All language subtitles for Fog of War

Is this chart at a reasonable
height for you?

Or do you want it lowered?

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- All right.

Earlier tonight...

Let me first ask the TV.
Are you ready?

All set?

Let me hear your voice level,
so it's the same.

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Terrific.

Now, I remember exactly
the sentence I left off on.

I remember how it started,
and I was cut off in the middle.

You can fix it up.

I don't want to go back, because
I know exactly what I wanted to say.

- Go ahead!
- Okay.

Any military commander
who is honest with himself...

...or with those he's
speaking to will admit...

...that he has made mistakes
in the application of military power.

He's killed people, unnecessarily.

His own troops or other troops.

Through mistakes,
through errors of judgment.

A hundred, or thousands, or tens of
thousands, maybe even 100,000.

But he hasn't destroyed nations.
And the conventional wisdom is...

...don't make the same mistake twice.
Learn from your mistakes.

And we all do. Maybe we make
the same mistake three times...

...but hopefully not four or five.

There'll be no learning period
with nuclear weapons.

Make one mistake
and you're gonna destroy nations.

In my life, I've been part of wars.

Three years in the U.S. Army
during World War II.

Seven years as secretary of defense
during the Vietnam War.

Thirteen years at the World Bank.
Across the world.

At my age, 85...

...I'm at an age
where I can look back...

...and derive some conclusions
about my actions.

My rule has been, "try to learn. "

Try to understand what happened.

Develop the lessons
and pass them on.

This is the secretary of defense of
the United States, Robert McNamara.

His department absorbs 10 percent
of the income of this country...

...and over half of every tax dollar.

His job has been called
the toughest in Washington...

...and he is the most controversial
figure that has ever held the job.

Walter Lippmann calls him both
the best secretary of defense...

...and the first one to ever assert
civilian control over the military.

His critics call him a "con man,"
"an IBM machine with legs"...

..."an arrogant dictator. "

Mr. Secretary, I've noticed
in several cabinet offices...

...that little silver calendar thing there.
Can you explain that?

Yes, this was given
by President Kennedy.

...17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23...

...24, 25, 26, 27, and finally 28,
were the dates...

...when we literally look ed down
the gun barrel into nuclear war.

Under a cloak of deceit...

...the Soviet Union introduced
nuclear missiles...

...into Cuba...

...targeting 90 million Americans.

The CIA said the warheads
had not been delivered yet.

They thought 20 were coming
on a ship named the Poltava.

We mobilized 180,000 troops.

The first day's air attack
was planned at 1080 sorties...

...a huge air attack.

Kennedy was trying
to keep us out of war.

I was trying to help him
keep us out of war.

And General Curtis LeMay,
whom I served under...

...as a matter of fact,
in World War II, was saying:

" Let's go in.
Let's totally destroy Cuba. "

On that critical Saturday,
October 27th...

...we had two Khrushchev
messages in front of us.

One had come in Friday night,
and it had been dictated...

...by a man who was either drunk,
or under tremendous stress.

Basically, he said, " If you'll
guarantee you won't invade Cuba...

...we'll take the missiles out. "

Then, before we could respond,
we had a second message...

...that had been dictated
by a bunch of hard-liners.

And it said, in effect, " If you attack...

...we're prepared...

...to confront you with
masses of military power. "

So, what to do? We had the
soft message and the hard message.

At the elbow of President Kennedy
was Tommy Thompson...

...former U.S. Ambassador to Moscow.

He and Jane, his wife, had lived with
Khrushchev and his wife on occasion.

Tommy Thompson said,
" Mr. President...

...I urge you to respond
to the soft message. "

The president said to Tommy,
"We can't. That'll get us nowhere. "

Tommy said,
" Mr. President, you're wrong. "

Now, that takes a lot of guts.

In Thompson's mind was this thought:

" Khrushchev's gotten
himself in a hell of a fix. "

He would then think to himself,
" My God...

...if I can get out of this with a deal
that I can say to the Russian people:

'Kennedy was going to destroy
Castro and I prevented it. "'

Thompson, knowing Khrushchev
as he did, thought:

" Khrushchev will accept that. "

And Thompson was right.
That's what I call empathy.

We must try to put ourselves
inside their skin...

...and look at us
through their eyes...

...just to understand
the thoughts...

...that lie behind their decisions
and their actions.

Khrushchev's advisors were saying:

"There can be no deal...

...unless you somewhat
reduce the pressure on us...

...when you ask us to reduce
the pressure on you. "

Also, we had attempted
to invade Cuba.

Well, with the Bay of Pigs. That
undoubtedly influenced their thinking.

I think that's correct.

But more importantly, from a Cuban
and a Russian point of view...

...they knew what, in a sense,
I really didn't know.

We had attempted
to assassinate Castro...

...under Eisenhower and Kennedy,
and later, under Johnson.

And in addition to that, major voices
in the U.S. Were calling for invasion.

In the first message,
Khrushchev said this:

"We and you ought not pull
on the ends of a rope...

...which you have tied
the knots of war.

Because the more
the two of us pull...

...the tighter the knot will be tied.

And then it will be necessary
to cut that knot...

...and what that would mean
is not for me to explain to you.

I have participated in two wars
and know that war ends...

...when it has rolled through
cities and villages...

...everywhere sowing
death and destruction.

For such is the logic of war.

If people do not display wisdom...

...they will clash like blind moles...

...and then mutual annihilation
will commence. "

I want to say,
and this is very important:

At the end, we lucked out.

It was luck that prevented nuclear war.

We came that close
to nuclear war at the end.

Rational individuals.
Kennedy was rational.

Khrushchev was rational.
Castro was rational.

