All language subtitles for BBC.Rise.of.the.Nazis.Series.4.1080p.x265.AAC.MVGroup.org.eng

FIRE CRACKLES

DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYS

- I am the Reverend TJ Stretch,

attached as Padre to the formation
controlling this camp.

This morning, we buried over 5,000 bodies.

We don't know who they are.

Behind me, you can see a pit which
will contain another 5,000.

All these deaths have been caused

because of a treatment meted out to
these poor people

by their SS guards.

- Things they have committed, well,

nobody'd think they were human at all.

We actually know now

what has been going on in these camps.

Erm, I know, personally, what I'm
fighting for.

- After the Second World War,

some of the worst war criminals in
history go to ground.

- Hoping that, in the near future,

their fortunes will change

and they would be players again.

- Many change their names,

and the most-wanted flee to South
America.

Others claim the Holocaust never
happened,

or had nothing to do with them.

Told by historians and experts,

this is the story of the little-known
people

searching for truth and justice.

- Trying to confront this man who is
the murderer of her entire family.

It's a hostile environment.

- What kind of men are they? Are they
mad?

They must be mad.

- The hunt for Nazi war criminals

is without any parallel, to my
knowledge,

either before or since.

- It's a hunt taking place against the
backdrop of a world

that wants to forget and move on.

- Justice for him was everything.

- I'm upset that he died without being
in a cage.

- # Amen. #

- At the end of the war,

Germany was in pieces.

A smoking ruin, basically.

The German population was defeated -

psychologically, as well as
militarily.

- The Allies now want to win the peace

and help Germany rebuild and move on.

But there's also the question -

how to deliver justice

for the terrible crimes that have been
committed.

With what remains of Hitler's inner
circle now in custody,

the Allied leaders meet outside the
ruins of Berlin.

- At the end of the war, it was really
a problem for the Allies

deciding what they're going to do once
they've captured Nazi leaders.

They do find real differences.

Churchill doesn't really want a trial
at all.

He's quite happy if they're, you know,
identified and shot.

Stalin, on the Soviet side, wanted
trial,

but it's really cos they want a show
trial.

Just put them in the court and then
shoot them.

It's really only the Americans

who want a conventional western-style
trial.

- The Americans get their way

and preparations begin.

A special courtroom is built in
Nuremberg.

- This is the very first time ever

that a government of an enemy state

has been put on trial at the end of a
war.

It's a complete novelty.

- CLOCK TICKS

Hitler,

Himmler

and Goebbels have killed themselves.

But in the dock will be Goering,

Hitler's right-hand man...

CLOCK TICKS

..Albert Speer,

who, among other things,

oversaw the slave labour system that
built the V2 rockets,

..and Ribbentrop,

Hitler's Foreign Minister.

In total, 22 of the highest ranking
Nazis...

..who will face charges of war crimes,

crimes against the peace, conspiracy,

and crimes against humanity.

CLOCK TICKS, CEASES

- The whole purpose of the trial was
to put up,

in front of public opinion,

the terrible things that the Hitler
regime did.

And they want to tell the world so
that the world remembers.

- JUSTICE ROBERT H JACKSON:
- The wrongs which we seek to punish

have been so malignant and so
devastating

that civilisation cannot tolerate
their being ignored

because it cannot survive their being
repeated.

- I think for a great many of those
who had led the Third Reich,

they think they might be punished.

But the idea that you'll have a huge
international tribunal

in which they're held before world
opinion,

I think very few of them had any idea
of that.

- The defendants are to plead guilty

or not guilty to the charges against
them.

Hermann Wilhelm Goring.

- As the most senior surviving Nazi,

Goering is first to make his plea.

- Goring knows that everything that
he's enjoyed,

the power he's had, everything is
lost.

Now he's thinking to himself, you
know, "What do I do?"

- TRANSLATION:

- He starts off trying to make a
speech.

"Here I am, I'm going to tell you how
it was

"and you've got to take me seriously."

- JUDGE:
- The defendants are not entitled to
make a statement.

You must plead guilty or not guilty.

- And of course he can't make a
speech,

but he does make it clear

that he doesn't respect the trial or
the indictment,

and that's really what he wants to get
across.

- All of the other defendants follow
suit.

No-one accepts responsibility for the
crimes of the Third Reich.

It's clear that Allied prosecutors

have a battle to prove their guilt,

and through them,

the guilt of the regime they served.

Not all high-ranking Nazis have been
captured.

The job of tracking them down

and finding evidence of their crimes

falls to Allied soldiers.

One of them is 32-year-old Captain
Victor Cross.

Before the war, he worked in the
leather trade in Northampton.

Now, he's head of a small field
security section

in Allied-occupied Germany.

- A field security section...

..they're a bridge between

military intelligence and civil
policing,

and they basically go Nazi-hunting.

The Germans were not stupid.

They knew the game was up.

A lot of records were destroyed.

- But evidence is mounting

of those crimes against humanity

that were committed at Nazi camps.

- Not just Belsen, Auschwitz,
Sachsenhausen, Ravensbruck -

all these concentration camps,

whose names still resound

with a sinister ring, even today.

- Allied HQ give Cross a list of
suspects to find...

..the worst of whom are implicated in
the Nazi genocide.

But immediately, there's a problem.

The list has over 70,000 names.

- The task is daunting, without doubt.

The scale of the hunt

for Nazi war criminals

is without any parallel,

either before or since.

- On this list are men like Klaus
Barbie...

..one of the Gestapo chiefs

who tortured and murdered the French
Resistance.

He's escaped from Allied custody and
changed his name.

Adolf Eichmann, the bureaucrat

who managed the implementation of the
Final Solution,

is living under a new identity,

pretending to be a chicken farmer.

Josef Mengele, the doctor of Auschwitz

who conducted murderous and perverted
experiments

on men, women and children.

He's plotting his escape to South
America.

And Rudolf Hoss,

the commandant of Auschwitz...

..who personally perfected the
devastating system of mass murder

at the largest Nazi death camp.

He's complicit in the murders of over
1 million people.

And it's about Hoss that Cross gets
his first lead...

..as he finds out that Hoss's wife

has been recognised in a sugar factory
nearby.

- You don't know what you're going to
find...

..and so you have to be ready for
whatever eventuality.

He could have a riot on his hands -
who knows?

- BANGING

But what they don't find among the
factory workers

is their target - Rudolf Hoss.

But the intelligence on Hoss's wife is
good.

She's set up home above the factory.

There's no sign of Hoss here either.

But they do find shocking reminders of
the family's Nazi past.

- The British find - first, they find
jewellery

looted from Auschwitz prisoners

in Hedwig Hoss's squalid
accommodation.

And they find the visitor book

of their house in Auschwitz.

This is a trophy she has kept with
her.

Hedwig and the children lived together
with Rudolf Hoss

during the Second World War at the
Auschwitz camp.

She knows about the gas chambers,

she knows about the mass killings,

she is a convinced Nazi, she is a
convinced anti-Semite.

She also believes in the idea of Nazi
patriarchy...

..and she absolutely decides not to
tell the British

about the whereabouts of her husband.

She therefore lies that he is dead.

- But Cross notices there's no
photograph of her dead husband,

something he'd expect a widow to have.

- You are not convinced she's telling
the truth,

you have noticed the absence

of a photograph of the husband and
father,

and you think, "OK, OK, meine frau,
we'll be back.

"We are patient, we'll be back."

- Hedwig Hoss knows full well her
husband isn't dead.

She was with him just days before the
total German surrender.

- In May 1945,

leading SS officials in charge of the
concentration camps

fled to the pathetic last stronghold
of the Third Reich

in Flensburg in Schleswig-Holstein.

Here, some of the worst perpetrators
of Nazi crimes...

..here they are all together for the
last time.

Heinrich Himmler, the Reich leader of
the SS,

ordered senior SS officers

to shed the uniform and to go into
hiding.

The SS uniform has been an insignia of
power, of pride, of dominance.

For SS officers who have occupied
these positions of huge power

and influence over the lives and
deaths of millions of people,

the end of the Third Reich is like an
apocalypse.

Now they are changing from the hunters
into being hunted.

- Now, in an innocuous Navy uniform...

..Hoss joins the queue to be captured.

Following Germany's surrender,

seven-and-a-half million Armed Forces
personnel

are held in British and American
camps.

- The Third Reich, the SS,

his livelihood, his ideology,

have all crumbled.

For Hoss, there is only one thing now,

and that is himself, that is his own
life.

- As well as a new uniform,

he's armed himself with fake identity
papers...

..and his captors don't realise who
they have.

Under his alias of Petty Officer Franz
Lang,

Hoss is released

after just a few weeks.

- One of the most notorious mass
murderers of the 20th century,

suddenly, he's a nobody with a false
identity.

He probably thinks that he has got
away with it.

Some war criminals simply slip through
the net.

- Meanwhile, at Nuremberg,

the prosecution are beginning to build
their case.

But behind the scenes,

there is a concern.

One of the 22 defendants

has killed himself.

It's the American prison interpreter,
Gustave Gilbert,

who has to deal with the fallout.

- It's true then as it is now,

that a suicide in a prison is a
disaster.

But it's a particular disaster in
Nuremberg

because these defendants have got to
come to trial.

It's very important that all these
defendants are cross-examined,

get to give their own testimony, and
are also seen to face justice.

The commandant is clearly determined

that nobody else escapes justice by
suicide.

He asks Gustave Gilbert to actually
form the kinds of relationships

with these defendants,

such that he will be able to pick up

whether people are making plans to
kill themselves,

whether their mood is changing.

- Gilbert has a PhD in psychology,

and is given the job of prison
psychologist

and put on the suicide watch.

- He was a young man at the beginning
of his career

and this job is really serious.

