30:49,500 --> 00:30:52,500
SO WE TRIED, ACTUALLY, THIS.
589
00:30:52,500 --> 00:30:55,767
WE COVERED A VOLUNTEER
WITH RED PAINT,
590
00:30:55,767 --> 00:30:59,333
AND WE PUT A SHEET FLAT ON HIM.
591
00:30:59,333 --> 00:31:01,433
AND THIS IS THE RESULT.
592
00:31:01,433 --> 00:31:04,933
AS YOU SEE, IT LOOKS VERY BAD.
593
00:31:04,933 --> 00:31:07,200
IT'S DISTORTED.
594
00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:12,167
LOOK AT THE FACE --
COMPLETELY AWFUL.
595
00:31:12,167 --> 00:31:15,633
SO THIS IS NOT
HOW THE SHROUD WAS MADE.
596
00:31:15,633 --> 00:31:20,133
IT'S NOT THE CONTACT PRINT
OF A REAL BODY.
597
00:31:20,133 --> 00:31:24,067
Narrator: INSTEAD, GARLASCHELLI
TRIED TO RECREATE THE SHROUD
598
00:31:24,067 --> 00:31:27,100
USING A TECHNIQUE
KNOWN AS BAS RELIEF,
599
00:31:27,100 --> 00:31:29,200
RUBBING THE OUTSIDE OF A SHEET
600
00:31:29,200 --> 00:31:32,967
TO REVEAL THE CONTOURS
OF THE BODY WRAPPED WITHIN.
601
00:31:32,967 --> 00:31:35,733
Garlaschelli: WE HAVE A
VOLUNTEER UNDER THE SHEET,
602
00:31:35,733 --> 00:31:40,900
AND WE HAVE RUBBED,
WITH A DRY PIGMENT, THE CLOTH,
603
00:31:40,900 --> 00:31:44,767
SO WE HAVE FOLLOWED
THE SHAPE OF THE BODY.
604
00:31:44,767 --> 00:31:47,800
AS YOU CAN SEE,
IT'S NOT DISTORTED.
605
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:52,633
THIS IS MORE SHROUD-LIKE.
606
00:31:52,633 --> 00:31:54,733
Narrator:
UNLIKE THE REST OF THE BODY,
607
00:31:54,733 --> 00:31:56,933
A REAL FACE STILL
APPEARS DISTORTED
608
00:31:56,933 --> 00:31:59,267
USING THE BAS-RELIEF TECHNIQUE.
609
00:31:59,267 --> 00:32:01,633
SO THE FACE OF JESUS
IN THIS IMAGE
610
00:32:01,633 --> 00:32:05,300
WAS CREATED USING A
CONTOURED, FLAT, PLASTER MOLD.
611
00:32:05,300 --> 00:32:07,700
*
612
00:32:07,700 --> 00:32:09,767
SO, THIS IS A VERY
SIMPLE TECHNIQUE
613
00:32:09,767 --> 00:32:12,067
AVAILABLE IN THE MIDDLE AGE.
614
00:32:12,067 --> 00:32:18,867
*
615
00:32:18,867 --> 00:32:25,333
THIS IS THE ONLY WAY YOU CAN
HAVE A FACE UNDISTORTED.
616
00:32:25,333 --> 00:32:27,600
Narrator: GARLASCHELLI
IS USING BLUE PIGMENT
617
00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:31,567
TO HIGHLIGHT THE FACT
THAT THE COLOR DOESN'T MATTER.
618
00:32:31,567 --> 00:32:34,767
HE SAYS THE FAINT IMAGE
OF JESUS ON THE SHROUD
619
00:32:34,767 --> 00:32:38,633
IS A KIND OF GHOST IMAGE
OF REDDISH ACIDIC IMPURITIES
620
00:32:38,633 --> 00:32:41,433
LEFT BEHIND BY
THE ORIGINAL COLORED PIGMENT
621
00:32:41,433 --> 00:32:44,567
THAT HAS COMPLETELY FADED AWAY
OVER THE CENTURIES.
