All language subtitles for Years of Living Dangerously S01E03 1080p AMZN WEBRip DD2 0 x264-herkz_track3_[eng]

Cuomo:
THERE IS A WAKE-UP CALL HERE,

AND THERE'S A LESSON
TO BE LEARNED.

THERE'S A REALITY THAT
HAS EXISTED FOR A LONG TIME

THAT WE HAVE BEEN BLIND TO,

AND THAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE,
EXTREME WEATHER --

CALL IT WHAT YOU WILL --
AND OUR VULNERABILITY TO IT.

IT IS UNDENIABLE TODAY.

Hayes: FOR YEARS,
SCIENTISTS HAVE BEEN SAYING

THAT A WARMING PLANET
AND RISING SEAS

WOULD BRING
MORE EXTREME STORMS.

IS SUPERSTORM SANDY PROOF
OF WHAT THEY'VE BEEN PREDICTING?

WE DON'T HAVE
RADIO COMMUNICATIONS.

HOW MANY PEOPLE ANSWER
THAT QUESTION

SEEMS TO HAVE MORE TO DO
WITH POLITICS THAN SCIENCE.

IT'S TRUE.

SANDY WAS A FREAK STORM,

A BAD-LUCK CONFLUENCE OF A
NUMBER OF LOW-PROBABILITY EVENTS

THAT COULD CONCEIVABLY
HAVE HAPPENED

IN SOME ALTERNATE CLIMATE
THAT WASN'T WARMING.

BUT THIS CLIMATE --
OUR CLIMATE -- IS WARMING,

AND AS IT DOES,
LOW-PROBABILITY EVENTS LIKE THIS

WILL BECOME
MORE PROBABLE AND MORE INTENSE.

I WORK AT MSNBC,
A CABLE NEWS CHANNEL

WHOSE CORE AUDIENCE
IS MADE UP OF LIBERALS.

AND I SEE, ALL THE TIME,

HOW DEEP THE DIVIDE IS
BETWEEN LEFT AND RIGHT

WHEN IT COMES TO CLIMATE CHANGE,
EVEN HERE IN NEW YORK.

ACROSS THE RIVER FROM MANHATTAN,
WHERE I WORK,

IS STATEN ISLAND.

IT'S NEW YORK'S
MOST CONSERVATIVE BOROUGH

AND THE HARDEST HIT BY SANDY.

THE STORM KILLED
23 PEOPLE HERE --

MORE THAN ANYWHERE ELSE
IN THE CITY.

LET'S SEE IF THE BEST WESTERN
IN BAY RIDGE

HAS ALREADY SIGNED UP
TO ACCEPT FEMA.

IF THEY HAVEN'T,
LET'S GET THAT DONE.

I GOT SOMEONE
GOING TO HOME DEPOT NOW

TO GET AS MUCH STUFF AS WE CAN.

Hayes:
STATEN ISLAND'S CONGRESSMAN,

REPUBLICAN MICHAEL GRIMM,

IS A FORMER MARINE
WHO SERVED IN THE GULF WAR,

BUT HE SAYS THIS DEVASTATION IS
UNLIKE ANYTHING HE'S EVER SEEN.

WE WILL HELP YOU.
ABSOLUTELY.

I DON'T HAVE
THE RESOURCES...

THAT'S WHAT WE DO.
...OR THE CONNECTIONS.

THIS IS WHAT WE DO.

GRIMM IS ALSO A SKEPTIC
WHEN IT COMES TO CLIMATE CHANGE.

AND EVERY TIME WE HAVE A FLOOD,
IT'S WORSE AND WORSE.

LAST YEAR, WE HAD A FLOOD --
THREE FEET OF WATER.

THIS TIME --
WELL, WE -- 11 FEET OF WATER.

AND THEN WHAT'S GONNA HAPPEN
NEXT TIME? 20 FEET OF WATER?

BUT IS IT POSSIBLE THIS STORM
COULD CHANGE HIS MIND?

Sanjayan:
I'M A BIOLOGIST BY TRAINING.

I SPENT MY LIFE STUDYING
THE NATURAL WORLD,

BUT LATELY, I'VE HAD TO START
FOCUSING MORE ON HUMAN NATURE

RATHER THAN MOTHER NATURE.

THAT'S BECAUSE PEOPLE
ARE HAVING

AN UNPRECEDENTED IMPACT
ON THE PLANET.

AND EVERYONE WANTS
TO ASK ME ABOUT IT,

FROM EVENING-NEWS ANCHORS...

CBS NEWS SCIENCE AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTOR
M. SANJAYAN

IS HERE TO TELL US MORE
ABOUT THE MEGA-FIRE PHENOMENON.

...TO LATE-NIGHT
TALK-SHOW HOSTS.

Sanjayan:
WE HAVE BEEN LIVING

ON A CHANGING PLANET
FOR A LONG, LONG TIME.

THIS CHANGE
IS JUST GONNA HAPPEN FAST.

AFTER SUPERSTORM SANDY,
LOTS OF PEOPLE ARE WONDERING

IF HUMAN ACTIVITY IS MAKING
THE WEATHER MORE EXTREME.

AND I'M ON MY WAY TO MEET

A SCIENTIST
WHO STUDIES JUST THAT.

HER LABORATORY IS AN ISLAND
IN THE MIDDLE OF NOWHERE.

MORE SPECIFICALLY, IT'S IN
THE MIDDLE OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN,

NEAR THE EQUATOR,

WHERE SOME OF THE PLANET'S
MOST EXTREME WEATHER IS BORN.

EVERY FEW YEARS,
AN UNUSUAL BAND OF WARM WATER

SPREADS ACROSS
THIS PART OF THE OCEAN

AND DISRUPTS WEATHER PATTERNS
AROUND THE WORLD.

THE PHENOMENON
IS CALLED EL NIÑO,

AND IT'S LINKED
TO SEVERE DROUGHTS,

FLOODING, STORMS, AND FIRE.

Rather: THE DEATH TOLL
IS STILL RISING TONIGHT

FROM THE LATEST
BI-COASTAL DOUBLE SHOT

OF EL NIÑO-DRIVEN STORMS.

Sanjayan:
IN THE WORST EL NIÑOS,

OCEAN TEMPERATURES CAN RISE

A STARTLING 14 DEGREES
ABOVE AVERAGE

AND, PARTLY
BECAUSE WARM WATER EXPANDS,

SEA LEVEL CAN INCREASE
BY AS MUCH AS A FOOT.

EL NIÑOS ARE NATURAL.

THE QUESTION IS

COULD MANMADE CLIMATE CHANGE
BE MAKING THEM MORE SEVERE?

Woman: THIS REPORT CONSTITUTES
AN ALARM-CLOCK MOMENT

FOR THE WORLD,

BECAUSE THIS REPORT
WILL TELL US, AGAIN,

THAT EVERYTHING WE THOUGHT
WE KNEW ON CLIMATE CHANGE

HAS ACTUALLY BEEN
UNDERESTIMATED,

THAT THE EFFECTS OF
CLIMATE CHANGE WILL BE UPON US

FASTER AND IN A MORE INTENSE
FASHION THAN WE HAD THOUGHT.

President H.W. Bush: WE ALL KNOW
THAT HUMAN ACTIVITIES

ARE CHANGING THE ATMOSPHERE

IN UNEXPECTED
AND IN UNPRECEDENTED WAYS.

Man: ...THAT THE GREENHOUSE
EFFECT HAS BEEN DETECTED,

AND IT IS CHANGING
OUR CLIMATE NOW.

Man #2: THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN
HAVE WARMED.

THE AMOUNT OF SNOW AND ICE
HAVE DIMINISHED.

SEA LEVEL HAS RISEN,

AND THE CONCENTRATIONS
OF GREENHOUSE GASES HAVE...

Schwarzenegger:
THERE IS NO MORE FIRE SEASON.

WE HAVE WILDFIRES
ALL YEAR 'ROUND.

Cuomo: CLIMATE CHANGE,
EXTREME WEATHER --

CALL IT WHAT YOU WILL --
AND OUR VULNERABILITY TO IT.

Man #3:
...WHERE 12 YEARS OF DROUGHT HAS
LEFT THE LANDSCAPE BONE-DRY.

Man #4: WE GOT ANY PATRIOTS
IN THE CROWD?!

Woman #2: A NEW SCIENTIFIC
REPORT HAS DETERMINED

THE LAST DECADE WAS THE WARMEST
ON RECORD.

Man #5:
OUR WORLD IS CHANGING FASTER

AND MORE DRAMATICALLY
THAN EVER BEFORE.

IT IS 5:00, AND THE TIMING
OF LANDFALL OF THE STORM

COULD BE JUST AN HOUR AWAY.

WE'VE ALREADY BEEN FEELING
THE EFFECTS

OF HURRICANE SANDY
FOR HOURS NOW.

AND THE TIDE
IS UP ABOVE THE PIER,

WHICH IS SCARING THE SHIT
OUT OF ME.

IF YOU WANT TO GET
OFF THE ISLAND,

YOU'RE NOT GONNA TAKE
THE FERRIES.

THIS HAS BEEN SHUT DOWN.

Hayes:
ON THE NIGHT OF HURRICANE SANDY,

PATRICIA DRESCH,
HER HUSBAND, GEORGE,

AND THEIR 13-YEAR-OLD DAUGHTER,
ANGELA,

DECIDED TO STAY INSIDE
AND RIDE OUT THE STORM.

