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WWW.MY-SUBS.CO
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{an8}[explosions]
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[newscaster 1] So the Russian military
is really an overmatch for the Ukrainians.
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It will probably quickly dissolve
into sort of an insurgency,
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like we saw in Iraq and Afghanistan.
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[newscaster 2]
Sources say officials in the US
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fear that Kyiv
could fall to Russia within days.
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[in Ukrainian] Russia carried out
strikes on our military infrastructure
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and border guards.
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In many Ukrainian cities,
explosions were heard.
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[helicopter blades whirring]
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[reporter, in Russian] They are flying
towards the airport, bombing the airport.
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You can hear that there is a battle.
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{an8}[compelling music playing]
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{an8}[V. Rudenko, in Ukrainian] Fastest way
to Kyiv was through Hostomel.
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{an8}Uh, they opened fire
on the airport facilities.
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[compelling music continues]
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You can see the destroyed, burned Mriya.
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Eh, the Russians...
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hit it
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with an unguided missile.
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They flew straight to the runway
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and started hitting our air defense units.
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[man] One, two, three, four, five, six,
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seven, eight.
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[helicopter blades whirring]
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[Rudenko] They did not expect resistance.
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We began shooting down choppers
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and to destroy Russian troops.
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[man] Yes! Yes!
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[man shouting excitedly]
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[Sergii Solodchenko] This was the first
line of defense of Kyiv.
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[indistinct shouting]
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{an8}For two days,
our boys did not let them land.
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[tense music playing]
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[Rudenko] The Russians did manage
to capture the airport.
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But they lost momentum.
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After we moved to a safe distance,
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we used our artillery
to damage the airfield.
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That way, we gained time
to move the defense forces
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to block the enemy from invading Kyiv.
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[tense music rising]
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[Graff, in English]
Had the Russian military been able
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to succeed in that moment,
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{an8}it would have been able to deliver
its most elite forces
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{an8}straight to the front lines of Kyiv.
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So the ability of the Ukrainian military
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to resist that airborne invasion
at the Hostomel Airport
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is probably the turning point
of the entire war.
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[indistinct]
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[Kyrylo Budanov, in Ukrainian] When they
failed to parade into Kyiv, they froze.
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{an8}It turned into a full-scale war.
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[opening theme music playing]
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[music fades]
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[loud blast]
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[Audra J. Wolfe] In the early years
of the Cold War,
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{an8}the United States treated nuclear weapons
not only as if they were something
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{an8}that could be used,
but something that could be survived.
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[tense music playing]
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[broadcaster] Let us face, without panic,
the reality of our times,
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the fact that atom bombs
may someday be dropped on our cities.
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And let us prepare for survival.
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[Graff] In the 1950s,
there was an immense effort given
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to perfectly planning how nuclear war
would unfold in the United States.
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And the federal government
launches a whole series
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of public education campaigns
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to get America ready for nuclear war.
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[broadcaster] You are the target of those
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who would trample
the liberties of free men.
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You are in the crosshairs
of the bomb sites.
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An enemy is...
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[Wolfe] The United States was providing
messages to its citizens
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that were simultaneously
terrifying and not terribly coherent.
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On the one hand,
the message was that the Soviet Union
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was this diabolical nation that was
hell-bent on American destruction.
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That this was an existential threat.
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[broadcaster] Today, every state,
every city and town,
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is within striking range
of a determined enemy.
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{an8}[Wolfe] On the other hand, it was telling
Americans that a nuclear holocaust
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{an8}was absolutely survivable.
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{an8}Something that you could probably survive
by going to a fallout shelter
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in the event of a nuclear attack,
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or investing in a fallout shelter
for your own backyard.
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{an8}[Alex Wellerstein] They have a program
that starts up in 1950
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{an8}called "Civil Defense."
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{an8}The idea is, we don't want to be attacked
by these weapons, but we might.
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{an8}And if we do, yeah, some people
are just gonna die straight out,
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{an8}but there are gonna be people
who are at a distance from that bomb,
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where what they do matters.
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[broadcaster] First, you duck,
and then you cover.
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[Wellerstein] Duck and Cover
is one of the first big campaigns,
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training children to get under their desks
if a nuclear bomb is coming.
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Not because your desk is magical.
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If the bomb incinerates you and your desk,
your desk isn't gonna help.
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But because there are distances
at which doing that
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is gonna prevent
the ceiling collapsing on you,
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and you might survive that way.
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[alarm blaring]
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[Kathleen Bailey] A siren went off.
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We were all told to file into the hallway.
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{an8}We had to get down
on our hands and knees and put...
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{an8}Lace our fingers behind our heads
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and keep our heads
against the base of the lockers.
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We remained there for so long
that I got cramped up.
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And then the principal came and said,
"This is the way you must remain
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if there is a nuclear war
because your parents will come here
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if they can and find you."
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That phrase, "if they can,"
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stayed with me
as a little girl for a very long time.
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Nightmares, nightmares, nightmares.
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- [loud blast]
- [children screaming]
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- [explosion in distance]
- [screaming]
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[Lori Clune] The fear is tremendous.
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Children were wearing dog tags to school.
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This right here
is the metal identification tag
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that we are urging every child
and teenager in America to wear
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as soon as possible.
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[Clune] How long did it take
those children to realize,
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"Wait, this is so that my parents
can find my body later"?
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{an8}And the idea
that it could happen at any moment,
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{an8}that we were minutes away at any time
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from a potential nuclear blast,
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and the damage could be devastating.
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[Wellerstein] Nuclear war
becomes the backdrop
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of almost everything
that takes place in America.
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There was a real sense
that communism was on the march.
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That communism was succeeding
around the world.
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That fear pushes government officials
to encourage, "Let's develop more bombs."
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"Let's develop bigger bombs."
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It encourages Truman, famously,
to approve developing the hydrogen bomb.
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[tense music playing]
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[broadcaster] History turns its most
ominous page far out in mid-Pacific,
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where in the Enewetak Atoll,
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the world's most awesome weapon
is readied for detonation.
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The Army, Navy, and Air Force
work against time,
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under the supervision of scientists,
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who have labored for years to develop
the thermonuclear weapon.
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[Graff] The shift from an atomic bomb
to thermonuclear bombs
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is a move to weapons orders
of magnitude larger
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than the atomic bombs dropped
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
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A thermonuclear device
is not just a larger atomic bomb.
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It's a fundamentally different process.
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An atomic bomb relies on nuclear fission,
splitting of atoms,
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whereas a hydrogen bomb,
a thermonuclear device,
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relies on nuclear fusion
and sort of the combination of atoms.
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The first workable thermonuclear device
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comes in the closing days
of the Truman Administration,
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and it's tested
in what was known as the "Mike Test."
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{an8}We have minutes to go before the first
flier's Mike shot of Operation Ivy.
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If everything goes according to plan,
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we'll soon see the largest explosion
ever set off on the face of the Earth.
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[announcer] It is now
30 seconds to zero time.
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Put on goggles or turn away.
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Do not remove goggles or face burst
until ten seconds after the first light.
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[loud blast echoing]
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[Gregg Herken] The Mike Test
was a very successful test.
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{an8}It was even more powerful
than it was expected to be.
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{an8}It was ten and a half million tons
equivalent of TNT.
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[pilot] Two-six, approaching ground zero.
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Elugelab is completely gone.
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Nothing there but water.
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[broadcaster] The outlined island
in the center is former Elugelab,
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"the zero island."
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Sections of the islands on either side
have been chopped off.
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The crater is roughly a mile in diameter.
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In profile, the crater gradually
slopes down to a maximum depth
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of some 175 feet,
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or equivalent to the height
of a 17-story building.
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Compared to the skyline of New York,
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this means that with
the Empire State Building as zero point,
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the fireball alone would engulf about
one-quarter of the island of Manhattan.
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[Graff] The event
horrified and shocked everyone
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who witnessed it or read about it.
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{an8}And you have a much more
public debate about it,
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{an8}including real horror
by some of the people
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{an8}who had been part
of the Manhattan Project.
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{an8}For years, Oppenheimer believed
that the American people needed to know
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that there was a nuclear arms race.
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[Oppenheimer] The decision
to seek or not to seek
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international control of atomic energy,
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00:12:31,917 --> 00:12:36,589
the decision to try to make
or not to make the hydrogen bomb,
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these are rooted
in complex technical things.
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But they touch the very basis
of our morality.
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It is grave danger for us
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that these decisions are taken
on the basis of facts held secret.
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[Herken] He wanted
to inform the American people
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of how destructive these weapons were.
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[Graff] Albert Einstein himself wrote,
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"General annihilation beckons."
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[unsettling music playing]
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[Tom Z. Collina] These were the kind
of weapons that were so destructive
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that presidents realized that if we ever
got involved in a nuclear war,
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{an8}it would be the end
of civilization, right?
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{an8}There would be nothing left.
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[crowd cheering]
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{an8}[festive band music playing]
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[David Holloway] Eisenhower,
after he was elected,
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was informed about the first
hydrogen bomb test.
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{an8}He was just shaken.
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[brooding music playing]
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[Eisenhower] How far have we come
in man's long pilgrimage,
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from darkness toward the light?
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{an8}Are we nearing the light?
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{an8}A day of freedom
and of peace for all mankind?
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00:14:00,756 --> 00:14:05,177
{an8}Or are the shadows of another night
closing in upon us?
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Science seems ready to confer upon us
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as its final gift,
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00:14:12,643 --> 00:14:15,354
the power to erase human life
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from this planet.
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00:14:27,491 --> 00:14:32,371
[Holloway] The Soviet leaders also were
shocked when they read about this test.
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00:14:34,123 --> 00:14:36,125
{an8}And Lavrentiy Beria,
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{an8}who was in charge of the whole
police and intelligence apparatus,
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00:14:41,005 --> 00:14:45,509
pulls together scientists who have already
been working on the hydrogen bomb,
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and prepares a memo for Stalin saying,
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"This will be very expensive,
but our enemies are developing it,
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00:14:52,975 --> 00:14:55,019
so we have to develop it too."