622
00:32:44,567 --> 00:32:46,700
*
623
00:32:46,700 --> 00:32:50,367
NOW WE WILL HAVE TO
ARTIFICIALLY AGE THIS IMAGE
624
00:32:50,367 --> 00:32:52,967
BECAUSE THE SHROUD
HAD CENTURIES TO DO SO,
625
00:32:52,967 --> 00:32:55,533
BUT WE WANT TO DO THAT
IN AN HOUR,
626
00:32:55,533 --> 00:33:01,500
SO WE WILL PUT IT INTO AN OVEN
AT 160 DEGREES CELSIUS
627
00:33:01,500 --> 00:33:03,633
TO SIMULATE THE AGING.
628
00:33:03,633 --> 00:33:05,633
*
629
00:33:05,633 --> 00:33:07,433
Narrator:
AFTER AN HOUR IN THE OVEN,
630
00:33:07,433 --> 00:33:10,667
THE IMAGE IS WASHED
TO REMOVE THE PIGMENT.
631
00:33:10,667 --> 00:33:12,733
ONLY THE PIGMENT'S
ACIDIC IMPURITIES
632
00:33:12,733 --> 00:33:16,767
NOW REMAIN ON THE CLOTH,
WHICH IS THEN IRONED DRY.
633
00:33:16,767 --> 00:33:21,667
NOW THE PIGMENT IS GONE,
AND THIS IS THE IMAGE
634
00:33:21,667 --> 00:33:26,300
ON THE SURFACE OF THE LINEN --
NOTHING BEHIND.
635
00:33:26,300 --> 00:33:27,667
AND THE FINAL TEST WOULD BE
636
00:33:27,667 --> 00:33:29,900
TO TAKE THE NEGATIVE
OF THIS IMAGE
637
00:33:29,900 --> 00:33:33,600
AND SEE IF IT LOOKS LIKE
THAT OF THE SHROUD.
638
00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:39,267
SO JUST A QUICK TEST
WITH A CELLPHONE.
639
00:33:39,267 --> 00:33:42,133
AND...
[ CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS ]
640
00:33:42,133 --> 00:33:44,967
ALL RIGHT.
641
00:33:44,967 --> 00:33:48,067
YEAH, THIS IS THE NEGATIVE.
642
00:33:48,067 --> 00:33:51,067
IT LOOKS LIKE
THE SHROUD OF TURIN.
643
00:33:51,067 --> 00:33:53,367
*
644
00:33:53,367 --> 00:33:56,500
Narrator: AFTER ADDING HIS
HOMEMADE FACIAL REPLICA
645
00:33:56,500 --> 00:34:00,633
TO A SIMILARLY AGED BAS RELIEF
OF THE VOLUNTEER'S BODY,
646
00:34:00,633 --> 00:34:03,800
GARLASCHELLI THEN
PAINTED ON BLOODSTAINS
647
00:34:03,800 --> 00:34:08,333
IN ORDER TO CREATE A FULL-SCALE
DUPLICATE OF THE TURIN SHROUD.
648
00:34:08,333 --> 00:34:10,700
PERSONALLY, I FIND
PROFESSOR GARLASCHELLI'S
649
00:34:10,700 --> 00:34:14,433
BAS-RELIEF ANALYSIS
EXTREMELY CONVINCING.
650
00:34:14,433 --> 00:34:17,067
THE IMAGE THAT RESULTED
FROM THIS TECHNIQUE
651
00:34:17,067 --> 00:34:21,233
IS ONE THAT CLOSELY RESEMBLES
WHAT WE SEE ON THE SHROUD,
652
00:34:21,233 --> 00:34:23,800
SO, REALLY, A REMARKABLE JOB.
653
00:34:23,800 --> 00:34:26,233
*
654
00:34:26,233 --> 00:34:28,067
Narrator:
OTHERS AREN'T CONVINCED
655
00:34:28,067 --> 00:34:30,567
BY GARLASCHELLI'S RE-CREATION
656
00:34:30,567 --> 00:34:34,767
AND SAY THAT IT DOESN'T PROVE
THE TURIN SHROUD WAS PAINTED.
657
00:34:34,767 --> 00:34:38,133
IN PARTICULAR,
SHROUD RESEARCHER LYNN PICKNETT
658
00:34:38,133 --> 00:34:41,100
REMAINS CONVINCED
THAT THE TURIN SHROUD
659
00:34:41,100 --> 00:34:47,333
IS THE WORLD'S FIRST PHOTOGRAPH
CREATED BY LEONARDO DA VINCI.