THEN THE WIND STARTED PICKING UP
THAT AFTERNOON,

AND TREES STARTED FALLING.

THIS ONE TREE,
FROM ACROSS THE STREET,

JUST, LIKE, PEELED
LIKE A BANANA,

AND MY NEIGHBORS
TOOK A PICTURE

OF GEORGE THAT AFTERNOON
IN FRONT OF THIS TREE.

ANGELA WAS WITH ONE
OF MY NEIGHBORS,

AND THEY WERE ON THE BEACH,
AND SHE WAS TAKING PICTURES.

AND THAT WAS IT,
AND THEN WE HAD DINNER.

AFTER DINNER,
I LOOKED OUT MY FRONT DOOR,

AND I SAW
THE BIG WAVES COMING.

THEN I WENT IN MY DINING ROOM,

AND THE FLOOR WAS STARTING
TO LIFT UP.

WHAT WENT THROUGH YOUR MIND
WHEN YOU SAW THAT?

THAT WE HAD TO GO UP.

WHEN WE GOT UPSTAIRS,
WE WENT IN THE CLOSET,

AND WE HAD TO GET
OUT OF THE CLOSET

BECAUSE THE WATER WAS COMING
THROUGH THE WALL.

AND IT'S
ON THE SECOND FLOOR.

YES.

SO THERE WAS WATER
HIGH ENOUGH,

AND IT WAS COMING
THROUGH THE WALL?

GEORGE SAID, "OH, THE HOUSE
NEXT DOOR IS GONE."

I SAID, "WHAT DO YOU MEAN,
THE HOUSE NEXT DOOR IS GONE?"

HE SAID,
"YEAH, THE HOUSE IS GONE."

WE WENT TO THE BATHROOM,

AND THEN WHEN WE WENT
INTO THE BATHROOM,

I HELD ON TO THE FAUCET.

WHAT IS ANGELA SAYING
AT THAT POINT?

WHAT IS GEORGE SAYING?

SHE'S SCARED. SHE SAID,
"MOMMY, HOLD ME, I'M SCARED."

AND I DID. I HELD HER.
AND I HAD HER IN FRONT OF ME.

AND THEN A WAVE STARTED
COMING UP OVER ME.

I FELT THE WATER RISING.

AND THEN ALL OF A SUDDEN,
MY STALL SHOWER CAME APART,

AND THEN THE WHOLE WALL
BROKE LOOSE.

AND WE WENT OUT
INTO THE YARD.

WHEN I GOT THROWN OUT
OF THE WALL,

SOMETHING SLID OFF THE ROOF,
HIT US IN THE HEAD,

AND WE WENT UNDER.

AND I KNEW I LOST HER
IMMEDIATELY,

BECAUSE I KNEW
SHE COULDN'T GET UP.

IT WAS JUST TOO DEEP
FOR HER.

I WENT DOWN, WAY DOWN DEEP,

AND AS I WAS
GETTING UNCONSCIOUS,

FLOATING DOWN, I SAID,

"I'M NOT GOING TO DIE LIKE THIS.
I CAN'T DIE LIKE THIS.

THEY'RE NOT GOING
TO FIND ME LIKE THIS."

I GOT MYSELF BACK UP,
AND I GRABBED THE PHONE CABLES.

THAT'S HOW HIGH UP I WAS.

I STILL CAN'T BELIEVE SHE'S GONE
AND HE'S GONE.

YOU KNOW, I DON'T KNOW.
IT'S VERY HARD.

LIFE WAS CUT
TOO SHORT FOR HER.

I'LL NEVER SEE HER GET MARRIED.
I'LL NEVER SEE HER GROW UP.

I DON'T WANT TO GO SEE HER
IN A GRAVE.

I -- SHE DOESN'T DESERVE --
HE DOESN'T DESERVE TO BE THERE.

I DON'T WANT TO SEE THEM
IN A GRAVE.

[ HELICOPTER WHIRRING ]

Protsko: SEE WHERE THAT STORM
SURGE BASICALLY PUSHED

RIGHT ACROSS THE BEACH --

RIGHT THROUGH
THESE NEIGHBORHOODS

AND HAS BASICALLY INUNDATED
THESE STREETS.

WE'LL COUNT THEM OFF.

ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE,

SIX, SEVEN, EIGHT, NINE, TEN --

AGAIN, CLOSE
TO TWELVE BLOCKS INLAND.

SO AGAIN, THAT'S
A PRETTY FAR DISTANCE HERE.

Hayes: IN THE U.S.,

SUPERSTORM SANDY LEFT
OVER 100 PEOPLE DEAD.

MOST OF THEM DROWNED
IN THE RECORD STORM SURGE.

HERE ON STATEN ISLAND,

SOME PEOPLE FACED DOWN A WALL
OF WATER 16 FEET HIGH.

AFTER THE STORM, PAT DRESCH
SPENT A WEEK IN THE HOSPITAL.

NOW THAT SHE'S OUT,

SHE HAS TO BURY HER HUSBAND,
GEORGE, AND DAUGHTER, ANGELA.

THE LOSS IS FELT
BY THE WHOLE COMMUNITY.

[ BAGPIPES PLAYING ]

Grimm: THIS WAS
THE PERFECT STORM.

HIGH TIDE, FULL MOON --

EVERYTHING CAME TOGETHER
AND CONVERGED IN A WAY THAT --

AND IT HAPPENED -- YOU KNOW,
I HEARD STORY AFTER STORY,

AND I SAID TO PEOPLE,
"WHY DIDN'T YOU LEAVE?"

THEY SAID, "CONGRESSMAN,
EVERYTHING WAS FINE.

"IT WAS A LITTLE WINDY,
A LITTLE RAIN.

"ALL OF A SUDDEN,
OUT OF NOWHERE,

"I SEE WATER COMING DOWN
THE BLOCK LIKE A MOVIE.

I GRABBED MY KIDS AND RAN
AS IF GODZILLA WAS COMING,"

THAT TYPE OF THING --

LIKE ALL OF A SUDDEN,
THERE'S THE MONSTER.

WHEN DID YOU FIRST HEAR
ABOUT PAT DRESCH AND HER FAMILY?

LATER THAT DAY.

UM, I DON'T CHOKE UP EASILY.

MY EYES WERE WELLED UP

BECAUSE ALL SHE KEPT SAYING
TO ME --

BEGGING ME,
"FIND MY HUSBAND,"

'CAUSE AT THAT POINT,
THEY HAD RECOVERED

HER DAUGHTER'S BODY
BUT NOT HER HUSBAND'S.

I DON'T THINK YOU'RE
EVER TRAINED TO SEE

YOUR FRIENDS AND NEIGHBORS
IN TOTAL DESPAIR, HOPELESSNESS.

AND IT JUST HIT ME HARDER.

ONE OF THE THINGS
THAT WAS INTERESTING --

THE GOVERNOR SAID THIS WAS
A WAKE-UP CALL ABOUT CLIMATE,

SPECIFICALLY, WHEN --
AFTER THIS HAPPENED.

AND I'M CURIOUS JUST WHAT
YOUR REACTION IS TO THAT.

THE CLIMATE OVERALL
HAS CHANGED,

BUT LET'S LEAVE OUT THE PART
OF WHETHER IT'S MANMADE OR NOT,

BECAUSE I DON'T THINK
THE SCIENCE IS THERE

TO TELL US
WHAT'S CAUSING IT.

MM-HMM.

I THINK MOTHER EARTH EVOLVES
AND PATTERNS CHANGE

EVERY SO MANY HUNDRED YEARS
OR THOUSAND YEARS,

AND WE'RE IN PART OF A PROCESS
OF CHANGING,

BUT I DON'T WANT TO GET
INTO THE POLITICAL DEBATE
OF WHAT'S CAUSING IT.

AT FIRST, GRIMM'S ANSWER
DOESN'T SURPRISE ME.

I'M USED TO POLITICIANS,
ESPECIALLY REPUBLICANS,

DODGING QUESTIONS
ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE.

BUT THE MORE I THINK ABOUT IT,
THE MORE RIDICULOUS IT SEEMS.

SUPERSTORM SANDY JUST DESTROYED
PART OF HIS DISTRICT.

DOESN'T MICHAEL GRIMM
WANT TO GET TO THE BOTTOM

OF WHAT CAUSED IT?

[ CHEERING ]

Sanjayan: CHRISTMAS ISLAND

IS ONE OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL
PLACES I'VE EVER BEEN TO,

BUT THERE'S SOMETHING ELSE
THAT'S BROUGHT ME HERE

BESIDES THE BEACHES.

THIS REMOTE PLACE
MAY HOLD THE KEY

TO ONE OF THE WORLD'S MOST
DANGEROUS CLIMATE PHENOMENON --

EL NIÑO.

I'VE TRAVELED THOUSANDS OF MILES
TO COME HERE

TO MEET A RENOWNED CLIMATE
SCIENTIST WHO'S STUDYING IT --

GEORGIA TECH PROFESSOR
DR. KIM COBB.

KIM, GOOD TO SEE YOU.

GOOD TO SEE YOU, TOO.

THANKS FOR HAVING US.

IT'S A WHOLE SCIENCE VILLAGE
HERE.

WELL, YEAH.
WE'RE TURNING INTO THAT. YEP.

WE HAVE GEAR SCATTERED AROUND
THE ENTIRE PLACE, SO...