He is serving the process of justice.

I think Gilbert must feel the weight
of history on his shoulders.

- So Gustave Gilbert is now in a
unique psychological position.

A Jewish man from New York,

he has the opportunity to study the
psyche of Hitler's inner circle.

He decides to conduct his own personal
investigation.

JUDGE:
- Prosecution for the United States
will at this time

present a documentary film on
concentration camps.

- Here is a way to make visible to the
defendants,

and of course to the wider world,

the reality of the crimes against
humanity

of which the prisoners are indicted.

"Here it is, this is what you did."

It's a change moment for Goring.

I think after that, he begins to
realise what it is

that the Allies are going to pin on
them.

- This film is very disturbing.

Gilbert is very concerned

that their suicide risk might go up
with this evidence in full view.

- Number one on his watch

is Hermann Goring.

- With Hitler and Goebbels both dead,

there's no doubt that Goring really is
the most important prisoner.

He was President of the German
parliament.

He was Minister President of Prussia,

he was the Commander In Chief of the
Air Force,

he was the Head of the Four-Year Plan
and so on.

- Meeting a high-profile defendant

can be an occasion of tension.

For all of us who work in prisons,

there is a moment when you see this
person

in a situation where the roles have
completely reversed.

They are no longer the powerful ones.

There's this rather ordinary person
just sitting there.

But I think for Gilbert,

the ordinariness slips away quite
quickly,

because Goring doesn't hold back.

- After the film has been shown,

Gilbert visits him to see, really,
what Goring's reaction is.

And Goring's reaction is, you know,

"They showed that awful film, it
spoiled everything"...

..which is an extraordinary reaction.

You know, you really ought to be
saying, "My God, this was terrible.

"How did we do that?"

It's the point at which Goring's
already, I think,

begun to create a kind of
psychological block.

I think Goring just blocked it out
during the Third Reich, too.

- In reality, Goring cannot distance
himself from it.

He authorised anti-Semitic policies...

..set up concentration camps in the
'30s...

..and he was by Hitler's side during
much of the genocide.

- From Gustave Gilbert's point of
view,

this is a massive experiment,

this is about the minds of the Nazi
high command.

But Gilbert has no manual.

He has to just go it alone as best he
can,

with the tools of the day.

- He carries out psychological tests
on Goring,

including ink blot and IQ tests

that he's adapted.

- I think what Gilbert wants to know
is what the world wants to know -

are they mad?

They must be mad.

Or are they just people

who've done horrible things for
horrible motives?

- Gilbert concludes that Goring is
highly intelligent,

and he gets similar results for the
other Nazi defendants.

- So, the question then remains is,

how do apparently ordinary men,

mentally normal men,

carry out this kind of level of
cruelty and oppression and damage?

- November 1945,

and the German population

is only just beginning to come to
terms with the truth.

Other public trials are taking place,

including that of the SS guards at
Belsen.

These are former electricians,

hairdressers,

farmers' daughters,

who became torturers and murderers.

And during the trial,

one name keeps coming up over and over
again -

Rudolf Hoss,

the commandant of Auschwitz.

Victor Cross and his men

are on the trail of the missing man.

- They are on the ground,

investigating, following leads,

talking to acquaintances.

It's painstaking work,

verging on police detective work.

It's not some streak of lightning from
above.

- Cross believes that Hoss is still
alive

and has likely heard from his wife
that they're after him.

Time is ticking.

- You've got a very big target

with Rudolf Hoss.

This man was evil, what he did,

hundreds and thousands of human beings
murdered.

Let's not dance around the bush, it's
murder.

And you've got to keep going.

- But over six months have passed
since Hoss went into hiding,

and Cross still doesn't know where to
find him.

In Nuremberg,

the prosecution is still building its
case,

with testimony from death camp
survivors.

TRANSLATION:

- In February, a woman gives gruelling
testimony in court

and it's horrifying.

- But even this evidence fails to
break through to the Nazi leaders.

Each has a different response.

- Goring's very affected by it, he
takes his headphones off,

he doesn't want to listen to it,
doesn't want to confront it.

He talks to Gilbert,

he makes it clear that he's heard
enough of this stuff,

he doesn't want to hear any more.

He is always trying to block out...

..erm, the sharp reality of the Third
Reich.

- Up until this point,

Gilbert has been an observer,

studying their psychology.

But after hearing the witness
testimony,

he confronts Goring,

and tries to make him acknowledge what
he has done.

- Gilbert gets very angry with the
defendants.

He clearly is maddened and distressed
by what he's heard.

He wants them to accept responsibility
and show remorse,

and they won't do it.

- Goring refuses to respond,

and goes on to complain that his room
is too cold.

- My experience of working with people
who've done horrible things

is that in order to carry out a
horrible action,

in order to kill somebody else or be
cruel to them,

you generally have to convince
yourself

that you're doing something that's
justifiable.

So you kind of tell a story of
yourself that it's OK.

Goring, in his view, is that he was
doing everything

that was required for the greater
Germany to succeed and to triumph.

- Goring still claims

these horrors only took place on the
peripheries of the regime.

He continues to deny the enormity of
what happened.

- He's preparing for his defence.

He's still preparing to say,

"Terrible things that you've been
showing have all been done

"by somebody else, a fraction of the
Third Reich."

You know, "That is not the Third
Reich."

- Across the prison corridor,

in the cell opposite,

another defendant is taking a very
different approach...

..Albert Speer,

Hitler's architect who controlled
slave labour camps

and personally oversaw the expansion
of Auschwitz.

- Speer was deeply involved in the
persecution of the Jews.

- PRODUCTION SLATE CLAPS

- He used concentration camp inmates

for war production,

so Speer knows exactly what is going
on in these camps.

- CLOCK TICKS

But Speer was cunning.

He spent the last months of the war
hiding evidence.

- When Speer pleads not guilty, he has
a big advantage

because the prosecutors don't know

about his close cooperation with
Himmler and the SS,

and there is a lack of documents about
his crimes.

Speer's strategy is to deny all
knowledge about atrocities,

and to claim that he just had been an
architect and a technocrat.

- CLOCK TICKS

Speer is clever enough to realise

that denying everything won't be
enough.

- He's anxious.

He's horrified by the prospect of
being hanged.

- By March 1946,

the Allies are fracturing.

The Soviets are putting up the Iron
Curtain,

dividing eastern Europe from the west.

And while Germany wants to move on
from Nazism,

the crimes of the concentration camps

are only just beginning to be
punished.

The whereabouts of Rudolf Hoss,

the commandant of Auschwitz,

are still unknown.

Captain Cross, of the Field Security
Section,

decides to arrest his wife and eldest
son.

- Clearly, their primary lead to Hoss
was his wife.

For five days, she is asked the same
question over and over -

"Where is your husband?"

And the reply is, over and over, "He
is dead".

- Despite being separated from her
children for five days,

she holds firm.

But Cross doesn't give up.

- "Whilst there is a possibility this
woman is lying,

"we will try and break her."

- On the sixth day,

Cross ups the pressure.

His men have commandeered a train
which now pulls up outside.

Cross tells Hedwig that unless she
gives her husband up,

her son will be put on the train

and sent to Siberia.

- Maybe he gets a shot of adrenaline
at this point.

- She's given Cross the name of a farm
complex,

just 70 miles away.

- He would know those men inside out,

cos they've been together under
stressful conditions,

and he will know...

..in particular, that the Jewish
soldiers

will be thinking of the dreadful
happenings in the camps.

They will all know what's at stake.

- BANGING

- Initially, Hoss thinks, "This is a
burglary".

He feels so sure of himself,

he feels so confident that he's beyond
reproach.

- DOOR THUDS OPEN

They check for a cyanide capsule

and find a mark of an SS soldier -

a blood group tattoo.

But Hoss maintains he's Franz Lang.

- Frau Hoss had given Cross the alias,

so when Hoss uses it, "Ah."

All falls into place. "We've got the
right man."

Some of his soldiers turn to violence.

Cross maybe thinks, "Yes, this bastard
needs to suffer,

"suffer here and now".

Does he let a handful of his soldiers

beat this man, possibly to death,

or does he step in?

- SOLDIER SPITS

- I think that many of the other
officers' intervention

brought Cross up sharply

from indulging in illegal behaviour by
his soldiers to,

"Right, this stops now."

- Cross doesn't yet realise how
significant

his intervention will prove to be.

On the 18th of March 1946,

Hermann Goring takes the stand and
faces cross-examination.

- After months and months,

he's got his chance, in front of the
world, basically.

It's a chance for Goring, really, to
put on record

a different view of the Third Reich

from the view that the prosecution has
been presenting.

- JUDGE:
- You...

..and others

cooperated in concentrating all
authority in the German state

in the hands of the Fuhrer.

- TRANSLATION:

Finally able to make his case,

Goring turns the accusations

against him into a celebration

of the Nazi domination of Europe.

- At this point, Goring is still
defending it,

he's still thinking that there was
much about the Third Reich,

much about the Fuhrer, to be positive
about.

And despite everything that's happened
so far in the trial,

I think Goring is still hoping that

that's the message he can somehow get
across.

He wants to defend the reputation of
the Third Reich.

- But just as Goring smirks in the
dock...

..at the same time,

Hoss is beginning to talk.

- Hoss no longer has to live under the
alias of Franz Lang,

he can now openly say again who he is.

By talking about the number of
prisoners he personally killed,

he is re-enacting his true self.

For Hoss, this is nothing to be
ashamed of.

This is something, in his perverted
mindset, to be proud of.

- Unbeknownst to Hermann Goring,

news of Hoss's confession reaches the
American prosecution team.

CELL DOOR OPENS

- Hoss is suddenly told, "OK, you can
have a haircut, you can shave.