660
00:34:47,333 --> 00:34:51,567
AND SHE CLAIMS TO HAVE FOUND
FURTHER EVIDENCE TO PROVE IT.
661
00:34:54,267 --> 00:35:00,700
*
662
00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:03,067
Narrator:
PRESERVED IN TURIN CATHEDRAL
663
00:35:03,067 --> 00:35:06,800
IS ONE OF CHRISTIANITY'S
MOST FAMOUS HOLY RELICS --
664
00:35:06,800 --> 00:35:09,067
THE TURIN SHROUD.
665
00:35:09,067 --> 00:35:11,500
SAID TO BE JESUS'S BURIAL CLOTH,
666
00:35:11,500 --> 00:35:15,700
IT BEARS THE BLOODY IMPRINT
OF HIS CRUCIFIED BODY.
667
00:35:15,700 --> 00:35:18,200
SKEPTICS BELIEVE
THAT IT ISN'T GENUINE
668
00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:21,467
AND IT IS, IN FACT,
A PIECE OF MEDIEVAL ART.
669
00:35:21,467 --> 00:35:24,067
A PROMISING ATTEMPT
TO REPLICATE THE SHROUD
670
00:35:24,067 --> 00:35:26,100
USING A BAS-RELIEF TECHNIQUE
671
00:35:26,100 --> 00:35:28,900
SUGGESTS IT COULD BE
A MEDIEVAL PAINTING.
672
00:35:28,900 --> 00:35:32,367
BUT SHROUD RESEARCHER
LYNN PICKNETT REMAINS CONVINCED
673
00:35:32,367 --> 00:35:36,133
THAT IT IS INSTEAD
THE WORLD'S FIRST PHOTOGRAPH
674
00:35:36,133 --> 00:35:39,467
CREATED BY THE ONE AND ONLY
LEONARDO DA VINCI.
675
00:35:39,467 --> 00:35:41,600
Picknett:
THE SHROUD HAS OFTEN BEEN SAID
676
00:35:41,600 --> 00:35:43,633
TO BEHAVE LIKE A PHOTOGRAPH.
677
00:35:43,633 --> 00:35:45,400
WHEN SEEN IN
PHOTOGRAPHIC NEGATIVE,
678
00:35:45,400 --> 00:35:48,100
IT ALMOST LEAPS INTO LIFE,
INTO FOCUS.
679
00:35:48,100 --> 00:35:50,467
IT'S QUITE ASTONISHING.
680
00:35:50,467 --> 00:35:52,467
Narrator: LYNN'S THEORY THAT
THE TURIN SHROUD
681
00:35:52,467 --> 00:35:56,267
IS THE WORLD'S FIRST PHOTOGRAPH
IS VERY CONTENTIOUS.
682
00:35:56,267 --> 00:35:58,067
BUT SHE HAS CARRIED OUT
EXPERIMENTS
683
00:35:58,067 --> 00:36:01,133
THAT INDICATE IT IS POSSIBLE.
684
00:36:01,133 --> 00:36:04,067
BY PROJECTING AN ILLUMINATED
CAST OF A GIRL'S HEAD
685
00:36:04,067 --> 00:36:07,100
ONTO A CLOTH
IN A CAMERA OBSCURA,
686
00:36:07,100 --> 00:36:11,633
JUST LIKE THE ONE SHE BELIEVES
WAS USED BY LEONARDO DA VINCI,
687
00:36:11,633 --> 00:36:15,067
SHE WAS ABLE TO CREATE
A RECOGNIZABLY SHROUD-LIKE IMAGE
688
00:36:15,067 --> 00:36:18,233
OF THE GIRL'S FACE.
689
00:36:18,233 --> 00:36:20,167
AS FOR THE FACE
THAT LEONARDO USED
690
00:36:20,167 --> 00:36:22,500
WHEN HE CREATED
THE TURIN SHROUD,
691
00:36:22,500 --> 00:36:24,933
LYNN BELIEVES,
VERY CONTROVERSIALLY,
692
00:36:24,933 --> 00:36:30,233
THAT LEONARDO USED HIS OWN FACE
TO REPRESENT JESUS.
693
00:36:30,233 --> 00:36:32,767
LEONARDO WOULD HAVE THOUGHT,
694
00:36:32,767 --> 00:36:36,700
"YEAH, WELL, YOU'RE NOT GONNA
GET JESUS, OBVIOUSLY.