TO BE HONEST, I DIDN'T EXPECT
LITERALLY THATCH-ROOF HUTS.

[ LAUGHS ]

KIM TELLS ME SHE STARTED OUT
STUDYING MEDICINE,

BUT THE MORE SHE LEARNED
ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE,

THE MORE CONVINCED SHE WAS THAT
WHAT WAS HAPPENING TO OUR PLANET

IS A BIGGER THREAT
THAN ANY DISEASE.

AND FOR THE PAST 17 YEARS,
SHE'S BEEN STUDYING

HOW CLIMATE CHANGE
IS AFFECTING EL NIÑO.

EL NIÑO IS
A NATURAL CLIMATE PHENOMENON.

IT'S BORN
IN THE TROPICAL PACIFIC.

IT'S BORN WHERE WE ARE SITTING
RIGHT NOW.

AND IT'S A CHANGE
IN WATER TEMPERATURE

THAT'S VERY DRAMATIC,

AND IT LASTS
FOR ABOUT SIX MONTHS OR SO.

AND WHAT THAT DOES
IS IT REORGANIZES

THE ENTIRE GLOBAL
ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION...

SURE.
...DURING THAT TIME PERIOD,
AND SO --

DROUGHTS IN SOME PLACES.
MUDSLIDES IN OTHERS.

DROUGHTS IN SOME PLACES,
MASSIVE FLOODS IN OTHERS.

WHEN EL NIÑO HAPPENS,

THE LARGEST SIGNAL HAPPENS
ALONG THE EQUATOR

BECAUSE AN OCEAN CIRCULATION
THAT TYPICALLY BRINGS

COOLER WATERS
TO THE EQUATOR

AS A FUNCTION OF THESE WINDS
WE'RE FEELING RIGHT NOW --

THE TRADE WINDS...
YEAH.

...SHUTS DOWN COMPLETELY
DURING EL NIÑO EVENTS.

AND SO THE OCEAN,
WHICH IS NORMALLY BRINGING UP

THIS COOL WATER
ALONG THE EQUATOR --

THAT STOPS, AND THIS PLACE
GETS EXTREMELY WARM.

TO FIGURE OUT IF HUMAN ACTIVITY
IS MAKING EL NIÑO WORSE NOW,

KIM FIRST HAD TO FIGURE OUT
HOW BAD THEY USED TO BE.

SHE NEEDED A WINDOW
INTO THIS ISLAND'S PAST --

SOMETHING THAT WOULD ALLOW HER
TO LOOK AT CLIMATE HERE

GOING BACK THOUSANDS OF YEARS.

SHE BEGAN HER SEARCH UNDER
THE WATER, IN THE CORAL REEFS.

THE CORALS -- THEY GROW
VERY FAST AND VERY RELIABLY,

AND AS THEY GROW,
THEY ARE RECORDING

ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION
INTO THEIR SKELETON.

THEY CREATE THIS WONDERFUL
YEAR-BY-YEAR-BY-YEAR ARCHIVE.

SO, YOU'RE USING CORAL
AS A THERMOMETER INTO THE PAST.

THAT'S CORRECT.

KIM TAKES ME BELOW THE SURFACE
TO SHOW ME HOW IT WORKS.

CORAL ADDS LAYERS EACH YEAR

IN MUCH THE SAME WAY
A TREE ADDS RINGS.

BY CLOSELY EXAMINING
THOSE LAYERS,

KIM HOPED TO LITERALLY SEE
EL NIÑO EVENTS

THAT TOOK PLACE IN THE PAST.

BUT TAKING A LOOK
DEEP INSIDE LIVING CORAL

REQUIRES MUCH MORE
THAN A MICROSCOPE.

Hayes: A MONTH AFTER SANDY,

THERE'S STILL A LONG WAY TO GO

BEFORE STATEN ISLAND
IS BACK ON ITS FEET.

NO SINGLE EVENT
HAS EVER CONSUMED

MORE OF CONGRESSMAN
MICHAEL GRIMM'S TIME.

Grimm: WE'RE GONNA
BREAK UP INTO TWO GROUPS.

ONE OF THE GROUPS
HAS TWO LOCATIONS

WITH TWO ELDERLY WOMEN
THAT, BUT FOR THIS HELP,

THEY PROBABLY WOULDN'T KNOW
WHAT THEY WERE GONNA DO.

THE FACT
THAT IT'S A MONTH LATER

AND THEY STILL
HAVEN'T CLEANED OUT

SPEAKS VOLUMES,
IN AND OF ITSELF.

THANKS AGAIN, GUYS.

I SEE IT IN THEIR EYES THAT
A LOT OF PEOPLE ARE LOSING HOPE,

A LOT OF PEOPLE ARE
THINKING THAT THEY'RE NOT
GONNA GET THROUGH THIS,

AND THEY'RE STARTING
TO FEEL THAT PEOPLE ARE
FORGETTING ABOUT THEM,

BUT THEY'RE NOT FORGOTTEN.

YOUR HANDS ARE FREEZING.
YEAH, IT'S -- IT'S COLD.

IT'S COLD.
WE'RE HEATING OUR OIL.

OKAY.

IT'S GONNA BE YEARS,
AND I KNOW THAT.

AND IT'S HARD, AND, UH --

SO WE JUST WANT TO MAKE SURE
THEY UNDERSTAND

THEY'RE NOT ALONE,
THEY'RE NOT FORGOTTEN.

Hayes:
HIS OFFICE IS OVERWHELMED

WITH CALLS FROM STORM VICTIMS.

IF YOU WANT, I CAN HELP WALK YOU
THROUGH THE PROCESS.

Grimm: MY STAFF
HAS BEEN UNBELIEVABLE.

I MEAN,
THEY'VE BEEN ON THE PHONE --

A LOT OF MY STAFF LIVE
IN THESE NEIGHBORHOODS.

ARE YOU STILL LIVING
ON BARD?

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE HERE?

IT'S -- THE SCOPE OF THAT
IS TREMENDOUS.

Hayes: IN FACT,
SANDY IS TURNING OUT TO BE

ONE OF THE MOST DESTRUCTIVE
STORMS IN HISTORY.

AND IT'S LEADING
TO A BIG BATTLE IN CONGRESS

OVER HOW MUCH TO SPEND
ON THE RECOVERY.

GRIMM IS TEAMING UP
WITH REPUBLICANS AND DEMOCRATS

FROM THE AFFECTED STATES

TO GET BILLIONS OF DOLLARS
IN AID

FOR SANDY VICTIMS
LIKE PAT DRESCH.

Grimm: WE'RE NOT
THAT MUCH DIFFERENT --

REPUBLICAN, DEMOCRAT,
JERSEY, NEW YORK.

WHEN YOUR PEOPLE ARE HURTING,

WE ALL WANT TO DO THE BEST
WE CAN FOR OUR COMMUNITY,

AND, ULTIMATELY,
FOR OUR COUNTRY.

Hayes: PAT'S HOME WAS COMPLETELY
WASHED AWAY BY THE STORM.

FOR NOW, SHE'S STAYING
IN TEMPORARY HOUSING

PROVIDED BY HER CHURCH.

Dresch: I'M NOT USED TO THIS --
BEING BY MYSELF.

IT FEELS LIKE IT WAS YESTERDAY.

I STILL HAVE NIGHTMARES.

THERE'S NOT A DAY THAT GOES BY
THAT I DON'T RELIVE

THAT LAST HALF-HOUR
WITH MY FAMILY --

OUR LAST DINNER TOGETHER.

I RELIVE THAT WHOLE EXPERIENCE

WITH THE WATER COMING UP
OVER US IN THE HOUSE,

HOW I GOT PUSHED
OUT OF THE WALL,

WHEN I LOST HER.

[ KETTLE WHISTLES ]

[ Sobbing ] MY HUSBAND WAS
ALWAYS THERE FOR ANGELA.

NOW HE'S GONE.

IT'S VERY HARD.

SHE TOUCHED SO MANY LIVES.

Hayes:
IF ANGELA DRESCH HAD SURVIVED,

THIS IS THE HIGH SCHOOL
SHE WOULD HAVE ATTENDED.

SO, ALL OF YOU GUYS WERE HERE
DURING SANDY, RIGHT?

Girl: YES.

Boy: IT WAS VERY SCARY.
MY HOUSE WAS SHAKING.

WE STAYED UPSTAIRS ON THE SECOND
FLOOR THE WHOLE NIGHT.

Natalie: I LIVE
IN GREAT KILLS,

AND THE HARBOR WAS
COMPLETELY DESTROYED,

AND THERE WERE BOATS IN HOUSES,
AND IT WAS JUST --

IT WAS ABSOLUTELY INSANE.

Hayes: WITH ALL THE TALK
ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE

FOLLOWING THE STORM, THESE
STUDENTS HAVE SOME QUESTIONS.

TWO CLIMATE SCIENTISTS,

DR. RADLEY HORTON
AND DR. HEIDI CULLEN,

BOTH COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PhDs,
OFFERED TO HELP.

JUST BY SHOW OF HANDS,
HOW MANY OF YOU GUYS BELIEVE

THAT GLOBAL WARMING IS
ACTUALLY REAL --

THAT TEMPERATURES
ARE INCREASING?

SO, UNANIMOUS AGREEMENT
THE TEMPERATURES ARE RISING.

HOW MANY OF YOU THINK
THAT IT'S OUR FAULT?