"We're taking off your handcuffs.

"Put on some cleaner clothes.

"We are going to take you to
Nuremberg."

- After months in obscurity,

Hoss finds himself about to step on to
the global stage...

..as a last-minute witness.

TRANSLATION:

His confession, read out for the court
and the world to hear,

will ring out in history.

- "I commanded Auschwitz until 1
December '43

"and estimate that at least 2,500,000
victims

"were executed and exterminated there

"by gassing and burning."

You signed that affidavit voluntarily,

and the affidavit is true?

- Hoss is the first senior Nazi

who puts it on the record, "We did
it".

- Hoss is the first to explain in
detail

the processes of systemised mass
murder used in the death camps -

the planning, the infrastructure, the
policy.

- Goring, Speer and the other
defendants

can no longer deny the truth,

that the flagship project of Nazi
Germany

was the mass annihilation of the Jews
of Europe.

- Gilbert is feeling, "This is it.

"You can't deceive yourself any more.

"This is irrefutable evidence from one
of your own people

"about the nuts and bolts of what you
did."

- It certainly does deflate Goring.

He says, "After this, there's nothing
we can do".

From this point on, really,

Goring begins to decline.

It's finally the nail in the coffin

for anybody who thinks they can find a
way of defending themselves.

- But one man is yet to take to the
stand.

- Speer had time to rethink his
strategy

and time to distinguish himself from
all the others.

The Hoss statement makes it clear for
Speer

that he has to condemn the regime as
evil.

On the morning of his
cross-examination,

Speer is well prepared.

For Speer, it's THE decisive moment of
his life.

He knows exactly what he wants to say,

he knows exactly how he wants to
present himself.

- JUDGE:
- Name, please.

Will you repeat this oath after me?

I swear by God...

..that I will speak the pure truth...

..and will withhold nothing.

You may sit down.

- In court, Speer is lying all the
time.

He shows sadness and horror.

Speer is an actor,

a successful actor.

- Speer has seen how denials alone
have been met by the court,

and so he gambles on taking a
different approach.

- Speer plays a clever game.

He takes a general responsibility for
the regime,

but he denies any personal guilt.

Speer denies any knowledge of
atrocities.

The only thing Speer admits to is

that he should have known...

..that he should've asked.

In reality, he knew.

- The tribunal will now adjourn.

- At the end of August 1946,

after nine gruelling months,

the hearing of evidence is at an end.

Rudolf Hoss is flown to Poland.

He has returned to the scene of his
crimes,

and he will be put on trial.

And in Nuremberg,

the verdicts are in.

JUDGE:
- Defendant Hermann Wilhelm Goring,

the International Military Tribunal

sentences you to death by hanging.

The record discloses no excuses for
this man.

- MUSIC: Requiem in D Minor by
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

- Tribunal finds that Speer is not
guilty on counts one and two,

but IS guilty under counts three and
four.

Defendant Albert Speer, the Tribunal
sentences you to 20 years in prison.

- Speer got away with his involvement
in Nazi crimes.

He definitely should have hanged.

But Speer was so clever in his
appearance,

and they want to believe him

and they want to believe that there is
a good Nazi,

a noble Nazi.

- It's a role he'll play for the rest
of his life.

Gustave Gilbert has endured the
harrowing year-long trial

alongside the defendants.

- Gustave Gilbert had to sit through

every single day of the Nuremberg
trials,

and he's kind of burnt out.

And there's something about weariness
and anger

with the defendants that is a bit
overwhelming for him.

- After the sentencing,

Gilbert makes a request to go home.

It's denied.

He must see out the executions.

- He is expected to carry out orders

and he has to stay to do a distasteful
task.

- Goring makes a request to the
Tribunal

to be shot by firing squad and not
hanged.

Goring is trying to say, "Can't you
respect me for what I am?

"I was the Reichsmarschall of the
Third Reich.

"I want to have a Reichsmarschall's
end.

"I don't want to be strung up like a
common criminal."

- It's Gilbert who's dispatched

to give the answer to Goring's final
request.

- I wonder if it was felt that Gilbert
was the best man for the job.

It's possible that he volunteers for
the job.

He's not going to see Goring alive
again, their dialogues are over.

I wonder whether he wants to tell
Goring what he thinks of him.

- You know, Goring really wants
Gilbert

to say something reassuring, perhaps.

He says, "What have you thought about
my personality?"

and Gilbert is...is candid.

He says, "You're a moral coward,

"you stand aside from responsibility".

Goring is not pleased by this
response.

Perhaps he realises there's a germ of
truth

in what it is that Gilbert's saying to
him.

He has spent much of the trial trying
to evade the worst.

- Gilbert delivers the last blow...

..news that Goring's request for a
firing squad has been denied.

- I wonder whether it was important

for Gilbert to have the last word

and to turn and walk away...

..leaving Goring under no illusions
what Dr Gilbert thought about him.

But Goring had no intention

of letting other people have the last
word.

- This must be the point at which
Goring is beginning to consider

that there might be another way to
evade the noose.

- The executions are due to take place
in just two hours' time...

..but Goring's already dead.

He's managed to get hold of a cyanide
capsule.

- Whether it was slipped in by a guard

or whether it was somehow hidden on
his person doesn't really matter.

The point is that Goring decided

he's not going to be hanged like a
common criminal,

he's going to kill himself.

- I suspect that Gilbert might feel

some kind of relief that Goring is
dead,

he might feel anger that he's escaped
the hanging.

But he might just feel glad that
perhaps, finally,

this chapter of his life is coming to
an end,

that however it's happened, it's
happened.

- Goring may have evaded the Allies'
penalty for his crimes...

..but he's emphatically failed

to keep his version of the Third
Reich's legacy alive.

- By the end of the trial, what we
have is a situation where

a extraordinary level of atrocity and
genocide

has been exposed,

and the Third Reich will always be
remembered

for the sheer scale of human damage.

- As he walks away from Nuremberg,

Gilbert's learnt that these are
ordinarily intelligent men.

He's learnt that they have a capacity
to deceive themselves,

and that you can use all kinds of
nationalist discourse

to convince yourself that you're doing
the right thing

when you're really doing the wrong
thing.

- DOOR CLATTERS

- With the execution of Hoss,

with the execution of other leading
Nazis,

full justice has not been served,

because the monstrosity of the Third
Reich's crimes

was so heinous, it was so
unprecedented,

that the process of reckoning with the
Nazi past

will probably never be complete.

- MUSIC: Moonlight Sonata No 14 by
Ludwig van Beethoven

The hunt continues.

- Eichmann knows that his options have
run out.

- Klaus Barbie was master of life and
death.

- All of a sudden, they're realising

that their star source is, in fact, a
monster.

- Justice was denied.

After the Second World War,

some of the worst war criminals in
history go to ground.

- Hoping that, in the near future,

their fortunes will change

and they would be players again.

- Many changed their names,

and the most-wanted flee to South America.

Others claim the Holocaust never happened,

or had nothing to do with them.

Told by historians and experts,

this is the story of the little-known
people

searching for truth and justice.

- Trying to confront this man who is
the murderer of her entire family.

It's a hostile environment.

- What kind of men are they? Are they
mad?

They must be mad.

- The hunt for Nazi war criminals

is without any parallel,

to my knowledge, either before or
since.

- It's a hunt taking place against the
backdrop of a world

that wants to forget and move on.

- Justice, for him, was everything.

- I'm upset that he died without being
in a cage.

- In 1945, Allied troops swept across
Germany,

bringing an end to 12 years of Nazi
rule.

With Hitler dead and his country in
ruins,

the surviving Nazi top brass were put
on trial in Nuremberg,

and there, held to account for their
crimes.

- Men, women and children

murdered in cold blood.

What rights has any man to mercy

who has played a part, however
indirectly,

in such a crime?

- But many wanted Nazis are still on
the run.

Among them, 39-year-old Adolf
Eichmann.

Eichmann led the notorious Jewish
Affairs Department...

..working under SS Commander Heinrich
Himmler,

the architect of the Final Solution.

Eichmann arranged the transportation

of millions of European Jews to death
camps.

His role was so important,

he was repeatedly singled out at the
Nuremberg trials.

TRANSLATION:

- Adolf Eichmann is one of the most
terrifying Nazis.

Eichmann encapsulates the essence of
Nazism -

a lethal cocktail between enormous
personal ambition on the one hand,

and a murderous ideology on the other.

Eichmann organised, with meticulous
bureaucratic coldness,

the murder of millions of Jews in
Europe.

- Eichmann may be a wanted man,

but he won't be easy to find.

Over seven million German prisoners of
war have been taken.

- This time, the Wehrmacht are really
beaten.

The master race of men are stripped of
their insignias,

de-loused, numbered.

- The Allies face a monumental task

in distinguishing common soldiers from
war criminals...

..and Eichmann takes full advantage.

- All SS men have a tattoo,

so he burns that off because he wants
to survive.

He is planning a future without his
identity as an SS officer

because he knows that if caught, if
put on trial,

he will almost certainly be executed.

- When Eichmann is arrested and put in
a POW camp,

he manages to hide his true identity.

Then, with the help of former SS
colleagues,

he obtains false papers.

Now known as Otto Henninger,

a forestry worker,

he manages to escape...

..and goes into hiding in the woods in
northern Germany.

- Eichmann has a huge ego.

He genuinely believes that he is
beyond reproach.

Eichmann even starts jotting down
notes

about his work for the SS.

He starts collecting newspaper
clippings about himself.

Eichmann is still a free man, living
under the radar.

It's almost absurd.

Like so many other Nazi perpetrators,

he wants above all to avoid justice.

- Eichmann is just one of thousands of
wanted Nazis who remain at large...

..but the hunt is on to find them.