Rational individuals came that close
to total destruction of their societies.

And that danger exists today.

The major lesson
of the Cuban Missile Crisis is this:

The indefinite combination
of human fallibility...

...and nuclear weapons
will destroy nations.

Is it right and proper...

...that today there are 7500 strategic
offensive nuclear warheads...

...of which 2500
are on 15-minute alert...

...to be launched by the decision
of one human being?

It wasn't until January, 1992...

...in a meeting chaired by Castro
in Havana, Cuba...

...that I learned
162 nuclear warheads...

...including 90 tactical warheads...

...were on the island at the time
in this critical moment of the crisis.

I couldn't believe
what I was hearing...

...and Castro got very angry with me,
because I said:

" Mr. President, let's stop this meeting.
This is totally new to me.

I'm not sure I got the translation right. "

Mr. President,
I have three questions.

Number one, did you know
the nuclear warheads were there?

Number two, if you did...

...would you have recommended
to Khrushchev...

...in the face of a U.S. Attack,
that he use them?

Three, if he had used them,
what would've happened to Cuba?

He said, "One,
I knew they were there.

Two, I would not have
recommended to Khrushchev.

I did recommend to Khrushchev
they be used.

Three, what would happen to Cuba?
It would've been totally destroyed. "

That's how close we were.

And he was willing to accept that?

Yes... Oh, and he went on to say:

" Mr. McNamara,
if you and President Kennedy...

...had been in a similar situation,
that's what you would've done. "

I said, " Mr. President, I hope to God
we would not have done it. "

Pull the temple down on our heads?
My God!

In a sense, we'd won.

We got the missiles out without war.

My deputy and I brought
the five chiefs over...

...and we sat down with Kennedy.
And he said, "Gentlemen, we won.

I don't want you ever to say it,
but you know we won, I know we won. "

And LeMay said,
"Won? Hell, we lost!

We should go in
and wipe them out today. "

LeMay believed that ultimately...

...we'd confront these people
with nuclear weapons.

And by God, we better do it
when we have greater superiority...

...than we will have in the future.

At the time, we had a 17-to-1 strategic
advantage in nuclear numbers.

We'd done 10 times
as many tests as they had.

We were certain we could
retain that advantage...

...if we limited the tests.
The chiefs were all opposed.

They said, "The Soviets will cheat. "

Well, I said, " How will they cheat?"

You won't believe this,
but they said:

"They'll test them behind the moon. "

I said, "You're out of your mind. "

That's absurd.

It's almost impossible
for our people today...

...to put themselves back
into that period.

In my seven years as secretary...

...we came within a hairsbreadth
of war with the Soviet Union...

...on three different occasions.

Twenty-four hours a day,
365 days a year...

...for seven years as secretary
of defense, I lived the Cold War.

During the Kennedy administration,
they designed a 100-megaton bomb.

It was tested in the atmosphere.
I remember this.

Cold War? Hell, it was a hot war.

I think the human race
needs to think more about killing...

...about conflict.

Is that what we want
in this 21st century?

My earliest memory
is of a city exploding with joy.

It was November 11, 1918.
I was 2 years old.

You may not believe
that I have the memory, but I do.

I remember the tops
of the streetcars...

...being crowded
with human beings...

...cheering and kissing
and screaming.

End of World War I. We'd won.

But also celebrating the belief...

...of many Americans,
particularly Woodrow Wilson...

...we'd fought a war
to end all wars.

His dream was...

...that the world could avoid
great wars in the future.

Disputes among great nations
would be resolved.

I also remember...

...that I wasn't allowed to go outdoors
to play with my friends...

...without wearing a mask.

There was an ungodly flu epidemic.

Large numbers of Americans
were dying, 600,000.

And millions across the world.

My class in the first grade was housed
in a shack, a wooden shack.

But we had an absolutely
superb teacher.

And this teacher gave a test
to the class every month...

...and she re- seated the class
based on the results of that test.

There were vertical rows, and she put
the person with the highest grade...

...in the first seat
on the left-hand row.

And I worked my tail off
to be in that first seat.

Now, the majority of the classmates
were whites, Caucasians, so on.

Wasps, if you will.

But my competition for that first seat
were Chinese, Japanese and Jews.

On Saturday and Sunday,
I played with my classmates.

They went to their ethnic schools.
They learned their native language.

They learned their culture, history.

And they came back determined on
Monday to beat that damn Irishman.

But they didn't do it very often.

One congressman called you "Mr.
L- Have-All-The-Answers McNamara. "

And there's been suggestion
from some congressmen...

...that you come up there,
in spite of their experience...

...prepared to give them
lessons in things.

Is that your attitude?

No. Perhaps they don't know
how much I don't know.

And there is much indeed.

I do make a serious effort...

...to prepare myself properly for these
congressional discussions.

I suppose I spend, perhaps,
100 or 120 hours...

...in testifying before
Congress each year.

And each hour of testimony requires
three to four hours of preparation.

What about the contention that your
attitude is sometimes arrogant?

Have you ever been wrong, sir?

Oh, yes, indeed. My heavens.

I'm not gonna tell you
when I've been wrong.

If you don't know,
I'm not going to tell you.

Oh, on countless occasions.

I applied to Stanford University.
I very much wanted to go.

But I couldn't afford it, so I lived
at home and I went to Berkeley.

Fifty-two dollars a year tuition.

I started Berkeley at the bottom
of the Depression.

Twenty-five million males
were unemployed.

Out of that class of 3500...

...three elected to Phi Beta Kappa
at the end of sophomore year.

Of those three, one became
a Rhodes Scholar, I went to Harvard...

...the third went to work
for $65 a month...