OKAY, SO WE GOT SOME QUESTIONS.
GABRIELLE, RIGHT?

WHERE DO YOU KIND OF THINK
IT'S NOT US?

Gabrielle:
I KNOW THAT WE CONTRIBUTE,

'CAUSE WE HAVE BEEN BURNING
FOSSIL FUELS,

BUT I DON'T THINK THAT WE
ARE DOING IT ENOUGH

SO THAT WE'RE CAUSING
CLIMATE CHANGE.

LIKE, THE EARTH, I FEEL,
LIKE, NATURALLY DOES IT.

AND THE EARTH HAS TO GO
THROUGH ITS CYCLES.

I STILL DON'T --
I DON'T BELIEVE IT.

[ CHUCKLES ]
YEAH.

WELL, NATALIE,
WHAT DO YOU TELL GABRIELLA

WHEN SHE SAYS
THAT SHE DOESN'T BELIEVE YOU?

I TELL HER SHE'S CRAZY,
WELL, 'CAUSE -- I DON'T KNOW.

I FEEL LIKE SINCE
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION,

FOSSIL FUELS HAVE BEEN
USED AT AN EXTREME RATE --

LIKE CARS, HEAT.

I THINK HUMANS DEFINITELY PLAY
A MAJOR ROLE IN THE IMPACT.

Cullen: WELL, YOU KNOW,
AND IT'S FASCINATING,

BECAUSE THERE WERE SCIENTISTS
WHO KIND OF MADE THIS CONNECTION

THAT CARBON DIOXIDE
WAS THIS THERMOSTAT, RIGHT?

YOU CRANK UP CARBON DIOXIDE,
YOU CRANK UP TEMPERATURE.

YOU CRANK DOWN CARBON DIOXIDE,
YOU CRANK DOWN THE TEMPERATURE.

AND I THINK FOR ME,
AS A SCIENTIST,

WHAT REALLY PUSHED ME
OVER THE EDGE

WAS WHEN I BEGAN TO UNDERSTAND

YOU CAN ACTUALLY
CHEMICALLY FINGERPRINT

THE CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE
TO DIFFERENT SOURCES.

MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE
DO ALLOW US

TO TRACK IT BACK
TO FOSSIL-FUEL BURNING.

AND ONE OUT OF EVERY FOUR
CARBON-DIOXIDE MOLECULES

IN THE ATMOSPHERE TODAY
WAS PUT THERE BY US.

BUT I DON'T THINK THAT US --

WE'RE CONTRIBUTING TO IT SO MUCH
THAT WE'RE CAUSING SANDY.

AND I DON'T BELIEVE THAT.
Horton: RIGHT. RIGHT.

SO, I'M KIND OF AGREEING
WITH GABRIELLA ON THAT POINT,

BUT I DON'T KNOW.

I FEEL LIKE HUMAN IMPACT
MAYBE PLAYED A ROLE IN THAT,

BUT ALSO THE HIGH TIDE
WITH THE MOON

DEFINITELY MADE THE SEVERITY
OF THE STORM MUCH WORSE.

THAT'S A GREAT THING
TO TALK ABOUT.

WHAT ASPECTS CAN WE ATTRIBUTE
TO HUMAN ACTIVITY

AND WHAT CAN'T WE?

THERE ARE ALL THESE
DIFFERENT ELEMENTS

THAT HAD TO COME TOGETHER TO
MAKE THIS TERRIBLE STORM SURGE,

BUT ONE OF THEM WAS
AN EXTRA FOOT OF SEA LEVEL

THAT WE HAVE HAD
OVER THE LAST CENTURY,

LARGELY AS A RESULT
OF CLIMATE CHANGE.

WHAT SEEMS LIKE A LITTLE BIT --
ONE FOOT --

CAN ACTUALLY HAVE
A HUGE IMPACT

ON HOW FREQUENTLY WE GET
EXTREME EVENTS.

IT'S LIKE -- IF YOU THINK
OF A BASKETBALL ANALOGY --

IT'S THE EQUIVALENT
OF, LIKE, RAISING THE FLOOR

OF A BASKETBALL COURT
BY ONE FOOT

WITHOUT CHANGING THE HEIGHT
OF THE RIMS AT ALL.

YOU'RE JUST GOING TO GET
THAT MANY MORE SLAM DUNKS

IN THE FORM
OF COASTAL FLOODING,

AND IT DID MAKE SANDY WORSE,
RIGHT?

I MEAN, THERE WERE SOME AREAS
WHERE THAT EXTRA FOOT

ABSOLUTELY MADE A DIFFERENCE.

[ INDISTINCT CONVERSATION ]

Hayes: A DETAILED ANALYSIS

BY THE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION
CLIMATE CENTRAL

SHOWS HOW GLOBAL WARMING
MADE MORE HOMES

VULNERABLE
TO A STORM LIKE SANDY.

WITHOUT SEA LEVEL RISE,

FLOODING FROM SANDY
WOULD HAVE REACHED

ABOUT EIGHT FEET
ABOVE HIGH TIDE.

WHEN YOU FACTOR IN
THAT EXTRA FOOT OF SEA LEVEL,

MOST OF WHICH IS DUE
TO CLIMATE CHANGE,

THE DIFFERENCES SEEM
SMALL AT FIRST --

A BLOCK HERE,
A FEW HOUSES THERE --

BUT OVER MILES OF DENSELY
POPULATED COAST, IT ADDS UP.

IN NEW YORK CITY ALONE,

CLIMATE CHANGE PUT THE HOMES
OF SOME 75,000 ADDITIONAL PEOPLE

IN THE PATH
OF THE STORM SURGE.

AND IT'S ONLY GOING
TO GET WORSE.

SCIENTISTS SAY THAT
BY THE END OF THE CENTURY,

SOME PARTS OF THE COAST COULD
SEE SANDY-LEVEL STORM SURGES

EVERY SINGLE YEAR.

[ ENGINE TURNS OVER ]

Sanjayan: WE'RE ABOUT TO USE
THIS 100-POUND DRILL

TO COLLECT CORAL SAMPLES.

KIM STARTED STUDYING
THESE REEFS 17 YEARS AGO

TO TEST A THEORY --

THAT BY ANALYZING THIS CORAL,

SHE COULD MEASURE
THE SEVERITY OF PAST EL NIÑOS

AND FIND OUT
IF THEY'RE GETTING WORSE.

BUT JUST MOVING AROUND DOWN HERE
IS A CHALLENGE,

LET ALONE TRYING TO OPERATE
THE KIND OF EQUIPMENT

THAT REALLY BELONGS
ON A CONSTRUCTION SITE.

AT FIRST, EVERYTHING SEEMS
TO BE GOING WRONG.

HOSES ARE GETTING CAUGHT.
ROPES BECOME TANGLED.

THEN THE DRILL BREAKS DOWN,

AND KIM HAS TO MAKE REPAIRS
ON THE SPOT.

BUT DESPITE ALL THE HURDLES,
SHE'S GETTING THE JOB DONE.

[ DRILL WHIRRING ]

WHEN THE DRILLING STARTS,

THE WATER IS SUDDENLY CLOUDED
WITH WHAT LOOKS LIKE MUCUS.

KIM SAYS IT'S
ACTUALLY LIVING CORAL TISSUE.

SO AFTER WE'RE DONE DRILLING,

KIM WILL CAREFULLY PLUG UP
THE HOLES LEFT BEHIND

SO THE CORAL CAN GROW BACK.

ACTUALLY, IT'S MORE LIKE
A TIME CAPSULE --

ONE THAT CAN ONLY BE OPENED
THROUGH CAREFUL ANALYSIS

BACK IN KIM'S LAB
AT GEORGIA TECH.

EACH LAYER OF CORAL CONTAINS
A WEALTH OF INFORMATION

ABOUT ONE YEAR OF CLIMATE.

KIM IS MOST INTERESTED
IN TEMPERATURE,

BECAUSE HIGH OCEAN TEMPERATURES
ARE A SIGNATURE OF EL NIÑO

AT CHRISTMAS ISLAND.

IT TURNS OUT THAT CORAL IS AN
INCREDIBLY ACCURATE THERMOMETER.

THE TEMPERATURE DATA STORED
IN THE CORAL

LINES UP WITH KNOWN TEMPERATURE
RECORDS ALMOST EXACTLY.

BUT KIM SAYS, IF WE'RE LUCKY,

WE MIGHT BE ABLE
TO SEE SOMETHING

WITHOUT ALL THAT
FANCY EQUIPMENT.

PUT IT HERE.
ALL RIGHT.

LOOK AT THAT.

THAT'S
A PRETTY GOOD STASH, HUH?
PRETTY GOOD HAUL.

THIS IS THE FIRST CORE
WE DRILLED.
RIGHT.

AND THIS IS
PROBABLY ABOUT --

I WOULD SAY 50 YEARS
IS A REASONABLE GUESS.

SO THIS RIGHT HERE

IS WHERE THE CORAL
ESSENTIALLY STOPPED GROWING.

RIGHT THERE, THAT BAND?

YES, IT CREATED THIS MASSIVE
DISTURBANCE IN THIS CORE

WHERE YOU CAN SEE A CLEAR --
WHAT WE CALL A DISCONTINUITY.

AND THIS WAS THE 1997, 1998
EL NIÑO EVENT

WHEN THIS PLACE GOT REALLY,
REALLY TOO HOT FOR CORALS

FOR ABOUT SIX MONTHS.