At the end of the war,

the Allied victors had divided Germany

into four separate administrative
zones.

In the American-occupied zone,

the Counter Intelligence Corp - the
CIC -

are tasked with finding Nazis on the
run.

- The primary directive of the CIC

is to root out any vestiges of the
Nazis

and to bring those people to justice,

holding them accountable

for the crimes and atrocities they've
committed,

making sure the Nazis don't rise
again.

- Former US infantryman Robert Taylor

has been transferred into the CIC

to help track down wanted war
criminals.

- Robert Taylor really has no
background in intelligence.

He had done some small-town journalism
work.

He's not really prepared for this
pretty significant role.

In my experience,

there's all kinds of moral
ambiguities,

psychologically and emotionally,

that are entailed in the world of
espionage.

But Robert Taylor is kind of thrust
into this situation

with very little training.

It's a lot.

- In 1947,

the case of Nazi secret police chief
Klaus Barbie

lands on Taylor's desk.

Posted with the Gestapo to southern
France during the war,

Barbie became known as the Butcher of
Lyon.

His job was to track down suspected
communists

and members of the French Resistance.

- Not every Nazi perpetrator

was a born sadist and torturer...

..but Klaus Barbie certainly was.

He was master of life and death.

You know, he could wave his hand

and decide if somebody was to live or
was to die.

As head of the Gestapo in Lyon,

Klaus Barbie enjoyed torturing,

mistreating, causing pain.

He had a whole range of techniques -

electroshocks, boiling water, cutting
people.

Even after 1945,

he does not show any remorse, he
doesn't show any regret.

He still admires Hitler, the Nazi
regime.

- Despite Hitler's defeat,

Barbie is looking for a way to keep
Nazism alive.

He's being helped by a group of wanted
SS officers.

- The CIC become aware, through their
informants,

that Barbie has a network of former SS
personnel,

and it's operating within the American
Zone.

This is precisely what the Americans

and what the CIC have been afraid of.

- Klaus Barbie and his group are on
the run -

stealing, blackmailing,

but also procuring weapons.

They are plotting resistance against
Allied occupation,

hoping that, in the near future,

their fortunes will change

and they would be players again.

- Robert Taylor and the CIC know
immediately

that they have to gather intelligence
on this network

and they have to be able to quash it.

The CIC plan this highly-coordinated
swoop

to flush out all these former Nazis
and capture them.

They're going to unknown houses,

knocking on doors,

and they don't know what awaits them
on the other side.

It's a dangerous situation,

and failure is not an option.

- DOOR BANGS OPEN

MEN SHOUT

The Americans seize 70 Nazi suspects.

- This network is crushed...

..but at the same time, a key leader
escapes...

..and that leader is Klaus Barbie.

- Klaus Barbie has just barely avoided
arrest.

He's on his own, he has no place to
go.

His greatest fear

is getting caught and being executed
for his crimes,

and that is a real possibility.

- Then, events in the wider world

take an ominous turn.

Since the end of the war,

relations between the Western Allies
and Russia have deteriorated rapidly.

In Washington, President Truman tells
Congress

that the world faces a new ideological
battle.

"Communism", he says, "is now the
greatest threat".

- At the present moment,

nearly every nation must choose
between alternative ways of life.

One way of life is based upon the will
of the majority.

The second way of life relies upon
terror and oppression,

and the suppression of personal
freedom.

- CHEERING

Joseph Stalin now controls much of
Eastern Europe...

..and the Americans fear his vast
armies

could take over the Western world.

Battle lines are drawn for what's
being called the Cold War.

- Now, in the early Cold War years,
things are changing very quickly.

It's not so much arresting Nazis and
bringing them to justice,

but fighting the communists.

- PHONE RINGS

- By 1947, the geopolitical landscape
has shifted quite a bit,

and so has the mandate and the mindset
of the CIC.

Robert Taylor's thinking, "What is the
threat on the horizon?"

Not, "What is yesterday's threat?

"What is today and tomorrow's threat?"

Incredibly, the Nazis are not

a top intelligence priority for the
Americans at this time.

- As the West's attention shifts to
containing communism,

the CIC take their eye off wanted
Nazis

like Klaus Barbie.

- He's lucky.

He runs into a former comrade, Kurt
Merk,

who was stationed with him in France.

They couldn't believe the coincidence
to run into each other.

And then, of course, they talk about
the good old times.

Merk is clearly doing well for
himself,

he's well-dressed and looking good and
is in good spirits,

and Klaus Barbie is not.

- Former German intelligence officer
Kurt Merk

tells Barbie he may be able to help
him.

Merk arranges to meet an unlikely
contact...

..the CIC's Robert Taylor.

Taylor has been paying Merk to track
down suspected communists.

Now, Merk tells Taylor

he's found someone of even greater
value -

an old friend from France, Klaus
Barbie.

- When you're an intelligence officer
on the ground,

your mandate is to collect the best
intelligence you can.

So, Robert Taylor's not looking at
Klaus Barbie

as a former Nazi on our wanted list.

He's looking at Klaus Barbie as a
potential asset.

- Taylor could have Barbie arrested

and tried for his crimes...

..but instead, using Merk as an
intermediary,

he invites the Butcher of Lyon to join
them for lunch.

- For Klaus Barbie, it must be
nerve-racking,

very, very stressful.

Ultimately, he's risking a lot.

But a life of this kind,

always on the run,

is not sustainable.

- Taylor's there to make an assessment
of Barbie, to figure out,

does this person have what we call
placement and access?

Which is the placement and the ability
to access information

that the US Government might want.

- Barbie is a wanted war criminal,

so one would expect that this meeting

would have the form of an
interrogation,

but it's actually not.

It's more of a conversation.

- It always begins with rapport, and
that might surprise people.

They don't just get down to business.

So some time would've been spent just
making small talk,

maybe about Barbie's family or his
kids,

and Taylor giving a little information
about himself.

And that always happens before they
get down to brass tacks.

- Taylor makes the fervent Nazi an
extraordinary offer...

..to work as a US agent,

hunting communists in return for his
freedom.

- Taylor writes his thoughts after the
meeting,

and he was impressed by Barbie as,
quote,

"An honest man, both intellectually
and personally.

"Absolutely without nerves or fear.

"He is strongly anti-communist and a
Nazi idealist

"who believes that he and his beliefs
were betrayed by the Nazis in power."

Hearing that seems quite shocking.

But, in the game of intelligence and
espionage,

it's not unprecedented that the
enemy's enemy becomes my friend.

So the CIC is probably not doing a lot
of soul-searching.

These kind of cases happen all the
time.

- Once he gets the offer from the CIC,

it's pretty much a no-brainer for him.

- CHILD GIGGLES

- This gives Barbie the opportunity

to have a normal life with his family
again,

finally, after years of separation...

..constantly on the run and in hiding.

- The Americans find Barbie a new home

and offer him a generous monthly
salary.

- Klaus Barbie's back in the game,
he's fighting communists again.

- Within two years of Barbie's
recruitment,

Germany becomes a front line in the
deepening Cold War.

In 1949,

the four Allied occupied zones

are reshaped into two new countries -

a democratic West Germany

and a Soviet-controlled East.

NEWSREEL:
- East zone Germans stage a so-called
spontaneous demonstration.

On the Nazis' old stamping ground,
Unter den Linden,

Berliners see a show that rivals
Hitler's best.

- In East Berlin,

the Russians mark the birth of a new
nation

with a choreographed parade.

For Klaus Barbie,

the looming communist threat

means more guaranteed work.

But his fellow war criminal,

SS Officer Adolf Eichmann,

has no role to play in this new world.

His crimes are so well-known by now,

that no side will touch him.

Eichmann remains in hiding,

still living in the remote West German
countryside

as Otto Henninger.

- Eichmann experienced a huge fall
from power.

He starts working on a chicken farm.

How pathetic does that sound,

one of the chief architects of the
Holocaust

working on a chicken farm?

Eichmann's situation has become
untenable for him.

So he starts planning a future outside
of Germany.

- Eichmann intends to cross the border
into neighbouring Austria,

where he hopes to find help from Nazi
sympathisers.

Before he leaves West Germany,

he burns all his papers and cuttings,

erasing his trail.

- He's fed up with the idea that he
has to live under the radar,

he wants to live under his real
identity

and he wants to tell everyone in the
world

what great achievements he has made
during the Second World War.

He still believes that he has done
nothing wrong.

- But what Eichmann doesn't know

is there's one man who refuses to
forget his crimes.

Lawyer Fritz Bauer is a German-born
Jew.

He spent time in a concentration camp
in the '30s,

before fleeing to neutral Sweden.

Now, in 1949,

Bauer's returning home on a very
personal mission.

- Fritz Bauer wants to confront German
society with its past.

There was a fire burning in him.

The downfall of the Nazis was not a
magic cure to anti-Semitism.

Being Jewish makes him an outsider.

He is likely to ask some uncomfortable
questions...

..which nobody wants to hear.

- Fritz Bauer wants former Nazis like
Eichmann

to be held accountable for their
crimes,

but he's going to have to act alone.

When he looks around him,

he sees that more than half of the
judges he works alongside

were themselves members of the Nazi
Party.

- Fritz Bauer once said,

"As soon as I'm out of my office, I'm
in enemy territory,"

and that literally referred to the
building he was in.

The spirit of the Nazis was still very
present.

- TRANSLATION:

- Nobody cares to talk about the
things they did,

and he's angry, he's angry that many
people

don't seem to want to learn any
lessons from the past.

What message are you sending to the
survivors,

the few survivors that are coming back
to Germany,

like Fritz Bauer?

The message to them is, "You still
don't count,

"we still don't care for you."

- TRANSLATION:

Fritz Bauer's crusade to hunt Nazis

earns him few friends.