...and was damn happy
to have the job.

The society was on the verge of...

...I don't want to say revolution...

...although, had Roosevelt not done
some of the things he did...

...it could've become
far more violent.

In any event, that was
what I was thrown into.

I never heard of Plato and Aristotle...

...before I became
a freshman at Berkeley.

And I remember the professor,
Lowenberg...

...the freshman
philosophy professor...

I couldn't wait
to go to another class.

I took more philosophy courses,
particularly one in logic...

...and one in ethics.

Stress on values...

...something beyond one's self...

...and a responsibility to society.

After graduating
University of California...

...I went to Harvard Graduate School
of Business for two years...

...and then I went back
to San Francisco.

I began to court this young lady that
I'd met when we were 17...

...in our first week at Berkeley:

Margaret Craig.

And I was making some progress
after eight or nine months.

I proposed and she accepted.

She went with her aunt and her mother
on a trip across the country.

She telegraphed me,
" Must order engraved invitations...

...to include your middle name,
what is it?"

I wired back,
" My middle name is Strange. "

She said,
" I know it's strange, but what is it?"

Well, I mean, it is Strange.
It's Robert Strange McNamara.

And it was a marriage
made in heaven.

At the end of a year,
we had our first child.

The delivery costs were $100,
and we paid that $10 a month.

Those were some of the happiest
days of our lives.

And then the war came.

I'd been promoted
to assistant professor.

I was the youngest at Harvard.

And on a salary, by the way,
of $4000 a year.

Harvard Business School's
market was drying up.

The males were being drafted
or volunteering.

So the dean, being farsighted,
brought back a government contract...

...to establish an officer candidate
school for what was called...

...Statistical Control
in the Air Force.

We said, " Look, we're not gonna
take anybody you send up here.

We're gonna select the people. "

You have a punch card
for every human being...

...brought into the Air Corps.

We're gonna run those punch cards
through the IBM sorting machines...

...and we're gonna sort on age,
education, accomplishment...

...grades, et cetera.

We were looking for the best
and the brightest.

The best brains,
the greatest capacity to lead...

...the best judgment.

The U.S. Was just beginning to bomb.

We were bombing by daylight.

The loss rate was very, very high.

So they commissioned a study.
And what did we find?

We found the abort rate
was 20 percent.

Twenty percent of the planes
leaving England...

...to bomb Germany turned around
before they got to the target.

That was a hell of a mess.
We lost 20 percent of our capability.

I think it was called Form 1-A...

...or something like that
was a mission report.

And if you aborted a mission,
you had to write down why.

So we get all these things
and we analyze them...

...and we finally concluded:

It was baloney.

They were aborting out of fear.

Because the loss rate
was four percent per sortie.

The combat tour
was 25 sorties.

It didn't mean 100 percent
would die...

...but a lot of them were gonna be
killed. They knew that...

...and they found reasons
to not go over the target.

So we reported this.

One of the commanders
was Curtis LeMay.

Colonel in command of a B-24 group.

He was the finest combat commander
of any service I came across in war.

But he was extraordinarily belligerent,
many thought brutal.

He got the report.
He issued an order.

He said, " I will be in the
lead plane on every mission.

Any plane that takes off
will go over the target...

...or the crew will be
court-martialed. "

The abort rate dropped overnight.

Now, that's the kind
of a commander he was.

Ladies and gentlemen,
the president of the United States.

My friends, on this Christmas Eve...

...there are over 10 million men...

...in the Armed Forces of
the United States alone.

One year ago,
1, 700, 000 were serving overseas.

By next July first, that number
will rise to over five million.

Plenty of bad news for the Japs
in the not-too-far-distant future.

The U.S. Air Force had a new
airplane, named the B-29.

The B-17 s and B-24s in Europe
bombed from 15, 16,000 feet.

The problem was that they
were subject to antiaircraft fire...

...and to fighter aircraft.

To relieve that, this B-29
was being developed...

...that bombed from high altitude...

...and it was thought we could destroy
targets more efficiently and effectively.

I was brought back
from the 8th Air Force...

...and assigned to the first B-29s,
the 58th Bomb Wing.

We had to fly those planes from
the bases in Kansas to India.

Then we had to fly fuel
over the hump into China.

The airfields were built
with Chinese labor.

It was an insane operation.

I can still remember them
hauling these huge rollers...

...to crush the stone
and make them flat.

Somebody would slip,
the roller would roll over him...

...everybody would
laugh and go on.

We were supposed
to take these B-29s...

There were no tanker aircraft there.
We were to fill them with fuel...

...fly from India to Chengdu,
offload the fuel, fly back to India...

...make enough missions
to build up fuel in Chengdu...

...fly to Yawata, Japan, bomb
the steel mills and go back to India.

We had so little training on this
problem of maximizing efficiency...

...we actually found, to get
some of the B-29s back...

...instead of offloading fuel,
they had to take it on.

To make a long story short,
it wasn't worth a damn.

And it was LeMay who really came to
that conclusion and led the chiefs...

...to move the whole thing to the
Marianas, which devastated Japan.

LeMay was focused
on only one thing:

Target destruction.

Most Air Force generals can say
how many planes they had...

...how many tons of bombs they
dropped, or whatever it was.

But he was the only person
that I knew...

...in the senior command in the
Air Force who focused solely...

...on the loss of his crews
per unit of target destruction.

I was on the island of Guam,
in his command, in March of 1945.

In that single night,
we burned to death...

...100,000 Japanese civilians
in Tokyo.

Men, women and children.

Were you aware this was
going to happen?

Well, I was...

...part of a mechanism that,
in a sense, recommended it.

I analyzed bombing operations,
and how to make them more efficient.