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{an8}[tense music playing]
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{an8}[Holloway] In 1953, the Soviet Union
tested the so-called layer cake design,
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00:15:07,156 --> 00:15:10,451
{an8}which had a yield of about 400 kilotons.
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{an8}This situation then opens things up
to a kind of war of nerves.
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[broadcaster] 1954, and the US
prepared to set off a nuclear explosion
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that would dwarf the atomic blasts
at Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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to the category of small firecrackers.
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The newest and most powerful
atomic weapon yet tested
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was to be detonated in the South Pacific
in the midst of the Marshall Islands.
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00:15:46,904 --> 00:15:49,823
[Serhii Plokhy]
The Castle Bravo test was done
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in the Pacific testing grounds
at Bikini Atoll.
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{an8}That was the location where
one of the first American atomic bombs
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00:15:59,583 --> 00:16:02,670
were tested back in the late 1940s.
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There were people
on the other atolls in the Pacific.
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So they were completely unaware,
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unprepared to deal
with the explosion of the hydrogen bombs.
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00:16:24,775 --> 00:16:30,072
{an8}The Castle Bravo test becomes the scariest
moment yet of the nuclear age.
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00:16:30,864 --> 00:16:35,327
We didn't really understand
how thermonuclear bombs worked,
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00:16:35,411 --> 00:16:38,580
and the scientists
and the military leaders
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00:16:38,664 --> 00:16:41,959
who were present that day
were horrified by what they saw
236
00:16:42,042 --> 00:16:46,839
because what they saw was a bomb
that went off several times larger
237
00:16:46,922 --> 00:16:50,259
and more powerful
than anything that they had imagined.
238
00:16:50,342 --> 00:16:53,679
[dramatic music playing]
239
00:16:58,475 --> 00:17:01,895
[Herken] The Bravo test was meant
to be seven megatons,
240
00:17:02,563 --> 00:17:04,773
but it turned out it was 15 megatons.
241
00:17:06,483 --> 00:17:09,903
{an8}[Graff] It turns out to be
three times larger
242
00:17:09,987 --> 00:17:12,322
{an8}than anything we had imagined.
243
00:17:12,406 --> 00:17:15,576
{an8}Fifteen megatons of explosive power.
244
00:17:15,659 --> 00:17:19,455
{an8}A four-mile-wide fireball
245
00:17:19,538 --> 00:17:24,126
{an8}that evaporates
almost everything in its path.
246
00:17:24,209 --> 00:17:25,294
[rumbling]
247
00:17:25,377 --> 00:17:28,088
[loud blast]
248
00:17:28,172 --> 00:17:30,174
[dramatic music playing]
249
00:17:42,019 --> 00:17:43,103
[music fades]
250
00:17:43,187 --> 00:17:46,356
[seagulls squawking]
251
00:17:52,321 --> 00:17:56,450
[Plokhy] The atolls and islands
populated by the natives
252
00:17:57,076 --> 00:17:59,244
were affected by the radiation.
253
00:18:00,537 --> 00:18:02,581
[distant blast]
254
00:18:02,664 --> 00:18:07,753
[Plokhy] Many of them could see
the mushroom of that explosion going up.
255
00:18:09,922 --> 00:18:14,051
They were talking about the sun
actually coming from the west
256
00:18:14,134 --> 00:18:16,595
instead of coming from the east.
257
00:18:19,932 --> 00:18:21,532
{an8}[Neisen Laukon] I grew up on the island.
258
00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:25,229
{an8}I remember people were
really, really sick all the time.
259
00:18:25,312 --> 00:18:30,692
Babies were born, and no shell
to the back of their head, you know?
260
00:18:30,776 --> 00:18:32,236
You could see their brain.
261
00:18:32,319 --> 00:18:35,906
[mournful music playing]
262
00:18:37,407 --> 00:18:40,702
[Plokhy] The area around Bikini Atoll,
263
00:18:40,786 --> 00:18:43,997
the so-called security area and zone,
264
00:18:44,081 --> 00:18:46,416
was cleared from all the ships.
265
00:18:46,500 --> 00:18:48,001
Or at least they tried to do that.
266
00:18:49,711 --> 00:18:52,923
But one of the Japanese trailers,
Lucky Dragon,
267
00:18:53,006 --> 00:18:56,760
ended up in the area of the explosion.
268
00:18:56,844 --> 00:19:00,305
[distant rumble]
269
00:19:01,765 --> 00:19:04,565
[Terumi Tanaka, in Japanese]
The destructive power of the hydrogen bomb
270
00:19:04,601 --> 00:19:10,691
was so powerful that it far exceeded
the estimates of Americans who tested it.
271
00:19:10,774 --> 00:19:16,238
{an8}So even though the ship
was outside the security zone,
272
00:19:16,321 --> 00:19:20,409
{an8}there was a lot of radioactive fallout.
273
00:19:20,492 --> 00:19:24,163
We called it the death ash.
274
00:19:24,246 --> 00:19:25,539
[device crackling]
275
00:19:27,749 --> 00:19:30,169
[Plokhy, in English]
It was an international scandal.
276
00:19:30,252 --> 00:19:33,172
[unsettling music playing]
277
00:19:38,468 --> 00:19:42,306
Japan, the only country
hit by nuclear weapons,
278
00:19:42,389 --> 00:19:48,312
becomes one of the first casualties
of this new weapon too.
279
00:19:50,147 --> 00:19:52,524
The fisherman's dying wish is,
280
00:19:52,608 --> 00:19:57,112
{an8}"Let me be the last person
killed by this awful weapon."
281
00:20:06,496 --> 00:20:10,167
We didn't really know
how to use nuclear bombs.
282
00:20:12,002 --> 00:20:13,879
This was a new technology,
283
00:20:13,962 --> 00:20:17,841
and the military needed to learn
how to fight with it.
284
00:20:18,550 --> 00:20:20,260
And the way that they learned
285
00:20:20,344 --> 00:20:25,098
was by firing off
a lot of nuclear bombs all over the world...
286
00:20:25,182 --> 00:20:27,184
{an8}[wind whistling]
287
00:20:28,477 --> 00:20:31,063
{an8}[Graff]...including
domestic nuclear testing
288
00:20:31,146 --> 00:20:33,857
in the desert above Las Vegas.
289
00:20:40,239 --> 00:20:41,615
[blast]
290
00:20:41,698 --> 00:20:44,034
[Graff] This is probably
the high watermark
291
00:20:44,117 --> 00:20:48,288
of the nation's public
nuclear war planning.
292
00:20:50,499 --> 00:20:53,502
There were documents and plans
293
00:20:53,585 --> 00:20:57,256
showing how every aspect
of the US government
294
00:20:57,339 --> 00:21:01,593
could lead a nuclear war-damaged country.
295
00:21:02,886 --> 00:21:05,847
{an8}[somber music playing]
296
00:21:07,683 --> 00:21:09,893
{an8}[Daniel Ellsberg] I arrive at Rand
as a consultant,
297
00:21:09,977 --> 00:21:12,104
having gotten out of the Marines.
298
00:21:12,688 --> 00:21:16,024
I was assigned to a study group
working on a problem then
299
00:21:16,108 --> 00:21:20,988
of deterring a Russian surprise attack
that would disarm us basically,
300
00:21:21,071 --> 00:21:23,865
and let them, in effect, rule the world.
301
00:21:26,034 --> 00:21:28,620
It seemed morally almost obligatory
302
00:21:28,704 --> 00:21:33,041
to try to develop an ability
to retaliate in kind.
303
00:21:36,628 --> 00:21:38,630
This was a very smart bunch.
304
00:21:39,715 --> 00:21:43,135
Including my mentor at Rand,
Albert Wohlstetter,
305
00:21:43,218 --> 00:21:45,220
and my friend Herman Kahn.
306
00:21:47,055 --> 00:21:51,059
The smartest group of people
I ever did associate with.
307
00:21:51,143 --> 00:21:52,728
It turns out, by the way,
308
00:21:53,729 --> 00:21:59,735
intelligence is not a very good
guarantee of wisdom.
309
00:22:00,319 --> 00:22:04,531
{an8}Deterrence is the art of producing
in the mind of the enemy
310
00:22:05,532 --> 00:22:07,534
the fear to attack.
311
00:22:08,201 --> 00:22:09,911
[Ellsberg] In the movie Dr. Strangelove,
312
00:22:09,995 --> 00:22:12,164
many of the words
are taken from Herman Kahn,
313
00:22:12,247 --> 00:22:15,417
the leader...
inventor of the doomsday machine,
314
00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:17,586
on his book on thermonuclear war.
315
00:22:18,170 --> 00:22:21,214
The doomsday machine is terrifying.
316
00:22:22,090 --> 00:22:24,259
[chuckles] It's simple to understand.
317
00:22:24,343 --> 00:22:27,679
And completely credible and convincing.
318
00:22:27,763 --> 00:22:30,766
Gee, I wish we had one of them
doomsday machines, Stainesey.
319
00:22:30,849 --> 00:22:33,935
[interviewer] What did you think of
Dr. Strangelove when you saw that movie?
320
00:22:34,019 --> 00:22:36,188
See, that was a documentary.
321
00:22:37,272 --> 00:22:39,941
Everything in Dr. Strangelove
could have happened.
322
00:22:40,025 --> 00:22:41,068
[clears throat]
323
00:22:41,151 --> 00:22:42,652
Mr. President...