- He receives a huge amount of mail,

full of hate, full of outrage.

People saying, "Go back to where you
belong."

To some degree, it emboldens him,

it shows him he's going in the right
direction

and he is hitting on the right notes.

And on the other hand, it means he has
to be very careful.

- While Fritz Bauer begins his
campaign for justice,

US agent Klaus Barbie is feeling
untouchable.

- The Cold War is heating up,

and so, in a very short period of
time,

he had a large number of sources

informing Americans about communist
activities.

He gives them names and addresses and
contact information,

so his American handlers are happy
with him.

- But then, Barbie's reputation as the
Butcher of Lyon

catches up with him.

The French want to question him about
the torture and murder in 1943

of their wartime Resistance hero, Jean
Moulin.

- Everybody talks about Jean Moulin

as a national hero in France, as an
icon.

Every child knows about him,

and Klaus Barbie is one of the people

who murdered their national hero.

- When the French authorities demand
to interrogate Barbie,

the Americans have no choice but to
give him up for questioning.

But the CIC do so on their own terms.

- Barbie sees that the American
officer clearly has his back

and is shielding him.

He was kind of looking down on the
French

and belittling them almost, like,
"What do you want?

"I work for the Americans, right, you
cannot touch me."

- With the CIC's help,

Barbie is off the hook - again.

- One of the reasons I got out of
intelligence is because

I think it's very easy

to lose sight of your own moral
parameters

and for your moral compass to go quite
askew,

without you even realising it, before
it's too late.

And I think in this case,

what is appalling is that the CIC is
putting the interests

and safety of Klaus Barbie

above any kind of measure of
retribution or justice

for Barbie's victims.

- The list of crimes of Klaus Barbie
is very long.

He's probably most notorious for the
deportation of 44 Jewish children

from an orphanage near Lyon.

The youngest child was four years old
and the oldest 17.

Those children were arrested on his
order

and then murdered in Auschwitz.

- When a French newspaper breaks a
story

about Barbie's criminal past...

..the Americans are forced to act.

- This puts the CIC in an extremely
uncomfortable position,

because all of a sudden, they're
realising

that their star source is in fact a
monster.

It's at this point where I think we
can safely say

that the CIC is operating way outside
of its moral parameters.

- PHONE RINGS

- They decide that

the best thing to do is to make Barbie
disappear.

- In March 1951,

CIC agents accompany Barbie and his
young family

onto a train heading to Italy.

- It's not an option just to kill him
off,

and if we go killing our foreign
agents

or turning them over to the
authorities,

nobody's ever going to come work for
us in the future.

- Armed with false papers,

Klaus Barbie and his family

travel along a secret escape route -
the Ratline -

used to smuggle wanted Nazis out of
danger.

Using the Ratline,

they travel out of Germany,

through the Austrian Alps

to the Mediterranean port of Genoa.

In Genoa, the CIC put Barbie in touch

with a Vatican priest called Father
Draganovic.

They pay him to secure a safe passage
for Barbie

out of Europe altogether.

- Draganovic is a hard-core fascist
and anti-communist.

In his headquarters, he has war
criminals who are hiding as priests.

They're using code names,

they're using secret hideouts.

It all sounds very much like a James
Bond movie,

but it was real.

- Draganovic tells Barbie he's already
helped many wanted war criminals

flee to South America...

..in the hope that the Nazis may one
day return and rise again.

- Draganovic is not an exception.

There are many Catholic priests like
him helping a whole wave of Nazis

to leave the continent and start a new
life overseas.

- BOAT HORN BLOWS

Three weeks later,

Barbie and his family arrive safely at
the end of the Ratline,

7,000 miles away

in the Argentinian capital, Buenos
Aires.

In South America,

even the most notorious Nazis can find
refuge,

as sympathetic right-wing dictators
turn a blind eye to their crimes.

- Klaus Barbie is not the only one.

Thousands of Nazi perpetrators were
able to escape through the Ratline.

There is something really wrong here,

that justice was denied,

and the victims deserve justice.

- As Barbie makes his escape,

in the German town of Landsberg,

thousands of protesters demand
clemency

for Nazi war criminals held in the
local prison.

21 death sentences are overturned

and many other Nazi prisoners are
released early,

including members of an SS
extermination squad.

NEWSREEL:
- Convicted at Nuremberg, they now
walk out free men,

granted a reprieve.

They are greeted like heroes.

- The war has only been over for six
years,

but already, attitudes to Nazi crimes
are relaxing.

- In the 1950s,

Germany is a country that is starting
to prosper.

- People are very happy to look to the
future,

and they don't really feel a need to
look in the past.

People are willing to forget and to
forgive themselves.

- Lawyer Fritz Bauer pushes back
against this collective amnesia.

He's still determined to bring Nazi
Adolf Eichmann to justice.

In 1957,

he receives a letter from the Nazi
safe haven of Argentina.

But this letter isn't full of the
usual violent threats.

- Fritz Bauer had, for a number of
years,

been trying to find out where Adolf
Eichmann had escaped to

and where he was living.

But when he opens the letter,

he's surprised to find a message

from a German Jew living in Argentina,

called Lothar Hermann,

who tells him that Adolf Eichmann

is living under a false name in
Argentina

with his wife and his children.

To Fritz Bauer,

this was incredibly valuable
information.

And it's served to him on a platter.

- Bauer is reluctant to share his
tip-off with his colleagues.

He still can't trust anyone working
around him.

- Fritz Bauer realises

there are too many people in the
police, in the prosecution,

who would want to tip off Eichmann and
to allow him to escape.

Who could he turn to?

So, it's only Fritz Bauer

who is interested in catching Adolf
Eichmann

and putting him on trial.

In this situation, he takes matters
into his own hands

to seek contact with the Israelis.

- MUSIC: Zo Ahava by A Uzan & Philippe
Guez

In 1959,

Bauer travels to the newly created
state of Israel.

There, he makes contact with Isser
Harel,

the chief of Mossad,

the Israeli intelligence agency.

- Catching a Nazi, it's not a priority
in the Mossad.

The priority for the Mossad

is to find information

about the Arab states that surround
Israel

and that want to destroy the young
country.

- Fritz Bauer's very disappointed with
Mossad.

It turns out they're very hesitant and
very careful.

It's kind of reverse of what one would
expect -

this elderly German man with a tie and
suit

and these young Israeli secret agents,

and he's the one who's telling them to
be more aggressive.

- To persuade Mossad to take on the
case,

Bauer gives Harel an ultimatum -

if Mossad doesn't act,

he'll go to the press,

and then their chance to catch
Eichmann by surprise will be lost.

- His gamble is successful.

The head of Mossad promises to give it
a shot,

and to see whether they can catch
Eichmann.

- PHONE RINGS

With his government's backing,

Harel agrees to bring Eichmann back to
Israel to stand trial.

But he knows the scale of the
challenge.

There is no extradition treaty between
Israel and Argentina,

so Eichmann must be kidnapped and
secretly smuggled back alive,

without the Argentinian authorities
finding out.

- This is a very rare and very
important operation.

To smuggle him alive to Israel is
very, very complicated.

Isser Harel needs to think about all
the small details.

There is plan A, there is plan B,
there is plan C.

There is no place for failure here.

24/7, he's dreaming about it.

But the big failure can be that this
is the wrong guy.

- Isser Harel sends Mossad agents to
Buenos Aires.

They confirm Eichmann is living there,

under the pseudonym Riccardo Klement,

and he's working in a Mercedes car
factory.

GOESCHEL:
- The Mossad agents start observing
Eichmann,

they start following him to and from
work,

and his family home.

Eichmann is living with impunity.

He is not afraid of anything.

- CAMERA CLICKS

- He even allows people to take his
photograph.

- CAMERA CLICKS

- He really feels safe from Allied
prosecution.

- CAMERA CLICKS

Wednesday evening, 7:30.

Adolf Eichmann is on his way home by
bus.

Parked near his usual stop

are four Mossad agents,

pretending their car has broken down.

Their chief, Isser Harel,

waits in a nearby cafe.

AVRAHAM:
- He don't have any connection with
them -

no telephone, nothing.

He just need to wait and pray.

Even if you are not religious, you
need to pray sometimes.

One of the agents approaches him and
say, "Momentito, senor."

It means, "Excuse me."

This is a very dangerous moment in the
operation

because his wife and kids at home,

and it was isolated area, very quiet,

so if you scream, they can hear you.

- Surprisingly, Eichmann doesn't try
to fight back.

He is resigned to his fate.

He is now a prisoner of the Israeli
Government.

Eichmann knows that his options have
run out.

- Isser Harel was shocked when he saw
Adolf Eichmann.

He ask himself, "This is Adolf
Eichmann,

"the Nazi, the head of the Jewish
Department,

"the one that was the architect of the
killing machine?"

This short guy,

this grey man,

this miserable runt.

- As Mossad secretly fly Eichmann back
to Israel to stand trial,

lawyer Fritz Bauer meets an Israeli
diplomat in Frankfurt.

- The first thing that the contact
says is, "We've got him."

Fritz Bauer finds out before the world
finds out.

He has this sweet moment of triumph.

- But Bauer's part in the operation
can never be known.

By aiding and abetting the Israelis to
kidnap a German national...

..Bauer's broken the law.

- Fritz Bauer had the courage to put
his career at risk,

maybe even his personal freedom.

He had the courage to say no,

courage not to go along with everybody
else,

not to choose the comfortable road.

But he has to take this secret into
his grave.

He will never be able to receive
applause openly,

and others will take the credit.

- TRANSLATION:

CAMERA CLICKS

NEWSREEL:
- Here in Israel, Adolf Eichmann faces

probably the most appalling list of
charges

ever to be levelled against a single
human being.