I.e., not more efficient in the sense of
killing more...

...but more efficient
in weakening the adversary.

I wrote one report analyzing...

...the efficiency
of the B-29 operations.

The B-29 could get above the fighter
aircraft and above the air defense...

...so the loss rate
would be much less.

The problem was, the accuracy
was also much less.

Now, I don't want to suggest
that it was my report...

...that led to...
I'll call it the firebombing.

It isn't that I'm absolving myself
of blame for the firebombing.

I don't want to suggest that it was I...

...that put in LeMay's mind...

...that his operations
were totally inefficient...

...and had to be drastically changed.
But, anyhow, that's what he did.

He took the B-29s
down to 5000 feet...

...and he decided to bomb
with firebombs.

I participated in the interrogation...

...of the B-29 bomber crews
that came back that night.

A room full of crewmen
and intelligence interrogators.

A captain got up,
a young captain said:

"Goddamn it, I'd like to know who
the son of a bitch was...

...that took this magnificent airplane,
designed to bomb from 23,000 feet...

...and he took it down to 5000 feet,
and I lost my wingman.

He was shot and killed. "

LeMay spoke in monosyllables.

I never heard him say...

...more than two words in sequence.

It was basically, "Yes," " No," "Yep"...

..."That's all," or " Hell with it. "
That was all he said.

And LeMay was totally intolerant
of criticism.

He never engaged in discussion
with anybody.

He stood up.

"Why are we here?

Why are we here?

You lost your wingman.
It hurts me as much as...

...it does you.

I sent him there.

And I've been there,
I know what it is.

But you lost one wingman...

...and we destroyed Tokyo. "

Fifty square miles of Tokyo
were burned.

Tokyo was a wooden city,
and when we dropped firebombs...

...it just burned it.

The choice of incendiary bombs...

...where did that come from?

I think the issue...

...is not so much incendiary bombs.
I think the issue is...

...in order to win, should you kill
100,000 people in one night?

By firebombing or any other way?

LeMay's answer would be,
clearly, "Yes. "

" McNamara, do you mean to say...

...that instead of killing 100,000...

...burning to death 100,000 Japanese
civilians in that one night...

...we should have burned to death
a lesser number or none?

And then had our soldiers
cross the beaches in Tokyo...

...and been slaughtered
in tens of thousands?

Is that what you're proposing?
Is that moral? Is that wise?"

Why was it necessary to drop
the nuclear bomb...

...if LeMay was burning up Japan?

And he went on from Tokyo
to firebomb other cities.

58 percent of Yokohama. Yokohama
is roughly the size of Cleveland.

58 percent of Cleveland destroyed.

Tokyo is roughly the size of New York.
51 percent of New York destroyed.

99 percent of the equivalent
of Chattanooga, which was Toyama.

40 percent of the equivalent
of Los Angeles, which was Nagoya.

This was all done before...

...the dropping
of the nuclear bomb.

Which, by the way, was dropped
by LeMay's command.

Proportionality should
be a guideline in war.

Killing 50 to 90 percent...

...of the people
in 67 Japanese cities...

...and then bombing them
with two nuclear bombs...

...is not proportional,
in the minds of some people...

...to the objectives
we were trying to achieve.

I don't fault Truman
for dropping the nuclear bomb.

The U.S. -Japanese War was
one of the most brutal wars...

...in all of human history.

Kamikaze pilots, suicide,
unbelievable.

What one can criticize...

...is that the human race
prior to that time and today...

...has not really grappled with
what are, I'll call it "the rules of war. "

Was there a rule then that said you
shouldn't bomb, shouldn't kill...

...shouldn't burn to death 100,000
civilians in a night?

LeMay said, " If we'd lost the war...

...we'd all have been prosecuted
as war criminals. "

And I think he's right.

He, and I'd say I...

...were behaving as war criminals.

LeMay recognized
that what he was doing...

...would be thought immoral...

...if his side had lost.

But what makes it immoral if you lose
and not immoral if you win?

At some point, we have to approach
Vietnam, and I want to know...

...how you can best
set that up for me.

Yeah, well...

...that's a hard, hard question.
I think...

I think we have to approach it
in the context of the Cold War.

But first I'll have to talk about Ford.

I've got to go back
to the end of the war.

I had a terrible headache...

...so Marg drove me in
to the Air Force regional hospital.

A week later, Marg came in...

...many of the same symptoms.

It's hard to believe, and I don't think
I've heard of another case...

...where two individuals,
husband and wife...

...came down, essentially,
at the same time with polio.

We were both in the hospital
on V-J Day.

A friend of mine said:

"We're gonna find a corporation
in America that needs...

...the advice and capabilities
of this extraordinary group...

...I'm forming and you gotta be in it. "

I said, "To hell with it.
I'm going back to Harvard.

Marg and I wanna do that.
I'm gonna spend my life there. "

He said, " Look, Bob,
you can't pay Marg's hospital bills.

You're crazy as hell. "
He said, " By the way...

...the company that most needs
our help in all the U.S. Is Ford. "

I said, " How'd you learn that?"
" I read an article in Life magazine. "

Of the top 1000 executives at Ford...

...I don't believe there were
10 college graduates...

...and Henry Ford II needed help.

They were gonna give us tests.

Two full days of testing...

...intelligence tests, achievement tests,
personality tests, you name it.

This sounds absurd, but I remember
a question on one of the tests was:

"Would you rather be a florist
or a coal miner?"

I had been a florist.
I worked as a florist...

...during some of my
Christmas vacations.

I put down coal miner.
I think the reasons are obvious to you.

This group of 10 people
had been trained...