KIM TELLS ME IT WAS
THE WORST EL NIÑO ON RECORD.

AND IT'S EERIE TO SEE IT
FROZEN IN TIME.

Man: EL NIÑO IS BEING BLAMED

FOR HEAVY RAINS
OF BIBLICAL PROPORTIONS.

Man #2:
IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA,

THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE WERE
EVACUATED FROM THEIR HOMES.

Man #3: WILD WINTER
WITH NEARLY 90 DEATHS SO FAR.

Man #2: HEAVY WINDS CAUSED
THIS HELICOPTER CRASH

IN TENNESSEE
THAT KILLED THREE PEOPLE.

Sanjayan: IT SPREAD DESTRUCTION
AROUND THE WORLD --

FLOODING IN KENYA,

MUDSLIDES IN ECUADOR AND PERU,

DROUGHTS AND FIRES
IN INDONESIA.

THE PEOPLE WHO
LIVE IN THESE LITTLE SHANTY
TOWNS HAVE LOST EVERYTHING.

Sanjayan:
IN THE END, IT CAUSED

AN ESTIMATED $33 BILLION
IN DAMAGE...

Rather: THE DEATH AND DAMAGE,

THE RUBBLE, MUD, AND FLOOD,
ARE STILL MOUNTING.

Sanjayan: ...AND KILLED
MORE THAN 20,000 PEOPLE.

Woman: IT HIT CENTRAL FLORIDA
AND KILLED AT LEAST 26 PEOPLE.

Man:
400 PEOPLE HAVE BEEN KILLED.

Schieffer: 2,000 DEATHS HAVE
BEEN BLAMED ON THE FLOODING.

Man #2: RESCUE WORKERS WERE
STILL FINDING BODIES TODAY.

Sanjayan: AND HERE'S
THE MILLION-DOLLAR QUESTION --

IS AN EVENT LIKE THIS
ENTIRELY NATURAL,

OR ARE EL NIÑOS GETTING WORSE

BECAUSE OF OUR IMPACT
ON THE CLIMATE?

TO FIND OUT, KIM NEEDED
MUCH OLDER CORAL.

THE SAMPLES
SHE DRILLED UNDERWATER

ONLY GO BACK 40 OR 50 YEARS,

AND SHE NEEDED TO GO BACK
THOUSANDS OF YEARS.

THE PROBLEM SEEMED
INSURMOUNTABLE,

BUT AFTER MORE
THAN A DECADE OF SEARCHING,

KIM FINALLY FOUND A SOLUTION.

WE ALL KNOW
THAT HUMAN ACTIVITIES

ARE CHANGING THE ATMOSPHERE

IN UNEXPECTED
AND IN UNPRECEDENTED WAYS.

Hayes: THIS IS GEORGE H.W. BUSH

SPEAKING TO A GLOBAL GATHERING
OF CLIMATE SCIENTISTS IN 1990.

TODAY, IT SEEMS UNIMAGINABLE
THAT A REPUBLICAN PRESIDENT

WOULD SOUND THE ALARM
ON GLOBAL WARMING.

THE STAKES HERE ARE VERY HIGH.

Hayes: BUT HE WAS
JUST CONTINUING A LONG TRADITION

OF REPUBLICAN ENVIRONMENTALISM.

IT WAS RICHARD NIXON
WHO CREATED THE E.P.A.

AND SIGNED THE CLEAN AIR
AND CLEAN WATER ACTS.

PRESERVATION OF OUR ENVIRONMENT

IS NOT A LIBERAL
OR CONSERVATIVE CHALLENGE.

IT'S COMMON SENSE.

Hayes:
EVEN RONALD REAGAN TOOK ACTION

TO PROTECT THE OZONE LAYER.

IN THE EARLY 2000s,

JOHN McCAIN FOUGHT
FOR A CAP-AND-TRADE BILL

DESIGNED TO CURB
CO2 EMISSIONS --

THE FIRST NATIONAL LEGISLATION
OF ITS KIND.

MR. PRESIDENT,
THAT'S THE ARCTIC SEA.

THAT'S THE ARCTIC SEA,
AND IF YOU LOOK AT RED LINE --

THE BOUNDARY OF IT IN 1979 --
LOOK AT IT NOW.

YOU CAN BELIEVE ME
OR YOUR LYING EYES.

Hayes: AND IN 2008,

WHEN McCAIN WAS THE PARTY'S
NOMINEE FOR PRESIDENT,

ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE

WAS PART OF THE OFFICIAL
REPUBLICAN PLATFORM.

THERE SEEMED TO BE
A GROWING CONSENSUS

BETWEEN DEMOCRATS
AND REPUBLICANS ON THE ISSUE.

WE DON'T ALWAYS SEE EYE-TO-EYE,
DO WE, NEWT?

NO, BUT WE DO AGREE
OUR COUNTRY

MUST TAKE ACTION
TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE.

AND IT SEEMED LIKE WASHINGTON
WAS TAKING ACTION.

A CLIMATE-CHANGE BILL ACTUALLY
PASSED THE HOUSE IN 2009.

BUT THE ENERGY SECTOR,
LED BY FOSSIL-FUEL COMPANIES,

SPENT HALF A BILLION DOLLARS

IN LOBBYING AND CAMPAIGN
CONTRIBUTIONS TO FIGHT IT.

DRILL ALL OF AMERICA'S OIL!
MINE ALL OF AMERICA'S COAL!

Hayes: BY THE TIME IT REACHED
THE SENATE,

NOT EVEN JOHN McCAIN
WOULD SUPPORT IT.

SOON, GINGRICH FLIP-FLOPPED.

THAT WAS PROBABLY
THE DUMBEST SINGLE THING

I'VE DONE IN RECENT YEARS.

Hayes: AND THE TEA PARTY,

WITH LOTS OF OIL AND GAS MONEY
BEHIND IT,

HELPED ELECT PEOPLE
LIKE MICHAEL GRIMM.

I, PERSONALLY, AM ONE THE GUYS
THAT HAS BEEN SKEPTICAL

OF GLOBAL WARMING
FROM THE BEGINNING.

THE JURY
IS OBVIOUSLY STILL OUT ON IT.

Hayes:
SUDDENLY, SAYING YOU ACCEPTED

THE SCIENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE

COULD COST YOU YOUR SEAT.

JUST ASK BOB INGLIS.

A CONSERVATIVE WHO SAYS
THAT CLIMATE CHANGE IS REAL --

NOW, THAT IS AN UNUSUAL
ZOO ANIMAL, RIGHT?

A SIX-TERM CONGRESSMAN
FROM SOUTH CAROLINA,

INGLIS WAS THE MOST VOCAL
REPUBLICAN MEMBER OF CONGRESS

CALLING FOR ACTION
ON CLIMATE CHANGE.

A LOT OF PEOPLE ARE ELECTED

BASED ON COAL MONEY,
ON OIL MONEY.
RIGHT.

HOW DO YOU BREAK
THROUGH THAT IF --

WELL, IT'S TOUGH.
IT'S REAL TOUGH.

BUT, I MEAN, WE JUST CAN'T
KEEP THIS UP.

Hayes:
IN 2010, HE LOST HIS SEAT

TO A TEA PARTY CANDIDATE
IN THE REPUBLICAN PRIMARY.

I HAD DONE SOME THINGS THAT WERE
CLEARLY PROBLEMS POLITICALLY,

BUT THE MOST ENDURING HERESY
WAS JUST SAYING

THAT CLIMATE CHANGE IS REAL
AND LET'S DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT.

Hayes: SINCE LEAVING CONGRESS,
INGLIS IS TRAVELING THE COUNTRY,

PITCHING A CONSERVATIVE SOLUTION
TO CLIMATE CHANGE.

IT WOULD TAX COMPANIES
THAT EMIT CO2

BUT GIVE A MATCHING TAX CUT

TO OTHER COMPANIES
AND AMERICAN HOUSEHOLDS.

AND HE'S TRYING
TO CONVINCE REPUBLICANS

THAT, DESPITE WHAT HAPPENED
TO HIM,

THEY CAN'T KEEP DENYING
REALITY FOREVER.

Inglis:
THE WORST THING IN THE WORLD
IS NOT LOSING AN ELECTION.

THE WORST THING IN THE WORLD
IS LOSING YOUR SOUL

WHEN YOU KNOW
THERE ARE THINGS YOU BELIEVE IN

AND YOU'RE NOT WILLING
TO STAND FOR THEM.

Hayes: MICHAEL GRIMM IS
EXACTLY THE KIND OF REPUBLICAN

INGLIS IS TRYING TO REACH.

AND GRIMM AGREED
TO SIT DOWN WITH HIM,

BUT WILL IT MAKE A DIFFERENCE?

Inglis: I WAS FROM MAYBE
THE REDDEST DISTRICT IN
THE REDDEST STATE --

93% AMERICAN CONSERVATIVE
UNION RATING,

100% CHRISTIAN COALITION,
100% NATIONAL RIGHT TO LIFE,

"A" WITH THE NRA, SO PRETTY
CONSERVATIVE GUY, RIGHT?

WHEN I WAS FIRST
IN CONGRESS,

I TOTALLY POOH-POOHED
CLIMATE CHANGE.

I SAID IT WAS NONSENSE,
AL GORE'S IMAGINATION.

HAD A GREAT PRESS CONFERENCE,
ONE TIME,

WHERE I ABSOLUTELY TORE
AL GORE APART.