The Israelis are trying to place
before the conscience of the world

the full facts of how the Nazis tried
literally to exterminate

millions of the Jewish people in
Europe.

- The Eichmann trial is televised
across the globe.

This is the first time a major Nazi
war criminal

is put on trial by the state of
Israel.

That is a huge moment.

Eichmann knows he will face justice.

- NEWSREEL:
- The accused, together with others,

during the period 1939 to 1945,

caused the killing of millions of Jews

in his capacity as the person
responsible

for the execution of the Nazi plan

for the physical extermination of the
Jews,

known as the Final Solution of the
Jewish problem.

- The list of charges against Eichmann
is so long,

it takes the judges over an hour to
read them out.

TRANSLATION:

GOESCHEL:
- Eichmann claims that he is innocent.

He presents himself as a bureaucrat

who simply followed orders.

But over and over again,

he cannot hide his real identity.

- Israel, at the time,

is suffering from an inability

to speak about the unspeakable crimes.

And when finally Eichmann is put on
trial in Jerusalem,

the victims have their voices heard,

people see that they're not alone,

see that they can get respect and
understanding and empathy

for what they went through.

There's a great value in having a
trial as a therapeutic moment,

as a cathartic moment.

- Two months into the trial,

the court is shown footage of the
Holocaust...

..including the silent images shot by
the Nazis themselves

in the Netherlands in 1944,

of trains taking men, women and
children

to Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp.

A system of genocide

overseen by Eichmann himself.

MAN SPEAKS FRENCH

NEWSREEL:
- This is Patrick Smith

calling Radio Newsreel from Jerusalem.

- Eight months after he first entered
the court,

Eichmann prepares for judgment.

- Eichmann heard his verdict, standing
stiffly to attention.

"The court convicts you of crimes
against the Jewish people,

"crimes against humanity and of war
crimes."

- Eichmann is found guilty on all
counts.

He's sentenced to death.

Before his execution,

the Israeli authorities give Eichmann

the chance to meet a priest.

The priest asks Eichmann whether he
repents.

Eichmann says, "No."

And then he is led to the gallows.

- NEWSREEL:
- Eichmann was brought to justice and
sentenced and executed

by survivors of the very people he
sought to exterminate.

"He saw the backs of our dead," writes
one paper.

"He met us face-to-face."

- His father isn't dead.

He was accused of these terrible
crimes.

- This destroys her world, the way she
has seen it until that moment.

- For Klaus Barbie,

one of his worst fears is now coming
true.

- Speer wants to dominate the
interpretation of the Third Reich.

APPLAUSE

West Germany is now a prosperous
democracy.

Kurt Kiesinger is the Chancellor.

He is speaking at his party's annual
conference.

But 29-year-old Beate Klarsfeld

has discovered a dark secret about
Kiesinger...

..and she wants to tell the world.

- When she finally obtains a press
card

and is standing in the main hall
pressing a notebook to her body,

pretending she's a journalist,

she is extremely nervous, extremely
tense.

She knows how risky this is.

She approaches Kiesinger from
behind...

..and she slaps him into the face,
shouting, "Nazi! Nazi!"

- Kiesinger is one of many former
Nazis

who have returned to positions of
power in Germany.

- The fact that a former Nazi

can become Head of State of Western
Germany

is absolutely inacceptable and
scandalous to Beate.

She's doing this to wake up the German
population.

It's a warning sign that the younger
people

are not accepting this any more.

- MUSIC: Lacrimosa from Mozart's
Requiem in D minor

After the Second World War,

some of the worst war criminals in
history go to ground.

- Hoping that in the near future,
their fortunes will change

and they would be players again.

- Many change their names.

And the most wanted flee to South
America.

Others claim the Holocaust never
happened

or had nothing to do with them.

Told by historians and experts,

this is the story of the little-known
people

searching for truth and justice.

- Trying to confront this man who is
the murderer of her entire family.

It's a hostile environment.

- What kind of men are they? Are they
mad?

They must be mad.

- The hunt for Nazi war criminals is
without any parallel,

to my knowledge, either before or
since.

- It's a hunt taking place against the
backdrop of a world

that wants to forget and move on.

- Justice for him was everything.

- I'm upset that he died without being
in a cage.

- By the 1960s, the Second World War
is a distant memory.

Official Nazi hunting ended over a
decade ago.

But there are a handful of people
still determined

to bring the thousands of Nazi war
criminals still at large to justice.

They've tracked down an anonymous Nazi
bureaucrat - Adolf Eichmann...

..the man who organised the Final
Solution.

- Adolf Eichmann faces the most
appalling list of charges

ever to be levelled against a single
human being.

- Eichmann is found guilty and
executed.

As news of his fate spreads...

..it sends a signal to the murderers
and torturers

who have been leading ordinary lives
ever since.

They might not be safe after all.

One of them is Josef Mengele...

..former SS officer and physician at
the largest Nazi death camp,

Auschwitz-Birkenau.

- He wasn't somebody in World War II
that anybody who was at the top

of the Third Reich would have ever
heard of.

The only people that knew him were the
survivors of Auschwitz.

For them, he was the most important
highest ranking Nazi of them all.

And he thought that he could, in
Auschwitz,

use the people who were being sent
there to die

as experiments to advance the cause

of this sort of Nazi racial science
and eugenics

that had just exploded since the time
Hitler came to power in '33.

And why is it that Mengele stands out?

Not just because he did so much, but
because of who he did it on.

He did it on children.

Most of his experiment victims were
twins.

One twin is the control, one twin is
the experiment.

Over a period of time, he does a
series of experiments.

Some of them involved trying to turn
eyes into blue eyes.

There's a wall of eyes,

a wall of eyes that are pinned to a
bulletin board.

His barbarity becomes more unchained
and worse the longer he's there.

- For over a decade, Mengele has been
living

in the right-wing military
dictatorships

of Argentina and Paraguay,

where thousands of former Nazis
escaped to after the war.

- Going to the finest cafes in Buenos
Aires,

hanging out with architects, talking
about German music,

taking skiing vacations in Bariloche
up in the mountains.

The kidnapping of Eichmann, his trial
and his execution

puts into Mengele the foundations for
paranoia.

For the first time since the end of
World War II,

the man who was responsible for
sending hundreds of thousands

to their death, and experimented on
thousands of children

in ways that are absolutely gruesome
and horrendous, is afraid.

- Mengele feels he has no option but
to flee his comfortable city life.

- Being in the phone book, having a
medical supply business -

poof, out, finished.

Now you're the fugitive.

- Back in Germany, there could be a
more serious threat to Mengele

from within his own family.

His son, Rolf, has been growing up
unaware of his father's existence.

- So, Rolf Mengele in 1960, 16 years
of age,

is a pretty typical 16-year-old.

He's not burdened by any sense of
history,

or family legacy, or World War II.

He believes his own father died a war
hero on the Eastern front.

That's all he needs to know.

- Now Rolf's 16,

his family decide it's time to come
clean about his father.

- He is called in and what he
learns...

..in a discussion with his family,

from the people that he trusts the
most,

the people that he views as having
raised him,

is that they have had this terrible
lie about his life.

His father isn't dead.

He's still alive.

He's not in Germany, he's in South
America.

And not only was he alive,

he was accused of these terrible
crimes in the war.

You want to turn an adolescent's world
upside down?

Have it be Rolf Mengele.

- As the children of the Third Reich
come of age,

many start to ask questions about
their country's past.

21-year-old Beate Kunzel has just
moved from Berlin

to start a new life in Paris.

- It's a beautiful city, so different
from the monotony of Berlin.

When Beate arrives in Paris,

she feels a huge sense of liberation
and relief.

- Beate soon falls in love with a
young Parisian

called Serge Klarsfeld.

- Serge tells Beate that he's Jewish

and that his father was deported to
Auschwitz and murdered there.

He's the one who tells her for the
first time

about the extermination of Jewish
people.

And that turns her world upside down.

Beate is shocked, she's surprised,
she's moved,

but her first reaction is to hold
back.

She has rarely heard a good word about
the Jews

and she was told to be suspicious of
Jewish people.

- Beate was just six years old when
the war ended.

- Beate remembers that time full of
confusion,

full of despair, bitterness, hunger,
poverty.

She played in the ruins of Berlin,

but she didn't really understand what
happened during the Nazi years.

Nobody talked about the extermination
of the Jewish people.

If she would have asked questions,

she probably wouldn't have gotten any
responses.

The more Serge tells her about the
brutal reality of Nazism,

and the more she understands what had
happened

to millions of Jews during that time,

it destroys her world the way she has
seen it until that moment.

Learning from Serge and his tragic
family story

changes the way Beate thinks about
being German and about Germany.

I feel very close to Beate in a sense
that when I, as a German,

got married to my Jewish husband,
Pascal,

and learned about his tragic family
story,

it shaped my way of how I feel of
being German

and it made me a German of conscience
and awareness.

- Five years later, Beate is married
to Serge.

Haunted by the fact that it was her
people who murdered his father,

she wants to right the wrongs of her
country's past.

- Beate's story is a classic
coming-of-age story.

As soon as she breaks free and chooses
her own way,

she wakes up, she can blossom,

and she discovers who she really is
and what she is capable of doing.

She finds, in those years, her true
calling,

pursuing justice on behalf of millions
of victims

of the Holocaust.

She doesn't really have much time on
her hands,

but still every minute she and Serge
have,

they dedicate to collect and compile
all the information

of former Nazis and victims they can.

Considering where her life begins...

..her transformation is even more
remarkable.

- Beate focuses on Nazis who were
active in occupied France

when Serge's father was deported to
Auschwitz.

One of the worst of them is former SS
officer Klaus Barbie.