...in the officer candidate school
at Harvard.

In some tests we had the highest
marks that had ever been scored.

In other tests, we were in the upper
one percentile.

From 1926 to 1946,
including the war years...

...Ford Motor Company
just barely broke even.

It was a God-awful mess.

I thought we had a responsibility
to the stockholders...

...and God knows you cannot believe
how bad the situation had been.

They had no market research
organization. I set one up.

Manager said,
"What do you want studied?"

I said, " Find out who's
buying Volkswagens.

Everybody says it's a no-good car.

It was only selling about
20,000 a year...

...but I want to know
what's gonna happen.

Is it gonna stay the same,
go down, or go up?

Find out who buys them. "

He came back six months later,
he said:

"Well, they're professors, and they're
doctors and they're lawyers...

...and they're obviously people
who can afford more. "

Well, that set me to thinking about
what we in the industry should do.

Was there a market we were missing?

At this time nobody believed
Americans wanted cheaper cars.

They wanted
conspicuous consumption.

Cadillac, with these huge,
ostentatious fins...

...set the style for the industry
for 10 or 15 years.

And that's what we were up against.

We introduced the Falcon
as a more economical car...

...and it was a huge success
profit-wise.

We accomplished a lot.

I said, "What about accidents?
I hear a lot about accidents. "

"Oh, yes, we'll get you
some data on that. "

There were about 40,000 deaths
per year from automobile accidents...

...and about a million,
or a million-two injuries.

I said, "What causes it?"
" It's obvious.

It's human error
and mechanical failure. "

I said, " If it's mechanical,
we might be involved. Find out.

If it's mechanical failure,
I want to stop it. "

Well, he said, "There's really
very few statistics available. "

I said, " Damn it, find out
what can we learn. "

"The only place we can find
that knows anything about it...

...is Cornell Aeronautical Labs. "

They said,
"The major problem is packaging. "

They said, "You buy eggs and you
know how eggs come in a carton?"

I said, " I don't buy eggs.
My wife does it. "

They said, "Well, you ask her,
when she puts that carton down...

...on the drain board when she gets
home, do the eggs break?"

I asked Marg and she said no.

Cornell said, "That's because
they're packaged properly.

Now, if we packaged people in cars
the same way...

...we could reduce the breakage. "

We lacked lab facilities,
so we dropped human skulls...

...in different packages, down the
stairwells of the dormitories at Cornell.

Well, that sounds absurd,
but that guy was absolutely right.

It was packaging
which could make the difference.

In a crash, the driver was often
impaled on the steering wheel.

The passenger was often injured
because he'd hit the windshield...

...or the header bar,
or the instrument panel.

So in the 1956 model Ford
we introduced steering wheels...

...that prevented being impaled.
We introduced...

...padded instrument panels,
and we introduced seat belts.

We estimated if there would be
100 percent use of the seat belts...

...we could save 20-odd thousand
lives a year.

Everybody was opposed to it.

You couldn't get people
to use seat belts.

But those who did saved their lives.

Now, let me jump ahead.

It's July, 1960.

John Bugas, vice president,
industrial relations...

...clearly had his eyes on
becoming president.

I'm the group vice president in charge
of all of the car divisions.

Henry was a night owl.
He always wanted to go out.

You know, it's 2 a. m. Or something.

He said, " Come up, have a nightcap. "
" I don't want one, I'm going to bed. "

John said, " I'll come up, Henry. "
" I didn't ask you. I asked Bob. "

He said, " Bob, come on up. "
So I finally went up.

That's when he asked me
to be president.

I was the first president in the history
of the company...

...that had ever been president other
than a member of the Ford family.

And after five weeks, I quit.

The telephone rang...

...a person comes on and says:
" I'm Robert Kennedy.

My brother, Jack Kennedy,
would like you...

...to meet our brother- in-law,
Sergeant Shriver. "

Four o'clock, Sarge comes in.
Never met him.

And he said, " I've been authorized
by my brother- in-law...

...Jack Kennedy, to offer you the
position of secretary of the treasury. "

"You're crazy.
I know a little about finance...

...but I'm not qualified
for that position. "

"Anticipating you might say that,
the president-elect...

...authorized me to offer you
the secretary of defense. "

" I was in World War II for
three years...

...but secretary of defense?
I'm not qualified for that. "

He said, "Anticipating that...

...would you do him the courtesy
of agreeing to meet with him?"

So I go home. I meet with Marg.

If I could appoint every senior official
in the department...

...and if I was guaranteed
I wouldn't have to...

...be part of that damn Washington
social world.

She said, "Well, okay, why don't you
write a contract with the president...

...and if he'll accept those
conditions, do it. "

My total net worth at the time
was on the order of $800,000...

...but I had huge unfulfilled
stock options worth millions.

And I was one of the highest-paid
executives in the world.

And the future was brilliant.

We had called our children in.

Their life would be totally changed.

The salary of a cabinet secretary then
was $25,000 a year.

So we explained to the children...

...they'd be giving up a few...
They could care less.

Marg could care less.

It was snowing.

The Secret Service took me
in the house by the back way.

I can still see it. There's a loveseat...

...two armchairs with a lamp table
in between.

Jack Kennedy is sitting in one...

...and Bobby Kennedy's sitting
in the other.

" Mr. President, it's absurd.
I'm not qualified. "

" Look, Bob... "

He said, " I don't think there's any
school for presidents either.

Let's announce it now.
I'll write the announcement. "

So he wrote out the announcement,
we walk out the front door.

All of these television cameras
and press, till hell wouldn't have it.

That's how Marg learned
I had accepted.

It was on television, live.

All right, why don't we do some
pictures afterwards.