BUT THEN MY KIDS
WERE GROWING UP.

MY OLDEST,
WHO HAD JUST TURNED 18

WHEN I WAS RUNNING AGAIN
IN 2004...
OKAY.

...SAID,
"I'LL VOTE FOR YOU, DAD,

BUT YOU'RE GONNA CLEAN UP
YOUR ACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT."

UM, THE PROBLEM FOR ME
WAS HIS FOUR SISTERS AGREED,

AND HIS MOTHER,

AND SO I HAD
THIS NEW CONSTITUENCY

THAT COULD CHANGE THE LOCKS
ON THE DOORS.

YEAH, THAT'S THE MOST
IMPORTANT CONSTITUENCY.

SO, YEAH, I HAD TO RESPOND TO
THIS CONSTITUENCY, YOU KNOW?

SO THAT WAS
PART OF IT FOR ME.

AND THEN THE OTHER WAS
I GOT ON THE SCIENCE COMMITTEE

WHEN I GOT BACK TO CONGRESS,

WENT TO THE SOUTH POLE,
SAW THE ICE CORE DRILLINGS,

SAW THE EVIDENCE.

WHAT DO YOU THINK IT IS
THAT WE REPUBLICANS

HAVE GOTTEN IN THIS SPOT

OF BASICALLY DISTRUSTING
THE SCIENTISTS, YOU KNOW?

I'M NOT SO SURE THAT IT'S
DISTRUSTING THE SCIENTIST.

WHAT REPUBLICANS
ARE AFRAID OF

IS IF WE GIVE MORE CREDENCE
TO CLIMATE CHANGE,

THAT IT'S GOING TO BE,
YOU KNOW, THE CALL OR THE CRY

FOR MORE RULES,
MORE REGULATIONS.

YEAH, I AGREE COMPLETELY.

WE'RE TRYING TO CHANGE
THE CONVERSATION.

WE WANT TO CHANGE IT AWAY
FROM THE APOCALYPTIC VISIONS

THAT RIGHTLY
SIGNAL CONSERVATIVES --

"HERE IT COMES --

A BIG, OLD WAD OF REGULATIONS
AND A TAX INCREASE."

WE WANT TO CHANGE IT
TO A CONVERSATION

ABOUT REASONABLE
RISK AVOIDANCE.

YOU KNOW, 98 DOCTORS TELL YOU
TO TREAT YOUR SON THIS WAY,

TWO SAY, NO, THIS OTHER,

IT'S NOT CONSERVATIVE
TO GO WITH THE TWO.

AND THAT'S REALLY
SORT OF WHERE WE ARE

IN CLIMATE SCIENCE, RIGHT?

WE'VE GOT ABOUT 98 DOCTORS
THAT SAY

IT'S FOR REAL
AND IT'S HUMAN-CAUSED.

AND WE GOT TWO THAT SAY,
NO, IT'S NOT.

IT'S SORT OF AN ODD PLACE,
I BELIEVE,

FOR US AS REPUBLICANS TO BE,
THAT WE LISTEN TO THE TWO.

I MEAN, WE ACTUALLY --
NOT EVEN LISTEN --

WE SEEK OUT THE TWO.

WE CALL THEM TO HEARINGS.

WE WANT TO HEAR FROM THEM --
THE TWO.

RIGHT.

OF COURSE, IN A WAY,
I'M THE WORST PERSON

TO TRY TO CONVINCE YOU,
BECAUSE, I MEAN, LOOK WHAT
HAPPENED TO ME, RIGHT?

RIGHT.
THAT'S THE POLITICS, THOUGH.

YEAH.

IF REPUBLICANS START
COMING OUT,

AND LET'S SAY THAT THEY DID
AGREE WITH THE SCIENCE

AND THEY WERE BOLD ENOUGH
AND HAD THE POLITICAL COURAGE

THAT YOU HAD,
IF THEY BELIEVED IT,

TO GO FORWARD,
AND THEN THEY LOSE,

WELL, HOW MANY OTHERS
ARE GONNA --

THEY'RE NOT
ALL LEMMINGS, OKAY?

THEY'RE NOT JUST GONNA GO
RIGHT OFF THAT CLIFF.

SO THE POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS,
I THINK,

ARE A LOT BIGGER THAN MOST
PEOPLE WOULD UNDERSTAND,

AND THEY'RE VERY REAL.

BUT YOU'RE ALSO IN A PLACE

THAT'S HAD
A DIFFERENT EXPERIENCE.

YOU'VE HAD PEOPLE
THAT HAVE BEEN INUNDATED

WITH A STORM SURGE THAT --

SOME OF THEM
MAY HAVE THIS SENSE

OF NEED
OF ADDRESSING A PROBLEM.

THAT MAY AFFECT --
THAT MAY GIVE YOU

SOME ROOM TO MOVE
THAT OTHERS DON'T HAVE.

Sanjayan: KIM SPENT YEARS

LOOKING FOR THE BIGGEST AND
OLDEST CORALS SHE COULD FIND.

SHE WAS TRYING TO TRACE
THE HISTORY OF EL NIÑO

BACK THOUSANDS OF YEARS,

BUT SHE COULDN'T FIND CORALS
OLDER THAN 60 YEARS.

THEN SHE REALIZED THE SOLUTION
WAS RIGHT UNDER HER FEET.

Cobb: WE WERE OVER HERE SCOUTING
FOR BIGGER CORALS ONE DAY

TO SURVEY THE REST
OF THE ISLAND,

AND WE JUST WALKED
UP TO THIS BEACH.

AND I JUST LOOKED LEFT,
THEN I LOOKED RIGHT,

AND I JUST SAID --
CLICK, CLICK --

WOW, THIS IS
A GAME CHANGER.

ALL THESE FRAGMENTS
OF FOSSILIZED CORAL

WASHED UP ONTO THIS BEACH
OVER MILLENNIA.

THERE'S MORE CORALS HERE,
RIGHT NOW,

THAN ARE PROBABLY GROWING
ON THE REEF TODAY.

Sanjayan: AND HOW OLD
ARE SOME OF THESE BLOCKS

THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN
BROUGHT UP HERE --

I MEAN, ROUGHLY?

THEY'RE UP
TO 6,000 YEARS OLD.

6,000 YEARS OLD.

IT'S A GRAB BAG
OF GOODIES.

WE'RE LOOKING FOR SOMETHING
PRETTY SPECIAL.

I HAVE TO FIND
A PRETTY SPECIAL PIECE,

AND I'LL SHOW YOU
WHAT WE'RE LOOKING FOR.
OKAY.

THESE FOSSILS ARE FROM DOZENS
OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF CORAL,

AND WE'RE LOOKING
FOR JUST ONE --

THE SAME TYPE WE DRILLED --

SO KIM CAN MAKE
AN APPLES-TO-APPLES COMPARISON.

TALK ABOUT NEEDLE
IN A HAYSTACK.

IT'S A LITTLE RARE,
BUT YOU'LL GET THE HANG OF IT.

THIS IS NOT
WHAT YOU WANT?

NO, NO, NO, NO.

PLATES -- NO. NO PLATES.
NO PLATES.

OH, HOW ABOUT THIS?
THAT LOOKS COOL.
NO, NO.

COME ON, YOU COULD DO
SOME GREAT SCIENCE WITH THIS.
NO.

OH! HERE'S ONE.
GOT IT. HERE'S ONE.

ALL RIGHT, NOW, I TOLD YOU --
I TOLD YOU

THIS IS THE SAME SPECIES
THAT WE DRILLED UNDERWATER

THE OTHER DAY,
BELIEVE IT OR NOT.

HOW DO YOU KNOW HOW OLD
THIS PIECE ACTUALLY IS?

WELL, RIGHT NOW,
I HAVE NO IDEA.

THIS COULD BE
50 YEARS OLD.

THIS COULD BE
6,000 YEARS OLD.

SO, WE HAVE TO TAKE THEM
ALL BACK, AND WE DATE THEM.

WE USE A VERY FAST-SCREENING
DATING METHOD,

RADIOCARBON-DATING METHOD,
TO DATE THEM.

THEN YOU CAN TELL ME
HOW WARM THE OCEAN WAS

ON A PARTICULAR YEAR
4,000 YEARS AGO?

THAT'S RIGHT,
AND I CAN TELL YOU...
THAT'S FANTASTIC.

...HOW MANY EL NIÑO EVENTS
HAPPENED IN THIS SECTION.
IT REALLY IS.

AND IF I HAVE ENOUGH
OF THESE,

I CAN GIVE YOU
A VERY ACCURATE ESTIMATE

OF CLIMATE
DURING THAT TIME.

AROUND THIS OCEAN?
YES.

FANTASTIC.
YEAH.

EACH CORAL SAMPLE IS A PIECE
OF A GIANT JIGSAW PUZZLE.

AND THEY'LL BE SHIPPED
BACK TO THE UNITED STATES,

WHERE THEY'RE DATED
AND PUT IN ORDER BY AGE

TO CREATE A CONTINUOUS RECORD
OF OCEAN TEMPERATURE

GOING BACK
THOUSANDS OF YEARS.

WE'RE THROWING
A LOT OF SAMPLES

AND A LOT OF DATA
AT THIS QUESTION --

WHAT HAPPENED TO CLIMATE

AT CHRISTMAS ISLAND
IN THE RECENT PAST?