In 1942, aged 29,

he became a Nazi Secret Police Chief
in Southern France.

He was known as the Butcher of Lyon

because of his reputation for extreme
cruelty.

- He was responsible for the arrest

of thousands of Jews hiding in France

and resistance fighters, torturing
them, killing them.

He seems to have taken great joy out
of causing pain to his victims.

- But Barbie is most notorious for
sending 44 French children

to their deaths at Auschwitz.

After the war, to avoid capture,

he secretly worked as an informant for
American intelligence,

as the Cold War began to escalate.

Then, in 1951,

his reputation as a torturer and
murderer caught up with him

and he was forced to flee Europe via
the Nazi Ratline for Bolivia.

He's been living here for 15 years
under the alias Klaus Altmann.

- He has a network of Nazi comrades he
can rely on.

He can be very social, he can be very
charming.

Having beers, talking about Germany,
Europe, the good old times,

is something that he enjoys to do.

But while doing that, he also doesn't
hold back sometimes

of his views.

He makes pretty clear he still admires
Hitler,

the Nazi regime, that he is an
anti-Semite, he hates the Jews.

- It's not just fellow Germans that
Barbie's in cahoots with.

His anti-Communist views and knowledge
of torture techniques

make him useful to the right-wing
military dictatorship

here in Bolivia.

- He's back into the game in Bolivia
in the 1960s.

He was very much attracted to their
ideology...

..the world of the military, spies and
terrorism

and intelligence and double agents and
coup d'etats.

All of that reminded him of the past
years of his life

where he had the most power and had
this career.

He could have stayed away, but he
didn't.

- Beate gathers evidence about
Barbie's crimes.

She lobbies the French government

to help her track him down and bring
him to justice.

Beate's challenge is that in the
1960s,

the German economy is booming.

People's lives are on the up,

so the last thing on their minds is
bringing old Nazis to justice.

- In those years, Beate is the moral
conscience of Europe.

She has this internal conviction.

In that way, she is absolutely unique.

Some older Germans think she is just
very annoying,

a young woman who was a child during
the war,

who doesn't know much, who just makes
a lot of noise.

But she is relentless and she's
unstoppable.

- And Beate is right to be concerned.

One high-ranking Nazi is about to be
released

from a 20-year prison sentence.

At one minute to midnight, Albert
Speer,

Hitler's once close friend and
Armaments Minister,

appears in a top-of-the-range
Mercedes.

CHEERING AND APPLAUSE

- Yeah.

A pop star, a rock star is leaving
prison.

- Speer escaped the noose at Nuremberg

after playing a clever game in court.

- Speer was deeply involved in the
persecution of the Jews.

In close cooperation with Himmler,

he prepared the deportation of Berlin
Jews to concentration camps.

He definitely should have hanged.

He's happy that he has survived
Spandau

and that, now, he can look into the
future.

- Now, I am no linguist, you see,

but I can tell you that I am quite
glad to be outside here.

Ja, danke schon.

- Speer sees an opportunity to
capitalise on his celebrity status.

Whilst in prison, he's been writing
his memoirs.

Shortly after his release, he has
lunch with a publisher.

- He knows that the public is eager to
hear from him,

what he has to say about Hitler,
because he was so close.

And the difference between him

and the other members of Hitler's
inner circle

is that he is ready to talk.

He wants to dominate the
interpretation of the Third Reich.

- Speer has every reason to think he
will regain his former status.

Against a backdrop of collective
amnesia in West Germany,

former Nazis are doing very well for
themselves.

In the 1960s, they make up over half
the country's lawyers and judges,

a third of Members of Parliament and
half of all civil servants.

Right at the top of the tree

is the new German Chancellor, Kurt
Kiesinger,

a former high-ranking Nazi

who disseminated anti-Semitic
propaganda.

Any hope of changing this old world
order

now rests with a new generation.

In 1968, students around the world
protest against state militaries,

bureaucracy and civil injustice.

Young people everywhere

are challenging the status quo of
their parents.

For young Germans, this is more
complicated than for most,

particularly if you are Rolf Mengele.

- You could be in the new German
generation and move forward

and be worried about the issues that
were driving students' movements.

But if your father was a wanted war
criminal,

that was hanging in the back of your
mind constantly during this period.

So, to be Mengele's son

was the worst possible child to be of
a Nazi, in Rolf's view.

And he carried that with him.

Then it became more of an anchor
around his neck.

- Josef Mengele is now living in rural
isolation in Brazil,

oblivious to the new ideas taking hold
in the wider world.

- He's now stuck pretty much on this
farm.

He doesn't go into town, he doesn't go
shopping,

he doesn't decide to meet other
people.

When he does venture a little bit away
from the farmhouse,

he makes sure that he has this pack of
stray dogs with him.

This was a period in which he had had
his world pulled out from under him,

afraid he was going to be caught,
executed and humiliated.

- Feeling isolated, Mengele decides to
reach out to his son.

- I believe that Rolf would have
preferred

that his father did not write to him.

I believe that Rolf would have been
quite relieved

if he got the news, somebody said,
"Your father's dead."

- The letters force Rolf to confront
the real possibility

of turning his father in.

- His father is on the run longer than
any other,

and he knows his father's alive and
where he is

and is in communication with him.

Rolf must resolve for himself this
moral quandary -

"What did my father do?", and how much
responsibility he had.

He can't find that out by writing
letters to him.

He must travel to South America and
confront his father.

- Three years after his release from
prison,

Speer's much-awaited memoir - Inside
the Third Reich -

is published.

As the surviving member of Hitler's
close inner circle,

this could be his chance to tell the
truth about the Nazi regime.

- Speer depicts Hitler as the big,
huge, god-like Fuhrer...

..and all others are kind of
manipulated.

Speer appears in his memoirs as a
victim, a victim of Hitler,

who just wanted to be an architect,
who was innocent,

a young, ambitious man who - by chance
-

met the dictator.

- Rather than speaking truthfully for
the sake of history,

Speer speaks for the sake of himself.

It's the same strategy he used to save
himself from execution

at the Nuremberg trials 25 years ago.

- Speer plays a clever game.

In his memoirs, Speer appears as a
witness.

He is not a perpetrator.

He admits a general responsibility for
the regime,

but he denies any personal guilt

for the atrocities committed by the
Nazis.

He knows perfectly well that he's
lying.

- Speer makes countless public
appearances.

- I thought that you are prepared to
admit that you knew about Auschwitz.

- Well, erm...
- You didn't pursue your enquiries

to discover the dimensions of what was
happening.
- No, no...

- But surely you knew about Auschwitz
and...

- No, that's not, it's not... I didn't
write that.

You know that the Final Solution was a
secret

and it was a secret to me too.

- There are still many, many problems,

many problems of trying to comprehend,
trying to understand.

I wouldn't want to say, for myself,

that you cleared up all of those
problems today.

- Well, to me, nowadays, it's
incomprehensible too.

But I was thinking as a specialist and
not thinking as a human being.

And it was so specialised in my job as
an architect, as I was,

that I forgot that humanity is the
most important part of life.

- But is your life a tranquil life
now?

Or are you haunted by recollections
all the time?

- I think I got rid of what happened
by writing this book.

This happens often and I'm not haunted
at all.

- His legend works because he eases
the conscience of the Germans.

He provides an exonerating story - an
alibi -

for all Germans.

"If Speer had not known,

"how could we have known about the
atrocities?"

Speer is their symbol, they believe
him.

His book is their Bible.

- Inside the Third Reich becomes an
instant bestseller...

..and within a year, Speer has earned

almost a million Deutschmarks in
royalties.

He becomes a wealthy man again.

MAN SPEAKS GERMAN

On the other side of the world,

another prominent Nazi is about to hit
the headlines.

THEY SPEAK GERMAN

Beate Klarsfeld has tracked down a
Klaus Altmann living in La Paz,

whom she strongly suspects is Klaus
Barbie, the Butcher of Lyon.

UNTRANSLATED

After being approached by a
journalist,

Altmann is now giving an interview.

- Maybe he was so convinced of himself

that giving an interview to kind of
push forward,

go into counterattack and telling the
world,

"No, you're wrong, I'm telling you
honestly here,

"I'm not hiding, I'm not this person,
I'm not Klaus Barbie."

Maybe he was under the illusion that
this strategy would work.

And so the French journalist starts
asking questions

and they continue their conversation
in German.

But then a very clever trick by the
French journalist is

in the middle of the German
conversation,

he asked Altmann - Barbie - a question
in French.

And Altmann - Barbie -

understands the question perfectly
well and responds.

It is not proof,

but it is an indication that this
Altmann is lying.

- This is sensational.

Showing that he understands French
means that this is Klaus Barbie,

this is not Klaus Altmann.

This is the Butcher of Lyon,

one of the most horrible, atrocious
war criminals.

And now she knows where he is,

and she knows also that she needs to
use this momentum

to get as much international publicity
as she can,

to increase the pressure on both the
Bolivian

and the French governments to
extradite him,

so that he can finally be tried and
brought to justice.

- Days later, Beate flies to La Paz.

Accompanying her is Ita Halaunbrenner.

Barbie murdered her husband during the
war...

..and her two young daughters were
among the 44 children

Barbie sent to die at Auschwitz.

- Bringing one of Barbie's victims to
Bolivia

and let her tell her own life story

and the tremendous, horrible losses
she suffered under Barbie is...

It's the most effective thing she can
do.

Let the victim talk.

Going to Bolivia is very risky.

It's a hostile environment.

This country is a right-wing military
dictatorship.

But, of course, Beate being Beate, she
does whatever she wants.

She is not scared by that.

- Unsurprisingly, Barbie refuses to
meet Beate and Ita,

so they chain themselves to a bench
outside his office.