I've asked Robert McNamara...

...to assume the responsibilities
of secretary of defense.

And I'm glad and happy to say that
he has accepted this responsibility.

Mr. McNamara leaves the presidency
of the Ford company...

...at great personal sacrifice.

That's the way it began.

You know, it was a traumatic period.

My wife probably got ulcers from it...

...may even ultimately have died from
the stress. My son got ulcers.

It was very traumatic but...

...they were some of the best years
of our life...

...and all members of my family
benefited from it.

It was terrific.

October 2nd.

I had returned from Vietnam.

At that time, we had 16,000
military advisors.

I recommended to President Kennedy
and to the Security Council...

...that we establish a plan
and an objective...

...of removing all of them within
two years.

Kennedy announced we were going to
pull out all our military advisors...

...by the end of '65, going to take 1000
out at the end of '63, and we did.

But there was a coup
in South Vietnam.

Diem was overthrown...

...and he and his brother were killed.

I was present with the President...

...when together we received
information of that coup.

I've never seen him...

...more upset.
He totally blanched.

Kennedy and I had tremendous
problems with Diem, but my God...

...he was the authority.
He was the head of state.

And he was overthrown
by a military coup.

And Kennedy knew and I knew,
that to some degree...

...the U.S. Government was
responsible for that.

I was in my office in the Pentagon...

...when the telephone rang
and it was Bobby.

The President had been shot
in Dallas.

Perhaps 45 minutes later,
Bobby called again...

...and said the president
was dead.

Jackie would like me
to come out to the hospital.

We took the body to the White House
about whatever it was, 4 a. M...

...and called the superintendent
of Arlington Cemetery.

And he and I...

...walked over those grounds.

They're hauntingly beautiful grounds.

White crosses, row and row.

And finally I thought I'd found
the exact spot...

...the most beautiful spot
in the cemetery.

I called Jackie at the White House...

...and asked her to come out there.
She immediately accepted.

And that's where the president
is buried today.

A park service ranger came up to me
and said that he...

He had...

...escorted President Kennedy
on a tour of those grounds...

...a few weeks before.

And Kennedy said...

...that was the most
beautiful spot in Washington.

That's where he's buried.

I will do my best.

That is all I can do.

I ask for your help...

...and God's.

Make no bones of this.

Don't try to sweep this under the rug.

We are at war in Vietnam.

And yet the president...

...and his secretary of defense
continues to mislead...

...and misinform the American people,
and enough of it's gone by.

On August 2nd...

...the destroyer Maddox reported it
was attacked...

...by a North Vietnamese patrol boat.

It was an act of aggression against us.
We were in international waters.

I sent officials from the Defense
Department out and we recovered...

...pieces of shells that were
clearly identified...

...as North Vietnamese
from the Maddox's deck.

So there was no question in my mind
that it had occurred.

But, in any event, we didn't respond.

And it was very difficult.

It was difficult for the president.

There were very, very senior people,
in uniform and out, who said:

" My God, this president is... "

They didn't use the word "coward,"
but in effect...

..." He's not protecting
the national interest. "

Two days later the Maddox and
the Turner Joy, two destroyers...

...reported they were attacked.

There were sonar soundings.
Torpedoes had been detected.

Other indications of attack
from patrol boats.

We spent 10 hours that day trying to
find out what the hell had happened.

At one point the commander said,
"We're not certain of the attack. "

Another point they said,
"We're positive. "

Then finally, late in the day,
Admiral Sharp said:

"Yes, we're certain it happened. "

So I reported this to Johnson,
and as a result...

...there were bombing attacks
on targets in North Vietnam.

Johnson said,
"We may have to escalate.

I'm not gonna do it without
Congressional authority. "

And he put forward a resolution,
the language of which...

...gave complete authority to
the president to take the nation to war:

The Tonkin Gulf Resolution.

Now, let me go back
to the August 4th attack.

It was just confusion.
And events afterwards showed...

...that our judgment that we'd been
attacked that day was wrong.

It didn't happen.

And the judgment that we'd been
attacked on August 2nd...

...which we'd made, was right.
We had been.

Although that was disputed
at the time.

So we were right once
and wrong once.

Ultimately, President Johnson
authorized bombing in response...

...to what he thought
had been the second attack.

It hadn't occurred, but that's irrelevant
to the point I'm making here.

He authorized the attack on
the assumption it had occurred.

And his belief that it was
a conscious decision...

...by the North Vietnamese political
and military leaders...

...to escalate the conflict...

...and an indication they would
not stop short of winning.

We were wrong.

But we had in our minds
a mindset that led to that action.

And it carried such heavy costs.

We see incorrectly, or we see
only half of the story at times.

- We see what we want to believe.
- You're absolutely right.

Belief and seeing.

They're both often wrong.

We Americans know,
although others appear to forget...

...the risk of spreading conflict.

We still seek no wider war.

We introduced " Rolling Thunder"...

...which, over the years, became a
very, very heavy bombing program.

Two to three times as many bombs
as were dropped...

...on Western Europe during
all of World War II.

This is not primarily
a military problem.

It's a battle for the hearts and minds
of the people of South Vietnam.

As a prerequisite, we must be able
to guarantee their physical security.

It was announced today that total
American casualties in Vietnam...

...now number 4877
including 748 killed.

Secretary of Defense McNamara, on
each of his seven trips to Vietnam...

...has found some positive aspect
of the course of the war.

The most vivid impression
I'm bringing back is...

...that we've stopped losing the war.

The North Vietnamese, we believe,
have nine regiments of their army...

Some of the men had a little training
in a park in Kentucky before coming.

But it didn't prepare them for thick et
of trees, spiked vines, thorn bushes...