324
00:22:42,736 --> 00:22:43,779
[clicks tongue]
325
00:22:43,862 --> 00:22:46,823
...about, uh, 35 minutes ago,
326
00:22:47,491 --> 00:22:49,368
General Jack Ripper,
327
00:22:49,451 --> 00:22:53,288
the commanding general
of, um, Burpelson Air Force Base,
328
00:22:54,206 --> 00:22:57,459
issued an order
to the 34 B-52s of his wing,
329
00:22:57,542 --> 00:22:59,544
which were airborne at the time,
330
00:22:59,628 --> 00:23:03,882
as part of a special exercise
we were holding called Operation Dropkick.
331
00:23:03,965 --> 00:23:08,762
Now, it appears that the order
called for the planes
332
00:23:08,845 --> 00:23:11,556
to attack their targets inside Russia.
333
00:23:12,182 --> 00:23:13,058
[clamoring]
334
00:23:13,141 --> 00:23:16,228
[Turgidson] The planes are fully armed
with nuclear weapons
335
00:23:16,311 --> 00:23:19,981
with an average load of, um,
40 megatons each.
336
00:23:20,065 --> 00:23:22,943
[Ellsberg] The notion that only
the president had the authority
337
00:23:23,026 --> 00:23:25,487
to launch those weapons was a myth.
338
00:23:25,570 --> 00:23:28,090
- [interviewer] That's not true? So...
- It has never been true.
339
00:23:28,490 --> 00:23:30,909
Many other people can launch this.
340
00:23:30,992 --> 00:23:32,536
Not only the Joint Chiefs.
341
00:23:32,619 --> 00:23:36,164
There have always been arrangements
for lower-level people,
342
00:23:36,248 --> 00:23:39,501
if they believe that a war is going on,
343
00:23:39,584 --> 00:23:44,172
or if communications are cut off,
to launch those weapons.
344
00:23:44,256 --> 00:23:47,259
Then why haven't you radioed the planes
countermanding the go code?
345
00:23:48,677 --> 00:23:51,805
Well, I'm afraid we're unable
to communicate with any of the aircraft.
346
00:23:52,431 --> 00:23:56,309
[Ellsberg] When Buck Turgidson,
the head of the Air Force in the movie,
347
00:23:56,393 --> 00:23:57,727
says to the president,
348
00:23:57,811 --> 00:24:01,481
"The planes are sent off
and can't be recalled."
349
00:24:01,565 --> 00:24:03,942
"They might as well go now.
They're on their way."
350
00:24:04,025 --> 00:24:06,403
That was an Air Force attitude,
pretty much.
351
00:24:08,947 --> 00:24:11,867
I don't think too many people realize
that Eisenhower had said
352
00:24:11,950 --> 00:24:16,455
there's to be no planning
for limited war with the Soviets.
353
00:24:19,374 --> 00:24:24,004
At Rand, I was given full access
to the war plans.
354
00:24:25,255 --> 00:24:30,844
I was one of a handful of civilians
who did see these plans,
355
00:24:30,927 --> 00:24:34,931
and they were strange and horrible.
356
00:24:35,015 --> 00:24:36,766
Uh, terrible plans.
357
00:24:36,850 --> 00:24:40,437
They seemed like the worst plans
that had ever existed.
358
00:24:43,190 --> 00:24:46,735
Eisenhower felt any fighting with Soviets,
359
00:24:46,818 --> 00:24:48,570
even if it starts small,
360
00:24:49,321 --> 00:24:53,450
is going to escalate very quickly
to a larger war.
361
00:24:53,533 --> 00:24:57,996
And under Eisenhower,
that meant full-scale nuclear war.
362
00:24:58,079 --> 00:25:01,374
We anticipated a world
of peace and cooperation.
363
00:25:02,334 --> 00:25:05,504
The calculated pressures
of aggressive communism
364
00:25:05,587 --> 00:25:08,965
have forced us instead
to live in a world of turmoil.
365
00:25:10,175 --> 00:25:14,679
[Ellsberg] The plan was to hit
every city in Russia and China
366
00:25:14,763 --> 00:25:16,223
with thermonuclear weapons.
367
00:25:16,306 --> 00:25:17,599
H-bombs.
368
00:25:17,682 --> 00:25:18,725
[loud blast]
369
00:25:22,020 --> 00:25:24,022
[foreboding music playing]
370
00:25:29,986 --> 00:25:33,740
[Ellsberg] So I thought
that it would put them off-balance
371
00:25:34,241 --> 00:25:38,119
to know how many people
altogether would be killed by this.
372
00:25:39,371 --> 00:25:42,207
So I drafted a question, one among many,
373
00:25:42,707 --> 00:25:45,460
to be given to the Joint Chiefs
by the Secretary of Defense.
374
00:25:46,628 --> 00:25:48,672
"If you carried out your plans,
375
00:25:48,755 --> 00:25:53,260
how many people would be killed
in Russia and China alone?"
376
00:25:54,678 --> 00:25:57,430
I really thought
they wouldn't have an answer.
377
00:25:58,014 --> 00:26:01,226
But they did have an answer,
and it was top secret.
378
00:26:01,309 --> 00:26:03,061
"For the president's eyes only."
379
00:26:05,313 --> 00:26:09,985
{an8}And it's a graph with,
on the horizontal axis, "time" in months,
380
00:26:10,068 --> 00:26:13,446
{an8}and then millions of dead
on the vertical axis.
381
00:26:14,239 --> 00:26:18,410
{an8}The line began at 275 million people.
382
00:26:19,536 --> 00:26:23,957
{an8}And it rose, as fallout killed
people over the next six months,
383
00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:27,127
{an8}to 325 million people.
384
00:26:28,295 --> 00:26:31,423
{an8}This was Russia and China alone.
385
00:26:33,883 --> 00:26:36,177
{an8}So I sent another question
that I'd drafted.
386
00:26:36,261 --> 00:26:37,554
{an8}"How many all together?"
387
00:26:38,638 --> 00:26:42,309
{an8}And that just took them a week to answer,
but this time in the form of a table.
388
00:26:43,810 --> 00:26:48,064
{an8}Another hundred million
in the satellites of East Europe, Poland,
389
00:26:48,148 --> 00:26:50,650
{an8}and Hungary, Romania.
390
00:26:50,734 --> 00:26:55,864
{an8}In West Europe, another hundred million
depending on which way the wind blew.
391
00:26:55,947 --> 00:27:00,785
{an8}And a third hundred million
in areas contiguous to the Soviet Union
392
00:27:00,869 --> 00:27:04,623
{an8}like Afghanistan, Japan, and India.
393
00:27:05,582 --> 00:27:06,875
So the total,
394
00:27:06,958 --> 00:27:10,253
in addition to the 325 million
in Russia and China,
395
00:27:11,171 --> 00:27:12,756
was 600 million.
396
00:27:12,839 --> 00:27:14,549
A hundred Holocausts.
397
00:27:14,633 --> 00:27:17,927
{an8}[tense music rising]
398
00:27:20,513 --> 00:27:22,724
{an8}Now, the population
of the world at that time
399
00:27:22,807 --> 00:27:25,602
{an8}was 3,600,000,000.
400
00:27:25,685 --> 00:27:29,105
{an8}That's one-fifth
of the world's population.
401
00:27:30,899 --> 00:27:36,071
It struck me as
the most evil and insane plan
402
00:27:36,154 --> 00:27:39,491
that had ever existed
in the history of humanity.
403
00:27:39,574 --> 00:27:41,910
[tense music continues]
404
00:27:41,993 --> 00:27:44,788
[Ellsberg] This is institutional insanity.
405
00:27:46,790 --> 00:27:49,918
[music fades]
406
00:27:50,001 --> 00:27:52,003
[inaudible]
407
00:27:54,839 --> 00:27:57,634
[Scott Anderson] When Eisenhower came in,
he initiated this policy.
408
00:27:57,717 --> 00:27:59,135
The "New Look" policy.
409
00:28:00,804 --> 00:28:03,264
{an8}"New Look" was, for the first time,
410
00:28:03,348 --> 00:28:07,477
{an8}the Americans reserve the right
to use massive retaliation
411
00:28:07,560 --> 00:28:11,106
if it felt that its vital
national security interests
412
00:28:11,189 --> 00:28:13,108
were under threat anywhere in the world.
413
00:28:14,901 --> 00:28:17,987
And the Soviets immediately
turned around and said the same thing.
414
00:28:19,531 --> 00:28:22,367
So it froze the battlefield,
certainly in Europe.
415
00:28:24,244 --> 00:28:28,540
And it opened up the entire
rest of the world as the new battlefield,
416
00:28:28,623 --> 00:28:31,000
as the playground of the two powers.
417
00:28:31,084 --> 00:28:35,046
Can't do anything in Europe, so you have
to make mischief everywhere else.
418
00:28:36,631 --> 00:28:41,177
{an8}So that's when you see this explosion
around the world of covert operations...
419
00:28:42,887 --> 00:28:46,558
{an8}and these massive intelligence
and defense conglomerates
420
00:28:46,641 --> 00:28:48,309
{an8}that both the superpowers have.
421
00:28:50,562 --> 00:28:53,064
The amazing thing
is that prior to World War II,
422
00:28:53,148 --> 00:28:57,861
the United States never had a permanent
foreign intelligence agency at all.
423
00:29:02,240 --> 00:29:05,243
[ominous music playing]
424
00:29:15,962 --> 00:29:18,882
[Tim Weiner] You can trace
the roots of the CIA
425
00:29:18,965 --> 00:29:23,261
to a mansion in Berlin
in the summer of 1945.
426
00:29:25,096 --> 00:29:27,807
The war in Europe is over. Hitler is dead.
427
00:29:27,891 --> 00:29:29,684
Berlin is in ruins.
428
00:29:29,768 --> 00:29:35,231
{an8}But in a well-pointed mansion
in the center of the city are two men.
429
00:29:35,315 --> 00:29:36,941
{an8}One is Allen Dulles,
430
00:29:37,025 --> 00:29:40,278
{an8}and the other is his favorite lieutenant,
Richard Helms.