695
00:36:36,700 --> 00:36:39,333
YOU'RE GOING TO GET MY FACE."
696
00:36:39,333 --> 00:36:42,333
LEONARDO WAS A HERETIC.
697
00:36:42,333 --> 00:36:46,367
HE HAD VERY PASSIONATE BELIEFS,
AND THEY WEREN'T CHRISTIAN.
698
00:36:46,367 --> 00:36:48,600
IN FACT, THERE'S
EVERY REASON TO BELIEVE
699
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:51,967
THAT HE HATED CHRISTIANITY,
AND THEREFORE,
700
00:36:51,967 --> 00:36:56,367
FAKING THE TURIN SHROUD
WAS AN ACT OF REBELLION.
701
00:36:56,367 --> 00:36:58,267
IT JUST WOULD HAVE
APPEALED TO HIM.
702
00:36:58,267 --> 00:37:01,200
*
703
00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:04,533
Narrator: LYNN'S ENTIRE THEORY
ABOUT LEONARDO DA VINCI,
704
00:37:04,533 --> 00:37:07,300
HOWEVER, IS CONSIDERED
VERY FAR-FETCHED
705
00:37:07,300 --> 00:37:10,100
BY MOST OBSERVERS.
706
00:37:10,100 --> 00:37:15,667
THE CLAIM THAT LEONARDO DA VINCI
MADE THE SHROUD OF TURIN --
707
00:37:15,667 --> 00:37:18,333
IT'S JUST NOT CREDIBLE.
708
00:37:18,333 --> 00:37:20,200
I LOVE THIS THEORY
THAT LEONARDO DA VINCI
709
00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:22,067
SOMEHOW CREATED
THE TURIN SHROUD.
710
00:37:22,067 --> 00:37:25,100
HE WAS AN AMAZING VISIONARY MAN,
BUT EVEN HE COULDN'T HAVE
711
00:37:25,100 --> 00:37:28,067
CREATED SOMETHING
BEFORE HE WAS BORN.
712
00:37:28,067 --> 00:37:32,933
Narrator: THE PROBLEM IS THAT
LEONARDO WASN'T BORN UNTIL 1452,
713
00:37:32,933 --> 00:37:35,933
WHEREAS THE FIRST GENERALLY
ACCEPTED HISTORICAL ACCOUNT
714
00:37:35,933 --> 00:37:41,267
OF THE SHROUD PLACES IT
IN FRANCE 100 YEARS EARLIER.
715
00:37:41,267 --> 00:37:43,667
HOWEVER, LYNN CLAIMS
THAT THE TURIN SHROUD
716
00:37:43,667 --> 00:37:49,067
ISN'T THE SAME SHROUD AS THE ONE
DISPLAYED IN THE 1350s.
717
00:37:49,067 --> 00:37:52,500
SHE SAYS IT'S SIGNIFICANT
THAT THIS EARLIER SHROUD
718
00:37:52,500 --> 00:37:57,067
WAS SOON DENOUNCED BY THE LOCAL
BISHOP AS AN ARTISTIC FORGERY.
719
00:37:57,067 --> 00:38:00,533
Picknett: UNFORTUNATELY, IT WAS
A BLATANT PAINTING,
720
00:38:00,533 --> 00:38:02,733
SO, CLEARLY, WHAT HAPPENED WAS
721
00:38:02,733 --> 00:38:06,567
THE CHURCH LIKED THE IDEA
OF HAVING A SHROUD,
722
00:38:06,567 --> 00:38:12,067
THE ULTIMATE CHRISTIAN RELIC,
JESUS'S OWN IMAGE AND BLOOD.
723
00:38:12,067 --> 00:38:14,167
BUT THEY DIDN'T WANT THAT ONE.
724
00:38:14,167 --> 00:38:15,967
Narrator: ACCORDING TO LYNN,
725
00:38:15,967 --> 00:38:18,067
THE ORIGINAL,
UNCONVINCING SHROUD
726
00:38:18,067 --> 00:38:20,767
WAS SECRETLY SWITCHED
BY THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
727
00:38:20,767 --> 00:38:23,067
IN THE LATE 15th CENTURY
728
00:38:23,067 --> 00:38:27,333
WHEN IT WAS TAKEN
FROM FRANCE TO ITALY.