TELEPHONE RINGS

- Klaus Barbie is used to spies and
intelligence

and blackmail and double agents and
betrayal.

And then he is confronting now

an opponent which totally don't fit
the bill.

They are morally upright people.

They're standing for a good cause.
They have no hidden agenda.

It must have been very confusing to
him.

- When Beate is asked what those
chains mean,

she says, "Those are the chains that
link Bolivia to Nazism."

The police arrive, confiscate the
signs,

but that doesn't stop Beate and Ita.

They remain on the bench, calling for
Barbie's extradition.

- Beate realises her attempts to
capture Barbie are futile

when a government official tells her
Bolivia is a protected asylum

and those who take refuge there are
sacrosanct.

Within days, Beate is arrested and
deported back to France.

The Butcher of Lyon is safe for now.

But the publicity generated around
Beate's visit

has exposed his crimes to the world

and he decides he needs to retaliate.

Mirna Murillo is one of the
journalists

who reported on Barbie's crimes in the
wake of Beate's visit.

- So, listening to her testimony, it
almost feels like time travelling.

Nothing has changed.

We are back into Lyon at the Gestapo
headquarters.

You know, Klaus Barbie sneaking in and
looking at her...

..it almost seems like he wants to
send out a signal,

that he is in charge, that he can pull
this off,

that this can happen to anyone who
tries to get after him.

- Rolf Mengele has finally decided to
travel to South America

to confront his father, Josef Mengele,

about the crimes he committed at
Auschwitz.

- What he hopes he will hear is his
father to say,

"Auschwitz, that was really a terrible
place.

"I hated it. I never wanted to be
there, but I had to.

"I couldn't leave.

"And I've been tortured by it and I
wake up at nights

"and it's a nightmare for me and I
don't know what to do."

Rolf's approach is not to be
confrontational at the start.

Josef is the one who takes the issue
of Auschwitz.

At first, he says, "I was ordered to
do that.

"They were my orders. I didn't invent
Auschwitz."

Yes, he's just a functionary, he's a
cog in the big machine.

Rolf lets that go on for quite a while

before he then turns the tables

into becoming the cross-examining
attorney and pushing his father.

Then, "If you felt like that, why
didn't you do this?

"Why didn't you turn yourself in?

"Why don't you go ahead and tell the
world what happened?"

And at that moment, there is a
breaking point.

The real ideologue comes out, the real
Nazi comes out,

the real eugenics scientist who
thought that he was at the forefront

of engineering a master race -

"Those children, who are now adults,
who describe the experiments

"and for which I am wanted would have
been dead

"if I hadn't pulled them aside and
saved their lives."

And in his warped vision of the world,

he should be thanked for that.

He is captured in this World War II
nationalist,

socialist ideology and medical
quackery about superior races

and he cannot come out of it, because
to do so would be to shatter

his carefully thought of defence as to
why he's not a monster.

He's not going to admit it in front of
his son,

he can't come close to admitting it.

And Rolf understands that.

It's clear as a bell.

He's learned all he needs to know

about his unrepentant, war criminal
father.

- Rolf is now key to facilitating the
wheels of justice.

- What is most important after the
visit

is what Rolf decides not to do.

I'd like Rolf to storm out of the
house and get on a plane

and fly back to Germany and say, "You
are a criminal",

and call up the police.

Of course that's what I would like.
But he doesn't do that.

He now knows that if his father is put
on trial,

it's a disaster for the family,

because his father is not going to
say, "I'm sorry, I plead guilty,"

and it's going to be humiliating and
personally destructive

for anybody connected to Josef
Mengele.

I absolutely criticise him.

You had a duty to the victims.

He could have done things differently.

- In 1978, after decades of denial
about the crimes of the Nazis,

a big budget TV drama series, The
Holocaust,

is broadcast in the US and a year
later in Germany.

- Holocaust research started really
seriously out in the 1960s.

It started with academics at
universities.

But that didn't reach a wider audience
at first.

- When the Holocaust television series
runs,

it is as if a light switch turns on in
Germany

and in other countries about the
crimes of World War II.

This television event brings it home
into everybody's living room.

They were able to see it, they talked
about it, it's high rated.

- The Holocaust mini-series changed
how the Germans viewed themselves.

The series is like a mirror.

For many of them,

this is the first time - even if it is
fictitious -

to see what happened in the gas
chambers

and in the concentration camps.

It is a unique way of showing Germans

what they inflicted on Jewish people.

- CHANTING

In this era of public awakening about
Germany's dark past,

Josef Mengele features in popular
culture as the ultimate bogeyman.

- He now becomes the focus of all of
the attention of Nazi hunters.

He becomes the Angel of Death, the
fugitive still missing.

In 1976, there was a movie, Marathon
Man,

based upon a character that looks like
Mengele.

The year after that, there's a movie
made,

Boys from Brazil, in which he's named.

- But his son Rolf continues to stay
silent

about his father's whereabouts.

Then Rolf gets a visit from one of his
father's contacts.

Josef Mengele has drowned after
suffering a stroke

while swimming off the coast of
Brazil.

- When Rolf first got the news about
his father's death in 1979,

it was a tremendous relief -

because Josef Mengele, his father, was
an obligation,

was a burden that he had to think
about in the back of his mind.

Much better that resolution than a
trial.

He's then faced with a much lower bar
to pass the moral,

you know, test of doing the right
thing -

stop the hunt for his father,

so that the people who were his
victims at Auschwitz

don't keep looking for this ghost.

If he wasn't going to turn him in,

which would have been the dream
scenario,

then at the very least to have told us
he was dead.

- It's not until six years later,

when the New York Times breaks a story

that Mengele's remains have been
discovered in Brazil,

that the hunt for the Angel of Death
comes to an end.

- I'm upset that he died without being
in a cage.

Having Mengele, who had blood on his
hands,

who was in the heart of the Final
Solution at Auschwitz,

testifying in a trial

would have been remarkably important
for history.

We're robbed of that. He got away.

- Closer to home, Albert Speer is
being interviewed

about his architecture for a BBC
documentary.

- Hitler's hobby was architecture, and
it was difficult to change his,

erm, his designs...

..without offending him.

- At the end of his life,

Speer still likes to be a celebrity
and he does interviews.

But at the same time,

Speer is annoyed by talking always
about the past.

He wants to have a present again.

He flees Germany, he flees his own
myth.

Speer has a relationship with a German
woman living in London.

When he's in England, he's kind of
unknown.

After the interview, he met his
girlfriend in a hotel in London

and he suffered a stroke and he died
on that same day.

He prolonged the war and he was
responsible for millions of deaths.

He is a perpetrator, but at the same
time, he got away with everything.

Speer's legacy is not his
architecture...

..but his Nazi past.

- Beate Klarsfeld now has to find the
Nazis still out there

before it's too late.

After almost two decades of struggling
for justice,

Beate and her husband, Serge,

are among the most prolific Nazi
hunters in the world.

- The Klarsfelds are well known
throughout Europe

for their very interesting home
movies.

- It was very easy to find Herbert
Hagen,

and Beate jumped immediately to the
car and I told him,

"Are you the same Mr Hagen

"who was one of the highest leaders of
the Gestapo in France?"

- As a result of their direct action,

former SS officer Herbert Hagen is
brought to trial for his role

in the deportation of 73,000 Jews to
Auschwitz...

..as is another of their targets, Kurt
Lischka...

..who they had even attempted to
kidnap in the 1970s.

And Chancellor Kurt Kiesinger is voted
out of power

a year after Beate revealed his Nazi
past with a slap.

But the Nazi at the top of Beate's
case file, Klaus Barbie,

continues to elude her...

..until the 1980s.

CHANTING

In Bolivia, a new left-leaning

democratically elected government
takes power.

CHANTING

- The new government declares to come
to a conclusion

and to deal with Klaus Altmann, Klaus
Barbie.

He cannot rely on the political
establishment

and the protection any more of the
military

that he could rely on for so many
years now.

The new government, from his point of
view, is the enemy.

And also, the times have changed.
We're now in the '80s.

The world understands much more what
happened,

the nature of the Nazi regime, the
nature of its crimes

and also the role of Klaus Barbie in
it.

So, it does not look very good for
him.

His days in Bolivia are numbered.

- WOMAN SPEAKS GERMAN

- Beate knows now this is her moment,

this is the time she's been waiting
for for over ten years,

and she immediately jumps into action.

She knows she only has a very small
window of opportunity,

maybe just a few days.

She simultaneously negotiates with the
Bolivian government

and the French government.

Her biggest priority now is to make
sure

that if he gets extradited that he's
not being sent to Germany,

where the sentence could be much less
than in France.

This could be potentially the biggest
victory

of her lifelong fight.

- Under Bolivian law, Barbie can only
be arrested

and extradited for a crime he's
committed in Bolivia.

But the authorities are already one
step ahead.

They discover that Barbie has an
unpaid business debt.

On the 4th of February 1983,

the Butcher of Lyon is finally forced

to leave his South American safe
haven.

- One of his first fears...

..is now coming true -

that he is being handed over to the
French.

He wanted to avoid this by all means
possible.

To be forced to return to the scene of
the crime,

this is the worst possible outcome.

He is not the strong, self-confident
Klaus Barbie

that can survive everything.

He is really a broken man from that
point on

and his will seems to be broken.

I think this is the surrender that he
avoided in May 1945.

This is his personal surrender.

- On arrival in France,

Barbie is taken to Montluc jail in
Lyon,

where he personally tortured so many
of his victims 40 years ago.

Here he remains until his trial.

- She is the engine behind all this.

There can't be any justice for the
murder of 6 million people,

but what those trials can bring is
some redemption to the many victims.

She also knows this is just a
milestone and her fight continues

as long as others are still free and unpunished.