...almost perpendicular cliffs,
90-degree temperatures, insects...

This has changed from a nasty little
war to a nasty middle-sized war.

The Vietnamese are still doing most
of the fighting and most of the dying...

...but week after week,
American casualty figures go up.

Now, America wins the wars that she
undertakes. Make no mistake about it.

And we have declared war
on tyranny and aggression.

If this little nation goes down the drain
and can't maintain independence...

...ask yourself what's gonna happen
to all the other little nations.

Let me go back one moment.

In the Cuban Missile Crisis,
at the end...

...I think we did put ourselves
in the skin of the Soviets.

In the case of Vietnam, we didn't
know them well enough to empathize.

And there was total misunderstanding
as a result.

They believed we had simply replaced
the French as a colonial power...

...and we were seeking to subject
South and North Vietnam...

...to our colonial interests,
which was absolutely absurd.

And we, we saw Vietnam as
an element of the Cold War.

Not what they saw it as, a civil war.

There aren't many examples...

...in which you bring
two former enemies together...

...at the highest levels,
and discuss what might have been.

I formed the hypothesis
that each of us could have...

...achieved our objectives
without the terrible loss of life.

And I wanted to test that
by going to Vietnam.

The former foreign minister
of Vietnam...

...a wonderful man named Thach
said, "You're totally wrong.

We were fighting for independence.
You were fighting to enslave us. "

We almost came to blows.
That was noon on the first day.

" Do you mean to say it was
not a tragedy for you...

...when you lost 3,400,000
Vietnamese killed...

...which on our population base is the
equivalent of 27 million Americans?

What did you accomplish?

You didn't get more than we were
willing to give at the start.

You could've had the whole damn
thing: Independence, unification. "

" Mr. McNamara, you must never
have read a history book.

If you had, you'd know we weren't
pawns of the Chinese or the Russians.

Didn't you know that?

Don't you understand that we've been
fighting the Chinese for 1000 years?

We were fighting for independence,
and we'd fight to the last man.

We were determined to...

...and no amount of bombing or U.S.
Pressure would've ever stopped us. "

What makes us omniscient?

Have we a record of omniscience?

We are the strongest nation
in the world today.

I do not believe we should ever...

...apply that economic, political
or military power unilaterally.

If we had followed that rule in Vietnam,
we wouldn't have been there.

None of our allies supported us.

Not Japan, not Germany,
not Britain or France.

If we can't persuade nations
with comparable values...

...of the merit of our cause,
we'd better re- examine our reasoning.

Americans suffered the heaviest
casualties of the war last week.

543 killed in action. Another 1247
were wounded and hospitalized.

The deaths raise the U.S. Total
in the war so far to 18, 239.

South Vietnamese put their losses
for the week at 522 killed.

Communist losses
were not reported.

Contributing to those casualties has
been the Communist bombardment...

...of the Marine outpost
at Khe Sanh.

There, the North Vietnamese have
been tightening their ring around...

The military expects
a full-scale assault.

To what extent did you feel
that you were the author of stuff...

...or that you were an instrument
of things outside of your control?

Well, I don't think I felt either.

I just felt that I was serving
at the request of a president...

...who'd been elected
by the American people.

And it was my responsibility
to try to help him...

...to carry out the office as he believed
was in the interest of our people.

What is morally appropriate
in a wartime environment?

Let me give you an illustration.

While I was secretary...

...we used what's called
"Agent Orange" in Vietnam.

A chemical that strips leaves
off of trees.

After the war, it is claimed that
that was a toxic chemical...

...and it killed many individuals...

...soldiers and civilians
exposed to it.

Were those who issued the approval
to use Agent Orange criminals?

Were they committing a crime
against humanity?

Let's look at the law.

Now, what kind of law
do we have that says...

...these chemicals are acceptable
in war and these chemicals are not.

We don't have clear definitions
of that kind.

I never in the world would have
authorized an illegal action.

I'm not really sure I authorized
Agent Orange, I don't remember it.

But it certainly occurred, the use
of it occurred while I was secretary.

Norman Morrison was a Quaker.

He was opposed to war,
the violence of war, the killing.

He came to the Pentagon,
doused himself with gasoline.

Burned himself to death
below my office.

He held a child in his arms,
his daughter.

Passers-by shouted, "Save the child!"
He threw the child...

...out of his arms, and the child lived
and is alive today.

His wife issued
a very moving statement:

" Human beings must stop killing
other human beings. "

And that's a belief that I shared.

I shared it then and I believe it
even more strongly today.

How much evil must we do
in order to do good?

We have certain ideals,
certain responsibilities.

Recognize that at times you will have
to engage in evil, but minimize it.

I remember reading that
General Sherman, in the Civil War...

...the mayor of Atlanta pleaded
with him to save the city.

And Sherman essentially
said to the mayor...

...just before he torched it
and burned it down:

"War is cruel. War is cruelty. "

That was the way LeMay felt.

He was trying to save the country.

He was trying to save our nation.

And in the process, he was prepared
to do whatever killing was necessary.

It's a very, very difficult position
for sensitive human beings to be in.

Morrison was one of those.
I think I was.

50,000 people came to Washington
to demonstrate against the war.

About 20,000 of them marched
on the Pentagon.

The Pentagon is a very, very difficult
building to defend.

We placed troops carrying rifles
around it.

U.S. Marshals in front of the soldiers.

But I told the president,
not a rifle would be loaded...

...without my personal permission.

And I wasn't gonna grant it.

What effect did all of this dissent
have on your thinking?

I mean, Norman Morrison is '65.
This is '67.

Well, it was a very tense period.

Very tense period for my family,
which I don't want to discuss.