431
00:29:41,070 --> 00:29:46,534
They were both products of the OSS,
the Office of Strategic Services.
432
00:29:52,373 --> 00:29:54,501
{an8}[Anderson] It was really the British,
the MI6,
433
00:29:54,584 --> 00:29:58,171
{an8}who kind of created the OSS,
the Office of Strategic Services.
434
00:29:59,714 --> 00:30:02,217
So it was very much
modeled on the British model.
435
00:30:06,095 --> 00:30:09,724
[Weiner] Allen Dulles,
he was into sabotage,
436
00:30:09,808 --> 00:30:13,394
covert operations,
paramilitary operations.
437
00:30:13,478 --> 00:30:16,064
He was interested in the more,
438
00:30:16,147 --> 00:30:19,359
shall we say,
dangerous aspects of the job.
439
00:30:20,485 --> 00:30:25,365
Helms was uniquely fascinated
by espionage.
440
00:30:26,157 --> 00:30:28,326
He believed that the business
of intelligence
441
00:30:28,409 --> 00:30:31,746
was gathering intelligence by spying.
442
00:30:37,877 --> 00:30:41,548
[Anderson] Berlin, at that point,
the former capital of Nazi Germany,
443
00:30:41,631 --> 00:30:45,301
is rapidly becoming ground zero
of certainly what the Soviets
444
00:30:45,385 --> 00:30:47,387
are seeing as the contest with the West.
445
00:30:50,431 --> 00:30:56,688
I was transferred to Berlin
because we had in Berlin two stations.
446
00:30:58,690 --> 00:31:01,484
[Anderson] The Soviets probably had
hundreds of operatives in Berlin
447
00:31:01,568 --> 00:31:02,944
in late 1945.
448
00:31:04,529 --> 00:31:07,240
Peter Sichel had a few dozen
answering to him,
449
00:31:07,323 --> 00:31:09,158
and he had just turned 23 years old.
450
00:31:11,077 --> 00:31:14,873
[Sichel] The Soviets had put
enormous resources
451
00:31:14,956 --> 00:31:17,417
into their intelligence services.
452
00:31:17,500 --> 00:31:19,961
And they had continuity
453
00:31:20,044 --> 00:31:23,047
going back to the '20s and '30s,
454
00:31:23,131 --> 00:31:25,341
when they were implanting people
455
00:31:26,009 --> 00:31:29,137
into universities, into society.
456
00:31:29,220 --> 00:31:31,347
[tense music playing]
457
00:31:36,144 --> 00:31:38,187
[Milton Bearden] The way
the Soviet Union ran,
458
00:31:38,271 --> 00:31:40,064
there was three legs to that stool.
459
00:31:40,815 --> 00:31:44,611
The party, the army, and the KGB.
460
00:31:47,822 --> 00:31:49,741
There's nothing like that in America.
461
00:31:52,201 --> 00:31:55,955
{an8}[Nina Khrushcheva] Dzerzhinsky,
founder of what we now know is the KGB.
462
00:31:57,665 --> 00:32:02,295
Security forces in Russia have always been
the second nature to the state.
463
00:32:03,087 --> 00:32:08,301
{an8}Dzerzhinsky just took over that system
and created his own security apparatus,
464
00:32:08,968 --> 00:32:14,182
which got more and more repressive
when Stalin got into power early on.
465
00:32:21,189 --> 00:32:22,690
[music fades]
466
00:32:22,774 --> 00:32:24,192
[inaudible]
467
00:32:24,275 --> 00:32:26,903
[Weiner] Harry Truman
thought there was no need
468
00:32:26,986 --> 00:32:30,740
for a peacetime intelligence service
in the United States.
469
00:32:30,823 --> 00:32:32,158
Our problems were over.
470
00:32:32,825 --> 00:32:37,497
But a few of its officers,
like Allen Dulles, like Richard Helms,
471
00:32:37,580 --> 00:32:42,168
fought with their allies in the Army,
the US Army, to keep it alive.
472
00:32:43,670 --> 00:32:45,296
In 1947,
473
00:32:45,380 --> 00:32:48,007
the National Security Act created,
474
00:32:48,091 --> 00:32:51,260
in a very short six-page order,
475
00:32:51,344 --> 00:32:53,596
the Central Intelligence Agency.
476
00:32:56,391 --> 00:33:00,561
{an8}[Stephen Kinzer] In that act,
there's something unique, very important,
477
00:33:00,645 --> 00:33:03,481
that went on to have
a shattering impact at the CIA.
478
00:33:03,564 --> 00:33:06,025
In the old system,
particularly in Britain,
479
00:33:06,109 --> 00:33:08,528
there was always an absolute firewall
480
00:33:08,611 --> 00:33:12,573
between the people who analyzed situations
481
00:33:12,657 --> 00:33:15,660
and decided what might be done
or shouldn't have to be done,
482
00:33:15,743 --> 00:33:19,080
and then on the other side,
the covert operatives.
483
00:33:21,749 --> 00:33:23,835
In the National Security Act,
484
00:33:23,918 --> 00:33:28,548
both of these functions were combined
into one agency, the CIA.
485
00:33:28,631 --> 00:33:31,592
So it was gonna be the agency
that advised the president
486
00:33:31,676 --> 00:33:33,386
on what the world looked like,
487
00:33:33,469 --> 00:33:36,431
and then decided
whether a covert action was necessary,
488
00:33:36,514 --> 00:33:37,890
and then carried it out.
489
00:33:37,974 --> 00:33:42,186
That naturally gave the incentive
to present the world
490
00:33:42,270 --> 00:33:44,981
as if covert action
was necessary everywhere.
491
00:33:48,776 --> 00:33:53,948
[Weiner] By 1949,
the CIA's recruiting foreign agents
492
00:33:54,032 --> 00:33:56,451
throughout Germany and beyond,
493
00:33:56,534 --> 00:34:02,665
to conduct paramilitary operations
against the nations of Central Europe
494
00:34:02,749 --> 00:34:06,919
where Stalin has installed
his puppet governments,
495
00:34:07,003 --> 00:34:12,050
to parachute behind the Iron Curtain
and subvert the Soviet state.
496
00:34:13,968 --> 00:34:18,056
{an8}The first of these operations,
in the fall of 1949,
497
00:34:18,139 --> 00:34:22,894
{an8}were Ukrainians who had gotten
out of Ukraine after Stalin took it over,
498
00:34:22,977 --> 00:34:24,437
found their way to Germany.
499
00:34:25,563 --> 00:34:30,610
{an8}The CIA trains these Ukrainian exiles
in Germany for a month or two or three.
500
00:34:30,693 --> 00:34:34,739
"Here's how you jump out of an airplane
with a parachute and a gun."
501
00:34:34,822 --> 00:34:37,200
"Hit the ground and roll if you can."
502
00:34:38,034 --> 00:34:40,453
{an8}"Here's how you set up
a clandestine radio
503
00:34:40,536 --> 00:34:41,996
{an8}to communicate with us."
504
00:34:43,539 --> 00:34:48,044
{an8}"Here's $50,000 worth of local currency
505
00:34:48,127 --> 00:34:50,880
to buy yourself access."
506
00:34:50,963 --> 00:34:54,050
"And you're to establish
a clandestine base
507
00:34:54,634 --> 00:34:57,720
{an8}inside of Soviet-controlled Ukraine,
508
00:34:58,471 --> 00:35:01,390
{an8}and we'll tell you what to do
when you get there."
509
00:35:04,227 --> 00:35:07,605
{an8}[Anderson] Peter Sichel's kind of
in a supervisory role in all this.
510
00:35:11,150 --> 00:35:16,197
{an8}[Sichel] Ukraine was never
totally controlled by the Soviets.
511
00:35:16,280 --> 00:35:19,325
{an8}There was always pockets of resistance.
512
00:35:20,326 --> 00:35:22,203
They created so-called
513
00:35:23,079 --> 00:35:25,790
"Ukrainian resistance cells."
514
00:35:26,833 --> 00:35:30,795
We would supply them
with arms, money, whatever.
515
00:35:32,088 --> 00:35:37,260
These operations which the CIA conducted
with every fiber of its being
516
00:35:37,343 --> 00:35:40,638
from 1949 to 1953,
517
00:35:40,721 --> 00:35:42,890
were suicide missions.
518
00:35:43,641 --> 00:35:47,979
Uncounted thousands
of recruited foreign agents died.
519
00:35:48,604 --> 00:35:51,107
And one reason they were suicide missions
520
00:35:51,607 --> 00:35:57,446
{an8}is that the CIA had been
penetrated by a Soviet spy.
521
00:35:57,947 --> 00:36:03,077
{an8}And that spy was the head
of British intelligence in Washington,
522
00:36:03,161 --> 00:36:04,328
Kim Philby.
523
00:36:05,454 --> 00:36:09,500
He is the liaison
between the British intelligence services
524
00:36:09,584 --> 00:36:10,584
and the CIA.
525
00:36:12,336 --> 00:36:16,048
Philby was read
into what the CIA was doing
526
00:36:16,132 --> 00:36:17,842
in its paramilitary missions,
527
00:36:19,010 --> 00:36:22,722
and immediately conveys this information
back to Moscow Central,
528
00:36:22,805 --> 00:36:26,184
thus ensuring that the missions
would end in disaster.
529
00:36:27,685 --> 00:36:29,896
I was asked to resign
from the foreign office
530
00:36:29,979 --> 00:36:32,064
because of an imprudent association.
531
00:36:32,148 --> 00:36:35,359
[reporter] What about these alleged
communist associations?
532
00:36:35,443 --> 00:36:36,944
Can you say anything about them?
533
00:36:37,028 --> 00:36:40,990
The last time I spoke to a communist,
knowing him to be a communist,
534
00:36:41,073 --> 00:36:44,076
was sometime in 1934.