AND WE'RE GETTING A LOT OF
SAMPLES TELLING US THEIR STORY.

AND THAT STORY
IS A FRIGHTENING ONE.

[ CELLPHONE RINGS ]

HEY, BOB HERE.

Hey, Bob. Al here.

YEAH, SO THE NEXT ITEM
ON THE AGENDA

IS ABOUT THE NEXT TRIP
TO D.C.,

AND WE REALLY NEED
TO DISCUSS THIS,

'CAUSE THAT'S COMING UP
ON MONDAY.

Hayes:
FLORIDA SENATOR MARCO RUBIO

IS A RISING STAR
IN THE REPUBLICAN PARTY.

HE'S ALSO
A CLIMATE-CHANGE DENIER.

BUT A FEW YEARS AGO, HE WASN'T,

AND BOB INGLIS WANTS TO CONVINCE
HIM TO COME BACK AROUND.

I HAVE NO IDEA
WHAT HIS POSITION IS ON THIS,

BUT I'D LIKE TO TALK
TO HIM ABOUT IT.

YEAH.

SO...UM, WHAT DO YOU --
WHAT DO YOU THINK?

SHOULD --
THE ONE ARGUMENT IS TO WAIT

UNTIL THERE MIGHT BE AN
OPPORTUNITY WITH SENATOR RUBIO.

YEAH.

NO, I THINK THAT'S RIGHT.

I THINK HE'S CLEARLY OCCUPIED
WITH OTHER STUFF, SO...

To -- to fill the spot.

Inglis: IF YOU LOSE IN POLITICS,
IT'S SORT OF LIKE --

EVERYBODY KNOWS,

AND SO SORT OF A PULLING AWAY,
YOU KNOW,

SORT OF LIKE,
YOU KNOW, "AVOID HIM,"

AND IT'S CONTINUING.

AND, YOU KNOW, IT HURTS,

BECAUSE PEOPLE THINK THAT I'VE
SORT OF GONE TO THE OTHER SIDE,

THAT I'VE CROSSED
TO THE OTHER TRIBE.

IT'S PRETTY PAINFUL.
IT CONTINUES TO BE, YOU KNOW.

THERE'S SORT OF A SENSE
THAT YOU CAN'T GO HOME.

WE'RE GONNA FOLD IT
THIS WAY

AND THEN TURN IT
ON ITS SIDE.

STARS ON THAT LINE?

YEAH, NO, THE OTHER WAY.

SO, HAVE TO REDO IT?

YEP. SORRY.
NOT A PROBLEM.

Hayes: TODAY, MICHAEL GRIMM
PLANS TO SURPRISE PAT DRESCH.

HE'S BEEN HELPING HER GET
A NEW HOME,

BUT THE PROCESS
IS DRAGGING ON.

SO IN THE MEANTIME,

HE'S REPLACING A FAMILY HEIRLOOM
LOST IN THE STORM --

AN AMERICAN FLAG COMMEMORATING

HER FATHER'S SERVICE
IN WORLD WAR II.

Grimm: WE OBVIOUSLY
CAN'T GIVE THE EXACT FLAG,

BUT THIS FLAG WAS FLOWN
OVER THE CAPITOL...

OH, MY GOD.
...OKAY, IN WASHINGTON, D.C.

THIS WAS DONE ON BEHALF
OF YOUR DAD,

SO IT IS HIS FLAG.
OKAY.

I ACTUALLY FOLDED IT
MYSELF.

BEING IN THE MARINE CORPS,
I'VE LEARNED HOW TO FOLD A FLAG,

BUT IT'S BEEN A WHILE,
SO IT'S NOT FOLDED EXACTLY --

I'M GOING TO RE-FOLD IT
BEFORE I PUT IT IN.

HIS SERVICE, HIS DEDICATION,
WILL ALWAYS BE REMEMBERED.

THANK YOU. THANK YOU.
AND I JUST WANT YOU
TO KNOW.

THANK YOU SO MUCH.

OH, MY GOD.

IT'S OKAY.

OH, GOD.

WE'RE GONNA GET YOU BACK
IN A HOME -- BACK HOME.

YES. THAT'S WHERE I WANT --
THAT'S WHAT I WANT.

THAT'S WHAT
YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE,

AND I'M COMING OVER
FOR DINNER.

[ LAUGHS ]
ANYTIME.
I'LL JUST...

Dresch: I CAN'T WAIT
TO HEAR THE WORDS,

"HERE'S THE KEYS.
START MOVING IN."

THAT'S MY DREAM --
TO HEAR THOSE WORDS.

MAN: Hey, there.

HEY, HOW'S
THE VOTE SCHEDULE LOOK?

Hayes: MICHAEL GRIMM
HAS BEEN WORKING FEVERISHLY

TO ROUND UP VOTES

FOR A $60-BILLION RELIEF PACKAGE
FOR SANDY VICTIMS.

BUT UNDER PRESSURE
FROM THE TEA PARTY --

THE SAME MOVEMENT
THAT HELPED GET GRIMM ELECTED --

THE BILL IS SUDDENLY ABANDONED.

THE $60-BILLION AID PACKAGE --

WITHOUT
ANY EXPLANATION WHATSOEVER,

HOUSE SPEAKER JOHN BOEHNER

DECIDED NOT TO VOTE ON BEFORE
THE 112th CONGRESS ENDED.

THE DECISION OCCASIONED

A RARE, FULL-SCALE,
FULL-SPECTRUM MUTINY

FROM NEW JERSEY
AND NEW YORK REPUBLICANS.

I DON'T AGREE WITH HIS CALL

TO DELAY THIS --
TO DELAY THE VOTE.

I DON'T.
I DON'T SUPPORT IT AT ALL.

I THINK IT WAS THE WRONG CALL.

THIS IS NOT -- THIS DELAY
IS NOT WHAT WE WANTED.

IT IS ABSOLUTELY INEXCUSABLE.

Hayes: IT MEANS PAT DRESCH

AND THOUSANDS
OF OTHER STORM VICTIMS

WILL HAVE TO WAIT EVEN LONGER

TO START REBUILDING THEIR
COMMUNITIES AND THEIR LIVES.

GOOD. GOOD. START UP.
START UP, JUNIOR.

BANG, BANG, BANG. BANG, BANG.
RIGHT, DO IT AGAIN.

Grimm:
WHEN THAT VOTE DIDN'T HAPPEN,

I GOT TO TELL YOU,
I-I WAS A LITTLE BROKEN.

IT'S VERY, VERY PERSONAL FOR ME

TO DELIVER
ON THE RELIEF PACKAGE.

YOU KNOW, AND IT IS A FIGHT.

EVERY DAY I GO TO WORK,
I'M FIGHTING WITH SOMEONE,

WHETHER IT'S THE MAYOR'S OFFICE

OR WHETHER IT'S THE
ADMINISTRATION IN WASHINGTON,

OR WHETHER IT'S SOMETIMES
IN MY OWN PARTY,

BUT IT'S ALWAYS A FIGHT.

Sanjayan: AFTER YEARS
OF TREKKING BACK AND FORTH

BETWEEN CHRISTMAS ISLAND
AND HER LAB IN ATLANTA,

KIM'S RESEARCH ON CORAL
IS YIELDING CLUES

ABOUT HUMAN IMPACT
ON EL NIÑOS.

IT SUGGESTS THAT
IN THE 20th CENTURY,

EL NIÑOS ARE AS MUCH
AS 20% MORE SEVERE

THAN IN THE PREVIOUS
7,000 YEARS.

IN THE PAST FEW DECADES,
THE TREND IS ESPECIALLY CLEAR.

Cobb: THERE'S
SOMETHING DIFFERENT

ABOUT THESE 30, 40 YEARS
IN THE RECENT PAST --

LARGER EVENTS,
MORE FREQUENT EVENTS

IN THE LAST 30, 40 YEARS.

NOW, THE BIG QUESTION,
THEN, IS WHY?

THE INFERENCE
IN UNCOVERING...

YEAH.
...AN UNPRECEDENTED
BEHAVIOR

IN CLIMATE
IN THE LAST 30, 40 YEARS...

YEAH.
...AS OPPOSED TO...

THE LAST 6,000.
...THE NATURAL VARIATIONS

THE LAST 6,000 --

THE STRONG INFERENCE...
YEAH.

...IS THAT THAT'S
CAUSALLY LINKED

AND THAT THAT'S RELATED

TO CARBON DIOXIDE
IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
SURE.

CARBON DIOXIDE
THAT'S BEEN ON THE RISE

AS A RESULT
OF HUMAN ACTIVITY.

AND IT TURNS OUT THAT THE VERY
THING KIM IS STUDYING --

CLIMATE CHANGE --
IS THREATENING THE VERY PLACE

WHERE SHE'S CONDUCTING
HER RESEARCH.

THIS CORAL ISLAND
IS SLOWLY FALLING VICTIM

TO THE RISING SEAS.

SO, HOW LONG BEFORE THE REST
OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND --

YOU KNOW, THE BITS
WITH THE TREES ON IT --

END UP LOOKING LIKE THIS?

WELL, I MEAN, YOU WANT
MY EDUCATED OPINION ABOUT IT?

YEAH.

UM, I WOULD SAY ABOUT ONE METER
IN A HUNDRED YEARS.

SO, WITHIN THE LIFETIME
OF YOUR GRANDKIDS.