729
00:38:27,333 --> 00:38:30,633
LEONARDO'S NEW,
MUCH MORE REALISTIC SHROUD
730
00:38:30,633 --> 00:38:33,167
WAS THEN DISPLAYED
IN ITS PLACE
731
00:38:33,167 --> 00:38:36,167
IN ORDER TO ATTRACT
AS MANY PILGRIMS AS POSSIBLE.
732
00:38:36,167 --> 00:38:39,233
*
733
00:38:39,233 --> 00:38:41,667
DESPITE CRITICS WHO SAY
THIS IS A FANCIFUL
734
00:38:41,667 --> 00:38:44,067
AND HIGHLY UNLIKELY STORY,
735
00:38:44,067 --> 00:38:46,233
LYNN CLAIMS TO HAVE FOUND
FURTHER EVIDENCE
736
00:38:46,233 --> 00:38:52,533
THAT LEONARDO DA VINCI REALLY
DID CREATE THE TURIN SHROUD.
737
00:38:52,533 --> 00:38:55,800
SHE'S FOUND CLUES
IN THE SALVATOR MUNDI,
738
00:38:55,800 --> 00:38:57,433
THE FAMOUS PICTURE OF JESUS
739
00:38:57,433 --> 00:39:01,600
SAID TO HAVE BEEN PAINTED
BY LEONARDO.
740
00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:05,500
IF YOU SPLIT THE SALVATOR MUNDI
DOWN THE MIDDLE
741
00:39:05,500 --> 00:39:08,500
AND YOU HAVE THAT ON ONE SIDE
AND ON THE OTHER SIDE,
742
00:39:08,500 --> 00:39:11,900
YOU HAVE A PICTURE
OF THE SHROUD OF TURIN,
743
00:39:11,900 --> 00:39:13,867
WHAT YOU GET IS ASTONISHING.
744
00:39:13,867 --> 00:39:19,133
EVERY SINGLE TINY FEATURE
LINES UP EXACTLY.
745
00:39:19,133 --> 00:39:22,367
THE SALVATOR MUNDI,
STRANGE THOUGH IT MAY SEEM,
746
00:39:22,367 --> 00:39:24,833
IS ACTUALLY ALSO LEONARDO.
747
00:39:24,833 --> 00:39:26,567
BUT THERE'S MORE.
748
00:39:26,567 --> 00:39:31,900
SALVATOR MUNDI IS HOLDING
A GLOBE -- A CRYSTAL GLOBE.
749
00:39:31,900 --> 00:39:33,400
AND PEOPLE HAVE SAID,
"WELL, OF COURSE,
750
00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:35,067
THE NAME MEANS
SAVIOR OF THE WORLD,
751
00:39:35,067 --> 00:39:38,067
SO THAT'S IT --
HE'S GOT THE WORLD IN HIS HAND."
752
00:39:38,067 --> 00:39:41,633
BUT IT'S ACTUALLY A CRYSTAL.
753
00:39:41,633 --> 00:39:45,867
AND WHAT DID LEONARDO USE TO
CREATE THE IMAGE OF THE SHROUD?
754
00:39:45,867 --> 00:39:51,067
A CAMERA OBSCURA IN WHICH HE PUT
A LENS MADE OF CRYSTAL.
755
00:39:51,067 --> 00:39:54,200
THIS IS HIS NEAREST THING
TO A CONFESSION
756
00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:56,267
HE CREATED THE TURIN SHROUD.
757
00:39:56,267 --> 00:40:01,733
*
758
00:40:01,733 --> 00:40:05,267
Narrator: WHATEVER THE TRUTH IS
ABOUT THIS AMAZING THEORY,
759
00:40:05,267 --> 00:40:06,967
THE DEBATE ABOUT
THE TURIN SHROUD
760
00:40:06,967 --> 00:40:10,200
WILL SURELY CONTINUE FOR YEARS.
761
00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:13,000
IS IT THE WORLD'S
FIRST PHOTOGRAPH?
762
00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:15,367
IS IT A MEDIEVAL PAINTING?
763
00:40:15,367 --> 00:40:18,467
OR IS IT THE GENUINE
BURIAL CLOTH OF JESUS,
764
00:40:18,467 --> 00:40:21,167
IMPRINTED, PERHAPS, BY BACTERIA
765
00:40:21,167 --> 00:40:25,167
WITH THE IMAGE
OF HIS CRUCIFIED BODY?