535
00:36:45,328 --> 00:36:49,498
{an8}[interviewer] So what happened
to all the people, the arms, and money
536
00:36:49,582 --> 00:36:53,252
that the United States flew into Ukraine
in order to support those groups?
537
00:36:53,753 --> 00:36:57,131
Basically ended up in Soviet hands.
538
00:36:57,215 --> 00:36:58,841
And the people were shot,
539
00:36:59,884 --> 00:37:02,428
or sent to Siberia, or whatever.
540
00:37:05,681 --> 00:37:10,519
[Anderson] Each succeeding operation
into Poland, Romania,
541
00:37:10,603 --> 00:37:11,771
they're all disasters.
542
00:37:11,854 --> 00:37:13,356
People just disappear.
543
00:37:14,732 --> 00:37:16,859
[somber music playing]
544
00:37:16,943 --> 00:37:22,448
[Sichel] When it became so obvious
that it was a lesson they never learned,
545
00:37:23,199 --> 00:37:27,828
I decided I didn't want
to be associated with people
546
00:37:27,912 --> 00:37:30,915
who were so cavalier with human lives.
547
00:37:31,707 --> 00:37:32,792
End of story.
548
00:37:34,252 --> 00:37:39,674
I felt that an agency
that had so little regard for human life,
549
00:37:40,508 --> 00:37:41,759
was not for me.
550
00:37:42,468 --> 00:37:44,095
I approved of what they did,
551
00:37:44,595 --> 00:37:47,265
but not where they did it
and how they did it.
552
00:37:50,518 --> 00:37:54,814
[Weiner] The CIA was operating
so far out of its depths
553
00:37:54,897 --> 00:38:00,611
that you can safely say
almost nothing the agency did worked.
554
00:38:01,279 --> 00:38:05,574
Not in gathering intelligence,
not in running secret operations,
555
00:38:05,658 --> 00:38:07,159
paramilitary missions.
556
00:38:07,243 --> 00:38:08,828
It was a failure.
557
00:38:16,669 --> 00:38:19,922
But 1953 was a new era for the CIA.
558
00:38:23,384 --> 00:38:27,847
[Kinzer] Under the Truman Administration,
the CIA did carry out covert operations,
559
00:38:27,930 --> 00:38:31,600
but always stopped short
of overthrowing governments.
560
00:38:32,184 --> 00:38:36,272
When the Eisenhower Administration
took office, the gloves came off.
561
00:38:38,232 --> 00:38:41,319
Allen Dulles became director of the CIA,
562
00:38:41,402 --> 00:38:45,031
and his older brother John Foster Dulles
became Secretary of State.
563
00:38:45,614 --> 00:38:48,701
{an8}This was the first time two siblings,
two brothers,
564
00:38:48,784 --> 00:38:53,789
{an8}controlled the overt and the covert sides
of American foreign policy.
565
00:38:55,291 --> 00:38:57,710
The Dulles brothers saw communism
566
00:38:57,793 --> 00:39:00,629
behind every nationalist movement
in the world.
567
00:39:02,173 --> 00:39:05,092
America was going to be
this beacon of democracy.
568
00:39:05,176 --> 00:39:08,304
We were going to spread
democracy around the world.
569
00:39:08,387 --> 00:39:10,389
It didn't matter how corrupt,
or how vicious,
570
00:39:10,473 --> 00:39:12,350
or how brutal the regime was.
571
00:39:12,433 --> 00:39:15,019
If you were anti-communist,
you were fine by us.
572
00:39:17,563 --> 00:39:22,651
I often joke that if the Dulleses wanted
to throw their grandmother under the bus,
573
00:39:22,735 --> 00:39:25,404
they would say they needed to do it
to save America
574
00:39:25,488 --> 00:39:27,406
from international communism.
575
00:39:30,117 --> 00:39:32,703
[Kinzer] One factor
that shaped the Dulles brothers
576
00:39:32,787 --> 00:39:36,457
was a lifetime of dedication
to protecting the interests
577
00:39:36,540 --> 00:39:39,293
of multinational corporations.
578
00:39:39,377 --> 00:39:42,630
What this meant
was that they had a deep interest
579
00:39:42,713 --> 00:39:46,550
in preserving the world economic system.
580
00:39:49,011 --> 00:39:52,932
This system was based above all
on an understanding
581
00:39:53,015 --> 00:39:56,352
that developed countries
that consume resources
582
00:39:56,435 --> 00:40:01,941
need to be able to control the countries
where those resources are produced.
583
00:40:02,024 --> 00:40:05,986
{an8}[dramatic music playing]
584
00:40:09,407 --> 00:40:11,617
[Kinzer] The first two targets
for the Dulles brothers
585
00:40:11,700 --> 00:40:14,453
as leaders who needed to be overthrown,
586
00:40:14,537 --> 00:40:19,041
were two leaders against
whom they already had grudges.
587
00:40:20,209 --> 00:40:24,130
{an8}It was Mosaddegh in Iran
and Árbenz in Guatemala.
588
00:40:28,426 --> 00:40:34,223
[Weiner] And this led to two of the CIA's
most famous and infamous operations
589
00:40:34,306 --> 00:40:36,142
of the early 1950s,
590
00:40:36,225 --> 00:40:40,938
which was to overthrow
the duly elected governments
591
00:40:41,021 --> 00:40:43,858
of Guatemala and Iran.
592
00:40:46,569 --> 00:40:50,489
[broadcaster] The world's largest
oil refinery at Abadan, Iran,
593
00:40:50,573 --> 00:40:53,159
becomes the center
of a major international crisis,
594
00:40:53,242 --> 00:40:58,164
as Iran's parliament votes unanimously
to nationalize her vast oil fields.
595
00:40:59,790 --> 00:41:04,879
[Kinzer] The Iranian government
had nationalized its oil resources.
596
00:41:07,089 --> 00:41:10,885
[Anderson] The British had a stranglehold
over Iranian oil going back to 1914.
597
00:41:12,011 --> 00:41:14,054
The British are pretty broke
at this point.
598
00:41:14,138 --> 00:41:16,765
They go and sit
with John Foster Dulles and go,
599
00:41:16,849 --> 00:41:18,489
"Yeah, we think Mosaddegh's a communist."
600
00:41:18,559 --> 00:41:21,353
{an8}[laughs] "And will you help us
overthrow him?"
601
00:41:22,396 --> 00:41:25,608
{an8}[Weiner] And the British and the Americans
conceived an operation
602
00:41:25,691 --> 00:41:27,359
to get rid of Mosaddegh.
603
00:41:27,443 --> 00:41:29,195
[suspenseful music playing]
604
00:41:29,278 --> 00:41:31,405
[distant call to prayer]
605
00:41:35,075 --> 00:41:38,621
[Weiner] So there were two elements
to the CIA's plan,
606
00:41:38,704 --> 00:41:41,332
a chaotic plan that worked.
607
00:41:41,415 --> 00:41:44,752
And one was money for bribing people,
608
00:41:44,835 --> 00:41:46,337
and the other was propaganda.
609
00:41:49,381 --> 00:41:51,485
HORRIFIC SPECTER OF BULLYING
AND COMMUNISM HAUNTS IRAN
610
00:41:51,509 --> 00:41:53,719
[Kinzer] They had most of the newspapers
in Tehran
611
00:41:53,802 --> 00:41:56,138
printing articles denouncing Mosaddegh.
612
00:41:57,139 --> 00:42:00,267
[indistinct chatter]
613
00:42:04,772 --> 00:42:08,150
[Abrahamian] This type
of what is now called fake news
614
00:42:08,234 --> 00:42:14,907
was very much used by the CIA
to basically flood the Iranian media.
615
00:42:16,075 --> 00:42:21,080
{an8}[Weiner] Then the CIA hired thugs
who posed as members
616
00:42:21,163 --> 00:42:24,500
{an8}of the very small Communist Party of Iran,
617
00:42:24,583 --> 00:42:27,753
{an8}who attacked mullahs, defiled a mosque.
618
00:42:32,591 --> 00:42:35,511
The operation basically failed.
619
00:42:36,470 --> 00:42:37,846
And then at the last minute,
620
00:42:37,930 --> 00:42:42,309
{an8}through a comical
and Byzantine series of events,
621
00:42:42,893 --> 00:42:46,939
{an8}there was just enough money,
propaganda, and treachery
622
00:42:47,022 --> 00:42:49,233
flowing through the streets of Tehran
623
00:42:49,817 --> 00:42:53,821
to allow a small corps
of rebellious officers
624
00:42:53,904 --> 00:42:55,698
who had been paid by the CIA
625
00:42:55,781 --> 00:42:59,285
to roll a tank up
to Prime Minister Mosaddegh's house,
626
00:42:59,368 --> 00:43:00,494
{an8}blow a hole in it,
627
00:43:00,578 --> 00:43:03,831
{an8}and convince him it would probably
be best if he left office.
628
00:43:04,582 --> 00:43:07,585
[clamoring]
629
00:43:11,005 --> 00:43:15,342
{an8}This opened the way
for the reinstallation of a Shah of Iran.
630
00:43:15,426 --> 00:43:17,826
{an8}[broadcaster] Army officers reveal
Mosaddegh has surrendered.
631
00:43:17,886 --> 00:43:21,056
His reign as virtual
dictator of Iran is ended.
632
00:43:21,140 --> 00:43:25,477
Now crowds shout pro-shah slogans
and carry pictures of a troubled ruler
633
00:43:25,561 --> 00:43:27,354
of a troubled nation.
634
00:43:32,318 --> 00:43:36,196
[Weiner] The shah
ran a viciously repressive,
635
00:43:36,280 --> 00:43:38,282
but pro-American government.
636
00:43:46,999 --> 00:43:49,084
[Abrahamian] After the coup in Iran,
637
00:43:49,168 --> 00:43:52,379
what you had was a consortium
638
00:43:52,463 --> 00:43:56,592
between Iran and Western oil companies
639
00:43:56,675 --> 00:44:01,305
obeying American companies,
a British company, and a French company.