How was your thinking changing
during this period?

I don't think my thinking
was changing.

We were in the Cold War.
And this was a Cold War...

...activity.

Some commentators have said the
war is turning into a kind of stalemate.

No, no. I think on the contrary...

...as General Westmoreland
has pointed out...

...in recent weeks in Saigon,
the military operations...

...the large-unit military operations
continue to...

...show very substantial progress.

One of the lessons I learned early on:
Never say never.

Never, never, never.

Never say never.

And secondly...

...never answer the question
that is asked of you.

Answer the question that you wish
had been asked of you.

And quite frankly, I follow that rule.

It's a very good rule.

When you talk about the responsibility
for something like the Vietnam War...

...whose responsibility is it?

It's the president's responsibility.

I don't want to fail to recognize...

...the tremendous contribution
I think Johnson made to the country.

I don't want to put the responsibility
for Vietnam on his shoulders alone...

...but I do... I am inclined to believe
that if Kennedy had lived...

...he would've made a difference. We
wouldn't have had 500,000 men there.

Two very telling photographs.

One of them has Johnson like this:

You can just see him thinking,
" My God, I'm in a hell of a mess.

And this guy is trying to tell me
to do something...

...that I know is wrong
and I'm not gonna do.

But how the hell
am I gonna get out of this?"

The other photograph,
you can see me saying:

"Jesus Christ. I love this man,
I respect him, but he's totally wrong.

What am I gonna do?"

Johnson couldn't persuade me,
and I couldn't persuade him.

I had this enormous respect
and affection, loyalty...

...to both Kennedy and Johnson.

But at the end, Johnson and I
found ourselves poles apart.

And I said to a very close and dear
friend of mine, Kay Graham...

" Even to this day, Kay, I don't know
whether I quit or was fired. "

She said, "You're out of your mind.
You were fired. "

November 1, 1967.

I presented a memo to Johnson
that said:

"The course we're on is totally wrong.

We've gotta change it.

Cut back at what we're doing
in Vietnam.

We gotta reduce the casualties,"
and so on.

It was an extraordinarily
controversial memo.

And I took it to him.
I delivered it myself.

" Mr. President, nobody has seen this.

Not Dean Rusk, not the chairman
of the Joint Chiefs. Nobody. "

" I know that it may contain
recommendations and statements...

...that you do not agree with
or support. "

I never heard from him.

Something had to give.

There was a rumor I was facing
a mental breakdown...

...I was under such pressure
and stress.

I don't think that was the case at all.

But it was a really traumatic departure.

That's the way it ended.

Except for one thing.

He awarded me
the Medal of Freedom...

...in a very beautiful ceremony
at the White House.

And he was very, very
warm in his comments.

And I became so emotional,
I could not...

...respond.

Mr. President...

...I cannot find words...

...to express what lies
in my heart today.

And I think I'd better respond
on another occasion.

And had I responded,
I would have said:

" I know what many of you
are thinking.

You're thinking this man
is duplicitous.

You're thinking that he has
held things close to his chest.

You're thinking that...

...he did not respond fully...

...to the desires and wishes
of the American people.

I wanna tell you you're wrong. "

Of course he had
personal idiosyncrasies.

No question about that.

He didn't accept all the advice
he was given.

On several occasions, his associates
advised him to be more forthcoming.

He wasn't.

People did not understand there were
recommendations and pressures...

...that would carry the risk of war
with China and of nuclear war.

And he was determined to prevent it.

I'm arguing that he had a reason
in his mind for doing what he did.

And, of course,
shortly after I left...

...Johnson concluded
that he couldn't continue.

At this point, how many Americans
had been killed in Vietnam?

About 25,000. Less than half...

...of the number
ultimately killed, 58,000.

Historians don't really like
to deal with counterfactuals...

...with what might have been.

They want to talk about history.

" How the hell do you know,
McNamara, what might have been?

Who knows?"

Well, I know certain things.

What I'm doing is thinking it through
with hindsight.

But you don't have hindsight
available at the time.

I'm very proud
of my accomplishments.

And I'm very sorry that in the process
of accomplishment, I've made errors.

We all make mistakes.

We know we make mistakes.

I don't know any military commander
who is honest...

...who would say he has not
made a mistake.

There's a wonderful phrase:

"The fog of war. "

What "the fog of war" means is:

War is so complex it's beyond
the ability of the human mind...

...to comprehend
all the variables.

Our judgment, our understanding,
are not adequate.

And we kill people unnecessarily.

Wilson said,
"We won the war to end all wars. "

I'm not so naive or simplistic
to believe we can eliminate war.

We're not gonna change
human nature any time soon.

It isn't that we aren't rational.
We are rational.

But reason has limits.

There's a quote from T.S. Eliot
that I just love:

"We shall not cease from exploring...

...and at the end of our exploration,
we will return to where we started...

...and know the place
for the first time. "

Now that's, in a sense,
where I'm beginning to be.

After you left
the Johnson administration...

...why didn't you speak out
against the Vietnam War?

I'm not going to say any more
than I have.

These are the kinds of questions
that get me in trouble.

You don't know what I know about how
inflammatory my words can appear.

A lot of people
misunderstand the war...

...misunderstand me.

A lot of people think
I'm a son of a bitch.

Do you feel in any way
responsible for the war?

Do you feel guilty?

I don't want to go into
further discussion.

It just opens up more controversy.

I don't wanna add anything
to Vietnam.

It is so complex that anything I say...

...will require additions
and qualifications.

Is it the feeling that you're
damned if you do...

...and if you don't,
no matter what...?

Yeah, that's right.

And I would rather be
damned if I don't.

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