YEAH, THAT MOST
OF CHRISTMAS

WILL BE HAVING SERIOUS PROBLEMS
WITH SEA-LEVEL RISE.

IT'S A DISAPPEARING COUNTRY.

HURTS MY HEART,
BEING IN LOVE WITH THIS PLACE.

IT HURTS MY HEART.

Holt: TWO MONTHS
AFTER SUPERSTORM SANDY,

CONGRESS HAS TAKEN
THE FIRST STEP

TO GIVE FINANCIAL HELP

TO THE MANY FAMILIES
AND BUSINESSES IN THE STORM ZONE

THAT ARE STILL SUFFERING.

Woman:
TODAY, CONGRESS GAVE THE OKAY

AFTER DELAYS AND POLITICS
SLOWED DOWN EMERGENCY AID.

Hayes:
AS THE MONTHS DRAGGED ON,

MICHAEL GRIMM CONTINUED
TO HELP PAT DRESCH

THROUGH THE PROCESS
OF GETTING A NEW HOUSE.

WE STILL HAVEN'T DONE ENOUGH,
AND THERE'S A LOT TO DO.

SO, THAT HAS NOT BEEN LOST,
BUT AT THE SAME TIME,

WE DO HAVE TO REFLECT
ON MONUMENTAL STEPS FORWARD,

AND THIS IS
A BIG STEP FORWARD --

FOR THE CITY TO START
ACCEPTING APPLICATIONS

TO GET PEOPLE'S LIVES
BACK TOGETHER,

AND THAT'S WHAT, REALLY,
THIS IS ABOUT.

Hayes: BUT FOR PAT,
IT WOULD STILL BE MONTHS

BEFORE SHE FINALLY HAD A PLACE
SHE COULD CALL HOME.

IT'S NOW AUGUST --

10 MONTHS
SINCE SUPERSTORM SANDY

SLAMMED
INTO THE EASTERN SEABOARD.

IT AFFECTED MILLIONS,

AND SOME PEOPLE'S LIVES
WERE CHANGED FOREVER.

BUT ONE OF THE MOST
SURPRISING THINGS

IS HOW IT CHANGED
MICHAEL GRIMM.

Hayes:
LAST TIME YOU AND I SPOKE,

YOU SAID THE JURY WAS STILL OUT
ON THE CLIMATE SCIENCE.
YEAH.

DO YOU STILL FEEL
THAT WAY?

YOU KNOW, AFTER SPEAKING
WITH BOB INGLIS,

IT MADE ME DO
MY OWN RESEARCH.

YOU KNOW, I LOOKED
AT SOME OF THE STUFF

THAT HE SENT OVER,
MY STAFF LOOKED AT.

THE VAST MAJORITY
OF RESPECTED SCIENTISTS SAY,

YOU KNOW, THAT IT'S CONCLUSIVE,
THE EVIDENCE IS CLEAR.

SO I DON'T THINK
THE JURY IS OUT.

THE BASIC STORY OF,

"WE'RE PUTTING CARBON
IN THE ATMOSPHERE.

"THE PLANET'S
GETTING WARMER.

THAT'S GONNA MAKE
THE SEA LEVELS RISE" --

LIKE, THE BASIC STORY
OF THAT,

YOU PRETTY MUCH AGREE
WITH, RIGHT?

SURE, I MEAN, THERE'S
NO QUESTION THAT,

UM, YOU KNOW,
THE OCEANS HAVE RISEN, RIGHT?

AND THE CLIMATE-CHANGE PART
IS -- IS A REAL PART OF IT.

THE PROBLEM THAT WE'RE GONNA
HAVE RIGHT NOW --

THERE'S NO OXYGEN LEFT
IN THE ROOM IN WASHINGTON

RIGHT NOW
FOR ANOTHER BIG DEBATE.

THAT'S THE REALITY.

YOU KNOW, BETWEEN IMMIGRATION,
TAX REFORM --

I DON'T DISAGREE.

IT'S NOT GOING
TO TAKE FRONT STAGE.

BUT I WANT TO --
THERE'S A STUDY COMING OUT,

BECAUSE THIS GETS
AT PRECISELY THE POINT.

IF YOU TAKE JUST THE AMOUNT
OF SEA-LEVEL RISE,

AND YOU FACTOR IT INTO WHAT
THE SANDY STORM SURGE WAS,

THIS STUDY SAYS YOU GOT

ABOUT 25 SQUARE MILES
OF FLOODING

THAT WOULDN'T
HAVE HAPPENED.

SO MY QUESTION TO YOU IS,
IF IN THREE YEARS FROM NOW,

THERE'S ANOTHER ONE
OF THESE STORMS

THAT TAKES OUT
ANOTHER 70,000 HOMES,

IT'S LIKE, AT WHAT POINT DOES
THIS BECOME THE PRIORITY?

WASHINGTON
IS NOT REAL LIFE.

YOU SEE, YOU'RE TALKING THIS
SUBSTANCE AND THE SCIENCE.
RIGHT.

AND MY POINT TO YOU IS --
IRRELEVANT.

RIGHT, RIGHT, RIGHT.
IRRELEVANT.

YOU HAVE TO FIRST GET THEM
TO THE TABLE,

TO SAY,
"LET'S WORK TOGETHER."

SO THEN, WHAT'S YOUR ROLE
IN GETTING THEM TO DO THAT?

IF YOU TOLD ME
THERE'S TOO MUCH OTHER STUFF

GOING ON IN WASHINGTON
RIGHT NOW

AND WE CAN'T GET SANDY RELIEF,
YOU WOULD SAY --

SORRY, EXCUSE MY LANGUAGE --
BULLSHIT.

RIGHT.
AND WHAT I'M SAYING
TO YOU IS

THE PEOPLE THAT LIVE
ON THIS ISLAND ARE GONNA GET --

THERE'S GONNA BE MORE STORMS,
AND THEY'RE GONNA BE WORSE

UNLESS WE GET
OUR ACT TOGETHER.

I MEAN, CAN YOU --
LITERALLY,

CAN YOU SIT DOWN
WITH FELLOW REPUBLICANS

AND SAY,
"LOOK, COME TO MY DISTRICT.

WE HAD WATER IN PLACES
IT SHOULDN'T HAVE BEEN."

YES, BUT NOT WHILE EVERYONE
IS SAYING IMMIGRATION, TAXES,

AND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS

DON'T WANT TO TALK
ABOUT ANYTHING ELSE.

AND 20 YEARS FROM NOW,
YOU AND I ARE GOING
TO HAVE A CONVERSATION

WHERE WE LOOK BACK --
I REALLY BELIEVE THIS.

AND IT'S LIKE,
WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT

WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT THAT
CONVERSATION 20 YEARS FROM NOW

ABOUT WHERE YOU WERE,

WHERE YOUR PERSONAL VOICE WAS,
OF LEADERSHIP?

WHAT I'M TELLING YOU IS
IT'S MUCH BIGGER THAN ME.

I DON'T THINK THAT HUMANS
IN AMERICA --

AMERICANS --
HAVE THE WILL TO DO IT.

BUT THAT'S A TERRIBLY
DEPRESSING STATEMENT.

IT MAY BE, BUT IT'S TRUE.

BUT WE HAD THE WILL
TO SETTLE THE FRONTIER,

WE HAD THE WILL TO LAND
ON THE MOON, AND WE HAVE --

IF YOU THINK MY GENERATION
OR THE GENERATION AFTER ME
HAS THAT,

I THINK YOU'RE LIVING
IN FANTASY LAND.

THEY DON'T. THEY DON'T.

I WONDER HOW YOU'RE GONNA LOOK
BACK AT YOURSELF

AS A MEMBER
OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS

IF HISTORY UNFOLDS
IN THE WAY

THAT I THINK THE SCIENCE
SAYS IT DOES

AND MAKES THESE DISTINCTIONS
BETWEEN THE PEOPLE

THAT ACTUALLY HAD THE FORTITUDE
TO STAND UP

AND SAY THE UNPOPULAR THING,
AND THOSE WHO DIDN'T.

HISTORY JUDGES THOSE PEOPLE
INCREDIBLY HARSHLY.

IT PUTS THEM
IN TWO CATEGORIES.

IT PUTS THEM IN THE CATEGORIES
OF PEOPLE

THAT MET THE BIGGEST
CHALLENGE OF THEIR TIME

AND PEOPLE THAT DIDN'T.

Inglis: YOU KNOW,
IF POLITICIANS DON'T FEEL

ANY SUPPORT UNDERNEATH THEM,
THEY DON'T LEAD.

THE THING THAT ENCOURAGES ME

IS I KNOW THAT
A GOOD NUMBER KNOW BETTER.

GOD BLESS. STAY HEALTHY.

ALL RIGHT, BE WELL.
IT'S GOOD TO SEE YOU.

THEY KNOW
THAT WE'VE REALLY GOT

TO PAY ATTENTION
TO THE SCIENCE.

[ LAUGHTER ]

OH!

EXPERIENCE IS A VERY EFFECTIVE,
BUT OFTEN HARSH, TEACHER.

Dresch:
[ Sobbing ] OH, GOD.

THEY'RE SUPPOSED TO BE
WITH US.

[ SIGHS ]

OH.

Inglis: BUT WE ARE BEING TAUGHT
NOW ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE.

THE QUESTION IS WHETHER THAT
CAN BE COUPLED WITH THE HOPE

THAT THERE IS SOMETHING
THAT CAN BE DONE.