640
00:44:01,388 --> 00:44:03,515
They ran the oil industry.
641
00:44:05,851 --> 00:44:08,020
{an8}If you read the documents,
642
00:44:08,103 --> 00:44:13,651
{an8}there is really no real concern
about a serious communist takeover.
643
00:44:14,777 --> 00:44:17,821
But it was a convenient argument to use
644
00:44:17,905 --> 00:44:19,615
in the American public
645
00:44:19,698 --> 00:44:23,202
that they were saving the country
from communism.
646
00:44:24,161 --> 00:44:28,791
[enthralling music playing]
647
00:44:28,874 --> 00:44:31,877
{an8}[Anderson] The following year,
almost the same thing happens in Guatemala
648
00:44:31,960 --> 00:44:33,420
{an8}with Jacobo Árbenz.
649
00:44:41,428 --> 00:44:44,723
{an8}♪ I'm Chiquita Banana
And I've come to say ♪
650
00:44:44,807 --> 00:44:47,976
{an8}♪ Bananas have to ripen
In a certain way... ♪
651
00:44:52,815 --> 00:44:56,819
United Fruit has been running Guatemala
as a virtual slave plantation for decades.
652
00:44:56,902 --> 00:45:01,490
People are paid virtually nothing,
and Árbenz is talking about nationalizing.
653
00:45:02,616 --> 00:45:04,827
[enthralling music continues]
654
00:45:07,162 --> 00:45:10,332
[Kinzer] The government of Jacobo Árbenz
had won congressional approval
655
00:45:10,416 --> 00:45:14,628
for a large land reform that required
the United Fruit Company
656
00:45:14,712 --> 00:45:19,466
to sell its unused land
to the Guatemalan government,
657
00:45:19,550 --> 00:45:21,218
which would then cut up that land
658
00:45:21,301 --> 00:45:24,221
and give it away
to starving peasant families.
659
00:45:26,306 --> 00:45:31,270
United Fruit convinces John Foster Dulles
that Árbenz is communist.
660
00:45:31,770 --> 00:45:35,733
So again, the Americans
back this coup against Árbenz.
661
00:45:37,276 --> 00:45:39,194
[Weiner] This man wasn't a communist.
662
00:45:39,903 --> 00:45:44,491
He proposed to expropriate
some fallow land
663
00:45:44,575 --> 00:45:47,703
that United Fruit Company owned,
664
00:45:47,786 --> 00:45:49,747
and to distribute it to peasants.
665
00:45:52,124 --> 00:45:56,545
[Kinzer] The CIA recruited
a cashiered colonel named Castillo Armas,
666
00:45:56,628 --> 00:45:58,756
and anointed him as "the liberator."
667
00:45:59,965 --> 00:46:03,051
Then the CIA swept into action.
668
00:46:04,470 --> 00:46:10,184
They saturated Guatemalan airwaves
with pre-recorded phony broadcasts.
669
00:46:10,726 --> 00:46:13,037
{an8}[man in Spanish] Listen to us
and you will know the reality
670
00:46:13,061 --> 00:46:15,731
{an8}of Guatemala's political moment
671
00:46:15,814 --> 00:46:19,443
{an8}and the irrefutable progress
of the great liberation movement.
672
00:46:20,068 --> 00:46:22,488
{an8}[Kinzer, in English]
In which, it seemed like
673
00:46:23,322 --> 00:46:26,784
a big civil war
was unfolding in Guatemala.
674
00:46:28,076 --> 00:46:31,121
Meanwhile, CIA planes were dropping bombs
675
00:46:31,205 --> 00:46:34,416
that were then coordinated
with these radio broadcasts.
676
00:46:34,917 --> 00:46:37,711
- LONG LIVE CASTILLO ARMAS
- COMMUNISTS, LEAVE ESQUIPULAS
677
00:46:39,630 --> 00:46:41,632
[Kinzer] There wasn't any real fighting,
678
00:46:41,715 --> 00:46:44,218
but finally it became clear
to the generals
679
00:46:44,301 --> 00:46:46,345
that they had to overthrow Árbenz.
680
00:46:48,722 --> 00:46:51,517
That brought Castillo Armas into power,
681
00:46:51,600 --> 00:46:54,311
the liberator
that the Americans had anointed.
682
00:46:55,145 --> 00:46:59,358
He went on immediately
to ban labor unions,
683
00:46:59,441 --> 00:47:00,901
close Congress...
684
00:47:01,652 --> 00:47:05,113
- [gunfire]
- [crowd clamoring]
685
00:47:05,697 --> 00:47:07,574
...impose an oppressive regime,
686
00:47:07,658 --> 00:47:09,535
execute hundreds of people,
687
00:47:09,618 --> 00:47:15,457
and then that led to a holocaust
in Guatemala for many years.
688
00:47:16,458 --> 00:47:19,336
Back in Washington,
in the White House and the CIA,
689
00:47:19,419 --> 00:47:22,422
this operation was considered
a complete success.
690
00:47:22,506 --> 00:47:23,799
Spectacular.
691
00:47:23,882 --> 00:47:25,592
It didn't cost much money.
692
00:47:25,676 --> 00:47:29,054
Only a few hundred people were killed,
none of them were Americans.
693
00:47:31,640 --> 00:47:35,477
[Anderson] To my mind, John Foster Dulles
is really one of the great villains
694
00:47:35,561 --> 00:47:37,521
of the second half of the 20th century,
695
00:47:37,604 --> 00:47:40,482
from the standpoint
of the American standing in the world.
696
00:47:41,900 --> 00:47:43,569
He saw the world as black and white.
697
00:47:43,652 --> 00:47:45,904
You either stood with America,
or were against us.
698
00:47:45,988 --> 00:47:47,406
There was no neutrality.
699
00:47:48,824 --> 00:47:51,243
[Allen Dulles]
Intelligence is nothing really
700
00:47:51,326 --> 00:47:54,246
other than information and knowledge.
701
00:47:54,329 --> 00:47:59,376
{an8}From the days of Socrates
by various methods, and even before that,
702
00:47:59,459 --> 00:48:03,005
{an8}uh, mankind has been seeking knowledge
703
00:48:03,088 --> 00:48:07,175
of everything that influences his own life
704
00:48:07,259 --> 00:48:10,262
or the life of the nation
to which he belongs.
705
00:48:11,138 --> 00:48:14,933
But the idea
that it is necessarily nefarious,
706
00:48:15,017 --> 00:48:18,103
it's always engaged
in overthrowing governments, that's false.
707
00:48:21,231 --> 00:48:24,526
- [typewriter keys clacking]
- [phones ringing]
708
00:48:26,653 --> 00:48:28,989
[ominous music playing]
709
00:48:34,411 --> 00:48:35,913
[man on radio speaking indistinctly]
710
00:48:38,081 --> 00:48:43,754
[Bailey] The Cold War was a battle
for the mind and hearts of the opponent
711
00:48:43,837 --> 00:48:45,505
and the opponent's people.
712
00:48:45,589 --> 00:48:51,178
{an8}So the Cold War
was being fought over thought.
713
00:48:53,597 --> 00:48:57,267
{an8}[Weiner] The early CIA
from the late '40s into the '60s
714
00:48:57,351 --> 00:49:02,439
had hundreds of influence operations,
715
00:49:02,522 --> 00:49:05,776
where they purchased the favor
716
00:49:05,859 --> 00:49:11,740
of a newspaper editor in Buenos Aires,
or Tokyo, or Berlin.
717
00:49:11,823 --> 00:49:15,827
{an8}There were a handful,
some say more than a handful,
718
00:49:15,911 --> 00:49:19,206
of American journalists
who were paid by the CIA,
719
00:49:19,289 --> 00:49:22,376
{an8}or cooperated with the CIA free of charge.
720
00:49:23,877 --> 00:49:26,713
So it was nothing for Allen Dulles
721
00:49:26,797 --> 00:49:29,800
to call up the publisher
of the New York Times,
722
00:49:31,885 --> 00:49:34,846
{an8}and say, "You have
an annoying journalist in Guatemala
723
00:49:34,930 --> 00:49:39,351
who is reporting on a CIA operation
to overthrow the government."
724
00:49:39,434 --> 00:49:40,686
"Yank him."
725
00:49:40,769 --> 00:49:41,853
The publisher did.
726
00:49:45,440 --> 00:49:47,067
{an8}[music fades]
727
00:49:47,776 --> 00:49:52,322
[Bailey] Controlling people's thoughts
and actions was also integral
728
00:49:52,406 --> 00:49:54,700
to the Soviet Union's effort
729
00:49:54,783 --> 00:50:00,330
to make US policy
either do or not do what it wished,
730
00:50:00,914 --> 00:50:03,959
and used what is called "active measures."
731
00:50:06,545 --> 00:50:11,008
The formal structure
of the bureaucracy of the Soviet Union
732
00:50:11,091 --> 00:50:13,802
dedicated to disinformation
and active measures
733
00:50:13,885 --> 00:50:16,054
was set up in the 1950s.
734
00:50:17,305 --> 00:50:19,850
{an8}That's using disinformation,
735
00:50:19,933 --> 00:50:21,435
using agents of influence,
736
00:50:21,518 --> 00:50:26,565
forgeries, and other tools
to manipulate the way people perceived
737
00:50:26,648 --> 00:50:28,692
the factual universe around them.
738
00:50:30,152 --> 00:50:34,489
{an8}We know about the early examples,
principally from defectors.
739
00:50:35,449 --> 00:50:38,827
{an8}When Soviets are running some clandestine
active measures operation,
740
00:50:38,910 --> 00:50:41,747
like, for instance,
planting some major story
741
00:50:41,830 --> 00:50:45,042
in the newspaper in France, West Germany,
742
00:50:45,125 --> 00:50:47,210
United States, elsewhere, Japan,
743
00:50:47,294 --> 00:50:51,423
{an8}that kind of article normally would be
written by local prominent journalist,
744
00:50:51,506 --> 00:50:54,426
{an8}who will express
as if his own or her own opinion.