766
00:40:25,167 --> 00:40:26,967
ALTHOUGH CARBON DATING
HAS PROVIDED
767
00:40:26,967 --> 00:40:29,267
COMPELLING SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
768
00:40:29,267 --> 00:40:33,133
SUGGESTING THAT THE TURIN SHROUD
IS NOT GENUINE,
769
00:40:33,133 --> 00:40:38,367
BELIEVERS CONTINUE TO DISPUTE
THE STUDY'S ACCURACY.
770
00:40:38,367 --> 00:40:42,033
I JUST THINK THIS TELLS US THAT
BELIEVERS WILL ALWAYS FIND FAULT
771
00:40:42,033 --> 00:40:45,367
WITH ANY AMOUNT OF EVIDENCE
THAT THEY'RE PRESENTED WITH.
772
00:40:45,367 --> 00:40:47,867
Garlaschelli:
I THINK THAT FOR SOME PEOPLE,
773
00:40:47,867 --> 00:40:50,800
THE IDEA THAT THE SHROUD
IS THE REAL THING
774
00:40:50,800 --> 00:40:54,033
THAT WRAPPED JESUS CHRIST'S BODY
775
00:40:54,033 --> 00:41:00,067
IS TOO BEAUTIFUL
TO BE IMPOSSIBLE.
776
00:41:00,067 --> 00:41:02,067
McMahon: YOU COULD SAY
THAT THE TURIN SHROUD SHOWS
777
00:41:02,067 --> 00:41:05,067
THAT WE'RE A WORLD DIVIDED
BETWEEN BELIEVERS
778
00:41:05,067 --> 00:41:08,067
AND NONBELIEVERS,
BETWEEN THOSE WHO WANT PROOF --
779
00:41:08,067 --> 00:41:10,300
SCIENTIFIC, RATIONAL PROOF,
IF YOU WANT,
780
00:41:10,300 --> 00:41:13,667
AND THOSE WHO BELIEVE
THAT FAITH IS IMPORTANT.
781
00:41:13,667 --> 00:41:18,767
FOR THEM, BELIEVING THAT IT IS
THE IMAGE OF JESUS IS ENOUGH.
782
00:41:18,767 --> 00:41:22,100
THAT SENSE OF WONDER
IS ENOUGH FOR THEM.
783
00:41:22,100 --> 00:41:24,833
Selwood: IN A WAY, THE SHROUD
BRINGS OUT WONDERFULLY
784
00:41:24,833 --> 00:41:26,767
THAT CONFLICT THAT WE ALL HAVE
785
00:41:26,767 --> 00:41:30,233
BETWEEN THE RATIONAL
AND THE ROMANTIC.
786
00:41:30,233 --> 00:41:32,667
IT'S WONDERFUL TO BELIEVE
THAT THE SHROUD MIGHT BE REAL.
787
00:41:32,667 --> 00:41:35,567
IT'S A LITTLE TEDIOUS TO HAVE
SCIENCE TELL ONE IT ISN'T,
788
00:41:35,567 --> 00:41:37,767
BUT WE ALL HAVE WITHIN US
THAT NEED FOR BOTH.
789
00:41:37,767 --> 00:41:40,433
THAT SPARK OF THE IMAGINATION
IS ALWAYS THERE,
790
00:41:40,433 --> 00:41:42,200
AND FOR SO LONG AS HUMANS
HAVE THAT,
791
00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:45,233
THE SHROUD WILL HAVE
ITS SUPPORTERS.
792
00:41:45,233 --> 00:41:48,067
Narrator: AND SO, REGARDLESS
OF THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
793
00:41:48,067 --> 00:41:49,533
INDICATING WHETHER IT IS
794
00:41:49,533 --> 00:41:53,300
OR ISN'T THE GENUINE
BURIAL CLOTH OF JESUS,
795
00:41:53,300 --> 00:41:54,867
FOR MILLIONS OF PEOPLE,
796
00:41:54,867 --> 00:41:56,833
THE TURIN SHROUD
WILL UNDOUBTEDLY
797
00:41:56,833 --> 00:41:59,067
LONG REMAIN ONE OF THE WORLD'S
798
00:41:59,067 --> 00:42:02,967
MOST REVERED AND ICONIC
RELIGIOUS TREASURES.
64208
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