745
00:50:54,509 --> 00:50:58,221
{an8}These kinds of things normally won't
be traceable back to the Soviet Union.
746
00:50:59,473 --> 00:51:04,311
{an8}[Bailey] The objective was to cause
disruption, confusion,
747
00:51:04,394 --> 00:51:06,688
{an8}and to turn each other against each other.
748
00:51:07,481 --> 00:51:11,568
{an8}The Soviet Union tried
very hard in its early days
749
00:51:11,651 --> 00:51:17,449
{an8}to use forgeries like government documents
that they would make up a story,
750
00:51:17,532 --> 00:51:19,159
{an8}put it on letterhead,
751
00:51:19,242 --> 00:51:23,246
{an8}and slip it to a journalist in hope
that it would take off like wildfire,
752
00:51:23,330 --> 00:51:24,456
and sometimes it did.
753
00:51:24,539 --> 00:51:27,918
{an8}ROCKEFELLER GIVES DIRECTIVES
FOR US SUPERCOLONIALISM
754
00:51:28,001 --> 00:51:30,161
{an8}[Ladislav Bittman] I would say
that the major successes
755
00:51:30,212 --> 00:51:34,549
{an8}were in developing countries where
governments didn't have the expertise...
756
00:51:34,633 --> 00:51:37,193
{an8}EISENHOWER PLAYS WITH FIRE
AMERICAN PLANES FLY OVER ARAB REPUBLIC
757
00:51:37,219 --> 00:51:38,780
{an8}...to analyze properly these operations.
758
00:51:38,804 --> 00:51:42,849
And, for example, sometimes
very cheap forgeries are accepted
759
00:51:42,933 --> 00:51:47,312
{an8}in developing countries
as a genuine proof of American conspiracy.
760
00:51:52,067 --> 00:51:56,071
{an8}[festive military band music playing]
761
00:52:00,867 --> 00:52:02,327
{an8}[Plokhy] In the Soviet Union,
762
00:52:02,410 --> 00:52:05,288
{an8}Stalin has complete control
over the media.
763
00:52:06,873 --> 00:52:10,127
[crowd cheering]
764
00:52:12,838 --> 00:52:16,758
[Plokhy] It was quite easy to create
an atmosphere of the besieged fortress,
765
00:52:16,842 --> 00:52:19,761
of the spies and enemies around us.
766
00:52:19,845 --> 00:52:22,681
[ominous music playing]
767
00:52:22,764 --> 00:52:25,267
It was impermissible,
certainly in a classroom,
768
00:52:25,350 --> 00:52:27,102
or a newspaper, anything,
769
00:52:27,185 --> 00:52:31,064
to cast any doubt whatsoever on Stalin.
770
00:52:33,066 --> 00:52:38,238
{an8}Stalin was the uncontested ruler
of the Soviet Union until 1953,
771
00:52:38,321 --> 00:52:39,573
{an8}when he died of a stroke.
772
00:52:42,242 --> 00:52:44,744
This is a major turning point
of the Cold War.
773
00:52:48,331 --> 00:52:50,458
[reporter] The Kremlin's cold stone walls,
774
00:52:50,542 --> 00:52:51,877
the eerie face of Moscow,
775
00:52:51,960 --> 00:52:55,422
a howling wind and snow
adding to the somber picture,
776
00:52:55,505 --> 00:52:57,385
is the description
accompanying the announcement
777
00:52:57,424 --> 00:53:01,720
that the most powerful dictator in history
has come to the inevitable end.
778
00:53:04,097 --> 00:53:07,267
[Remnick] In March of 1953
when Stalin died, everybody cried.
779
00:53:09,269 --> 00:53:10,937
If you're surrounded by,
780
00:53:11,021 --> 00:53:14,065
and you're growing up in a school
and you're worshiping Stalin,
781
00:53:14,149 --> 00:53:16,985
not like George Washington
or saying pledge allegiance to the flag,
782
00:53:17,068 --> 00:53:19,362
but in a, in a semi-mystical way,
783
00:53:20,488 --> 00:53:23,450
that he's like the godhead,
and that suddenly the godhead is dead,
784
00:53:23,533 --> 00:53:26,453
well, it's of no surprise that you'd cry.
785
00:53:26,536 --> 00:53:29,748
[somber music playing]
786
00:53:30,332 --> 00:53:31,708
[Weiner] After Stalin dies,
787
00:53:31,791 --> 00:53:35,712
{an8}there is a power struggle
as to who will succeed him
788
00:53:36,338 --> 00:53:37,756
{an8}that is finally resolved
789
00:53:37,839 --> 00:53:40,967
{an8}with the rise of a new leader
named Nikita Khrushchev.
790
00:53:42,344 --> 00:53:45,305
{an8}[Remnick] In the Khrushchev era,
there was something called the Thaw.
791
00:53:47,849 --> 00:53:50,810
[Khrushcheva] I was born in Moscow.
I was raised in Moscow.
792
00:53:52,604 --> 00:53:55,607
I had a privileged childhood
793
00:53:55,690 --> 00:53:58,860
{an8}being the great-granddaughter
of Nikita Khrushchev.
794
00:54:00,820 --> 00:54:03,907
He worked as a coal miner in East Ukraine.
795
00:54:08,703 --> 00:54:11,623
In the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917,
796
00:54:11,706 --> 00:54:14,709
he was a very low-level
political commissar,
797
00:54:14,793 --> 00:54:18,546
and began kind of rising up
in the Communist ranks.
798
00:54:21,091 --> 00:54:24,886
When Stalin dies,
Khrushchev came into power.
799
00:54:25,637 --> 00:54:31,351
[reporter] The peasant from Kursk finally
emerges as dictator of the Soviet Union.
800
00:54:32,352 --> 00:54:35,563
[Holloway] One of the things
that the new leadership does
801
00:54:35,647 --> 00:54:39,651
is introduce amnesty for many people
who have been imprisoned.
802
00:54:40,902 --> 00:54:45,240
[Masha Lipman] Khrushchev could not
bring back those who had been executed,
803
00:54:45,323 --> 00:54:48,493
{an8}but he released from jail,
from labor camps,
804
00:54:48,576 --> 00:54:52,789
those people who had been
innocent victims of Stalin's terror.
805
00:54:54,374 --> 00:54:58,211
[Khrushcheva] And Khrushchev kept saying
to all those other Stalin flunkies,
806
00:54:58,295 --> 00:55:01,798
"We need to talk about the crimes
of Stalin's that we were part of."
807
00:55:04,342 --> 00:55:08,430
{an8}[applause]
808
00:55:09,139 --> 00:55:11,683
{an8}[Khrushcheva]
In the last session of the Congress...
809
00:55:11,766 --> 00:55:13,606
{an8}ON THE CULT OF PERSONALITY
AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
810
00:55:13,643 --> 00:55:16,354
{an8}...Khrushchev delivered
what is called the Secret Speech.
811
00:55:18,982 --> 00:55:21,484
It spoke about numbers of people
812
00:55:21,568 --> 00:55:25,155
that got prosecuted
during Stalin's years in office,
813
00:55:25,238 --> 00:55:29,951
and how many were imprisoned,
and how many went without trial.
814
00:55:34,039 --> 00:55:35,707
It spoke about the secret police.
815
00:55:35,790 --> 00:55:39,544
All the things that people knew some,
but they didn't have it in numbers
816
00:55:39,627 --> 00:55:41,129
and never had it in a speech
817
00:55:41,212 --> 00:55:46,134
by the first Secretary of
the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
818
00:55:47,344 --> 00:55:49,095
So it was an amazing moment.
819
00:55:49,179 --> 00:55:53,683
After the speech was delivered,
there was an absolute silence in the room.
820
00:55:56,269 --> 00:55:58,146
{an8}[Anne Applebaum] People who had believed
821
00:55:58,229 --> 00:56:01,566
{an8}that the stories of Stalin's excesses
were exaggerated,
822
00:56:01,649 --> 00:56:04,402
{an8}people who still believed
in the ideals of the Soviet Union
823
00:56:04,486 --> 00:56:05,945
{an8}or the ideals of communism,
824
00:56:06,029 --> 00:56:09,157
many of them had their eyes opened
by these revelations.
825
00:56:11,034 --> 00:56:14,788
[Pavel Litvinov] In that speech,
he said Stalin was really a criminal.
826
00:56:14,871 --> 00:56:16,373
Stalin was God for me.
827
00:56:16,956 --> 00:56:21,044
{an8}I started to lose faith in God,
in Stalin, and in communism.
828
00:56:22,420 --> 00:56:26,132
[Applebaum] It wasn't an admission that
the system was fundamentally wrong.
829
00:56:26,216 --> 00:56:29,302
He didn't apologize
for everything that was done,
830
00:56:29,386 --> 00:56:32,639
but it did set the Soviet Union
on a different course.
831
00:56:32,722 --> 00:56:35,517
[Khrushchev speaking in Russian]
832
00:56:35,600 --> 00:56:37,435
[Naftali] Khrushchev was very human.
833
00:56:37,519 --> 00:56:38,353
[indistinct]
834
00:56:38,436 --> 00:56:40,188
[Naftali] Khrushchev was emotional.
835
00:56:41,272 --> 00:56:43,817
He loved to punctuate
sentences with swear words.
836
00:56:44,484 --> 00:56:45,944
Didn't matter who he was talking to.
837
00:56:48,780 --> 00:56:51,116
[Remnick] There's a period
in which a generation,
838
00:56:51,199 --> 00:56:52,575
then quite young,
839
00:56:52,659 --> 00:56:58,206
sees the possibility
of what would be called liberal reform
840
00:56:58,289 --> 00:57:00,375
in the post-Stalinist era.
841
00:57:03,086 --> 00:57:06,089
They're not dissidents.
They're not willing to go to jail.
842
00:57:06,172 --> 00:57:09,342
But they become journalists.
They become party officials.
843
00:57:11,511 --> 00:57:16,724
Khrushchev decided to try to introduce
some critics permitted in newspapers
844
00:57:16,808 --> 00:57:18,143
in the magazine Novy Mir...
845
00:57:18,226 --> 00:57:19,226
NOVY MIR MAGAZINE
846
00:57:19,269 --> 00:57:21,187
...which was very popular
political magazine.
847
00:57:21,271 --> 00:57:25,150
And kind of supported
certain de-Stalinization
848
00:57:25,233 --> 00:57:28,403
and liberalization of Russian life.
849
00:57:29,821 --> 00:57:32,657
People under Khrushchev,
they started to perform.
850
00:57:32,740 --> 00:57:35,618
There were some concerts
of classical music,
851
00:57:35,702 --> 00:57:37,829
which was almost forbidden.
852
00:57:37,912 --> 00:57:39,330
Books were published.
853
00:57:40,165 --> 00:57:44,419
{an8}[Remnick] He allows the publication of a
young writer named Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn,
854
00:57:44,502 --> 00:57:46,713
{an8}One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.
855
00:57:49,507 --> 00:57:53,595
[Naftali] But Khrushchev
was absolutely a believer
856
00:57:53,678 --> 00:57:57,390
in the possibilities of Marxist-Leninism.
857
00:57:58,892 --> 00:58:00,560
[applause]
858
00:58:00,643 --> 00:58:02,483
[in Russian]
You are an advocate of capitalism,
859
00:58:02,562 --> 00:58:05,899
and I am an advocate of communism.
So let's compete.
860
00:58:05,982 --> 00:58:09,277
[dreamy music playing]
861
00:58:10,904 --> 00:58:13,090
[Naftali, in English]
Central to Khrushchev's worldview,
862
00:58:13,114 --> 00:58:16,242
the Soviet Union
was superior ideologically
863
00:58:16,326 --> 00:58:18,661
and inferior militarily.
864
00:58:22,874 --> 00:58:25,627
He believed the only way to make up
865
00:58:25,710 --> 00:58:28,755
for the gap between American power
and Soviet power
866
00:58:28,838 --> 00:58:32,133
was to scare Americans
about the Soviet Union
867
00:58:32,217 --> 00:58:36,846
and to make them think the Soviet Union
was more powerful than it actually was.
868
00:58:37,931 --> 00:58:42,810
[in Russian] We said we had
a 50-megaton bomb, that's correct.
869
00:58:42,894 --> 00:58:45,021
[inaudible]
870
00:58:45,104 --> 00:58:46,523
[dramatic music playing]
871
00:58:46,606 --> 00:58:49,984
[Naftali, in English] It's why Khrushchev
engages in a disinformation campaign
872
00:58:50,068 --> 00:58:52,529
to exaggerate
the number of Soviet missiles
873
00:58:52,612 --> 00:58:54,072
that can reach the United States.
874
00:58:54,656 --> 00:58:55,949
[speaking in Russian]
875
00:58:56,032 --> 00:59:00,370
[Naftali] Khrushchev famously said,
"We can produce missiles like sausages."
876
00:59:05,291 --> 00:59:09,087
And the American elite
believed the Russians.
877
00:59:09,170 --> 00:59:10,588
[inaudible]
878
00:59:10,672 --> 00:59:14,425
[in Russian] But we're not going
to detonate a 100-megaton bomb
879
00:59:14,509 --> 00:59:20,181
because if we detonated that bomb
where it's supposed to go,
880
00:59:20,265 --> 00:59:22,600
we might as well break our own windows.
881
00:59:22,684 --> 00:59:26,688
- So, therefore, it's not worth it.
- [crowd laughs and applauds]
882
00:59:32,193 --> 00:59:35,196
{an8}[dramatic music continues]
883
00:59:44,330 --> 00:59:46,666
[Graff, in English] The US government
begins to move away
884
00:59:46,749 --> 00:59:51,921
from this idea of urban evacuations
and fallout shelters,
885
00:59:52,005 --> 00:59:54,382
and into this idea
886
00:59:54,465 --> 00:59:58,136
of evacuating a small number
of high-ranking government officials
887
00:59:58,219 --> 01:00:02,265
out into mountain bunkers
and airborne command posts,
888
01:00:02,348 --> 01:00:08,104
figuring that most of America will die,
but the American government will live.
889
01:00:10,315 --> 01:00:14,611
- [loud blast]
- [poignant music playing]
890
01:00:18,990 --> 01:00:20,992
[blast]
891
01:00:29,459 --> 01:00:33,004
[introspective music playing]
892
01:00:44,098 --> 01:00:48,394
[Ellsberg] Since the early '50s,
but especially since the mid-'60s,
893
01:00:48,478 --> 01:00:51,981
there have been two
doomsday machines in the world,
894
01:00:52,065 --> 01:00:54,442
the US and Soviet, or Russian,
895
01:00:54,525 --> 01:01:00,448
which are each capable
of ending most human life on Earth.
896
01:01:04,535 --> 01:01:07,121
A federal judge today
ordered the New York Times
897
01:01:07,205 --> 01:01:10,500
{an8}to suspend temporarily
publication of a series of reports
898
01:01:10,583 --> 01:01:13,878
{an8}based on a secret Pentagon study
of how the United States became involved
899
01:01:13,961 --> 01:01:15,505
{an8}in the Vietnamese War.
900
01:01:15,588 --> 01:01:18,049
{an8}[reporter] Daniel Ellsberg,
the man named as the source
901
01:01:18,132 --> 01:01:20,968
of the Pentagon copy
that appeared in the New York Times,
902
01:01:21,052 --> 01:01:23,471
turned himself in today
to federal authorities.
903
01:01:24,555 --> 01:01:30,645
I can't regret having done what I knew
at the time to be what I ought to do,
904
01:01:30,728 --> 01:01:32,021
my duty as a citizen.
905
01:01:33,898 --> 01:01:36,401
[Ellsberg, present day]
When I released the Pentagon Papers,
906
01:01:36,484 --> 01:01:40,863
I figured, "Well, I'm gonna go to prison
for the rest of my life for this."
907
01:01:40,947 --> 01:01:43,074
"So, why stop at this? Let me..."
908
01:01:43,157 --> 01:01:46,911
"I'll figure on putting out what I think
is much more important."
909
01:01:48,371 --> 01:01:49,706
All my nuclear files.
910
01:01:51,666 --> 01:01:55,837
They would, I hoped,
lessen the likelihood of nuclear war.
911
01:01:55,920 --> 01:01:59,590
So I copied also,
in addition to the Pentagon Papers,
912
01:01:59,674 --> 01:02:01,968
everything in my top secret safe.
913
01:02:03,469 --> 01:02:05,471
My notes on nuclear war plans,
914
01:02:05,555 --> 01:02:11,185
in hopes of raising people's consciousness
as to the dangers we are living with.
915
01:02:12,603 --> 01:02:15,815
{an8}The defense budget
should be cut more than in half,
916
01:02:15,898 --> 01:02:17,817
{an8}rather than being increased right now,
917
01:02:17,900 --> 01:02:22,029
{an8}but starting with the most
dangerous weapons, the ICBMs.
918
01:02:22,113 --> 01:02:25,199
[introspective music playing]
919
01:02:25,283 --> 01:02:27,785
[Ellsberg]
I saw a nuclear crisis coming at us.
920
01:02:29,120 --> 01:02:32,206
{an8}I see very little chance now
of reducing that.
921
01:02:34,959 --> 01:02:36,377
For the last several years,
922
01:02:36,461 --> 01:02:42,341
I've been focusing on trying
to eliminate US land-based ICBMs,
923
01:02:42,425 --> 01:02:44,552
intercontinental ballistic missiles.
924
01:02:45,386 --> 01:02:49,098
These are the hair trigger
on a doomsday machine.
925
01:02:52,226 --> 01:02:56,272
I do have to say now,
in this point in my life,
926
01:02:56,355 --> 01:02:59,442
the chance of actually affecting things
927
01:02:59,525 --> 01:03:01,903
is lower even than I thought it was.
928
01:03:03,821 --> 01:03:08,159
And yet, can it be worse
than risking your life, your freedom,
929
01:03:08,242 --> 01:03:11,662
for a very low chance of saving lives?
930
01:03:15,666 --> 01:03:17,543
And the answer is yes.
931
01:03:17,627 --> 01:03:19,670
Of course it can be worth it.
932
01:03:29,680 --> 01:03:31,891
There are lessons we learned
during the Cold War
933
01:03:31,974 --> 01:03:33,476
we have conveniently forgotten,
934
01:03:33,559 --> 01:03:37,313
including how unstable
a crisis can become,
935
01:03:37,897 --> 01:03:39,106
and how fast.
936
01:03:40,983 --> 01:03:44,195
And this is what happened in 1962.
937
01:03:48,324 --> 01:03:50,618
[Kornbluh] On October 14th,
938
01:03:50,701 --> 01:03:53,037
the U2 plane took these pictures.
939
01:03:53,996 --> 01:03:59,043
{an8}There was now clear proof
that the Russians had secretly placed
940
01:03:59,126 --> 01:04:03,631
{an8}intermediate-range nuclear missiles
on the island of Cuba.
941
01:04:04,966 --> 01:04:08,636
The days that followed
were the most dangerous days
942
01:04:08,719 --> 01:04:12,139
the world has ever faced then and now.
943
01:04:12,223 --> 01:04:15,476
[tense music builds]
944
01:04:21,357 --> 01:04:22,733
[music fades]
945
01:04:31,617 --> 01:04:34,078
[closing theme music playing]
81983
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